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Quiet Invasion Update Invasive Plants of the Houston-Galveston Region Lisa Gonzalez Research Scientist Houston Advanced Research Center Invasions in General Invasive or exotic? All exotics are not bad . Characteristics of Invasive Plant Species . High reproductive capability . Adaptability . Lack of ecological “checks and balances” . Alter surrounding environment Pathways of Introduction Landscaping and horticulture Aquarium/pet trade and pet owners Shipping & boating Agriculture & livestock Internet sales Live seafood markets Scientific research institutions, public aquaria, zoos, arboreta, wildlife preserves Biological control The Problem Economic . Annually $120 billion in losses and control . Invasive plants: ~ $25 billion per year 5,000 introduced plant species in U.S. (Pimentel at al. 2005) Social . Human health – vectors of disease . Quality of life Ecological . Compete with native species . Alter species diversity & food webs . Introduce pathogens . Degrade water quality . Change fire regimes . Added stressor for regional habitats already under pressure Other Local Stressors Wetland loss (1953-2005) . >35K acres lost . Salt marsh: Loss slowed . Fresh water: Losses still occurring in NE part of region Degraded water quality . Urban bacteria & HSC toxics Some declining waterbird populations Armand Bayou Wallisville Lake Project Coastal Prairie Lake Conroe Invasive Species Regulation Texas Department of Agriculture . Terrestrial plants . Maintains list of Texas noxious and invasive plants . List online at: Texas Admin Code (4 TAC §19.300) Texas Parks & Wildlife Department . Aquatic plants & animals . Maintains list of prohibited animal species . Enforcement of aquatic and terrestrial invasive plant rules . List online at: http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/huntwild/ wild/species/exotic/ Invasive Plant Profiles Chinese Tallow (Triadica sebifera) . 1772: Benjamin Franklin sent seeds to Dr. Noble Wimberly Jones, Georgia Colony . 1803: André Michaux noted spread in coastal forests . Mature tree can produce up to100,000 seeds per year . Seed dispersal by birds . Drought and flood tolerant, variety of soils, pest resistant . Crowds out natives; creates tallow forest . Many parts of plant toxic; leaves alter soil chemistry . Wildflower.org AlterNatives . Cercis canadensis (Eastern redbud) . Acer negundo (boxelder) . Ulmus crassifolia (cedar elm) Established Prohibited Brazilian Pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius) Early stage of invasion in Houston- Galveston Native to Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil Introduced ornamental in Florida in 1891; recognized as a nuisance in the 1950s Aggressive shrub or small tree; shades out natives Bird- and mammal- dispersed seeds May cause skin rashes (family Anacardiaceae) . Wildflower.org AlterNatives . Morella cerifera (wax myrtle) . Ilex vomitoria (yaupon holly) . Prunus caroliniana (Carolina laurelcherry) Established Prohibited Privet (Ligustrum sp.) Native to China, Korea, Japan Brought to the US in the 1800s as an ornamental, popular landscaping plant Ligustrum sinense Bird- and mammal- dispersed seeds Chinese privet Shade and flood resistant Grows as a shrub to a small tree Colonizes shrub layer along forest edges and fencerows Forms dense thickets, dominates understory Ligustrum lucidum Glossy privet . Wildflower.org AlterNatives . Morella cerifera (wax myrtle) . Ilex vomitoria (yaupon holly) . Prunus caroliniana (Carolina laurelcherry) Established Species of Concern Ligustrum quihoui Waxyleaf privet Golden Bamboo (Phyllostachys aurea) Native to China and Japan Alabama in 1800s as an ornamental; fence line buffer in residential and urban areas Above-ground jointed stem; spreads via runners Aggressive; spreads in all directions; up to 40 feet tall Dense thickets along roadsides; residential right of ways Displaces native vegetation and alters habitat Leaf litter alters invertebrate communities & food web Known to attract roaches in urban areas . Wildflower.org AlterNatives . Morella cerifera (wax myrtle) . Ilex vomitoria (yaupon holly) . Panicum virgatum (switchgrass) Established Species of Concern Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) Native to Eastern Asia Brought to the US in 1800s as an ornamental; planted for erosion control and deer forage Evergreen to semi-evergreen Reproduces via seeds and vegetatively; underground and above-ground runners Seeds bird- and mammal- dispersed Roadsides, forest edges, forest canopy gaps, fencerows, and abandoned fields or pastures Smothers native shrubs and trees – blocks sunlight & twist around stems and trunks (cuts off flow of water) . Wildflower.org AlterNatives . Gelsemium sempervirens (evening trumpetflower) . Lonicera sempervirens (trumpet honeysuckle) Established Species of Concern Asian Wisteria (Wisteria sp.) Native to China and Japan Brought to the US in 1800s as an ornamental; most infestations escaped landscape plantings Wisteria sinensis Seeds and pods toxic Chinese Wisteria Forest edges and disturbed areas Vine climbs host plants in a counter-clockwise spiral Vines up to 70 feet long and 15 inches in girth Can cover native shrubs and trees . Wildflower.org AlterNatives . Wisteria frutescens (American wisteria) . Campsis radicans (trumpet creeper) . Lonicera sempervirens (trumpet honeysuckle) . Bignonia capreolata (crossvine) Wisteria floribunda Established Species of Concern Japanese Wisteria Kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata) Native to China and Japan Introduced in the US in 1876 at Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia Planted in 1930s as erosion control, forage, ornamental Present in isolated locations in the Houston area and in E. Texas Plants can produce 5,000-10,000 lbs biomass/acre Shades out native vegetation Vines grow to 90 feet long . Wildflower.org AlterNatives . Wisteria frutescens (American wisteria) . Campsis radicans (trumpet creeper) . Lonicera sempervirens (trumpet honeysuckle) . Bignonia capreolata (crossvine) Established Prohibited Grasses & Sedges Deep-rooted sedge (Cyperus entrerianus) (Arundo donax) Giant reed . Native to South America . Native to India . Dark green, glossy leaves . Reaches 12 feet in height . Dense seed clusters . Flowers occur terminally in plume- . Sharp-angled, triangular stem like panicles . Purplish roots . Thrives in ditch banks, riparian or . Ditches, coastal prairies, wetlands, low floodplain areas flatwoods, fallow rice fields Established Prohibited Established Species of Concern Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) Native to Southeast Asia Introduced in Florida in the 1960’s Popular aquarium plant Grows in ponds, canals, rivers and ditches Found in Lake Conroe Forms dense horizontal mats Reproduces through seeds and budding Blocks water bodies, alters hydrology Established Prohibited More Aquatic Plants Established Prohibited Species of Concern Giant Salvinia (Salvinia molesta ) Elephant ear (Colocasia esculenta) . Native to South America . Native to South Asia and India . Mats float on the water surface . Popular horticulture plant . Streams, lakes, ponds, ditches . Wetland areas and banks of lakes . White, coarse hairs in egg-beater shape and bayous . Wildflower.org AlterNatives . Wildflower.org AlterNatives . Pontederia cordata (pickerelweed) . Nelumbo lutea (American lotus) . Sagittaria platyphylla (delta arrowhead) . Sagittaria platyphylla (delta arrowhead) . Nymphoides aquatica (Floating heart) More Aquatic Plants Established Prohibited Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) Alligator weed . Native to South America (Alternanthera philoxeroides) . Bulb-like plants float on water . Native to South America Showy lavender flowers . Shallow water, mats expand . Found in wetlands, ditches, lakes, across water surface rivers, bayous and canals . Stems succulent, pinkish-red; . Wildflower.org AlterNatives break easily . Pontederia cordata (pickerelweed) . Streams, lakes, ponds, ditches . Utricularia gibba (humped bladderwort) . Nymphaea mexicana (yellow waterlily) . N. odorata (American white waterlily) Cactus Moth (Cactoblastis cactorum ) Other Invasive Animals Pleco / armored catfish IslandZebra applesnail mussel Stopping the Spread of Invasive Plants Research and choose plants carefully . IF YOU DON'T KNOW IT, DON'T GROW IT Plant native plants when available Watch local nursery inventories Remove invasives from your property, gear, equipment, boats & trailers . CLEAN, DRAIN & DRY Never release or dispose of unwanted plants or animals into the local environment Do not compost invasive plant material State-wide network of regional satellites . 39 groups and 1,149 volunteers . 42 volunteers in Houston-Galveston Invaders Volunteers trained citizen scientist to identify and invasive plants Provides invasive plant distribution data Data used by the general public, scientists, and resource managers http://www.texasinvasives.org Sources of Information The Quiet Invasion: A Guide to Invasive Plants of the Galveston Bay Area www.galvbayinvasives.org Texas Invasives www.texasinvasives.org . Texas Invasive Plant and Pest Conference November 2011 Nonnative Invasive Plants of Southern Forests http://www.invasive.org/eastern/srs/ USDA PLANTS Database plants.usda.gov Thank You .
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  • Differential Tolerance of Eleven Prunus Taxa to Root Zone Flooding

    Differential Tolerance of Eleven Prunus Taxa to Root Zone Flooding

    This Journal of Environmental Horticulture article is reproduced with the consent of the Horticultural Research Institute (HRI – www.hriresearch.org), which was established in 1962 as the research and development affiliate of the American Nursery & Landscape Association (ANLA – http://www.anla.org). HRI’s Mission: To direct, fund, promote and communicate horticultural research, which increases the quality and value of ornamental plants, improves the productivity and profitability of the nursery and landscape industry, and protects and enhances the environment. The use of any trade name in this article does not imply an endorsement of the equipment, product or process named, nor any criticism of any similar products that are not mentioned. Copyright, All Rights Reserved Differential Tolerance of Eleven Prunus Taxa to Root Zone Flooding1 Thomas G. Ranney2 North Carolina State University Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center Department of Horticultural Science 2016 Fanning Bridge Road Fletcher, NC 28732 ~--------------- Abstract ---------------------, Eleven taxa of own-rooted Prunus L. were subjected to incremental flooding for 7 weeks to assess relative tolerance to root zone flooding. Rates of net photosynthesis (Po) decreased gradually as the flooding stress intensified. However, 'Newport' plum maintained higher Po than any other taxa when root systems were completely submerged. Defoliation of flooded plants ranged from a low of 150/0 for 'Newport' plum to a high of 1000/0 for 'Canada Red' chokecherry. Following a chilling period, survival of flooded plants ranged from a low of 0% for Carolina cherrylaurel to a high of 100% for 'Newport' plum and 'F-12/1' mazzard cherry. Of the 11 taxa evaluated, 'F-12/1' mazzard cherry and 'Newport' plum had the greatest tolerance to root zone flooding as indicated by high survival rates (1000/0) and low defoliation (~27%).