Karskeja Sankarimiehiä Ja Avuttomia, Kauniita Neitoja?

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Karskeja Sankarimiehiä Ja Avuttomia, Kauniita Neitoja? Karskeja sankarimiehiä ja avuttomia, kauniita neitoja? Feministinen diskurssianalyysi miehuuden ja naiseuden rakentumisesta Indiana Jones -elokuvissa Emmi Urtti Etnologian ja antropologian maisterintutkielma Kevätlukukausi 2019 Historian ja etnologian laitos Jyväskylän yliopisto Tiedekunta – Faculty: Humanistis- Laitos – Department: Historian ja etnologian laitos yhteiskuntatieteellinen tiedekunta Tekijä – Author: Emmi Urtti Työn nimi – Title: Karskeja sankarimiehiä ja avuttomia, kauniita neitoja? Feministinen diskurssianalyysi miehuuden ja naiseuden rakentumisesta Indiana Jones -elokuvissa Oppiaine – Subject: Etnologia ja antropologia Työn laji – Level: Maisterintutkielma Aika – Month and year: Huhtikuu 2019 Sivumäärä – Number of pages: 114 sivua + liitteet (4 kpl) Tiivistelmä – Abstract Tässä maisterintutkielmassa tarkastelen Indiana Jones -elokuvien naiseuden ja mieheyden representaatioita sekä sitä, millaisia sukupuolidiskursseja ja valta-asetelmia nämä reprentaatiot rakentavat. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on myös selvittää representaatioiden suhdetta sukupuoli-ihanteisiin eli siihen, millainen mieheys tai naiseus kuvataan elokuvissa ihanteellisena tai ei-ihanteellisena. Olen lähestynyt aihetta poikkitieteellisesti risteyttäen antropologiaa sukupuolentutkimukseen sekä elokuvatutkimukseen. Tutkimukseni sijoittuu visuaalisen kulttuurin tutkimuksen, media-antropologian ja visuaalisen antropologian kenttien välimaastoon. Aineistoni koostui neljästä Indiana Jones -elokuvasta, joita analysoin diskurssianalyysin keinoin feministisellä tutkimusotteella. Vertasin aineistoani aiempiin Indiana Jones -tutkimuksiin sekä James Bond -tutkimukseen. Tutkimukseni teoreettisena selkärankana toimivat sellaiset klassiset antropologiset tutkimusteemat kuin sukupuoli, seksuaalisuus, ruumiin symboliikka ja sankarimyytti. Tutkielmani innoittajana on toiminut myös strukturalismin teoreettinen viitekehys. Sukupuolentutkimuksen piiristä nojasin erityisesti Judith Butlerin heteroseksuaalisen matriisiin käsitteeseen. Hypoteesini tutkimuksen alussa oli, että mieskuva elokuvissa tulee olemaan monipuolisempi, kyvykkäämpi, aktiivisempi ja näkyvämpi kuin naiskuva. Lisäksi ennakoin, että Indiana Jones pääsee loistamaan elokuvan sankarina siinä missä naiset näyttäytyvät pelastettavina uhreina. Tutkimus osoitti, että hypoteesini oli osittain paikkaansapitävä ja osin väärä. Havaintoni sekä tukevat, että eivät tue aiheesta tehtyä aiempaa tutkimusta. Analyysin perusteella voidaan sanoa, että Indiana Jonesin hahmot sopivat pääasiassa hyvin mediatutkija Tuuli Eltosen (2009) havaitsemiin hahmotyypittelyihin. Eltosen näkökulmat osoittautuivat käyttökelpoisiksi omalle analyysilleni. Kaiken kaikkiaan naisten ja miesten representaatiot ovat aineistossani melko moniulotteisia ja monitulkintaisia. Missään nimessä niitä ei voi kuvata yksiulotteisen dikotomisiksi eli toisilleen vastakkaisiksi. Judith Butlerin (2006) heteroseksuaaliseen matriisiin viitaten Indiana Jones -elokuvat siis avaavat ”kumouksellisia sukupuolen epäjärjestyksen kehikoita” sekoittamalla feminiinisiä ja maskuliinisia piirteitä siten, että myös naishahmolla voi olla perinteisesti maskuliinisiksi luokiteltuja piirteitä ja toisinpäin. Sosiaalinen sukupuoli ei siis aina seuraa biologisesta sukupuolesta, sen sijaan halu näyttäytyy aineistossa yksinomaan heteroseksuaalisena, eikä esimerkiksi homo- tai biseksuaalisena. Strukturalistisesta näkökulmasta katsottuna miehet ja naiset rikkovat Claude Levi-Straussin (mm. 1986) binääristen oppositioiden ja Mary Douglasin kategorioiden ajatusta ja siten Douglasin (2000 [1966]) teorian mukaisesti esimerkiksi Marionin hahmo voidaan nähdä anomaliana, sillä hän putoaa perinteisen mieheyden ja naiseuden väliin eli kategorioiden ulkopuolelle. Asiasanat – Keywords: Indiana Jones, feministinen mediatutkimus, sukupuolentutkimus, elokuvatutkimus, media- antropologia, visuaalinen antropologia, sukupuoli, representaatio, diskurssianalyysi, toimijuus, subjekti, objekti, seksuaalisuus Säilytyspaikka – Depository: Jyväskylän yliopiston kirjasto, JYX-julkaisuarkisto Muita tietoja – Additional information SISÄLLYS 1. Johdanto .................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Tutkimuksen tausta .......................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Tutkimuskysymykset ja tutkimusmenetelmä ................................................................................................................. 7 1.3. Aineisto ............................................................................................................................................................................. 8 2. Teoria .....................................................................................................................................................................................12 2.1. Visuaalinen mediatutkimus antropologian piirissä ......................................................................................................12 2.2. Symboliikka, ruumis ja ruumiin symboliikka .................................................................................................................22 2.3. Strukturalismi antropologisena teoriaperinteenä ........................................................................................................25 2.4. (Sankari)myytti, valta ja sukupuoli ................................................................................................................................28 2.5. Hankala sukupuoli – sukupuoli käsitteenä ja tutkimuskohteena ................................................................................30 3. Metodit ja näkökulmat ..........................................................................................................................................................38 3.1. Diskurssianalyysi .............................................................................................................................................................38 3.2. Feministinen tutkimusote, tutkijan rooli ja tutkimuseettiset kysymykset ..................................................................43 4. Analyysi ..................................................................................................................................................................................48 4.1. Ammattimaisuus, riippumattomuus ja vaikutusvalta ..................................................................................................50 4.2. Pelastaminen ..................................................................................................................................................................52 4.3. Taistelun ja tekniikan asiantuntijat................................................................................................................................59 4.4. Seksuaalisuus & seksuaalinen katse ..............................................................................................................................64 4.5. Nokkeluus – naiiviuus.....................................................................................................................................................74 4.6. Aktiivisuus (subjekti) – passiivisuus (objekti) ................................................................................................................80 4.7. Persoona & ruumiillisuus ...............................................................................................................................................86 5. Johtopäätökset ......................................................................................................................................................................94 5.1. Tutkimuksen tulokset .....................................................................................................................................................94 5.2. Tutkimuksen arviointi ................................................................................................................................................. 102 Lähteet .................................................................................................................................................................................... 105 Liitteet ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 115 Liite 1: Indiana Jones ja kadonneen aarteen metsästäjät ................................................................................................ 115 Liite 2: Indiana Jones ja tuomion temppeli ....................................................................................................................... 122 Liite 3: Indiana Jones ja viimeinen ristiretki ...................................................................................................................... 128 Liite 4: Indiana Jones ja kristallikallon valtakunta ............................................................................................................. 136 1 1. JOHDANTO 1.1. TUTKIMUKSEN TAUSTA Epätasa-arvo on Hollywoodissa rakenteellista. Valkoisen miehen on yksinkertaisesti helpompi edetä urallaan tai ylipäätään päästä viihdemaailman keskukseen. Se varmasti myös selittää, miksi Hollywood-elokuvat ovat
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