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Steven H. Newton KURSK the GERMAN VIEW
TRANSLATED, EDITED, AND ANNOTATED WITH NEW MATERIAL BY Steven H. Newton KURSK THE GERMAN VIEW Eyewitness Reports of Operation Citadel by the German Commanders Translated, edited, and annotated by Steven H. Newton DA CAPO PRESS A Member of the Perseus Books Group Copyright © 2002 by Steven H. Newton All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Designed by Brent Wilcox Cataloging-in-Publication data for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 0-306-81150-2 Published by Da Capo Press A Member of the Perseus Books Group http://www.dacapopress.com Da Capo Press books are available at special discounts for bulk purchases in the U.S. by corporations, institutions, and other organizations. For more information, please contact the Special Markets Department at the Perseus Books Group, 11 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, or call (617) 252-5298. 12345678 9—05 04 03 02 CONTENTS Acknowledgments ix Introduction xi PART 1 Strategic Analysis of Operation Citadel Eyewitness Accounts by German Commanders 1 Operation Citadel Overview by General of Infantry Theodor Busse APPENDIX 1A German Military Intelligence and Soviet Strength, July 1943 27 Armeeabteilung Kempf 29 by Colonel General Erhard Raus APPENDIX 2A Order of Battle: Corps Raus (Special Employment), 2 March 1943 58 APPENDIX -
Experientia Est Optima Magistra
BELGOROD STATE NATIONAL RESEARCH UNIVERSITY MOZYR STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER SHAMYAKIN PAVLODAR STATE PEDAGOGICAL INSTITUTE EXPERIENTIA EST OPTIMA MAGISTRA Volume IV Papers of International Conference 14-15 April 2015 Belgorod 2015 1 UDK 378.147 BBK 74.48 Е 97 Reviewers: T.N. Fedulenkova – Doctor of Philology; S.I. Garagulya – Doctor of Philology Editorial Board: N.I. Panasenko, Doctor of Philology, professor, University of SS Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Slovakia; G.S. Sujunova, PhD, professor, Pavlodar State Pedagogical Institute, Kazakhstan; R.E. Bogachev, Candidate of Philology, associate professor, Belgorod State National Research University, Russia; O.V. Dekhnich, Candidate of Philology, associate professor, Belgorod State National Research University, Russia; N.V. Zimovets, Candidate of Philology, associate professor, Belgorod State National Research University, Russia; V.E. Krasnopolskyi, Candidate of Pedagogy, associate professor, East Ukrainian National University named after Volodymyr Dahl, Ukraine; S.B. Kurash, Candidate of Philology, associate professor, Mozyr State Pedagogical University named after Shamyakin, Belarus; Yu.A. Prohopenko, Candidate of Sociology, assistant professor, Belgorod State National Research University, Russia; I.A. Danilenko, assistant, Belgorod State National Research University, Russia; A.A. Kutsenko, assistant, Belgorod State National Research University, Russia; Ya. I. Kereeva, assistant, Belgorod State National Research University, Russia; O.N. Yarigina, assistant, Belgorod State National Research University, Russia Experientia est optima magistra : Collected papers of / Editor-in- Е 97 Chief: A.A. Kolesnikov, E.A. Ogneva, I.V. Borisovskaya. – Belgorod : PH «Belgorod», 2015. – 272 p. ISBN 978-5-9571-1088-0 This book is a collection of papers of International Conference. These papers are written to present the most interesting and the most important university scientific ideas and researches from different countries. -
Russia to Vietnam No Name Approval No Address Species Products
The list of registered establishments eligible to export meat and meat product from Russia to Vietnam Update on 28/09/2020 No Name Approval No Address Species Products registered for export to Vietnam 425226, Russian Federation, Mari El Republic, Frozen poultry meat and poultry meat products/ 1 LLC “Ptitsefabrika Akashevskaya” RU-012/YP23903 Medvedevsky district, Yubileynyy settlement, Chicken homemade chicken:”parts of boneless frozen Proizvodstvennaya street, 22 carcasses; Frozen hearts, liver and fats Limited Liability Company Belgorodskie Granulirovannye Korma Poultry Russian Federation Belgorod region, Rakit-yansky Broiler chicken meat and chicken meat products; 2 RU-031/KN03601 Chicken slaughterhouse and deep processing distric, Rakit-noye village, Vasi-lievskoe shosse, 1 chicken by-products plan (Belgrankorm LLC) Pork meat and pork by-products: pork meat, pork Closed Joint Stock Company Russian Federation, 309220, Belgorod region, fat, pork rind, melted pork fat, pork semi-finished 3 “Svinokomplex Korocha”. Short name: RU-031/UR01668 Korochansky district, the territory of CJSC SK Swine products, frozen meat semi-finished in dough, CJSC “SK Korocha Korocha assorted meat semi-finished; offal salted (casing): dried or in brine, bones Limited Liability Company "Bryanskiy Russian Federation, Bryansk region, Vygonichi Fresh, frozen, Poultry and Poultry product, 4 broiler". RU-032/DL03369 district, Vygonichi settlement, 39 km. highway M- Poultry Poultry offals. Short name: LLC "Bryanskiy broiler" 13, building 1 Limited Liability Company "Bryansk Russian Federation, Bryansk region, Vygonichi Meat Company". 5 RU-032/FQ03256 district, Vygonichi settlement, 39 km. highway M- Bovine Fresh, frozen, Beef and beef product; Beef offals Short name: LLC "Bryansk Meat 13, building 2 Company" 4 Festivalnaya street, Liski Area, Voronezh Region, Chilled/frozen chicken meat; chilled/frozen 6 Lisco Broiler LLC RU-036/MD03866 Chicken Russian Federation, 397903 chicken by-products; chicken fats 396024, Oktyabrskaya St., Vlg. -
Storytelling and Its Potential in the Development of Tourist Destinations in the Post-Pandemic Age
E3S Web of Conferences 291, 06002 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129106002 SDGG 2021 Storytelling and its potential in the development of tourist destinations in the post-pandemic age Lyudmila Semenova1, Tatiana Klimova2, and Irina Bogomazova2 1Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, st. Gorky, 32, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russia 2Belgorod State National Research University, st. Pobedy, 85, 308015 Belgorod, Russia Abstract. Information obtained from any source is forgotten after three days. The exception is the one that is of particular importance and is broadcast through stories. The ongoing transformation of the needs of tourists is reflected in the diversification of the tourist offer. In this regard, storytelling has received particular relevance and development. Storytelling technologies are the process of communicating information as a result of the use of stories and legends. The article analyzes the state and development prospects of the region as an attractive tourist destination, suggests a model for promoting a regional tourist destination based on storytelling. The development and comprehensive implementation of projects, taking into account the interests of all participants, will provide an opportunity to promote and develop the territory as an attractive tourist destination, which is of paramount importance in modern socio-economic conditions. 1 Introduction The COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic and the travel restrictions are changing the development potential of the tourism industry, both in Russia and around the world. The results of 2020 testify to the deplorable state of the tourism sector and, as a result, its finding in extreme conditions. According to the Border Service of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, Russian citizens made 71% fewer trips compared to 2019, namely 14 million trips to foreign countries, and more than half of the trips fell on the "pre-quarantine" first quarter of 2020 - almost 54%. -
Cities and Black Earth Soils
Studia Ekonomiczne. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Katowicach ISSN 2083-8611 Nr 334 · 2017 Ekonomia 12 Liudmila Popkova Anna Popkova Kursk State University, Kursk, Russia Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia Economic and Social Geography Department Faculty of Foreign Languages and Area Studies [email protected] [email protected] URBANISATION OF AGRICULTURAL AREAS: CITIES AND BLACK EARTH SOILS Summary: The article is devoted to the impact of the black earth soils on the formation of urban settlement. The features of development and settlement of the Central Black Earth Region are examined. The main colonization flows and their impact on the modern structure of the population are stated, the migration attractiveness of the region is de- scribed. The territories with fertile black earth soils are analyzed in terms of their in- volvement in economic circulation processes. Cities are characterized as the central points of the settlement. Particular attention is paid to the role of regional centers. The influence of the most significant factors on the contemporary urban settlement structure is evaluated: the construction of railways, iron ore mining and production of ferrous metals. The role of soils in urban development and the processes of urbanization are analyzed. Keywords: city, urbanization, black earth soils. JEL Classification: P25, Q16, Q18. The dependence of the citizens’ lives on the soil conditions is no longer ev- ident. However, the cities that arose and developed on the black earth soils have geographical features, which indirectly effect the socio-economic development. The degree of involvement in agriculture, based on the fertility of black soils, is reflected, in particular, on the type of industrial production. -
26621-26634 Page 26621 Margarita Viktorovna Perkova*Et Al
Margarita Viktorovna Perkova*et al. /International Journal of Pharmacy & Technology ISSN: 0975-766X CODEN: IJPTFI Available Online through Research Article www.ijptonline.com REGIONAL SETTLEMENT SYSTEM Margarita Viktorovna Perkova Belgorod State Technological University named after VG Shukhov Russia, 308012, Belgorod, Kostyukov str., 46. Received on 25-10-2016 Accepted on 02-11-2016 Abstract. The study examined a regional settlement system in respect of the aspect of the interaction between economics, sociology, geography, urban planning and development of regional management system. Regional settlement system is an open space system which variables can be described as a mixed way (quantitatively and qualitatively). Subsystems of a regional settlement system (natural and historical-cultural framework, transport, economy, population) are identified. The dynamics of the historical development of subsystems and their interaction are considered by the example of the Belgorod region which is a regional settlement system. A regional system is complex and interrelated by its elements and satisfies to the system concept of functional integrity. Changing the configuration properties of a territory leads to a change in its target function. Keywords: regional settlement system, sustainable development, transport infrastructure, economy, population, natural framework, historical-cultural framework, Belgorod region. Introduction. Successful territorial development of a country depends on rates and prospects for the development of regional settlement systems. Regional settlement system is considered in respect of the aspect of the interaction between economics, sociology, geography, urban planning and development of regional management system [1]. So far, a unified approach to determination of essence and content of a region as an object of study has not been developed yet. -
List of Approved Russian Establishments for Export of Pork to Hong Kong (As at 17 Dec 2019) Registry No. Name Region Address 1
List of approved Russian establishments for export of pork to Hong Kong (as at 17 Dec 2019) Registry No. Name Region Address 1. RU- Myasokhladoboynya Bryansk 241525 Russian 032/JK03725 LLC «Druzhba» region Federation, Bryansk region, Bryansky District, selo Glinischevo, Glavnaya Street, p 1 2. RU- CJSC «SK Korocha» Belgorod Territory of CJSC SK 031/UR01668 region Korocha, Korochanskiy district, Belgorod region, Russian Federation, 309220 3. RU- LLC «MPZ Аgro- Belgorod Russian Federation, 031/ST01738 Belogorye» region Belgorod Region, Yakovlevsky district, Krapivenskie Dvory, Magistralnaya st., 109, Bykovskoe rural settlement 4. RU- Limited Liability Belgorod Russian Federation, 031/LT02282 Company region Belgorod region, Belgorodskie Rakitynsky district, Granulirovannye Rakitnoye village, Korma (Belgrankorm Vasilievskoe shosse, LLC) 5 5. RU- LLC «Agroindustrial Belgorod Russian Federation, 031/BU04490 komplex» region Belgorod region, PROMAGRO» Stary Oskol, Kotel station, Industrial center, Stroitelnaya area, Sh-5, No. 5. 6. RU- ОAO Pskov 182111, Russian 060/GQ01489 VELIKOLUKSKY region Federation, Pskov MIASOKOMBINAT Region, Velikie Luki, Liteynaya, 17 7. RU- LLC «Spassky bacon» Primorsky Primorsky krai, 025/JM02469 krai Vladivostok, Melnikovskaya str. 101 8. RU- LLC «Mercy trade» Primorsky Primorsky Krai, 025/PH01570 krai Spassky district, Prohory settlement, Leninskaya str. 70 9. RU- JSC "Siberian Tomsk Russian Federation, 070/TK03381 Agrarian Group MP" region Tomsk region, Tomsk city, Nizhnelugovaya street 16 10. RU- "Znamensky Oryol Galaktionovksy Rural 057/TZ04468 Selekcionno-Gibridny region Settlement, Center" Limited Kutafinskoye Village, Liability Company Kromskoy District, The Oryol Region, Russia, 303206 11. RU- JSC «Svinokompleks Republic 671328, Russia, 003/DX03846 «Vostochno-Sibirsky» of Republic of Buryatia, Buryatia Zaigraevsky district, Ust-Bryan village, Lesnaya Str. 17 12. -
Poland 20 – Lesser Poland & Silesia Regions – 3-30 March
Poland 20 – Lesser Poland & Silesia regions – 3-30 March A Yahad - In Unum field research team, led by Yahad Deputy Research Director Michal Chojak, investigated the voivodeships of Lesser Poland and Silesia from the March 13th-30th. This was Yahad's 20th research trip to Poland. The team began by interviewing witnesses to shootings at three major shooting sites in the south of the Lesser Poland region: Nowy Targ (1,500 Jewish victims), Rabka (500 victims) and Mszana Dolna (881 victims). At Mszana Dolna, the team interviewed four witnesses who were able to describe the precise chronology of the massacre of the Jews. The day before the shooting, at around 3pm, around thirty young Poles from Rabka and surrounding villages were requisitioned by the local administration, under German control, to dig two large pits in the field next to the manor. They finished digging at around 5am as the Jews were being rounded up. By 6am, on the 19th August 1942, the Jews were gathered at the marketplace. The first shots were heard around 9am. The victims - men, women and children - were forced to walk out onto a plank placed over the pit, before being shot by men from a special commando, under the supervision of Heinrich Hamann, Gestapo chief of Nowy Sacz. By 1pm, the shooting was finished. The executioners celebrated the shooting in a restaurant at Mszana Dolna until late into the night. During the second part of the field trip, the Yahad team moved on to Silesia. This was the first time Yahad has carried out field research in the region, which had been annexed by the Third Reich in September 1939. -
BR IFIC N° 2627 Index/Indice
BR IFIC N° 2627 Index/Indice International Frequency Information Circular (Terrestrial Services) ITU - Radiocommunication Bureau Circular Internacional de Información sobre Frecuencias (Servicios Terrenales) UIT - Oficina de Radiocomunicaciones Circulaire Internationale d'Information sur les Fréquences (Services de Terre) UIT - Bureau des Radiocommunications Part 1 / Partie 1 / Parte 1 Date/Fecha 02.09.2008 Description of Columns Description des colonnes Descripción de columnas No. Sequential number Numéro séquenciel Número sequencial BR Id. BR identification number Numéro d'identification du BR Número de identificación de la BR Adm Notifying Administration Administration notificatrice Administración notificante 1A [MHz] Assigned frequency [MHz] Fréquence assignée [MHz] Frecuencia asignada [MHz] Name of the location of Nom de l'emplacement de Nombre del emplazamiento de 4A/5A transmitting / receiving station la station d'émission / réception estación transmisora / receptora 4B/5B Geographical area Zone géographique Zona geográfica 4C/5C Geographical coordinates Coordonnées géographiques Coordenadas geográficas 6A Class of station Classe de station Clase de estación Purpose of the notification: Objet de la notification: Propósito de la notificación: Intent ADD-addition MOD-modify ADD-ajouter MOD-modifier ADD-añadir MOD-modificar SUP-suppress W/D-withdraw SUP-supprimer W/D-retirer SUP-suprimir W/D-retirar No. BR Id Adm 1A [MHz] 4A/5A 4B/5B 4C/5C 6A Part Intent 1 108068419 ARG 6460.0000 CHAJARI ARG 57W57'22'' 30S44'53'' FX 1 ADD 2 108068420 -
НАУЧНЫЕ ВЕДОМОСТИ Belgorod State University Scientific Bulletin
1 ȹ15 (86) 2010 ǚǍǠǤǚǨǒǏǒǑǛǙǛǞǟǕ ǪȣȗțșȒ2 ǎDzǸǰǻǽǻDZǾǷǻǰǻǰǻǾȀDZǭǽǾǿǯDzǺǺǻǰǻȀǺǵǯDzǽǾǵǿDzǿǭ ǚǍǠǤǚǨǖǝǒǣǒǚǔǕǝǠǒǙǨǖǓǠǝǚǍǘ ǭșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍȕȈțȒȐ ǶșȕȖȊȈȕȊȋ ǓȀǽǺǭǸǯȂǻDZǵǿ ǯǜDzǽDzȄDzǺȉǯDzDZȀȆǵȂǽDzȃDzǺǴǵǽȀDzǹȈȂ Belgorod State University ǺǭȀȄǺȈȂdzȀǽǺǭǸǻǯǵǵǴDZǭǺǵǶ ǯȈǼȀǾǷǭDzǹȈȂǯǝǻǾǾǵǶǾǷǻǶǡDzDZDzǽǭȃǵǵ Scientific Bulletin ǯǷǻǿǻǽȈȂǽDzǷǻǹDzǺDZȀDzǿǾȌǼȀǮǸǵǷǭȃǵȌ ǻǾǺǻǯǺȈȂǽDzǴȀǸȉǿǭǿǻǯDZǵǾǾDzǽǿǭȃǵǶ Natural sciences ǺǭǾǻǵǾǷǭǺǵDzȀȄDzǺȈȂǾǿDzǼDzǺDzǶ DZǻǷǿǻǽǭǵǷǭǺDZǵDZǭǿǭǺǭȀǷ ǻȟȘȍȌȐȚȍȓȤ: ǫȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȖȍȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȍțȟȘȍȎȌȍȕȐȍ ȊȣșȠȍȋȖȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȋȖȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȧ ǞǛǑǒǝǓǍǚǕǒ ©ǩȍȓȋȖȘȖȌșȒȐȑȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑțȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚª ǰȏȌȈȚȍȓȤ: ǎǕǛǘǛǐǕǬ ǩȍȓȋȖȘȖȌșȒȐȑȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚ ǹȘȈȊȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑȈȕȈȓȐȏȜȓȖȘǫȘȈȑȊȖȘȖȕșȒȖȋȖȐǸȖȊȍȕȤșȒȖȋȖ ǰȏȌȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖǩȍȓǫǻ ǮțȘȕȈȓȏȈȘȍȋȐșȚȘȐȘȖȊȈȕ ȘȈȑȖȕȖȊ ǩȍȓȋȖȘȖȌșȒȈȧȖȉȓȈșȚȤ ǨȆDzțȘșȒȖȑ ȊǼȍȌȍȘȈȓȤȕȖȑșȓțȎȉȍȗȖȕȈȌȏȖȘțȏȈșȖȉȓȦȌȍȕȐȍȔ ǨǼDzȖȓȟȈȕȖȊ 5 ȏȈȒȖȕȖȌȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ ȊșȜȍȘȍȔȈșșȖȊȣȝȒȖȔȔțȕȐȒȈȞȐȑ ȐȖȝȘȈȕȣȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȖȋȖȕȈșȓȍȌȐȧ ǷȘȖȋȕȖȏȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧȜȓȖȘȚȍȝȕȖȋȍȕȕȣȝȥȒȖȚȖȗȖȊ ǹȊȐȌȍȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȖȘȍȋȐșȚȘȈȞȐȐșȘȍȌșȚȊȈȔȈșșȖȊȖȑ ȊșȚȍȗȕȖȑȏȖȕȍǪDzǺȖȝȚȈȘȤ 13 ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐǷǰȹǼǹ-ȖȚȔȈȧȋ ǫȍȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȐȑȈȕȈȓȐȏșȚȍȗȕȖȑȜȓȖȘȣȦȋȖ-ȊȖșȚȖȒȈǩȍȓȋȖȘȖȌșȒȖȑ ȖȉȓȈșȚȐǵǭǶȊȟȈȘȍȕȒȖǨǼDzȖȓȟȈȕȖȊ 19 ǸǭǬǨDzǾǰǶǵǵǨȇDzǶdzdzǭǫǰȇ ǮǻǸǵǨdzǨ ǰșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȍȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȝȘȧȌȖȊȊȍȋȍȚȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȋȖȐȕȌȍȒșȈ NDVI ǫȓȈȊȕȣȑȘȍȌȈȒȚȖȘ ȌȓȧȔȖȕȐȚȖȘȐȕȋȈȘȈșȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖȗȖȒȘȖȊȈșȚȍȗȕȖȑȏȖȕȣǯȈȗȈȌȕȖȑ ǬȧȚȟȍȕȒȖdzȇ ǹȐȉȐȘȐ ǵǵǴȐȝȈȑȓȖȊdzǨǴȐȝȈȑȓȖȊȈǵǼǽȈȘȓȈȔȖȊȈ, ȘȍȒȚȖȘǩȍȓȋȖȘȖȌșȒȖȋȖȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ǿdzȝȈȋȊȈșțȘȥȕ 25 țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚȈȌȖȒȚȖȘșȖȞȐȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝȕȈțȒ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȖȘ ǶșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȐȔȖȘȜȖȓȖȋȐȐȊȍȋȍȚȈȚȐȊȕȣȝȗȖȉȍȋȖȊUrtica dioica L. ǭǪǴȈȘȒȖȊȈǨǪdzȈȏȈȘȍȊ34 ǯȈȔȋȓȈȊȕȖȋȖȘȍȌȈȒȚȖȘȈ ǷȍȘȍșȣȗȒȐȕǨǷ ǴȖȘȜȖȜȐȏȐȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȑȔȍȚȖȌȈȕȈȓȐȏȈȖȕȚȖȋȍȕȍȏȈȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȣȝ -
BR IFIC N° 2641 Index/Indice
BR IFIC N° 2641 Index/Indice International Frequency Information Circular (Terrestrial Services) ITU - Radiocommunication Bureau Circular Internacional de Información sobre Frecuencias (Servicios Terrenales) UIT - Oficina de Radiocomunicaciones Circulaire Internationale d'Information sur les Fréquences (Services de Terre) UIT - Bureau des Radiocommunications Part 1 / Partie 1 / Parte 1 Date/Fecha 07.04.2009 Description of Columns Description des colonnes Descripción de columnas No. Sequential number Numéro séquenciel Número sequencial BR Id. BR identification number Numéro d'identification du BR Número de identificación de la BR Adm Notifying Administration Administration notificatrice Administración notificante 1A [MHz] Assigned frequency [MHz] Fréquence assignée [MHz] Frecuencia asignada [MHz] Name of the location of Nom de l'emplacement de Nombre del emplazamiento de 4A/5A transmitting / receiving station la station d'émission / réception estación transmisora / receptora 4B/5B Geographical area Zone géographique Zona geográfica 4C/5C Geographical coordinates Coordonnées géographiques Coordenadas geográficas 6A Class of station Classe de station Clase de estación Purpose of the notification: Objet de la notification: Propósito de la notificación: Intent ADD-addition MOD-modify ADD-ajouter MOD-modifier ADD-añadir MOD-modificar SUP-suppress W/D-withdraw SUP-supprimer W/D-retirer SUP-suprimir W/D-retirar No. BR Id Adm 1A [MHz] 4A/5A 4B/5B 4C/5C 6A Part Intent 1 109021324 ARG 262.7750 RIO GALLEGOS ARG 69W13'04'' 51S37'09'' FX 1 ADD 2 109021325 -
The Effect of Cross-Border Fibre-Optic Transitions on the Information and Communication Connectivity of the Russian Cities Blanutsa, V
www.ssoar.info The effect of cross-border fibre-optic transitions on the information and communication connectivity of the Russian cities Blanutsa, V. I. Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Blanutsa, V. I. (2018). The effect of cross-border fibre-optic transitions on the information and communication connectivity of the Russian cities. Baltic Region, 10(4), 4-19. https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2018-4-1 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY Lizenz (Namensnennung) zur This document is made available under a CC BY Licence Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den CC-Lizenzen finden (Attribution). For more Information see: Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.de Information technology INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY The Russian cities are connected by THE EFFECT many telecommunication lines. The infor- OF CROSS-BORDER mation flow between any two cities can be FIBRE-OPTIC sent via multiple routes, including those running through the networks of other coun- TRANSITIONS tries. Cross-border transitions are created ON THE INFORMATION to connect the Russian lines with the inter- national networks. The effect of these transi- AND COMMUNICATION tions on the connectivity of the cities has not CONNECTIVITY been analysed earlier, either for Russia or OF THE RUSSIAN CITIES for any other country. Using my own data- base on the Russian telecommunication li- nes, the Rosstat data on the cities’ populati- on, and the results of the scanning of the In- 1 ternet topology, I attempt to assess the effect V.