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Pdf Anderson-Levitt, Kathryn Notes Chapter 1 1. Interview, July 13, 2005, Sunni madrasa, Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Karachi. 2. Srinivas, The Remembered Village. 3. Interview, July 25, 2007, Islamic school, Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Karachi. 4. Altorki and El-Solh, eds. Arab Women in the Field. 5. Interview, August 17, 2007, Shiite Islamic school, Rizvia Society, Karachi. 6. Interview, August 21, 2007, Shiite Islamic school, Rizvia Society, Karachi. 7. Riaz, Volume I, July 2007. 8. Candland, Pakistan’s Recent Experience, 160. Chapter 2 1. Dhofier,The Pesantren Tradition. 2. Ibid. 3. Liow, Joseph Chinyong. The Challenge of Islamic Reformism. 4. Hefner and Zaman (Eds.), Schooling Islam, p. 2. 5. Herrera, Sanctity of the School. 6. Ibid., 168. 7. Ibid., 109. 8. Ibid. 9. Interview, October 19, 2007, Islamic school, Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Karachi. 10. Ibid. 11. Sikand, Bastions of the Believers. 12. Interview, July 27, 2007, the late Mr. Khusro’s residence, Gulshan-e- Iqbal, Karachi. 13. Sikand, Bastions of the Believers. 14. Malik, Madrasas in South Asia. 15. Yoginder Sikand, Bastions of the Believers. 168 ● Notes 16. Ambikar, Embodying the Enemy. 17. Survey-based interviews, August–December 2007, Islamic schools in Gulshan-e-Iqbal, PECHS, Defense, Gulistan-e-Jauhar, Clifton, Karachi. 18. Riaz, volume III. 19. Interview, Shiite Islamic school, April 2, 2008, Lyari, Karachi. 20. Hefner and Zaman, Schooling Islam. 21. Interview, July 14, 2004, bookstore, Park Towers, Clifton, Karachi. 22. Asad, Anthropology of Islam, 14. 23. Haj, Reconfiguring Islamic Tradition. 24. Riaz, volumes I–III. 25. Interview, October 2, 2007, Islamic school, North Nazimabad, Karachi. 26. Esposito, Unholy War. 27. Interview, September 17, 2007, Islamic school, Nazimabad, Karachi. 28. Ouis, Power, Person, and Place, 332. 29. Giroux, Theory and Resistance in Education, 42–71. 30. Said, Orientalism. 31. Nawaz, Islam and Muslim Psyche. 32. Sivan, Radical Islam; Kepel, Jihad; Stern, Terror. 33. Riaz, volume I. 34. Haj, Reconfiguring Islamic Tradition. 35. Ibid., 1. 36. Malik, Colonialization of Islam. 37. Anzar, Islamic Education; Hoodbhoy, Education and the State; Looney, Reforming Pakistan’s Educational System. 38. Riaz, volume I. 39. Eickelman, Mass Higher Education, 643. 40. Interview, September 20, 2007, Islamic school, PECHS, Karachi. 41. Asad, Anthropology of Islam; Masud, Communicative Action. 42. Roy, Secularism Confronts Islam. 43. Ibid., 67. 44. Ibid. 45. Wafaqul Madaris, 22. 46. Wafaqul Madaris, May 2007, 34. 47. Roy, Secularism Confronts Islam, 67. 48. Armbrust, Mass Culture. 49. Hirschkind, Passional Preaching, 537. 50. Mahmood, Politics of Piety, 5, 6. 51. Ibid., 6. 52. Ibid., 6. 53. Ibid. 54. Interview, September 3, 2007, Sunni Islamic school, Bahadurabad, Karachi. Notes ● 169 55. Ibid. 56. Jones, Pakistan: Eye of the Storm; Abbas, Pakistan’s Drift into Extremism; Stern, Terror; Kaplan, Soldiers of God; Ali, The Duel. 57. Hoodbhoy, Education and the State; International Crisis Group, Paki- stan: Madrassas; International Crisis Group, Pakistan: The Mullah and the Military; Hussain, Study of Jamia Ashrafia; Government of Paki- stan, Deeni Madaris ki Jame Report [Urdu]; Government of Pakistan, National Education Policy; Government of Pakistan, National Education Policy. 58. Popkewitz and Fendler, eds., Critical Theories in Education; Reed-Dana- hay, Education and Identity; Dixson and Rousseau, Critical Race Theory in Education; Willis, Learning to Labor; Apple, Teachers and Texts. 59. Starrett, Putting Islam to Work. 60. Ibid., 2. 61. Riaz, volume II, survey, November 10–24, 2008, Islamic schools in Gulistan-e-Jauhar, Defense and Federal B Area. 62. Zeghal, Religion and Politics in Egypt. 63. Levinson, The Place of ducationalE Discourse, 598. 64. Ibid., 599. 65. Willis, Learning to Labor; Spindler, Education and Cultural Process; Dance, Tough Fronts; Anderson-Levitt, Local Meanings, Global Schooling; Ostrove and Cole, Privileging Class. 66. Ogbu, The extN Generation. 67. Willis, Learning to Labor. 68. Interviews, Sept–November 2007, Islamic schools in Defense, Malir Cantonment, and Clifton. 69. Interview, January 25, 2008, Islamic school, Defense, Karachi. 70. Giroux, Theory and Resistance in Education. 71. Herrera, Education, Islam, and Modernity. 72. MacLeod, Accommodating Protest. 73. Herrera, The Sanctity of the School. 74. Interview, July 23, 2007, Karachi. 75. Bourdieu, Distinction. 76. Ibid., 114. 77. Survey-based interviews, September 1–29, 2007, Islamic schools in Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Gulistan-e-Jauhar, North Nazimabad, and F. B. Area. 78. Bengelsdorf, Cerullo, and Yogesh Chandrani, eds., Selected Writings of Eqbal Ahmad. 79. Interview, September 14, 2007, Jamaat-e-Islami Islamic school, Gulshan- e-Iqbal, Karachi. 80. Interview, December 20, 2007, Karachi. 170 ● Notes Chapter 3 1. Hoodbhoy, Education and the State. 2. Ibid. 3. Ibid. 4. Human Rights Commission of Pakistan, 2004. 5. Hoodbhoy, Education and the State. 6. Abbas, The owerP of English. 7. Government of Pakistan, National Education Policy 1998–2010. 8. Ibid. 9. Hoodbhoy, Education and the State, 215–250. 10. Hoodbhoy, Education and the State. 11. Ibid. 12. Interview, February 3, 2008, Shiite madrasa, Rizvia Society, Karachi. 13. Qadeer, Pakistan. 14. Hoodbhoy, Education and the State. 15. Tambiah, Leveling Crowds. 16. Rahman, Denizens of Alien Worlds. 17. Hoodbhoy, Education and the State. 18. Ochs, Clarification and ultureC . 19. Rahman, Denizens of Alien Worlds. 20. Haqqani, The oleR of Islam. 21. Interview, August 21, 2007, Sunni madrasa, PECHS, Karachi. 22. Hoodbhoy, Education and the State. 23. Government of Pakistan, National Education Policy, 1979. 24. Jaffrelot, A History of Pakistan. 25. Hoodbhoy, Education and the State. 26. Government of Pakistan, National Education Policy 1992–2002. 27. Ibid. 28. Ibid; Lodhi, Mosque-schools. 29. Hoodbhoy, Education and the State. 30. Abbas, The owerP of English. 31. Raza, Zulfikar liA Bhutto and Pakistan. 32. Khan, Basic Education in Rural Pakistan. 33. Hoodbhoy, Education and the State. 34. Rahman, Language, Religion and Identity. 35. Hoodbhoy, Education and the State. 36. Government of Pakistan, National Education Policy 1998–2010. 37. Rahman, Language, Religion and Identity. 38. Hoodbhoy, Education and the State. 39. Government of Pakistan, National Education Policy, 1959. Notes ● 171 40. Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Article 251, 1973. 41. Rahman, Denizens of Alien Worlds; Government of Pakistan, National Education Policy, 1979. 42. Hoodbhoy, Education and the State. 43. Interview, January 12, 2008, Islamic school, Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Karachi. 44. Cohen, The Idea of akistanP . 45. Ibid. 46. Ali, The Duel. 47. Ibid. 48. Ibid. 49. Ibid. 50. Malik, Madrasas in South Asia. 51. Ibid. 52. Ibid. 53. Ali,The Duel; Malik, Madrasas in South Asia. 54. Ibid. 55. Malik, Madrasas in South Asia. 56. Ali, The Duel. 57. Interviews on August 3, August 27, and September 5, 2007, at three madrasas, Karachi. 58. Interview, September 16, 2007, Sunni madrasa, Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Karachi. 59. Interview, January 23, 2008, The Guidance madrasa, Clifton, Karachi. 60. Ibid. 61. Advertisement collected by the author on June 2, 2005 during a pilot survey in Karachi. 62. Riaz, volume III. A complete list of affiliated schools can also be found at AKU-EB’s website, http://www.pakmed.net/college/forum/?p=2168. 63. Interview, October 8, 2007, Tuition Center, Clifton, Karachi. 64. Interview, October 8, 2007, Tuition Center, Clifton, Karachi. 65. Eickelman, Mass Higher Education. 66. Interview, August 29, 2007, Karachi. 67. Hirschkind, Passional Preaching, Aural Sensibility, 632. 68. Eickelman, Anderson, New Media in the Muslim World, 47. 69. Interview, July 29, 2007, Colonel Ehtesham’s residence, Malir Canton- ment, Karachi. 70. Interview, January 13, 2008, Read Islamic school, Defense Housing Authority, Karachi. 71. Interview, July 27, 2007, Mr. Khusro’s residence, Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Karachi. 72. Jaffri,What Really Happens inside a Madrasa; Textbook cover of a third- grade Arabic language textbook used in an Islamic school (property of the author). 172 ● Notes 73. Herrera, The anctityS of the School. 74. Riaz, volume I, July 18, 2007, Defense, Karachi. 75. Hirschkind, Passional Preaching, Aural Sensibility, 537. 76. Interview, July 18, 2007, Islamic school, Clifton, Karachi. 77. Interview, October 25, 2008, Quratul Ain’s residence, North Nazimabad, Karachi. 78. Bourdieu, The ormsF of Capital. 79. Leichty, Suitably Modern, 5. 80. Interview, August 26, 2007, Islamic school, Defense, Karachi. 81. August and November, 2007. 82. Interview, September 18, 2007, Islamic school, Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Karachi. 83. Interview, August 11, 2007, Shiite Islamic school, PECHS, Karachi. 84. Interview, January 27, 2008, Islamic school, Guru Mandir, Karachi. 85. Hoodbhoy, Education and the State. 86. Hefner and Zaman, Schooling Islam. 87. Interview, October 18, 2007, Bahadurabad, Karachi. 88. Interview, February 17, 2008, Asia’s residence, Defense, Karachi. 89. Looney, Reforming Pakistan’s Educational System, 272. 90. Interview, February 14, 2008, Jamaat-e-Islami Islamic school, Gulshan- e-Iqbal, Karachi. 91. Singer, Pakistan’s Madrassahs. 92. Ibid. Chapter 4 1. Altorki and El-Solh, eds., Arab Women in the Field. 2. Riaz, volume I. 3. Interview, October 11, 2007, MA Islamic school, Karachi. 4. October 11, 2007, MA Islamic school, Karachi. 5. Interview, MA Islamic school, February 27, 2008, Guru Mandir, Karachi. 6. Riaz, volume III, February 27, 2008, MA Islamic school, North Nazimabad. 7. Riaz, volume III, MA Islamic school,
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