DOCSLIB.ORG

Effects of Japanese Barberry (Ranunculales: Berberidaceae)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Effects of Japanese Barberry (Ranunculales: Berberidaceae) Effects of Japanese Barberry (Ranunculales: Berberidaceae) Removal and Resulting Microclimatic Changes on Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) Abundances in Connecticut, USA Author(s): Scott C. Williams and Jeffrey S. Ward Source: Environmental Entomology, 39(6):1911-1921. 2010. Published By: Entomological Society of America DOI: 10.1603/EN10131 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1603/EN10131 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is an electronic aggregator of bioscience research content, and the online home to over 160 journals and books published by not-for-profit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. PLANT-INSECT INTERACTIONS Effects of Japanese Barberry (Ranunculales: Berberidaceae) Removal and Resulting Microclimatic Changes on Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) Abundances in Connecticut, USA 1 SCOTT C. WILLIAMS AND JEFFREY S. WARD The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Forestry and Horticulture, PO Box 1106, New Haven, CT 06504 Environ. Entomol. 39(6): 1911Ð1921 (2010); DOI: 10.1603/EN10131 ABSTRACT Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii de Candolle) is a thorny, perennial, exotic, invasive shrub that is well established throughout much of the eastern United States. It can form dense thickets that limit native herbaceous and woody regeneration, alter soil structure and function, and harbor increased blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis Say) populations. This study examined a potential causal mechanism for the link between Japanese barberry and blacklegged ticks to determine if eliminating Japanese barberry could reduce tick abundance and associated prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi (Johnson, Schmid, Hyde, Steigerwalt, and Brenner). Japanese barberry was controlled at Þve study areas throughout Connecticut; adult ticks were sampled over three years. Each area had three habitat plots: areas where barberry was controlled, areas where barberry remained intact, and areas where barberry was minimal or absent. Sampled ticks were retained and tested for B. burgdorferi presence. At two study areas, temperature and relative humidity data loggers were deployed in each of the three habitat plots over two growing seasons. Intact barberry stands had 280 Ϯ 51 B. burgdorferi- infected adult ticks/ha, which was signiÞcantly higher than for controlled (121 Ϯ 17/ha) and no barberry (30 Ϯ 10/ha) areas. Microclimatic conditions where Japanese barberry was controlled were similar to areas without barberry. Japanese barberry infestations are favorable habitat for ticks, as they provide a buffered microclimate that limits desiccation-induced tick mortality. Control of Japanese barberry reduced the number of ticks infected with B. burgdorferi by nearly 60% by reverting microclimatic conditions to those more typical of native northeastern forests. KEY WORDS Berberis thunbergii, Borrelia burgdorferi, Ixodes scapularis, microclimate, vapor pres- sure deÞcit Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii de Candolle) is several agents that cause Lyme disease, human gran- a thorny, perennial shrub native to southern and cen- ulocytic anaplasmosis, and human babesiosis (Mag- tral Japan (Ohwi 1965) that was Þrst planted in North narelli et al. 2006). Japanese barberry management America in the late 1800s (Harrington et al. 2003). It was documented to reduce both blacklegged tick has since escaped from landscape plantings and is now abundance and infection prevalence with Borrelia established in 31 states in the United States, the Dis- burgdorferi (Johnson, Schmid, Hyde, Steigerwalt, and trict of Columbia, and Þve Canadian provinces [U.S. Brenner) in Connecticut (Williams et al. 2009). As a Department of Agriculture (USDA), NRCS 2010]. result, Japanese barberry infestations can have an in- Dense barberry stands are associated with a lack of direct, adverse effect on human health. desirable tree and herbaceous plant regeneration Temperature and relative humidity (RH) are de- (Harrington et al. 2003). Barberry may alter nitrogen termining factors in the survival of blacklegged ticks cycling, affecting soil biota (Kourtev et al. 1999, because of their high surface area to volume ratio and Ehrenfeld et al. 2001), as well as soil structure and resulting susceptibility to desiccation. Stafford (1994) function (Kourtev et al. 2003). Two Maine studies maintained immature blacklegged ticks at constant reported blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis Say) temperature (27ЊC) while manipulating RH levels. abundances were twice as numerous in exotic-inva- Half of all ticks kept at 100, 93, 85, 75, and 65% RH died sive infested forests, particularly Japanese barberry, after 67.1, 26.6, 8.3, 1.3, and 1.1 d, respectively, sug- than in adjacent forests dominated by native shrubs gesting that the critical threshold for tick survival is (Lubelczyk et al. 2004, Elias et al. 2006). This is of Ϸ80% RH. While these experimental variables were concern as blacklegged ticks are the major vector for held constant in the laboratory, both temperature and RH exhibit daily ßuctuations in the Þeld. Bertrand and 1 Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]. Wilson (1996) reported that blacklegged ticks in open 0046-225X/10/1911Ð1921$04.00/0 ᭧ 2010 Entomological Society of America 1912 ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 39, no. 6 Þelds suffered higher mortality rates than those in (Tsuga canadensis Linnaeus (Carrie`re)) in the early edge or forested habitats and that tick survival was 1990s. The remaining upper canopy in North Branford negatively related to air temperature, vapor pressure was primarily sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall) deÞcit, and the coefÞcient of variation of RH. How- with mixed oak (Quercus spp.), white ash (Fraxinus ever, precipitation and temperature were reported to americana Linnaeus), American beech (Fagus gran- be poor predictors of annual abundances of nymphal difolia Ehrhart), and scattered yellow poplar (Liri- blacklegged ticks (Schultze et al. 2009). Ostfeld et al. odendron tulipifera Linnaeus). Upper canopies in (2006) suggested that because ticks spend Ͼ95% of Storrs and Redding were characterized by a predom- their lives on the forest ßoor digesting a blood meal, inance of white ash, red maple (Acer rubrum Lin- undergoing diapause, or questing, temperature and naeus), oak, yellow poplar, and some cherry (Prunus RH could have an impact on survival. serotina Ehrhart). Our previous research documented that Japanese Because of low light conditions under intact upper barberry is favorable habitat for blacklegged ticks, canopies and browse damage caused by exceedingly particularly where white-tailed deer (Odocoileus vir- high white-tailed deer populations (upwards of 40 ginianus Zimmermann) populations are high and na- deer/km2), there were virtually no native shrub spe- tive shrubs are scarce, and that barberry management cies on study sites except northern spicebush (Lindera can reduce blacklegged tick density in such areas benzoin Linnaeus) (Williams et al. 2009). In addition, (Williams et al. 2009). In Williams et al. (2009), we there was little regeneration of native tree species and speculated that the causal mechanism of this linkage as a result, sightlines extended several hundred meters was that the closed canopy growth form of Japanese through the forest (Fig. 1). However, the invasive barberry may better retain humidity, thus creating a wine raspberry (Rubus phoenicolasius Maximowicz), more favorable microclimate for blacklegged ticks. multißora rose (Rosa multiflora Thunberg), and burn- We also noted that another contributing factor to the ingbush (Euonymus alatus Thunberg) were also decline in tick abundance could have been the elim- present in the understory. All study areas had medium ination of suitable questing habitat after the removal to dense stands of mature Japanese barberry that dom- of Japanese barberry stems. inated the understory and excluded desirable forest Our overall objectives of this research were to: (1) regeneration and native herbaceous vegetation (Fig. provide additional and longer-term data to further 1). Further details on stand histories, forest composi- document the relationship between blacklegged tick tion, soil types, and local climate can be found in Ward abundance and Japanese barberry cover, (2) provide et al. (2009). additional and longer-term data to show that Japanese Plot Design and Japanese Barberry Control. The barberry is a public health threat by harboring B. research consisted of two parallel studies. The Þrst burgdorferi-infected blacklegged ticks, and whether study was established in the winter of 2007, and all controlling barberry would again reduce B. burgdor- aboveground portions of Japanese barberry were feri prevalence, and (3) determine if Japanese bar- mulched. Treatment details are given below. There berry provides suitable questing habitat and/or ideal were three study areas in this study: Egypt, Storrs, and microclimatic
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Department of Planning and Zoning
    Department of Planning and Zoning Subject: Howard County Landscape Manual Updates: Recommended Street Tree List (Appendix B) and Recommended Plant List (Appendix C) - Effective July 1, 2010 To: DLD Review Staff Homebuilders Committee From: Kent Sheubrooks, Acting Chief Division of Land Development Date: July 1, 2010 Purpose: The purpose of this policy memorandum is to update the Recommended Plant Lists presently contained in the Landscape Manual. The plant lists were created for the first edition of the Manual in 1993 before information was available about invasive qualities of certain recommended plants contained in those lists (Norway Maple, Bradford Pear, etc.). Additionally, diseases and pests have made some other plants undesirable (Ash, Austrian Pine, etc.). The Howard County General Plan 2000 and subsequent environmental and community planning publications such as the Route 1 and Route 40 Manuals and the Green Neighborhood Design Guidelines have promoted the desirability of using native plants in landscape plantings. Therefore, this policy seeks to update the Recommended Plant Lists by identifying invasive plant species and disease or pest ridden plants for their removal and prohibition from further planting in Howard County and to add other available native plants which have desirable characteristics for street tree or general landscape use for inclusion on the Recommended Plant Lists. Please note that a comprehensive review of the street tree and landscape tree lists were conducted for the purpose of this update, however, only
    [Show full text]
  • Invasive Plants and the Green Industry
    42 Harrington et al.: Invasive Plants and the Green Industry INVASIVE PLANTS AND THE GREEN INDUSTRY By Robin A. Harrington1, Ronald Kujawski2, and H. Dennis P. Ryan3 Abstract. There are many motivations for introducing plant offices were recommending the planting of introduced species to areas outside their native range. Non-native species, such as autumn olive (Elaegnus umbellata) and plants can provide food, medicine, shelter, and ecosystem multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora), for wildlife food and cover. services, as well as aesthetic value. However, some species, Despite the many benefits provided by introduced species, such as Norway maple (Acer platanoides), Japanese barberry there has been growing concern recently among land (Berberis thunbergii), and Oriental bittersweet (Celastrus managers regarding the negative impacts when introduced orbiculatus), have escaped from cultivation, with severe species escape cultivation and become invasive in local ecological and economic consequences. The approval of a habitats. Invasive plant species pose a major threat to National Invasive Species Management Plan in June 2001 biodiversity, habitat quality, and ecosystem function. Invasive has major implications for future plant introductions and plants can also have devastating economic impacts, through has generated concern in the green industry. There is loss of revenue (reduced agricultural and silvicultural general agreement among plant professionals regarding (1) production in the presence of invasive species) and the high a need for education of industry people and client groups costs associated with control programs. The magnitude of on the issue of invasive species, (2) minimizing economic these impacts resulted in Executive Order 13112, issued by disruption to the nursery industry, and (3) requirements for President Clinton on February 3, 1999, directing all federal objective data to support listing of species as invasive.
    [Show full text]
  • Berberis Thunbergii1
    Fact Sheet FPS-66 October, 1999 Berberis thunbergii1 Edward F. Gilman2 Introduction Japanese Barberry is thorny, so it’s useful for barrier plantings (Fig. 1). The plant tolerates most light exposures and soils, but purple-leaved cultivars turn green in shade. This shrub grows slowly but transplants easily. It grows three to six feet tall and spreads four to seven feet. Japanese Barberry can be sheared and used as a hedge plant. The main ornamental features are persistent red fruits and fall color in shades of red, orange and yellow. Some strains fruit more heavily than others. The plant produces yellow flowers, but these are not highly ornamental. General Information Scientific name: Berberis thunbergii Pronunciation: BUR-bur-iss thun-BUR-jee-eye Common name(s): Japanese Barberry Family: Berberidaceae Plant type: ground cover; shrub USDA hardiness zones: 4 through 9 (Fig. 2) Planting month for zone 7: year round Figure 1. Japanese Barberry. Planting month for zone 8: year round Planting month for zone 9: year round Origin: not native to North America Uses: border; mass planting; ground cover; hedge; edging; Description small parking lot islands (< 100 square feet in size); medium- Height: 2 to 8 feet sized parking lot islands (100-200 square feet in size); large Spread: 4 to 6 feet parking lot islands (> 200 square feet in size) Plant habit: round Availablity: generally available in many areas within its Plant density: dense hardiness range Growth rate: moderate Texture: fine 1.This document is Fact Sheet FPS-66, one of a series of the Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida.
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACT ROUNSAVILLE, TODD JEFFREY. Cytogenetics
    ABSTRACT ROUNSAVILLE, TODD JEFFREY. Cytogenetics, Micropropagation, and Reproductive Biology of Berberis, Mahonia, and Miscanthus. (Under the direction of Thomas G. Ranney). Research was conducted to determine the genome sizes and ploidy levels for a diverse collection of Berberis L. and Mahonia Nutt. genotypes, develop a micropropagation protocol for Mahonia „Soft Caress‟, and examine the fertility and reproductive pathways among clones of diploid and triploid Miscanthus sinensis Andersson. Berberis and Mahonia are sister taxa within the Berberidaceae with strong potential for ornamental improvement. Propidium iodide (PI) flow cytometric analysis was conducted to determine genome sizes. Mean 1CX genome size varied between the two Mahonia subgenera (Occidentales = 1.17 pg, Orientales = 1.27 pg), while those of Berberis subgenera were similar (Australes = 1.45 pg, Septentrionales = 1.47 pg), but larger than those of Mahonia. Traditional cytology was performed on representative species to calibrate genome sizes with ploidy levels. While the majority of species were determined to be diploid with 2n = 2x = 28, artificially-induced autopolyploid Berberis thunbergii seedlings were confirmed to be tetraploid and an accession of Mahonia nervosa was confirmed to be hexaploid. Genome sizes and ploidy levels are presented for the first time for the majority of taxa sampled and will serve as a resource for plant breeders, ecologists, and systematists. Mahonia „Soft Caress‟ is a unique new cultivar exhibiting a compact form and delicate evergreen leaves, though propagation can be a limiting factor for production. Micropropagation protocols for M. „Soft Caress‟ were developed to expedite multiplication and serve as a foundation for future work with other Mahonia taxa.
    [Show full text]
  • NAME of SPECIES: Berberis Thunbergii DC Synonyms: Berberis Thunbergii Var
    NAME OF SPECIES: Berberis thunbergii DC Synonyms: Berberis thunbergii var. atropurpurea (Chenault), Berberis thunbergii var. maximowiczii, Berberis thunbergii var. minor (2) Common Name: Japanese barberry Cultivars? YES NO A. CURRENT STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION I. In Wisconsin? 1. YES NO 2. Abundance: Over 150 occurrences of Japanese barberry have been reported in the state of WI since 1938. While this number does include some cultivated plants, many of the occurrences have been reported from naturalized settings including state natural areas. Furthermore, this species is probably underreported. (18) 3. Geographic Range: B. thunbergii is now reported throughout southern WI, parts of central WI, in the eastern portion of the state along Lake Michigan, and in northwestern WI along Lake Superior. (18) 4. Habitat Invaded: Lowland hardwood forests, oak woodlands and oak savannas. (20) Low-density invasions of B. thunbergii have been reported in silver maple dominated lowland forests in southeastern WI. (10) Disturbed Areas Undisturbed Areas 5. Historical Status and Rate of Spread in Wisconsin: Japanese barberry was introduced as an ornamental to North America via Massachusetts in 1875. By 1920 it was being promoted as a substitute for the common barberry, which was used by early settlers for hedgerows, dyes and jams but was eradicated when it was discovered to be a host for black stem rust. (2,4,10) The earliest known reports of B. thunbergii in the state of WI are from the 1930s. (18, 19) 6. Proportion of potential range occupied: This species occupies only a portion of its potential range in WI. II. Invasive in Similar Climate 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Japanese Barberry Berberis Thunbergii DC
    Japanese barberry Berberis thunbergii DC. Barberry Family (Berberidaceae) DESCRIPTION Japanese barberry is a spiny, deciduous shrub with a dense twiggy growth form. It is widely grown as a landscape ornamental in hedges and shrub borders. Many cultivars have been developed including purple-leaf forms. It is hardy in USDA hardiness zones 4–8. All parts of the plant contain the alkaloid berberine. European barberry (B. vulgaris) is also established in fields, pastures, and disturbed woods in many parts of Pennsylvania, Japanese barberry in winter especially in the northern counties. It differs from Japanese barberry by its sharply toothed leaf margins and 3-pronged spines. European barberry is not as shade tolerant as Japanese barberry and consequently is seldom found in the woods. Yet another species, the native Allegheny barberry (B. canadensis), was known to occur naturally in Pennsylvania in the past; although it is believed to be locally extirpated, it can still be found from West Virginia south to Georgia. Allegheny barberry (native) Japanese barberry European barberry (Berberis canadensis) (Berberis thunbergii) (Berberis vulgaris) Height - Japanese barberry reaches a height of 3–6 feet. It has a broad, rounded shape that is as wide or wider than tall. Stem - The twigs have a somewhat zigzag form with a single, very sharp spine at each node. Leaves - Leaves are ½ to 1¼ inches long and taper from the base to a broad, rounded tip. Japanese barberry - page 1 of 3 Flowers - Flowers are about ½ inch long, yellow and are produced in small clusters along the lower sides of the branches in late April or May.
    [Show full text]
  • AMERICAN BARBERRY Scientific Name: Berberis Canadensis Miller
    Common Name: AMERICAN BARBERRY Scientific Name: Berberis canadensis Miller Other Commonly Used Names: none Previously Used Scientific Names: none Family: Berberidaceae (barberry) Rarity Ranks: G3/S1 State Legal Status: Endangered Federal Legal Status: none Federal Wetland Status: none Description: Deciduous shrub 1½ - 6½ feet (0.4 - 2 m) tall, forming colonies from underground stems; outer bark of 2-year old branches brownish-red, inner bark yellow. Thorns 3-pronged. Leaves ¾ - 3 inches (1.8 - 7.5 cm) long and ¼ - 1¼ inches (0.8 - 3.3 cm) wide, clustered on short shoots that branch from the main stems, oval with a rounded tip and tapering base; leaf margins toothed, each tooth with a short bristle. Flower clusters drooping, with 3 - 12 yellow flowers. Flowers with 6 sepals, 6 petals with notched tips, and 6 stamens. Fruit inch (1 cm) long, round or oval, red, juicy. Similar Species: Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii), an exotic pest plant, has leaves with smooth edges, with no teeth or bristles; its thorns have only one prong (rarely 3), and the flowers are usually single (occasionally in flat-topped clusters). European barberry (B. vulgaris) was once widely planted but has been largely eradicated; bark on 2-year old branches is gray, leaves have prominent veins, flower clusters have 10 - 20 flowers, and petals are rounded, not notched, at the tip. Related Rare Species: None in Georgia. Habitat: Sunny patches in dry, open woods, often over limestone, shale, or mafic rock. Life History: American barberry spreads vegetatively by underground stems (rhizomes), sometimes forming large colonies. It also reproduces sexually, producing berries in the fall.
    [Show full text]
  • Berberis Thunbergii Global Invasive
    FULL ACCOUNT FOR: Berberis thunbergii Berberis thunbergii System: Terrestrial Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Plantae Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Ranunculales Berberidaceae Common name Japanese barberry (English), crimson pygmy (English) Synonym Berberis thunbergii , var. atropurpurea (Chenault) Berberis thunbergii , var. maximowiczii Berberis thunbergii , var. minor Similar species Berberis vulgaris, Berberis canadensis Summary Berberis thunbergii is a shrub native to Japan. When introduced it can invade a variety of habitats from damp lowlands to dry roadsides and waste places. This species forms dense stands in a variety of these habitats, including closed canopy forests and open woodlands, wetlands, pastures and meadows. Berberis thunbergii is highly shade-tolerant and displaces a variety of native herb and shrub species in areas where it becomes well established. Manual hand-pulling is a favoured method of control as the species is easily unearthed. Chemical and mechanical methods are also often employed, depending on site conditions. view this species on IUCN Red List Species Description Berberis thunbergii is described as a compact, spiny shrub that commonly grows 0.6 - 0.9m tall (although it can grow up to 1.8m in height). Roots are shallow but tough. The smooth-edged leaves range from oval to spatulate in shape and are clustered in tight bunches close to the branches. The single spines bear small leaves in their axils. Yellow flowers bloom in May, are about one third of an inch wide, and are solitary or in small clusters of 2-4 blossoms. The bright- red fruits mature in mid-summer and hang from the bush during autumn and into winter. The berries are small, oblong, and found singly or in clusters (WDNR, 2004).
    [Show full text]
  • The Plant List
    the list A Companion to the Choosing the Right Plants Natural Lawn & Garden Guide a better way to beautiful www.savingwater.org Waterwise garden by Stacie Crooks Discover a better way to beautiful! his plant list is a new companion to Choosing the The list on the following pages contains just some of the Right Plants, one of the Natural Lawn & Garden many plants that can be happy here in the temperate Pacific T Guides produced by the Saving Water Partnership Northwest, organized by several key themes. A number of (see the back panel to request your free copy). These guides these plants are Great Plant Picks ( ) selections, chosen will help you garden in balance with nature, so you can enjoy because they are vigorous and easy to grow in Northwest a beautiful yard that’s healthy, easy to maintain and good for gardens, while offering reasonable resistance to pests and the environment. diseases, as well as other attributes. (For details about the GPP program and to find additional reference materials, When choosing plants, we often think about factors refer to Resources & Credits on page 12.) like size, shape, foliage and flower color. But the most important consideration should be whether a site provides Remember, this plant list is just a starting point. The more the conditions a specific plant needs to thrive. Soil type, information you have about your garden’s conditions and drainage, sun and shade—all affect a plant’s health and, as a particular plant’s needs before you purchase a plant, the a result, its appearance and maintenance needs.
    [Show full text]
  • Common Barberry, Berberis Vulgaris Japanese Barberry, Berberis Thunbergii
    Common barberry, Berberis vulgaris Japanese barberry, Berberis thunbergii Summary of Treatment Methods: Habitat: Japanese and Common barberry can aggressively invade in diverse habitats, from wetlands to fields and pastures to upland forests, in both moist and dry soils. As birds carry barberry seeds, it is common to find plants concentrated along tree-lined roadsides and field edges where birds roost. They thrive in sunlight and are tolerant of shade, however common barberry seems to be less shade tolerant than Japanese barberry and is less likely to be found in an interior, closed-canopy forest. Plants growing in dense shade may flower and fruit less heavily than those in more open sites. Reproductive Strategy: Reproduction is mainly by seed but it can root sprout and layer. Barberry produces a large number of seeds with high germination rates, estimated at up to 90%. Fruits mature from July to October and persist well into the winter. Fruit production varies with light level, but even under very low light levels (4% full sun) some seeds are produced. Dispersal: Barberry has a very steep seed dispersal curve —most seedlings are found under or adjacent to adults, but a small number may be found tens of meters from the nearest adult. Seeds are disseminated by birds, grouse, turkey and small mammals. Species Phenology and Treatment Options: Full leaf out Phenology Flowering Seed ripening Month JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC Hand pulling and digging Manual Cutting and mowing Direct flame Follow-up direct flame Foliar herbicide
    [Show full text]
  • Japanese Barberry? What Does Japanese Barberry Flowers: Japanese and American • a Short Deciduous Shrub
    For More Information Visit: http://www.HawkeyeCWMA.org ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW PESTICIDE LABELS. Japanese Proper training for prescribed fires is highly recommended. Barberry Leaves Trunk Fruit Basic training can be found online at http://training.nwcg.gov/courses/s130.html Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Berberis thunbergii and http://training.nwcg.gov/courses/s190.html 1 2 2 Related Websites: http://www.iowadnr.com/forestry/invasive.html 3 http://plants.usda.gov www.invasivespecies.gov 4 4 www.nps.gov/plants/alien 5 Credits: Photographs: James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service; Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut; Steve Manning, Invasive Plant Control; Barry Rice, sarracenia.com; Richard Old, XID Services Inc; Bugwood.org Management Techniques Brochure Created By: Karen Clauson 1. (Year round) Stump treat. Cut and stump treat using 25% triclopyr solution. This is most effective in Last updated: 2/14/2011 the fall. Follow with technique 2 after slash has been spread around, then replant with native plants. The Hawkeye Cooperative Weed Management 2. (Fall-Spring) Burn area. Prescribed burning effectively kills the plant, but make sure to burn while Area (HCWMA) is a collective group of county, native plants are dormant. state, and federal agencies, nonprofit organiza- tions and community associations who have come together to combat the invasive species 3. (Year round) Cut or mow. Seedlings can be mowed or cut to ground. It is recommended to mow at problem in Eastern Iowa. The HCWMA serves least once per growing season, and it is best to mow before seed production.
    [Show full text]
  • Japanese Barberry (Berberis Thunbergii)
    INVASIVE PLANT FACT SHEET Japanese Barberry (Berberis thunbergii) Photo credit: Dave Jackson Background 1 inch or less in length. They emerge earlier and are held later Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) is an ornamental shrub than the leaves of most native deciduous forest plants. As such, that was first imported into the United States in 1875. It can barberries are very easy to find in early spring and late fall. now be found from Maine to North Carolina and as far west as Stem: Deeply grooved and rusty brown with single spines. Iowa. Japanese barberry was historically used in living fences for livestock and for herbal medicines but is now used primar- The inner bark is a vibrant yellow. ily as an ornamental hedge plant and is still sold in nurseries and garden centers. Look-alikes Native Allegheny barberry (Berberis canadensis) and European Description barberry (Berberis vulgaris) both resemble Japanese barberry closely, with the major exception being their spines. Where Size: Compact and dense, the shrub rarely exceeds 4 feet Japanese barberry has single spines, both of the other species in height. It will root where its drooping branches touch the produce three-pronged spines. Both species also have leaves ground, a process called layering. While these remain a part with coarse serrations on the edges. of the parent plant, a single individual can become quite wide through layering. Dispersal Flowers: Spring blooms appear in clusters of two to four, are Japanese barberry spreads by both seed and vegetative means. creamy yellow, and have six petals. Its berries—available to birds and mammals from summer through winter, including late winter when many other fruits Fruit: Emerging in summer, the oval, bright red berries last have already been eaten—are eaten and spread to new areas in through winter.
    [Show full text]