Damon Thomas Lee Dissertation 2006 Vol 2
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THE FILM MUSIC OF TÔRU TAKEMITSU Part II A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Musical Arts by Damon Thomas Lee May 2006 © 2006 Damon Thomas Lee THE FILM MUSIC OF TÔRU TAKEMITSU Damon Thomas Lee, D.M.A. Cornell University 2006 Selections from Takemitsu's film-music output are used as examples in this analysis on music placement in film. Music gives information to the viewer, but the opinions and theories about what this information is and what its function is, have not been entirely sorted out. It is clear that film-music represents, but what does it represent, and how does it represent? Using Takemitsu as the subject of this study presents the opportunity to consider this unique figure's diverse and prolific film- music output in the larger context of Japanese cinema at a highpoint. The collaborating filmmakers allowed an unusual level of compositional freedom, resulting in films with exceptional and unusual film-scores. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Born in Lansing, Michigan, Damon Thomas Lee received his Bachelor of Music Degree in Composition from the Eastman School of Music in 1997. His teachers include Sandeep Bhagwati, David Liptak, Robert Morris, Michael Pagan, Wolfgang Rihm, Christopher Rouse, Joseph Schwantner, Allan Schindler, Roberto Sierra, and Steven Stucky. The recipient of numerous composition awards for concert music, he has also been active as a multi-media artist, engaged in creating both music and image. To this end, he has been artist-in- residence and guest artist at Klangraum in Krems, Austria, and ZKM (the Center for Art and Media Technology) in Karlsruhe, Germany, where he now resides. Many of these works produced during this time - and earlier as a Humboldt “Chancellor Scholar” and research fellow (Baden-Württemberg Landesgraduiertenförderungspreise) - were “Official Selections” in various film festivals in Munich, Paris, and Manila, among others. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank: the Takemitsu family; the staff at the Kawakita Film Institute, in particular Yukako Sakano and Yukiko Wachi, for their assistance in locating prints of hard-to-find films and for providing viewing space; the Asian Cultural Council, whose financial support made research in Japan possible; George Kochi and Misao Bojo of the Asian Cultural Council for arranging all the contacts during my time in Tokyo, and whose work enabled me to come closer to people who intimately knew Takemitsu; Yukako Sano, for translation and explanations; the Takada family, for being a very nice host family during my first week in Tokyo, and for teaching me kanji every day after breakfast; Christopher Yohmei Blasdale and Donald Richie at the International House, for insight, documents, and friendship; composer and one-time assistant to Takemitsu, Shin-ichiro Ikebe; Professor Inuhiko Yomota; Kimiko Shimbo of the federation of Japanese Composers; new acquaintances Peter Grilli and Peter Burt; in Germany, composer Florian Appl for additional references and discussion, my colleagues at the ComputerStudio, Institüt für neue Musik und Medien, Professor Doktor Thomas A. Troge and Rainer Lorenz for their patience and understanding during the writing phase of this dissertation and additional problem-solving in the programming phase for the software Film-Music-Tools, written for this dissertation; and last, but not least, my committee at Cornell University: Roberto Sierra (Chair), Steven Stucky, and Martin Hatch for their guidance and mentorship during the whole of my experience at Cornell and afterwards. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1....................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................... 1 1.1 TAKEMITSU IN NUMBERS ............................................................................... 1 1.2 AVAILABLE MEDIA...................................................................................... 4 1.3 PATCH NOTES............................................................................................ 6 1.4 SOFTWARE ................................................................................................ 9 2 CATEGORIZATIONS OF MUSIC-FUNCTIONS............................................. 14 2.1 RASHOMON ............................................................................................ 18 2.2 SYSTEM SUMMARY .................................................................................... 21 2.3 DESCRIPTION MODELS .............................................................................. 23 2.4 A FEW SCENES ........................................................................................ 27 3 TAKEMITSU.................................................................................................. 29 3.1 POST-WAR EXPERIMENTAL FILMMAKING ...................................................... 35 3.2 ON HAYASAKA'S INFLUENCE ...................................................................... 36 4 FILM ANALYSES .......................................................................................... 38 4.1 SHOHEI IMAMURA..................................................................................... 38 Black Rain (1989) .................................................................................. 38 The Cues ............................................................................................ 39 Part One, Cues 1 through 8 ............................................................. 40 Part Two, Cues 9 through 15 ............................................................ 41 4.2 NAGISA OSHIMA ..................................................................................... 45 THE CEREMONY (1971).................................................................................. 47 v The Cues ............................................................................................ 49 THE FIVE FLASHBACKS ..................................................................................... 52 4.3 MASAHIRO SHINODA ................................................................................ 53 Gonza the Spearman (1986)............................................................... 54 The Cues ............................................................................................ 57 4.4 KOBAYASHI MASAKI ................................................................................. 63 Harakiri (1962) ....................................................................................... 64 The Cues ............................................................................................ 67 Samurai Rebellion (1967) ..................................................................... 76 The Cues ............................................................................................ 78 4.5 AKIRA KUROSAWA ................................................................................... 85 Ran (1985) ............................................................................................. 87 The Cues ............................................................................................ 90 4.6 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................ 97 Transformations: ................................................................................ 98 5 ENDING .................................................................................................... 101 APPENDIX I.................................................................................................. 103 I. FROM LISSA’S ÄSTHETIK DER FILMMUSIK (1965) .............................................. 103 S. Kracauer .......................................................................................... 107 J. Plazewski .......................................................................................... 107 Tschermuchin ...................................................................................... 107 Z. Lissa: ................................................................................................. 108 II. OTHER TEXTS ............................................................................................ 109 APPENDIX 2................................................................................................. 114 BLACK RAIN................................................................................................ 115 vi HARAKIRI.................................................................................................... 117 THE CEREMONY ........................................................................................... 120 RAN ........................................................................................................... 123 GONZA THE SPEARMAN ................................................................................ 127 SAMURAI REBELLION.................................................................................... 130 ILLUSION OF BLOOD ..................................................................................... 133 PUNISHMENT ISLAND..................................................................................... 136 THE MAN WITHOUT A MAP............................................................................ 138 THE PRINCESS GOHIME ................................................................................