ADB-Financed Yunnan Integrated Road Network Development Project

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT

November 2009 Revised April 2010

Chongqing Communications Design and Research Institute For Yunnan Provincial Department of Transport

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CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 15 April 2010)

Currency Unit = Yuan (CNY) CNY 1.00 = $0.1465 $1.00 = CNY 6.826

The exchange rate of the Yuan is determined under a floating exchange rate system. In this report, a rate of $1.00 = CNY 7.8450 was used (the rate prevailing at the time of preparation).

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB — Asian Development Bank CO2 — Carbon dioxide EIA — environmental impact assessment EMP — environmental management plan MEP — Ministry of Environmental Protection NO2 — nitrogen dioxide pH — a measure of acidity/alkalinity PRC — People’s Republic of China ROW — Right-of-way SO2 — sulfur dioxide SS — suspended solid TA — technical assistance TSP — total suspended particle YEPB — Yunnan Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau YHIC — Yunnan Provincial Highway Development and Investment Company YPDOT — Yunnan Provincial Department of Transport YPHB — Yunnan Provincial Highway Bureau

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES km — kilometer m — meter

NOTES

(i) The fiscal year of the Government and its agencies ends on 31 December. (ii) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 A. Introduction 1 a) Expressway EIA Preparation 1 b) EARF for the other Project Components 2 B. Critical Facts 3 a) Brief Project Description 3 b) Brief Baseline Environment Description 4 c) Environmental Sensitive Areas along the Alignment 4 d) Grievance Redress Mechanism 5 C. Significant Findings 6 D. Recommendations 7 II. POLICY, LEGAL, AND ADMINISTRATION FRAMEWORK 9 A. National Laws and Regulations 9 B. Local Regulations 10 C. Technical Specification and Guidelines 10 D. ADB Environmental Policies 11 E. Relevant International Agreements that China Joined or Signed 11 F. Project Related Materials 11 III. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 12 A. Overall Description of the Project Components 12 B. Expressway/Highway 12 a) Major Components 12 b) Associated Facilities 16 C. Local Road Maintenance and Rehabilitation 19 D. Community-based Rural Road Maintenance 19 IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT (Including Baseline Data) 20 A. Physical Setting 20 B. Environmental Condition of Regional Ecological Environment 21 a) Ecology Sensitive Areas 21 b) Flora 27 c) Fauna 33 d) Aquatic Organism 36 e) Soil 39 f) Land Use 39 C. Water Environment 42 a) Water Body in the Project Region 42 b) Standards of Water Environment 45 c) Conventional Monitoring 46 d) Water Quality Monitoring During the EIA 49 D. Noise 50 a) Noise Sensitive Areas 50 b) Noise Standard 50 c) Noise Level Monitoring 51 E. Ambient Air 56 a) Sensitive Areas 56 b) Ambient Air Standards 56

c) Air Quality Monitoring 56 F. Social Environment 57 a) Social Sensitive Area 57 b) General description 58 c) Social Economic 59 d) Mineral Resources 60 e) Tourism 60 f) Quality of Life 61 G. Physical Cultural Resources 62 V. ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS 64 A. With- and Without-Project Alternatives 64 B. Regional Corridor Reasonability Analysis 64 C. Alternative Transport Modes 65 D. Alternative Alignment for Sections 65 VI. ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS AND MITIGATION 73 A. Impact Assessment on Key Environmental Sensitive Areas 73 a) Tongbiguan Nature Reserve 76 b) Ruilijiang-Dayingjiang National Level Scenic Area 79 c) Physical Cultural Resources 84 d) Fapo Reservoir 87 B. Soil Erosion 88 C. Impacts on Ecology 95 D. Impacts on Water Environment 98 E. Noise Impacts 101 a) Construction Phase 101 b) Operation Period 104 F. Air Quality 117 G. GHG Emission 122 a) Introduction 122 b) Vehicle Emission from Improved Roads and Traffic Conditions 125 H. Transport of Hazardous and Toxic Materials 126 I. Access roads 126 J. Community Severance 126 K. Resettlement and Relocation 127 L. Health and Safety 128 M. Tourism 130 N. Economic Development and Poverty Alleviation 130 O. Public Disturbance 131 P. Cumulative Impacts 131 Q. Induced Impacts 133 R. Illegal Cross-border Trade and the LR Expressway 133 S. Possible Change in Alignment 134 T. Local Roads Rehabilitation and Maintenance 134 U. Rural Road Maintenance Component 135 VII. ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT 136 A. Environmental Protection Investments 136 B. Environmental Benefits 136

VIII. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE 138 A. Public Participation during Project Preparation 138 B. Summary of Public Consultation Results 138 C. Information Disclosure 138 D. Future Public Consultation during Implementation 139 IX. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM 140 A. Introduction 140 B. Current Practice 140 C. Proposed Grievance Redress System 140 D. Environmental Complaints Handling Procedure 141 X. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 143 A. Objectives 143 B. Mitigation Measures 143 C. Management and Supervision Organizations 143 D. Environmental Monitoring 144 E. Environmental Supervision 145 F. Independent Environmental Supervision Consultant (IESC) 145 G. Correction and Improvement of Mitigation Measures 146 XI. CONCLUSION and RECOMMENDATIONS 147

Appendix 1 Environment Management Plan Appendix 2 Environmental Assessment Review Framework Appendix 3 Tables and Figures

Source: YPDOT.

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

A. Introduction

1. This Environmental Impact Assessment Report (Project EIA) for the Integrated Yunnan Road Network Development Project (the Project) was prepared by Yunnan Provincial Department of Transport (YPDOT). It is based on Environmental Impact Assessment for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project.1 (Expressway EIA) and No. 12 East to West Expressway of National Highway Trunk Network System Hongzou to Ruili Expressway Longling Ruili Section Feasibility Study Report 2 (Feasibility Study Report). Project EIA also includes contents of Asian Development Bank (ADB) financed Project Preparatory Technical Assistance final report3 (PPTA Final Report) and on going Preliminary Design for the Longling to Ruili expressway4. The author greatly appreciates Yunnan Provincial Department of Transport, Environmental Protection Bureau, Yunnan Highway Administration Bureau, Yunnan Longrui Expressway Company, Dehong Prefecture Communication Bureau, Dehong Prefecture Forest Bureau, Yunnan Communications Design Institute, Wanding Economic Development Zone, Wanding Construction Bureau, Wanding Environmental Protection Bureau, and Wanding Planning Bureau for information provided by them.

2. The Project has four components: (i) construction of Longling-Ruili expressway,5 including class II highway (linking road) from Ruili to Nongdao and interchange linking roads, (ii) Yunnan Local Road Rehabilitation, 6 (iii) Maintenance subproject and Gender and Development (GAD) Rural Road Maintenance component,7 and (iv) Enhance performance by capacity building. The Project’s Environment Management Plan (EMP, Appendix 1) was prepared incorporating measures described in the Project EIA. For Local Road Rehabilitation and GAD, environmental assessment and review framework (EARF, Appendix 2) was prepared by the PPTA consultants. Detailed environmental assessment information such as expressway plan, vegetation map, list of environmentally sensitive points, and list of flora and fauna is in Appendix 3.

a) Expressway EIA Preparation

3. Complying with the Regulation on the Administration of Construction Project Environmental Protection (State Council Order 253, 29 Nov 1998), Dehong Prefecture Communication Bureau (DPCB), as the representative of Yunnan Provincial Department of Transport (YPDOT), contracted Chongqing Communication Research Institute as the consultant to conduct the Expressway EIA for Longling to Ruili in November 2007. The expressway component includs 123.79 km of expressway from Longling to Ruili and 34.38 km of Class II

1 Chongqing Communications Design and Research Institute. 2009. Environmental Impact Assessment for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project. Kunming. 2 Yunnan Highway Design Institute. 2009. No. 12 East to West Expressway of National Highway Trunk Network System Hongzou to Ruili Expressway Longling Ruili Section Feasibility Study Report. Kunming. 3 WINLOT Consulting, Ltd. 2010. TA4970-PRC Yunnan Integrated Road Network Development Project Final Report. Manila. 4 YPDOT has entrusted the preliminary design to Yunnan Highway Design Institute. 5 It was renamed to “Constructed new Longling–Ruili highway corridor.” 6 It was renamed to “Improved local road network conditions in Yunnan.” 7 It was renamed to “Improved rural roads conditions in Dehong Prefecture.”

1 highway from Ruili to Nongdao and 9 interchange connecting roads.

4. With the assistance of the YPDOT and other relevant government departments, the Expressway EIA team undertook field work including site investigations and data collection between November 2007 and May 2008. During the period, public consultation and information disclosure was conducted. Further public consultation was conducted in June and July 2008 and again in September 2008. A draft EIA report was submitted in March 2009 to PRC Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) for review and the full approval was received from MEP in November 2009 following the reviews by a MEP’s expert panel and by Environmental Protection Office of MOT.

5. As required by the domestic procedures and the potential concerns of the project area, the YPDOT also engaged qualified institutes to prepare the following project reports: the Soil Erosion Prevention Plan 8; the Archaeological Investigation and Survey Report 9; the Special EIA Report for Ruilijiang-Dayingjiang National Scenic Area; the Special EIA Report for Tongbiguan Provincial Nature Reserve; and the Feasibility Study Report for the Longrui Expressway. The findings and mitigations in these reports have been incorporated in the project EIA where applicable.

6. The Project EIA included updated information of the Express EIA after the official approval and clearance by the government due to more detailed alignment analysis for the section near Wanding Forest Park area, additional changes and newly available information in the preliminary design, as well as requirements of ADB's Safeguard Policy Statement.

b) EARF for the Other Project Components

7. The Local Highway Maintenance and Rehabilitation Component and Gender Development of the Project include only small scale civil works within the existing right of way (ROW), and in most cases the construction activities are going to be undertaken in rural areas. The environmental impacts caused by these components are considered to be insignificant. Therefore, full environmental impact assessment has not prepared during the project preparation. However, potential impacts relating to inconveniences or nuisances to surrounding areas during construction may require careful construction in planning and management for some sections. To mitigate any adverse impacts caused by the construction activities, an Environmental Assessment and Review Framework (EARF) for the components have been prepared. According to the EARF, Environmental Impact Registration Table, which is a simplified initial environmental examination, will be prepared for screening. And then Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) or Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is prepared if the construction activities for a section have potential significant adverse environmental impacts.

8. This is the fifth ADB financed expressway projects in Yunnan province and YPDOT and its EIA team have capitalized the previous experience in preparing the project EIA and EMP and EMP implementation particularly during project construction. The EIA and EMP cover the road, tunnels, service areas, and all construction related infrastructure such as access roads, workers’ camps, borrow pits and spoil sites. YPDOT has decided to engage an Independent Environmental Supervision Consultant (IESC) to ensure better environmental management and control during expressway construction. These details have been reflected and included in the project EIA documents.

8 Yunnan Highway Design Institute. 2009. No. 12 East to West Expressway of NHTS Hongzhou to Ruili Expressway Longling to Ruili Section Soil Erosion Prevention Plan. Kunming. 9 Yunnan Provincial Archaeological Research Institute. 2008. Archaeological Investigation and Survey Report. Kunming City.

2 9. The Project is classified as a Category A in ADB's environmental categorization since it involves construction of a major expressway on a new alignment. It has potential significant adverse environmental impacts such as noise, motor vehicle air emission, use of fertile land, community severance, soil erosion, and resettlement. The PPTA consultant compiled the Project EIA in November 2009. It was revised in December 2009. The discussion draft of environment impact was compiled in February 2010.

B. Critical Facts

a) Brief Project Description

10. The Project will (i) construct 123.793 kilometer (km) of expressway from Longling to Ruili across hilly terrain, including 34.378 km of Class II expressway linking highway from Ruili to Nongdao and other inter change linking roads, (ii) execute local road maintenance and rehabilitation of 605.54 km distributed over 9 cities and prefectures, (iii) implement a gender development pilot program focusing on rural roads maintenance in poor ethnic minority area in Western Yunnan, and (iv) provide consulting services and training to enhance the quality of construction, the maintenance management system, the safety of roads and the project monitoring and evaluation system.

11. The Expressway goes though Baoshan City and Dehong Prefecture, which are located in the west of Yunnan Province. Most of the project alignment is located in rural areas where the incidence of rural poverty is 24.7%. About 61.4% of the population lives in rural areas, Ethnic minorities are mainly Dai and Jingpo account for some 24.8% of the population. The inadequate road infrastructure is a major cause of the area’s high incidence of poverty: Roads serve only two thirds of the villages.

12. The Local Highway Maintenance and Rehabilitation Component covers 9 cities and prefectures; these are Kunming, Dali, Chuxiong, Qujing, Lijiang, Baoshan, Dehong, Linchang and Honghe. The population of the 9 cities and prefectures accounts 65.7% of Yunnan and GDP accounts for 72.6%. The component includes national highways and provincial highways, which are poor or very poor condition. The road condition improvement will reduce transport costs and travel time, hence increase the transport efficiency. Providing efficient transport system, the component is expected to spur economic activities, thereby helping reduce poverty in the area.

13. The Gender and Development (GAD) Rural Road Maintenance Components. The project includes 650 km of rural roads maintenance. Project Area covers Longling County in Baoshan Prefecture and Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture in the western part of Yunnan Province. The area has population of 1,443,000, of which 603,800 (41.8%) are poor and 596,600 (41.3%) are ethnic minorities. The main ethnic minorities in the area are Dai, Jingpo, Lishu, De'an, and Achang. Per capita gross domestic product (GDP) in 2008, varied among counties from CNY 7,521 to CNY 8,502 (CNY 22,640 for the PRC and CNY 12,550 for Yunnan Province). The project area is predominantly rural, average annual net rural income per capita ranged from CNY 2,504 to CNY 3,372 in 2008. The component includes the introduction of rural road maintenance by women ethnic minority groups, improving general access to rural areas and creating incomes and employment.

14. As a section of the Hangzhou-Ruili Inter-provincial Expressway, the project expressway is one of the key infrastructures in Yunnan. It is also part of the strategic national

3 trunk highway network, as it will link Hangzhou at Ruili City, the National Economic Port to South Asian countries, and it will connect developed coastal region in eastern China and the interior in the middle and the west. Within Yunnan, it will form part of the “automobile” corridor, alleviating transportation bottleneck between the provincial capital and the fast growing tourist industry in southwest Yunnan. The project expressway will play a significant role in development of regional economies, improvement of standard of living, and poverty alleviation.

b) Brief Baseline Environment Description

15. Ecology. Detailed field ecological survey concluded that the vegetation along project expressway belongs to south subtropical seasonal rain forest, mountain rain forest, evergreen broadleaf forest, and south subtropical evergreen monsoon forest. The natural vegetation has been gradually replaced by coniferous secondary forest including planted rubber tree, coffee tree, teak, cassia siamea, bamboo, due to intensive human activities. It is concluded that the surface vegetation of the project area features few natural plant species and mostly secondary and man-planted woods and agricultural system, with relatively low value of biodiversity.

16. Air Quality. Air quality monitoring results show that all measured parameters in the project area were below the national ambient air quality standards, indicating good existing ambient air quality at the project area.

17. Noise. Existing noise levels in 32 sensitive locations along the expressway were measured. The noise monitoring results show that the acoustic quality in the monitored villages was good, while near or in township the noise was higher because of the heavier traffic and other urban activities.

18. Water. The water quality monitoring, conducted 1-3 February 2008 and 7-9 November 2008, showed that all measured parameters (ph, BOD5, COD, Oil, NH3-N, and SS) were within the standards.

c) Environmental Sensitive Areas along the Alignment

19. Nature Reserves, Scenic Areas, Water Sources. Field surveys were conducted along the corridor to identify environmental sensitive areas. During alignment alternative analysis, nature reserves, scenic areas, water source protected areas, and cultural relics were identified. Extensive effort has been made to avoid environmental, social and cultural sensitive areas, such as the class I protected area of Dayingjiang-Ruilijiang National Scenic Area, Wanding National Forest Park, Tongbiguan Provincial Nature Reserve, Tiechanghe Drinking Water Source, Hongshihe Drinking Water Source, and Santaishan Mining Area. However, the proposed final alignment will marginally pass through a class II Dayingjiang-Ruilijiang National Scenic Area, where construction is allowed unless it has no impact on class I area and/or the scenic area’s protected objects. The expressway structure is mainly either via long tunnels or bridge in order to avoid impacts on the protected objectives. The alignment also passes through the catchments of Fapo Reservoir which is the drinking water source of Fapo village. For the village the Project will provide alternative drinking water source. The expressway alignment avoids Tongbiguang Provincial Nature Reserve boundary proposed by the Dehong Prefecture Forest Bureau, which is responsible for the nature reserve’s administration.

4 20. Noise and Air Pollution Receptors. A total of 41 villages and townships and four schools are identified through field investigation as sensitive receptors. These sensitive receptors are located about 15 to 160 m from the proposed expressway central line.

21. Protected Trees. The field survey identified three species of national class II protection plants within the environmental assessment area, including 110 toona ciliate, 5 paramichelia baillonii and 5 terminalia myriocarpa; and four kinds of plants under Yunnan provincial protection, including 14 cerasus cerasoide, 3 carallia garciniaefolia how et ho in acta phytotax, 4 aesculus lantsangensis, and 10 millettia pachycarpa. Mitigation measures include:

(i) Relocate the 12 toona ciliate, 3 carallia garciniaefolia and 4 aesculus lantsangensis young trees that within the ROW to Mengxiu Rare and Endangered Plant Preservation Garden in Ruili city.

(ii) Fence the 32 trees that are not within the ROW but within area 50 meters (m) away from the red line of the alignment, and put protection board on the tress.

(iii) Put protection board on the other trees that are 50 m away from ROW of the alignment including 66 toona ciliate, 5 paramichelia baillonii, 5 terminalia myriocarpa, 14 cerasus cerasoide and 10 millettia pachycarpa.

22. Old Trees. There are one species of national class II protected old tree and five species of national class III protection old trees (in total 69 trees) identified along the alignment, including 61 ficus altissima, 4 ficus benjamina, 1 ficus virens var. sublanceolata, 1 mesua ferrea, 1 ficus religiosa and 1 ficus microcarpa. Among the 69 old trees, 3 ficus altissima trees are within the ROW of the FS alignment, but the alignment was revised to avoid affecting these trees in the preliminary design.

23. Fauna. Thirty two mammal species and 115 bird species are found in the assessment area; of them 15 belong to national class II protection categories. The EIA team understands that their activities may take place in the project area.

24. Cultural Resources. A cultural resources survey was conducted for all project sites, led by local archeological institutes, in combination with consultation with local cultural property management authorities and the general public. Three cultural relic sites – Gongxia Haizhao Hemang Ancient City (5,000 square meters), Jiedonglv Ancient City (30,000 square meters) and Longling Shilancao Cunjiadi ancient Tombs Group Area (400 square meters) were identified. These areas have not been designated as any level protection categories. It is observed during field visit that these areas have become agricultural lands or forest land.

25. For the above mentioned environmental sensitive sites, approvals have been acquired on the selected alignment from relevant government agencies in charge.

d) Grievance Redress Mechanism

26. During the project implementation, problems could occur and people have grievances. In order to solve the problems IA plans to establish a Project Public Complaints Center (PPCC) in

5 each site office. PPCC’s address, phone and fax number, and email address will be informed to the people through a notice board at the village head quarter. Any issue occurs, people will call to the respective PPCC and it will handle until the issues are solved.

C. Significant Findings

27. The Project will contribute to the improvement of the West Yunnan road network significantly. It will lead development of this area and improve the standards of living for the residents. Also, it will contribute to the reduction of vehicle emissions by reducing travel distance and by improving the road condition. The project components are consistent with the National Trunk Roads Network Plan. On the other hand, the project will have some negative environmental impacts. The EIA assessed the impacts and proposed mitigation measures to reduce the adverse impacts. The overall conclusion of the EIA was that the adverse environmental impacts arising from the construction and operation of the project facilities can be mitigated to acceptable levels.

28. Environmental impacts and mitigation measures are summarized in the EMP. While major impacts on people's life along the alignment have been taken into account in the EIA, separate resettlement and compensation plans are being prepared for land acquisition and social impacts. The environmental protection and mitigation measures are estimated to cost CNY146.34 million. The environmental mitigation measures will be incorporated in the biding documents and bill of quantities of the civil works contracts. Monitoring and supervision will be undertaken to ensure that environmental impacts will be minimized to acceptable levels. Domestic environment consultants will be recruited under the construction supervision consulting services to prepare and supervise the implementation of the environmental management plan, monitor the environmental and social impacts, and prepare related reports.

29. To comply with the PRC's forestry law and ADB's forestry policy, YPDOT agreed to carry out compensatory planting of an equivalent or larger area. The planting program will be implemented in coordination with the Yunnan Provincial Forestry Department.

30. Cumulative impacts were considered. The Longrui expressway will be constructed at the same period with the Dali to Ruili railway project located in the same corridor, and thus could potentially interact with the Expressway project in terms of cumulative impacts. These construction related impacts could be effectively minimized by adopting proper mitigation measures, such as coordination with the railway project company in terms of construction schedule, sharing access road and borrow/disposal sites if applicable. Particularly, contractors will develop material transport plan with consultation with local road management authority and local community to avoid any cumulative impact during the construction.

31. The road rehabilitation and maintenance component will have only less adverse environmental impacts during construction and such impacts can be reduced to acceptable level through good engineering management.

32. The Gender and Development component will have no major adverse environmental impacts because it includes only small scale manual labor road maintenance activities.

6 33. The project will provide direct and indirect environmental benefits. Inviting the national-level agencies, the capacity in managing environmental impacts and monitoring mitigation actions will be strengthened. Environmental awareness and support among the stakeholders directly will be increased. Net vehicle emissions in the NH 320 corridor will be reduced through the improvement in traffic flow and an overall reduction in the congestion, and air quality in the corridor will be improved. The YPDOT, the IA, and its contractors will improve their technical capacity and environmental awareness through the proposed environmental training programs.

D. Recommendations

34. YPDOT will ensure that the Project is constructed and operated in accordance with environmental procedures and guidelines of the national government, local governments, and ADB; that any adverse environmental impacts arising from the Project are minimized by implementing the mitigation measures and environmental monitoring program presented in the EIA and EMP; and that the implementation of the environmental monitoring program, including mitigation measures, and copies of permits, licenses, and clearances is regularly reported to ADB as specified in the EIA, including violations of safety and environmental standards, if any, and how they have been corrected.

35. Training programs for the IA and contractors will be carried out timely and ensure that all mitigation measures as defined in the EIA and EMP will be implemented. The EMP will be accepted as the basic document to be used for the preparation of a mitigation work plan and timetable, accompanied by a consistent and standard compliance monitoring and reporting system. Bidding documents will contain the requirements for mitigation actions, monitoring and reporting.

36. An EMP implementation schedule for all contractors will be prepared prior to start of construction to assure consistency in its application among the contractors. Contractors will be asked to show evidence that they are qualified to undertake environmental mitigation and monitoring, and will respond to environmental questions in the bid proposal.

37. The detail design will include an environmental protection chapter describing how the mitigation measures proposed in the EIA and EMP incorporated in their design. Prior to construction, an independent environmental supervision consultant will be recruited and they will review the detailed design.

38. For the key environmental sensitive areas, following actions is recommended:

(i) Scenic Area. For the road section passing through Ruilijiang-Dayingjiang National Scenic Area, during design stage, Special Landscape Design will be conducted under supervision of Yunnan Provincial Construction Department. Tunnel portal design and drainage system will be designed to avoid soil erosion and water pollution on the Ruilijiang River.

(ii) Protected Trees. Prior to construction, relocate the protected trees to Mengxiu Rare Plant Protection Botanic Garden of Ruili City, including 12 Toona ciliate

7 trees (6 near K57+850, K57+900 and 6 near K79); 3 carallia brachiata trees (K29) and 4 ceseulus lantsangensis trees (K65+350).

(iii) Old Trees. The alignment was revised for sections of K46+750, K88+050, and K139+720 to 50 m further north to avoid the 3 old trees from falling. As for the 19 old trees which are located within 50 m from the red line of expressway and the above mentioned 3 old trees, the local forestry authorities have already attached protection boards to these trees. In addition, eye-catching warning boards will be attached, and trees will be wrapped and fenced during the construction period.

(iv) Protected Animals. A preconstruction survey and assessment will be carried out to identify potential frog habitat. Training will be provided for local construction workers on frog protection and relevant construction practices. If frog eggs are identified in the construction impact area, they will be relocated to safe places to secure reproduction.

(v) Drinking water. Prior to construction, drinking water supply system including piping system and digging two wells will be constructed for the Fapo village.

(vi) Archaeological Sites. Durign the detailed design alignment will be changed or preservative excavation will be carried out for the sections inside the known archaeological remain areas. For the sections near the known archaeological remain areas, the local Cultural Bureaus will be invited to monitor site clearance, excavations. For entire section, if any cultural relic sites are found, work will stop immediately until authorities have a chance to evaluate the significance and nature of such findings.

(vii) Revegetation will be undertaken immediately after construction work ceases at a site, so that exposed soils are stabilized as quickly as possible. The planting program will be implemented in coordination with the Yunnan Provincial Forestry Department. Local species will be used for greening under the project. Tree seeds will be collected and raised at seedling nursery. During the operating period, maintenance of plantings will be based on a firmly established schedule.

(viii) Independent Environmental Consultant. Prior to construction, the Project Office of the Yunnan Highway Investment Company will recruit an Independent Environmental Consultant to conduct independent supervision on the detail design and implementation of the EMP.

(ix) Grievance Redress Mechanism. Prior to construction, the IA will establish Environmental Grievance Redress Center to deal with environmental complaints from the local people together with the local government.

39. For the road rehabilitation project, EARF has been prepared as a tool for avoiding significant environmental impacts on environmental sensitive areas such as nature reserve, water source area and areas close to residential area during selection of the road sections for maintenance.

8 II. POLICY, LEGAL, AND ADMINISTRATION FRAMEWORK

40. A complete and mature EIA management procedure has been established in the PRC. The EIA management procedure is based on Environmental Protection Law, Management Regulations of Environment protection of Construction Project, Law of the People's Republic of China on the Environmental Impact Assessment, and Notice on Enhancing Management Work of EIA of the Construction Project loaned by International Finance Organization (No. 324, MEP, 1993). The latter regulated the management procedures during each phase of environmental impact assessment for construction projects. The technical guidelines for environmental impact assessment published by MEP indicate the requirements and technical methods in preparing EIA outlines and EIA reports. A model table of contents in the EIA guidelines is as follows:

1. Preface 2. Brief introduction of loan project 3. Environmental condition of area to be affected by the proposed project 4. Impact prediction and control and mitigation measures 5. Alternative plans 6. Economic analysis of environmental benefits and costs 7. Environmental management plan and environmental monitoring plan 8. Public participation 9. Conclusion and suggestions

41. The regulatory and policy requirements for environmental assessment of this Project are as follows.

A. National Laws and Regulations (1) Environmental Protection Law of the PRC, Dec. 26th, 1989 (2) Environmental Impact Assessment of the PRC, Sep., 2003 (3) Water Law of the PRC, Oct. 1st, 2002 (4) Water and Soil Conservation Law of the PRC, June 29th, 1991 (5) Land Administration Law of the PRC, Aug. 28th, 2004 (6) Highway Law of the PRC, August 28th, 2004 (7) Law of the PRC on the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution, April 29th (8) Law of the PRC on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, June 1st, 2008 (9) Law of the PRC on the Prevention and Control of Pollution from Environmental Noise, Oct. 29 (10) Law of the PRC on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Waste, Dec. 29th, 2004 (11) Forest Law of the PRC, April 29th, 1998 (12) Agriculture Law of the People's Republic of China, Dec. 28th, 2002 (13) Law of the PRC on the Cultural Relics Protection, Dec. 29th, 2007 (14) Law of the PRC on the Protection of Wild Animals , Aug. 28th, 2004 (15) Law of the PRC on the Urban and Rural Planning, Oct. 28th, 2007 (16) Law of the People's Republic of China on Mineral Resources, Aug. 29th, 1996 (17) Regulations on the Scenic and Historic spots, Act No. 474, State Council of the PRC, Dec. 1st, 2006 (18) Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Nature Reserves, Act No. 167, State Council of the PRC, Dec. 1st, 1994 (19) Rules of Environmental Protection Management for Construction Projects, issued by the State Council of PRC, November 29, 1998;

9 (20) Classification Inventory for Environment Protection of Engineering Project issued by the MOEP, January 1, 2003; (21) Measures Concerning Environmental Protection and Management for Transportation Construction Projects, issued by MOC, May 22, 1990; (22) Notice to Strengthen the Environmental Impact Assessment and Management of Construction Projects Financed by Loan from International Financial Organizations, jointly issued by MOEP, the State Planning Commission, the Ministry of Finance and the People’s Bank of China, June 21, 1993.

B. Local Regulations (1) Environmental Protection Regulations of Yunnan Province, Dec. 25, 1992 (2) Forest Regulations of Yunnan Province, Feb. 1st, 2003 (3) Forest Management Practices in Yunnan Province, March 31, 1997 (4) Regulation on Prime Farmland Protection in Yunnan Province, May 26, 2000 (5) Regulation on Nature Reserve Management in Yunnan Province, March 1st, 1998 (6) Management Regulations on Scenic Area in Yunnan Province, Aug. 1st, 1996 (7) Regulations on Agricultural Environmental Protection in Yunnan Province, June 5, 1997 (8) Regulation on Protection of Valuable Tree Species in Yunnan Province, Dec. 1, 1995 (9) Regulations on Terrestrial Wild Animals Protection of Yunnan Province, Jan. 1st, 1997 (10) Regulation on Environmental Protection and Management Regulations of Construction Projects in Yunnan Province, Jan. 1st, 2002 (11) Provision on Protection and Management of Rare and Endangered Plants in Yunnan Province, June 5, 1995 (12) Surface Water Function Zoning in Yunnan Province, Sept. 11, 2001 (13) Environmental Noise Functional Application Zoning in Urban Areas in Yunnan Province, March 2007 (14) The Implementation of Measures of Water and Soil Conservation Law of the People's Republic of China in Yunnan Province, Oct 1st, 1994 (15) Surface Water Environmental Function zoning in Baoshan City, April 9th, 2002

C. Technical Specification and Guidelines (1) General-EIA Technical Guideline, HJ/T2.1-93; (2) Ambient Air- EIA Technical Guideline, HJ/T2.2-93; (3) Surface Water- EIA Technical Guideline, HJ/T2.3-93; (4) Acoustic Environment- EIA Technical Guideline, HJ/T2.4-95; (5) Technical guidelines for environmental impact assessment - Ecological environmental of nature resource development. HJ/T19-1997, 1998.06 (6) Specification of Environmental Impact Assessment for Highways, JTGB03-2006. (7) Specifications of Environmental Design for Highway Project, JTJ/T006-98 (8) Indicator of Land Taken for Highway Construction Project, Construction standard, No. 278, Nov. 18, 1999 (9) Technical Specifications for Environmental Monitoring, HJ/T91-2002 (10) Technical Specifications of Soil and Water Conservation for Development and Construction Project (GB50433-2008) (11) Notice on the Noise Issue in the EIA for Road and Railway projects, Huanfa [2003] 94 (12) Letters confirming the standards to be applicable in EIA for the Longrui Road Project, Yunnan EPB Letter No. 85, 2008.

10 D. ADB Environmental Policies (1) Environment Assessment Guideline, 2003, Asian Development Bank (2) Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009, Asian Development Bank (3) Operation Manual sections on Environmental Considerations, 2006, ADB

E. Relevant International Agreements that China Joined or Signed (1) 21st Century Agenda, Jun 1992 (2) Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat， July 1992 (3) Convention on Biological Diversity, Jun 1992 (4) United Nations’ Convention on the Law of Sea，November, 1994 (5) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Kyoto Protocol) ， December 1997 (6) International Declaration of Cleaner Production，September 1998

F. Project Related Materials (1) Feasibility Study Report and Supplementary Report, Yunnan Highway Planning Survey and Design Institute, May, 2008 (2) General Planning for Ruilijiang-Dayingjiang National Park, Yunnan Fangcheng Planning and Design Office (3) Comprehensive Investigation Report on Tongbiguan Nature Reserve, Southwest Forestry University, January 2010 (4) Geological Hazard Assessment Report, Yunnan Kunming Nonferrous Survey and Design Institute Co., Ltd. (5) Survey Report of Mineral Resources covered by the Longrui Highway, Yunnan Kunming Nonferrous Survey and Design Institute Co., Ltd. (6) Report on Cultural Relic Conservation Planning for Longrui highway, Yunnan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology

11 III. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

A. Overall Description of the Project Outputs

42. Output 1: Constructed new Longling–Ruili highway corridor. The project will expand the road capacity in western Yunnan by constructing a new 135 km, four-lane, access controlled LRE and a new 23 km of class II highway from Ruili to Nongdao1 with a design speed of 80 km per hour. The output is estimated to cost $1,649 million, of which ADB will finance $228 million. The output will be managed by YHIC through LongRui Expressway Company (LREC).

43. Output 2: Improved local road network conditions in Yunnan.2 This will reduce the maintenance backlog, resulting in large benefits at relatively low cost. A total of 605 km of local roads 3 will be rehabilitated and improved in nine prefectures and cities (Chuxiong, Dali, Dehong, and Honghe prefectures; Baoshan, Kunming, Lijiang, Lincang, and Qujing cities). These roads were selected based on pavement condition, with priority given to sections in poor to very poor condition. By prioritizing rehabilitation and maintenance through this output, ADB will contribute to province-wide improvement in road asset management. Traffic safety facilities, maintenance planning, and management practices will also be improved. The output is estimated to cost $100 million, of which ADB will finance $20 million. The output will be managed by YPHB.

44. Output 3: Improved rural roads conditions in Dehong prefecture. A total of 650 km of rural roads will be improved in Dehong prefecture following a pilot phase funded by a $200,000 GDCF grant, which focuses on rural road maintenance using local labor to generate employment opportunities, and with additional attached TA support to extend the activity to border areas. Public transport bus services on these roads will also be improved. The government will finance the estimated cost of $1.5 million to replicate the pilot phase activity and improve transport services. The output will be managed by CCBs of DPCB.

45. Output 4: Enhanced performance by capacity building. This will include (i) improving maintenance planning, funding, and execution; and (ii) providing on-the-job training to YPHB, LREC, CCBs of DPCB staff, and project road maintenance groups. The capacity building support for maintenance will include improving maintenance execution through the introduction of competitive bidding, strengthening pavement design, and discouraging overloading through a combination of enforcement intensity and traffic load monitoring by weigh-in-motion, and introducing more objective systems for programming maintenance through continuous dialogue with the government under this project.4 The training will cover road safety,

1 Considering that the 23-km section from Ruili to Nongdao is located on flat terrain and has lower traffic, through

careful alternatives analysis and dialogue, it was agreed to limit the scope of construction to a two-lane highway.

2 Local Road Maintenance and Rehabilitation is provided in Appendix 3 of the Project Administration Manual

(accessible from the list of linked documents in Appendix 2).

3 Non-tolled ordinary trunk roads managed by YPHB.

4 ADB also expects to support measures for ensuring adequate financing of road maintenance through a follow-on

policy and advisory TA to support implementation of the fuel tax reform that is to be submitted for ADB

12 construction and supervision, maintenance management, road financing, public transport services, private sector participation, environment management, social safeguard planning and monitoring, and project monitoring and evaluation. ADB will finance the estimated output cost of $2 million.

B. Expressway/Highway

a) Major Components

46. The Expressway Project will (i) construct 123.793 km of expressway from Longling to Ruili across hilly terrain; (ii) construct 34.378 km of Class II highway from Ruili to Nongdao; (iii) construct 9 interchange linking roads.

47. For the expressway section, design speed under the project is 80 km per hour and 4-lane expressway standard is applied. Major design standards are as follows and Figure 1 is its typical cross section.

(i) Design speed: 80 km/h; (ii) Subgrade width: 24.50 m; (iii) Carriageway width: 4×3.75 m; (iv) Ultimate min. horizontal radius: 250 m; (v) Maximum Longitudinal Grade: 5%; (vi) Bridge/Culvert Design Load: class-I

Source: Feasibility Study Report.

Figure 1: Expressway 24.5m-width Subgrade Design

Management approval during 2010.

13 48. For the class II road and linking road, design speed is 60 km per hour and 2-lane highway standard is applied. Major design standards areas follows and Figure 2 is its typical cross section.

(i) Design speed: 80 km/h; (ii) Subgrade width: 12 m; (iii) Carriageway width: 2×4.5 m; (iv) Ultimate min. horizontal radius: 250 m; (v) Maximum Longitudinal Grade: 5%; (vi) Bridge/Culvert Design Load: class-II

49. The subgrade will have a minimum height of 4.5 m to provide ample height for culverts. Typical cross-sections show a formation side slope of 1:1.5 with a lined box drain at the toe which will minimize land acquisition.

Source: FSR

Source: Feasibility Study Report.

Figure 2: Class II Road 12m-width Subgrade Design

50. Eight tunnels (Table 1) with a total length of 8,180 m will be constructed including two long tunnels at Santaishan (2,450 m) and Mangsa (3,130 m). Two tubes are planned for each tunnel to serve both directions.

Table 1: List of Tunnels No. Name Location Length (m) Width (holes-m) 1 Shuangpoyakou tunnel K15+900~K16+900 2×1000 2×10.25 2 Yiqiutian tunnel K17+900~K18+350 2×450 2×10.25 3 Ma’anshan tunnel K22+860~K23+150 2×290 2×9.75 4 Mukang No.1 tunnel K28+720~K28+950 2×230 2×9.75 5 Mukang No.2 tunnel K29+280~29+480 2×200 2×9.75 6 Mukang No.3 tunnel K29+950~K30+300 2×350 2×9.75

14 7 Santaishan tunnel K60+000~K62+450 2×2450 2×10.25 8 Mangsa tunnel K103+770~K106+900 2×3130 2×10.25 Source: Feasibility Study Report.

51. There are 358 bridges, which most are viaducts over gullies, agricultural lands or flood plains, with a total length of 58,060 m or 36.8% of the expressway length. Most of the bridges are designed by using uniform superstructure with standard 30 m spans. All bridges are designed separately for each direction.

52. The expressway will physically separate the lands and communities on either side and the design provides for 155 overpasses providing road connections under the expressway (average one per km) and 27 footbridges over the expressway.

53. There are eight trumpet grade-separated interchanges (Table 2) with toll stations providing access to the major towns along the route. Average spacing between interchanges is 20 km. Table 2: List of Interchanges No. Name Location Interval (km) Linking Highway 1 Longling interchange K13+200 13.2 Class II 2 Mangshi interchange K39+300 26.1 Class II 3 Mangbie interchange K46+500 7.2 Class II 4 Zhefang interchange K78+200 31.7 Class II 5 Zhexiang interchange K86+500 8.3 Class II 6 Wanding interchange K112+200 15.8 Class II 7 Yundang interchange K125+800 13.5 Class II 8 Ruili interchange K131+600 5.8 Class II 9 Nongdao interchange K154+600 23.0 Class II Source: Feasibility Study Report.

54. Five management and operations stations will be provided including three stations at the largest tunnels. Three public service areas will be constructed with fuelling, toilets and eating facilities (Table 3).

Table 3: List of Associated Facility No. Name Location Area (ha) Remarks 1 Mangshi service area K35+700 4.10 Accommodation, catering, car washing, toilets, canteen functions 2 Ruili service area K123+500 4.06 Accommodation, catering, car washing, toilets, canteen functions 3 Longling toll station K13+200 0.91 4 Mangbie toll station K46+500 0.90 5 Zhefang toll station K78+200 0.93 6 Zhexiang toll station K86+500 0.89 7 Wanding toll station K110+900 0.98 8 Yundang toll station K125+800 0.89 9 Ruili toll station K131+600 0.92 10 Nongdao toll station K154+600 0.97 11 Santaishan tunnel management K60+000 —— Tunnel management and monitoring office 12 Mangsa tunnel management K106+900 —— Tunnel management and monitoring office 13 Mangshi toll station、Mangshi K39+300 2.69 Charge, highway management and monitoring management center 14 Ruili management center K127+800 1.84 highway management and monitoring Source: Feasibility Study Report.

55. Nine linking roads (Table 4) will be constructed to connect the project road with nearby

15 roads, cities and townships, and airport. Seven of the nine roads are included in the Project.

Table 4: List of Interchange Linking Roads No. Name Location Access to Length Class Note 1 Longling K13+200 Old G320 1.2 km II 2 Mangshi K39+300 Old G320, Mangshi Airport, Luying Rd. 9.5 km I By local government 3 Mangbie K46+500 Old G320, S233 1.5 km II 4 Zhefang K78+200 Old G320 1.2 km II 5 Zhexiang K86+500 Old G320 2.5 km II 6 Wanding K112+200 Old G320 0.8 km II 7 Yundang K112+200 Old G320 1.0 km II 8 Ruili K131+600 Old G320 4.5 km II By local government 9 Nongdao K154+600 S321 3.5 km II Source: Feasibility Study Report.

56. Total investment of this expressway and linking roads components is CNY 9.8 billion. The construction of the Project expressway is scheduled to commence 2010 and complete in December 2013, with 48 months duration. The specific geographic location of the expressway section is shown in Appendix 3.

b) Associated Facilities

57. Access Roads. Since the project preparation is in feasible study stage, the length of the access roads is only estimated, and will be specified in the detailed design period. The project mainly takes advantage of existing highway, and new access roads are not long and close to the expressway. Following access roads are identified:

(i) K7 +000 - K7 +500 section: use existing rural roads from Longshan to Baijiazhai as access road;

(ii) K99 +000 - K112 +000 section and K115 +000 - K116 +200 section: use the highway of G320 as access road;

(iii) K108 +720 - K109 +720 section: uses highway of G320 as access road;

(iv) K15 +900 - K16 +900 section and K60 +000 - K62 +450 section: use the new and old national highway G320 as access road;

(v) K28 +720 - K28 +950 section: uses existing rural roads of Mukang village as access road;

(vi) Sections need to newly build access road include: K1 +000 - K4 +000 section, Mukang No. 2 tunnel, Mukang No. 3 tunnel, Ma’anshan tunnel section and Mangbie overpass, Nongdao overpass area, the construction of new pavements are not long.

58. Sand and Gravel Quarry. The main quarries along the alignment include:

(i) Longling Fairy Cave limestone quarry: 100 m on the right of K7 +860 - K8 +050. This quarry is located at Xiangguo village near Longling county site, with pavement access road available. The field reserve is about 50,000 cubic meters.

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(ii) Huixian limestone quarry: The quarry is located in the north of Luxi basin, Hui Yin area, about 10 km away from Mangshi. Now it is being mined in large scale, as one of urban construction quarry of Mangshi city, with reserves of more than 5 million cubic meters.

(iii) Luxi quarry: the quarry is located at 3-4 km left of K53 +700 with excellent mining conditions and transport conditions. Currently it is being mined in small scale, with reserves of more than 1 million cubic meters.

(iv) Santaishan limestone quarry: the quarry is located at 3–4 km left of K61 +000 section with excellent in mining conditions and transport conditions.

(v) Hule quarry: the quarry is located in east of Zhefang town, 6–8 km on the left of K81+400 with convenient mining and transport conditions. Currently the quarry is being mined with reserve of 2 million cubic meters.

(vi) Paluan quarry: The quarry is located in the vicinity of Gazhong, 2–3 km left of K93+300 section with mineable block stone, shade stones, gravel, convenient in mining and good transport conditions. Currently the quarry is being mined with reserve of 2 million cubic meters.

(vii) Nanjingli quarry: The quarry is located in Nanjingli of Ruili, 14 km from Ruili. It has been used in “Ruizhang” secondary highway materials and provides construction materials for Ruili city. The is granite, good in lithology and rich in reserve, with mineable block stone, shade stones and gravel material, convenient in transport condition. The reservoir is 10 million cubic meters.

59. Project area is extremely rich in sand material, widely distributed sediment of quatemary system along the Mangshi River, Longjiang River, Ruilijiang River area. The thickness is large and quality is good, used in the urban construction of Mangshi, Zhefang and Ruili. The transportation distance is short, mostly within 500 m, enough to supply sand material for the whole route.

60. Sand and gravel for the project construction will be bought from the above mentioned sites. No new quarry is needed.

61. Borrow Pits and Spoil Sites. During preparation of Soil Erosion Prevention Plan, 12 borrow pits and 13 spoil sites have been identified for borrowing 4.12 million cubic meter earth and spoiling 1.96 million cubic meter waste (Table 5 and Table 6).

Table 5: List of Borrow Pits Borrow Pile Land amount Capacity height taken Status of surrounding Name Stake Location (10,000m3) (10,000m) (m) (ha) environment 1 K15+700 140 m 21.36 28.12 6.86 3.11 Two isolated hilltop, scrub and left grassland each accounts for about half in the hillside 2 K38+800 40 m 28.75 37.25 11.76 2.44 A prominent part of the hill, with right woodland on the slope 3 k44+000 60 m 55.28 26.88 11.76 4.70 A prominent part of the hill, with right woodland on the slope 4 K49+500 220 m 47.55 54.28 9.8 4.85 A prominent part of the hill, with

17 Borrow Pile Land amount Capacity height taken Status of surrounding Name Stake Location (10,000m3) (10,000m) (m) (ha) environment right woodland on the slope 5 K54+200 30 m 47.64 50.12 9.8 4.86 A prominent part of the hill right along the route, with wild grass ground on the slope 6 K85+600 280 m 18.02 15.78 11.76 1.53 A prominent part of the hill, with right wild grass ground on the slope 7 K93+200 190 m 29.64 52.98 9.8 3.02 A prominent part of the hill left along the route, with woodland and wild grass 8 K122+000 420 m 31.16 38.56 12.74 2.45 A prominent part of the hill right along the route, with wild grass ground on the slope 9 K140+200 400 m 33.20 40.32 11.76 2.82 A prominent part of the hill right along the route, with wild grass ground on the slope 10 K146+800 290 m 36.52 38.47 11.76 3.11 A prominent part of the hill right along the route, with wild grass ground on the slope 11 K149+600 30 m 44.28 46.88 12.74 3.48 A prominent part of the hill right along the route, with wild grass ground on the slope 12 K153+400 230 m 18.60 15.45 5.88 3.16 A highland, with economic right crops. Source: Yunnan Highway Design Institute. 2009. No. 12 East to West Expressway of NHTS Hongzhou to Ruili Expressway Longling to Ruili Section Soil Erosion Prevention Plan. Kunming.

Table 6: List of Spoil Sites Land Spoil amount Capacity Pile taken Status of surrounding No. Stake Location 10000m3 10000m3 height m ha environment 1 K0+200 160 m left 19.97 24.08 7.62 2.62 A ravine, with wild grass growing, and groove downstream. 2 K6+350 60 m right 14.47 17.37 7.50 1.93 A ravine, with bottom flat paddy land, and groove downstream. 3 K17+150 20 m left 9.65 12.23 8.39 1.15 A waste valley with wild grass growing, and groove downstream. 4 k20+900 140 m left 11.38 12.01 8.25 1.38 A ravine, with wild grass growing, and groove downstream. 5 K21+950 70 m left 4.31 6.11 3.48 1.24 A gully, gentle slope with scrub, highway in lower part. 6 K26+700 380 m left 9.06 8.68 5.03 1.80 A gentle slope, mostly dry land, and grass land around. 7 K29+000 120 m left 5.10 6.64 3.89 1.31 A gentle slope, mostly dry land, and grass land around. 8 K31+300 110 m right 9.03 13.55 4.00 2.26 A ravine, with wild grass growing, and groove downstream. 9 K60+000 150 m right 21.44 33.10 8.00 2.68 A large-bellied and small-mouthed ravine, mostly economic fruit trees, and groove

18 Land Spoil amount Capacity Pile taken Status of surrounding No. Stake Location 10000m3 10000m3 height m ha environment downstream. 10 K62+400 30 m right 21.81 23.58 6.61 3.30 A gentle slope, mostly paddy land, and grass land around. 11 K98+300 20 m right 21.73 24.55 5.49 3.96 A foot land , economic land 12 K114+200 300 m left 29.06 32.14 7.92 3.67 A gentle slope, with economic fruit trees 13 K133+900 60 m right 18.72 23.56 4.51 4.15 A large-bellied and small-mouthed ravine, mostly economic fruit trees, and groove downstream. Source: Yunnan Highway Design Institute. 2009. No. 12 East to West Expressway of NHTS Hongzhou to Ruili Expressway Longling to Ruili Section Soil Erosion Prevention Plan. Kunming.

C. Local Road Maintenance and Rehabilitation

62. The selected project road sections are 4 national highways (490.54 km) and 3 provincial highways (115 km) in 9 prefectures. Details are in Table 7. The physical rehabilitation works will be pavement crack sealing, pothole filling, and surface course overlay.

Table 7: Local Road Maintenance and Rehabilitation Component Class (km) Nature of Maintenance Highway Total I II III IV Total Major a Medium b Total 605.54 7.00 104.50 422.24 71.80 605.54 579.54 26.00 I National Highway 490.54 5.00 51.50 422.24 11.80 490.54 470.54 20.00 1 G214 45.80 0.00 0.00 45.80 0.00 45.80 45.80 0.00 2 G320 313.64 5.00 20.00 288.64 0.00 313.64 293.64 20.00 3 G323 46.80 0.00 1.50 33.50 11.80 46.80 46.80 0.00 4 G326 84.30 0.00 30.00 54.30 0.00 84.30 84.30 0.00 II Provincial Highway 115.00 2.00 53.00 0.00 60.00 115.00 109.00 6.00 1 Kun-Lu Highway (G108) 25.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 0.00 25.00 25.00 0.00 2 Yang-Geng Highway (S313) 60.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 0.00 3 Da-Li Highway (S221) 30.00 2.00 28.00 0.00 0.00 30.00 24.00 6.00 a: Major means overlay for the entire section, b: medium means crack sealing, pothole filling, and overlay for selected part of the section. Source: YPDOT.

63. Insufficient maintenance causes pavement deterioration, which reduces mobility and limits economic opportunities for the rural poor. A local road maintenance program was integrated into the Project to improve the local road condition. Currently, the service life of the highways is severely shortened due to overloaded trucks and major maintenance is required earlier than the design life. To control overloading the Project will provide additional weigh stations.

D. Community-based Rural Road Maintenance

64. A total of 650 km of rural roads will be maintained following a gender and development (GAD) focusing on rural road maintenance and related employment in Dehong prefecture. Public transport services on those roads will also be improved.

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65. Although the maintenance activities will also include basic routine maintenance aimed at cleaning and clearing the different road elements to ensure they work properly, the focus will lie on activities aimed at repairing the road surface and shoulder (potholes, ruts, rills) and making basic road improvements, especially to the drainage system.

66. The maintenance will be contracted out to community groups organized at administrative village level. These groups will receive training as well as tools and safety equipment, and will be responsible for organizing and hiring the required labor from the communities along the roads. Whereas the GAD pilot will focus on women’s groups, in the rural road component the community groups will include both men and women, paying special attention to the participation of women and ethnic minority groups.

67. The work plans will be defined by the rural road maintenance division of the county communication bureaus, indicating the activities to be undertaken and the road sections to be maintained, as well as the required labor inputs. Inspections and payments will be based on the achievement of predefined performance indicators for the specific activities and road sections indicated in the work plan.

20 IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT (Including Baseline Data)

A. Physical Setting

68. Location. The PRC planned to complete the National Highway Network System (NHTS) connecting all provincial capitals, linking major cities and important counties. The total length of NHTS is about 85,000 km, including seven radius lines from Beijing, nine north to south (N-S) lines and 18 east to west (E-W) lines. The project road is one section of the No.12 E-W line in the southwestern Yunnan. The section starts at Longshanka and the ends at Nongdao. The road alignment passes through Longling County, Luxi City and Ruili City at east longitude from 98°46´04〞to 97°38´29〞and north latitude from 24°40´07〞to 23°53´03〞.

69. Topography. The terrain of the project area is high and precipitous in northeast; and low and gentle in the southwest. The highest point is about 1,900 m near the starting point, Longshanka, and the lowest point is about 740 m at Nanwan River side at Nongdao.

70. The alignment will traverse a variety of ecosystems and landscapes from the hilly areas, middle and low mountains and plains. The terrain configuration of the project area has a general gradient sloped from northeast to southwest. Three sections are of mild terrain or plain: from K35-K55, K70-K100, and K120 to the west end point. The other sections are located in mountainous or hilly areas. It will traverse rural areas with dispersed populations, as well as small urban areas. This topographical and sociological setting requires careful planning and supervision during construction and operation.

71. Climate. Longling County is located in the north subtropical monsoon region with rainy climate. The country has complex topographical features and large altitude difference with different types of climate:

(i) South subtropical zone at altitude below 1,000 m with annual temperature of 18.5 degree Centigrade and the annual precipitation of less than 1,400 millimeters;

(ii) Middle subtropical zone at altitude of 1,000-1,400 m with annual average temperature of 15 degree Centigrade and annual precipitation of 1,000-1,600 millimeters;

(iii) North subtropical zone with annual average temperature of 14.9 degree Centigrade and annual average precipitation of 2,097.5 millimeters;

(iv) Rainy season: May to October. Precipitation in rainy season accounts for 88.9% of the annual precipitation.

72. Dehong Prefecture is located at the southwest end of Hengduan Mountain and the southern extension part of Gaoligong Mountain. The climate is tropical and subtropical monsoon climate: dry and warm west wind in winter and south moist air stream in summer, forming the characteristics of dry winter and wet summer with abundant rainfall. The rainy season is from May to September. The climate is quite different at different elevation. It is warm and humid at attitude of above 1,500 m with annual average temperature of 14.5 degree Centigrade and precipitation of 2,000-2,300 millimeters, and hot and wet at attitude below 1,500 m with annual

20 average temperature of 19.5 degree Centigrade with precipitation of 1,651-1,959 millimeters and humidity of 80%.

73. Luxi City has subtropical monsoon climate with following characteristics: long summer and short winter; no extremely cold or hot season; long daytime; distinct wet and dry season; abundant rainfall; foggy in winter. The average temperature is 19.5 degree centigrade; the average temperature of 24.0 degree Centigrade and 13.2 degree Centigrade in the warmest month and the coldest month; the hours of sunshine are 2, 428.0 hours and the percentage of sunshine is 55%. The annual average precipitation is 1,444 millimeters of which rainy season (May-October) precipitation accounts for 90.3%. The frost-free period is 303 days.

74. Ruili City has subtropical monsoon climate with the following characteristics: dry spring; hot summer; rainy autumn and foggy winter. The annual average temperature is 20.0 degree Centigrade; the average temperature is 24.3 degree Centigrade of the hottest months and 2.6 degree Centigrade of the coldest month. The sunshine hours are 2,316.6 hours and the humidity is large. There is basically no frost all year round. The annual average precipitation is 1,389.5 millimeters; and the precipitation of rainy season (May-October) accounts for 89.8% of the annual precipitation.

75. Hydrology. The alignment crosses 12 rivers of which Mangshi River, Longjiang River (also named as Ruilijiang River), and nanwan River are major rivers. All of these rivers are tributary of Ayeyarwady River.

(i) Mangshi River: width of river bed 20 – 60 m; catchment area 1,021 square-kilometers; maximum flow over the past years 460 cubic meters per second; highest water level on records is 7.2 1 m;

(ii) Longjiang River (Ruilijiang River): width of river bed: 120 – 500 m; catchment area: 7, 762 square-kilometers; maximum flow over the past years: 2, 230 cubic meters per second; highest water level on records: 8.4 m;

(iii) Nanwan River (measured at Maliba): width of river bed: 30 - 40 m; catchment area: 302 square-kilometers; maximum flow over the past years: 435 cubic meters per second; highest water level on records: 5.4 m.

B. Environmental Condition of Regional Ecological Environment

a) Ecology Sensitive Areas

76. The major ecological environmental sensitive areas are shown in Table 8.

Table 8: Main Ecological Environmental Protection Objects protection No objects The main Protection Objects Location Impacting factors 1 Prime The quantity and quality of cultivated land. About 80% The whole Land use caused the farmland of arable land along the project is prime farmland. About alignment reduction of prime 318.33 hectare of cultivated land will be permanently farmland, affecting occupied by the project, including prime farmland agricultural production. 263.12 hectare. Affecting period is the construction and operation period

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protection No objects The main Protection Objects Location Impacting factors 2 Natural The number, ecological functions of vegetation. Most of The whole Land use caused the vegetation the vegetation along the alignment is forest vegetation alignment loss of vegetation and and shrub vegetation. The forest within the scope of biomass reduction. assessment is mainly tropical shrub, warm and tropical Affecting period is the shrub, warm coniferous forest, monsoon forest and construction period. evergreen broad-leaved forest vegetation types. 3 Wild Three kinds of Class II national level protected plants: See 12 calantas, 3 big-leaf protected calantas, Paramichelia baillonii, terminalia myriocarpa; Appendix 3 Carallia Brachiata and 4 plants and Four species of Yunnan provincial level protected Aesculus lantsangensis precious plants: Winter cherry, big-leaf Carallia Brachiata, within the area plants in Aesculus lantsangensis and Millettia pachycarpa; occupied by the Dehong Two species of peculiar plants in Dehong prefecture: highway are prefecture Amomum yingjiangense, less bud Gnetum montanum. transplanted. 4 Old and Within the assessment area along the alignment, a total See Bypassing the 3 ancient famous trees of 69 ancient trees are distributed. They are Ficus Appendix 3 trees within the ROW benjamina, Ficus altissima, Ficus superba, Mesua ferrea, linden and Ficus microcarpa 6 species, including three within the project area 5 Tropical Assessment area of secondary seasonal rain forest is K64+220 - Bypassing the tropical rainforest very scattered, with the elevation range distributed of K64+600 rainforest occupied by 760-900 m, remaining in the valley, the gradient the highway. reaching 40-50 degree. Communities are severely affected by anthropogenic influences, extremely secondary. The proposed highway occupied about 1.15 hectare of mountain rain forest in the tropical rainforest. 6 Non-commer There are 110 thousand mu national non-commercial See 65.92 hectare of cial forest forest and 215.8 thousand mu local non-commercial Appendix 3 ecological forest in LongLing county; there are 173.8 thousand mu non-commercial forests national non-commercial forest and 871.1 thousand mu are occupied and local non-commercial forest in Luxi city; There are ecological 333.22 thousand mu national key non-commercial compensation are forest and 16.03 thousand mu local non-commercial made. The impacting forest in Ruili city. period is the construction period. 7 Wild Wild animals, especially the class II national protected See The protection habitat protected animals (birds: Milvus, Haliastur indus, Grested Appendix 3 of wild animals was animals Goshawk, Common Buzzard, kestrel, Silver Pheasant, damaged, causing Macropygia unchall, Red-breasted Parakee, grey head passive migration. The parrot, Centropus sinensis, bay owl, Collared Scops impacting period is Owl and Glaucidium brodiei; construction period. mammal: pangolin, rasse; amphibians: Rana rugulosa), the area along the project was the habitat of these animals before, but only a little at present. 8 Tongbiguan Tongbiguan provincial nature reserve is set up for See Without significant provincial protecting the forest ecosystem with multi-functions Figure 3 adverse environmental nature such as protection of biological resources and effects on the Nature reserve bio-diversity, conservation of water supply, and natural Reserve geographical landscape. The nearest section of the road alignment is about 2 kilometers away from the NR separated with mountain. 9 Ruilijiang-Da Ruilijiang-Dayingjiang National Level Scenic Area is K103+000- Without adverse effects yingjiang National Level Scenic Area characterized as river K112+000 on major attractions of National landscapes, subtropical scenery, tropical agricultural and scenic spot, scenic Level Scenic ecological environment, the minority culture. The total K115+000-K landscapes and the Area length of the proposed highway located within the class 116+200 structural integrity. II area of the scenic area is 10.20 km.

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protection No objects The main Protection Objects Location Impacting factors 10 Earth-gatheri Vegetation and soil and water conservation of See Vegetation destruction ng field and earth-gathering field and residue pits. The project plans Appendix 3 and ground disturbance residue pits a total of 12 earth taking field, 13 residue pits. The along the earth-gathering field covers 39.54 hectare, and the alignment residue pits covers 31.45 hectare, mainly wasteland, with vegetation mainly with open forest, shrub-meadow and sloping cropland. Source: Chongqing Communication Design and Research Institute. 2009. EIA for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project. Kunming.

(1) Tongbiguan Provincial Nature Reserve

77. The Tongbiguan Provincial Nature Reserve was approved by Yunnan Government in March 20th, 1986 (Yunnan Government Letter No. 23, 1986). It is located at Yingjiang County, Longchuan County and Ruili City with east longitude of 97°31’-98°05’ and north latitude of 23°54’-25°20’. The total area of the Nature Reserve is 50,074.5 hectare including nine sub-areas as shown in Table 9.

Table 9: Tongbiguan Provincial Nature Reserve Area and Location No. Name of Sub-Area Location Area (ha) 1 Daniangshan Yingjiang County 11,446.7 2 Tongbiguan Yingjiang County 4,308 3 Nanbenjiang Yingjiang County 689.3 4 Dagudi Yingjiang County 3,334.5 5 Longba Longchuan County 4,308.3 6 Huyongshan Longchuan County and Ruili City 7310.7 7 Ruili City Botanic Garden Ruili City 511.0 8 Banling Ruili City 3,667.0 9 Nongdao Ruili City 2,729.0 Source: Yunnan Southwest Forestry University. 2010. Comprehensive Scientific Survey Report for Yunnan Tongbiguan Nature Reserve. Kunming

78. The proposed expressway/highway is near Huyongshan, Ruili City Botanic Garden and Nongdao sub-areas of the Tongbiguan Nature Reserve. The nearest place is at K120 with a distance of about 2 km from the Huyongshan Sub-area as shown in Figure 3.

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Source:Dehong Prefecture Forest Bureau. 2010. Tongbiguan Nature Reserve Management Plan. Mangsi City

Figure 3: Alignment near Three Sub-Areas of Tongbiguan Provincial Nature Reserve

79. On January 10, 1994, the Ruilijiang-Dayingjiang scenic area has been approved to be the national key scenic area by the State Council, according to Notice of State Council on the List Promulgation of the Third National Key Scenic Spots (State Letter No.4, 1994). A General Plan of the Ruilijiang-Dayingjiang Scenic Area (1999) indicates that the main characteristics of this scenic area include rivers, tropical scenery in south Asia, agricultural ecological environment, ethnic minority cultures of Dai, Jingpo, Achang, De'ang and other minorities, folk customs, border trade and inbound and outbound tourism. It is for the development of tourism.

80. Section K103+000-K112+000 and section K115+000-K116+200 are located in the class II protected area (scenic area of Wanding) of the national scenic area, with a length of 10.20 km.

81. The topographical relationship between the Ruilijiang-Dayingjiang National Level Scenic Area and the proposed highway is shown in Figure 4.

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Ruilijiang River

Wanding

Class I Protection Area Class II Protection Area Road Alignment Alternative Alignment RUILI Alternative Alignment Source: Feasibility Study Report.

Figure 4: Ruilijiang-Dayingjiang National Level Scenic Area

(2) Xiaoheishan Provincial Nature Reserve

82. The Xiaoheishan Provincial Nature Reserve was approved by people’s government of Yunnan in 1995, which includes Yiwanshui, Guchengshan, Xiaoheishan, Daxueshan and Jiangzhongshan sub-areas. The nature reserve master development plan has been adjusted by the Yunnan EPB at the end of 2007 and was approved by Yunnan Provincial Government on 13 December 2007 (Yunnan government letter No. 69, 2007).

83. According to the master plan, the total area of the nature reserve is 5,804.96 hectare, including core zone area of 3,010 hectare, buffer zone area 1, 120 hectare and experimental zone area of 1, 595 hectare.

84. The proposed alignment locates near the Yiwanshui sub-area of the nature reserve, where the plants including cyathea, China cyathea, the black cyathea and animals including python, cobra and king cobra, the black eagle are the main protected objectives. Section K14+000-K15+000 will pass by the southeast of Yiwanshui subarea with a nearest distance of about 1.2 kilometer as shown in Figure 5.

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1.20km K14+000

Longling Yiwanshui Sub-Area of K15+000 Xiaoheishan Nature Reserve

NR Core zone

Propose alignment NR Experimental zone

Source: Feasibility Study Report.

Figure 5: Relationship of Road and Xiaoheishan Nature Reserve

(3) Wanding National Forest Park

85. The national forest park of Wanding has been approved for construction by the state council in 1988. It is located in the north of Wanding with a total area of 198.9 hectare including forest area of 124.5 hectare, and forest coverage rate of 60.8%. Subtropical forest is the main forest in this park in which there is the largest rare teak wood forest in the country.

86. Mangsa Tunnel passes by the northeast side of the outside of forest park. The body and portals are outside of in the plan of the forest park. The exit of Mangsa Tunnel (K106+900) is about 500 meters away from the park boundary.

87. The topographical relationship between the national forest park of Wanding and the proposed highway is shown in Figure 6.

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Hongshihe Wanding reservoir Wanding National Forest Park Alternative

Road alignment 500m

Railway alignment Source: Yunnan Communications Design Institute.

Figure 6: Relationship of Road and Wanding Forest Park

b) Flora

(1) Vegetation Zoning of the Project Region

88. The evaluation area of the planned highway involves Longling County, Yunnan Luxi City and Ruili City of Dehong Prefecture. According to the vegetation regionalization in Yunnan Vegetation (1980), this area mainly includes monsoon tropical zone northern fringe rain forest and monsoon forest, south Yunnan and southwest Yunnan mountain basin seasonal rain forest and semi-evergreen monsoon rain forest, southwest Yunnan mid-mountain broad valley fig tree (ficus altissima) and Chittagong wood (chukrasiatabularis) sub-region.

89. Main vegetation forms in Longling County include coniferous forest, broad-leaved forest, mixed broadleaf-conifer forest, bamboo forest and economic forest, etc. As to composition, the coniferous forest has Yunnan pine (pinus yunnanensis faranch), Simao Pine (pinus khasys) and Chinese fir wood or twig (Cunninghamia lanceolata); the broad-leaved forest mainly has oak tree, and there are also alnus nepalensis, schima superb, teak, eucalyptus, camellia japonica, etc. This country has 1,213 plant species (belong to 223 families). The growing stock volume of the whole country is 7,230,390 cubic meter; and the forest coverage is about 47.60%.

90. The main vegetation forms in Luxi City area include coniferous forest such as Yunnan pine (pinus yunnanensis faranch) forest, Simao Pine (pinus khasys) forest and etc., monsoon rain forest, monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest, mid-mountain moist evergreen broad-leaved forest. This country has 2,564 plant species (belong to 257 families). The growing stock volume of the whole country is 8,478,930 cubic meters; and the forest coverage is about 58.00%.

91. The vegetation in Ruili city area is classified into 7 vegetation systems, 17 vegetation subsystems and 30 formations. The forest types mainly include tropical mountain rain forest, subtropical monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest, subtropical mountain deciduous broad-leaved forest, coniferous forest and bamboo forest. The forest area of the whole city is 46,080 hectare and the forest coverage is 50.5%.

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(2) Survey Scope and Methodology

92. Survey Scope. The terrestrial ecological survey for Longling-Ruili Expressway covers the areas within 300 m from the road center; the investigated altitude is from 760 m-1,900 m; the altitude difference reaches 1,150 m. The areas for alternative alignments, borrow areas, spoil sits, and temporary construction sites were investigated.

93. Survey Methodology. Field survey is performed for vegetation investigation by combining route investigation and quadrat survey.

94. Route investigation was conducted by traveling along the alignment. During route investigation the level of natural resources conservation, vegetation form, and plant species are recorded with photo if necessary; specimen plants are collected; plant community types in the evaluation area are delineated on topographic map. The field work base map is 1: 50,000 topographic maps.

95. Quadrat Survey. The investigation is mainly focused on the species and quantity of national and provincial level protected plants in the assessment area; the species and quantity of old and rare trees; the species and quantity of main plant resources, as well as the impact from the construction of the project. GPS is used to locate the positions of these species, as well as the stake number of the alignment. The sampling plant communities are the representative and typical natural vegetation forms with large area and abundant species that are protected well.

96. Principles for quadrat selection:

(i) Close to the alignment as possible (ii) Proportional spacing as possible (iii) Avoid multi-sampling for same vegetation type. (iv) Increase sampling sites for important vegetation type (v) Avoid sampling error as possible (vi) Recorded by more than 2 persons to eliminate subjective factors (vii) The quadrats shall be set at representative tunnel entrance/exit, typical forestland and the positions around residential area, performing sampling according to different environmental characteristics.

97. Quadrat Number. Thirty eight sample areas are set and more than 1,200 plant specimens are collected during the investigation quadrat of typical communities for the typical vegetation in the assessment area was set, and record the GPS coordinate of the sample area was recorded. Investigation and records are performed for such factors as species composition and quantity of arborous layer, shrub layer, herb layer and interlayer plants in the communities, and try to collect plant specimens. The number of sample areas for main plant community types in the assessment area was no less than three. See Appendix 3 for the sample area setting along the project alignment.

98. Plant Species Investigation. During the investigation process, the plant species, the species and resources of economic plants, the species and existence of rare and endangered plants are identified. The field survey is performed by combing route investigation and focal

28 investigation. Route investigation is performed for the areas without native vegetation, and focal investigation is performed for key construction areas (such as highway excavation section, portals, etc.) and areas with good vegetation status; field survey is combined with villager consultation for investigation on rare or endangered plants and ancient trees. Voucher specimen and take photos for the debatable plants are collected.

99. Calculation of Influence Area and Ecosystem Mapping. By making use of the SPORT satellite photos (resolution: 2.5 m) of the evaluation area in 2007 and according to the materials collected from field vegetation survey, plant resources investigation and animal resources investigation, vegetation interpretation is performed for the satellite photos. The spatial information technology combining GPS, RS and GIS is adopted for digital interpretation of ground type; calculation of the area of various vegetation forms in the evaluation area and the direct influence area. In the meantime, such maps as digital vegetation map, land use map and distribution map of protected species are completed; and qualitative and quantitative evaluation on the landscape quality and ecological environment quality is performed. (3) Survey Results

100. Vegetation Forms and Distribution. According to field survey, due to the long-term influence of human activities (mainly the agricultural activity and living), the existing vegetation forms of the assessment area have been changed. A lot of native vegetation has disappeared or changed, and secondary vegetation and artificial vegetation has largely increased. The field survey shows that the natural vegetation forms of the assessment area include 7 vegetation forms, 8 vegetation sub-forms and 12 formations. The main vegetation forms of the area are included and the vegetation forms are rich and representative, such as seasonal rain forest, mountain rain forest, monsoon rain forest, monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest, semi-humid evergreen monsoon rain forest, thin shrub & grass, shrub, alnus nepalensis forest, deciduous forest, Simao pine (pinus khasys) forest, Yunnan coffee tree forest , pine forest, etc. The artificial vegetation of the assessment area includes rubber tree forest, teak forest, cassia siamea forest, bamboo forest, irrigated land and dry land, etc.

101. The natural forest area in the assessment area is 4, 740 hectare accounting for 53.15 % of the total vegetation area in the assessment area. Of the natural forest, four kinds of vegetation dominated in the assessment area, accounting for 46.61 % of the total vegetation area in the ecological environmental assessment area (Table 10). Table 10: Major Natural Forest Types along the Alignment Natural Forest types Area (ha) Percentage of Total Vegetation Area in the Assessment Area (%) shrub 1, 166.04 13.07 warm coniferous forest 1, 013.21 11.30 monsoon rain forest 1, 005.82 11.20 evergreen broad-leaved 971.87 10.90 Total 4,156.94 46.61 Source: Chongqing Communications Design and Research Institute. 2009. EIA for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project. Kunming. 102. The area of other vegetation forms of the assessment area (such as tropical rain forest, thin shrub and meadow and deciduous broad-leaved forest) is very small, which accounts for below 6.54 % of the total vegetation area of the assessment area. There are secondary vegetation forms of the assessment area. In general, the natural forests of the assessment area are mainly secondary forests.

103. National Level Protected Vegetation. According to the Directory of Key Protected Wild

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Plants of China issued by the State Council in 1999 and based on ecological survey, three national level class II protected wild plants in the assessment area were identified including toon tree (toona ciliate), Paramichelia (paramichelia baillonii) and terminalia myriocarpa. Toona ciliata has the largest number in the area with a recorded number of more than 110 during the survey. Brief description of the three protected species are as following:

(i) Toona Cliata is tall deciduous tree of meliaceae; it has straight stem and beautiful tree crown, and it is good timber tree and ornamental tree. Toona ciliata has normal blossom and fructification, and the number of seeds is large. The seed has thorns and is small, and is liable to scatter. In addition, the natural regeneration occurs in open environment in south Asia tropical zone. Therefore, toona ciliata can be seen everywhere in the survey area. In addition, toona ciliata also is very high economic value as timber. During various production activities, local residents will spontaneously make the toona ciliata reserved, so the number of toona ciliata in the evaluation area is very large. The total number of toona ciliata (national grade II protected plant) in the survey area is 110 of which 12 are within the ROW of the alignment, and the rest 98 are distributed 12 m-183 m away from the ROW.

(ii) Paramichelia baillonii is tall arbor of magnoliaceae, and it is high-quality timber tree. It is mainly in the monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest and mountain rain forest in southeast, south and southwest Yunnan, and it is also located in Southeast Asia. Paramichelia baillonii distributs and can only grow in good forest environment. The timber has high quality, so large-diameter plants are often cut for timber. The number in the survey area is small: the survey identified only 5 young trees in 3 points at Zhefang-Ruili area. The largest diameter at breast height is about 21 centimeter. Logging and reduction of forest land are the reasons causing the decrease of quantity of paramichelia baillonii species. There are totally 5 paramichelia baillonii within the assessment area and all of them are beyond the ROW of the alignment, 52 m-120 m away from the ROW.

(iii) Terminalia myriocarpa is tall deciduous tree of combretaceae, and it is high-quality timber tree. It grows in moist ravine rain forest. It is mainly in the tropical forest in south and southwest Yunnan; and it is also located in Southeast Asia tropical forest in foreign countries. Terminalia myriocarpa only grow in good forest environment. The disappearance of tropical forest and logging are the main reasons causing the reduction of the number of terminalia myriocarpa. The forest environment with the altitude of below 1,200 m in the evaluation area is suitable to the growth of terminalia myriocarpa. However, due to the serious damage of tropical forest in local low-altitude area, the number of terminalia myriocarpa is very small. Only 5 terminalia myriocarpas are seen in the mountain opposite to Fangma Bridge in Mangshi, and they did not bloom during the survey. Five terminalia myriocarpa trees are identified in the survey area, all of them are found 166 m away from the ROW.

104. Provincial Level Protected Vegetation. According to the statistics of the Directory of Provincial Level Key Protected Wild Plants of Yunnan Province issued by the People’s Government of Yunnan Province in 1989, there are 4 species of Yunnan provincial level key protected plants in the assessment area including cerasus cerasoides, carallia brachiata, aesculus lantsangensis and millettia pachycarpa. Among the 4 protected plants, cerasus cerasoides has the largest number. It is heliophilous species and can grow in the biotope

30 damaged by human. Other types are the species growing in rain forest, and the biotope is damp and hot, and they are difficult to grow in the biotope seriously damaged. Brief description of the Yunnan Provincial Protected Vegetation are as follows:

(i) Cerasus cerasoides is deciduous tree of rosaceae cerasus, and it is Yunnan provincial grade II key protected plants. The plant is mainly located in south, southwest, west and central Yunnan, and grows well in warm, cool and moist climate. It is distributed at altitude of about 1,000–2,500 m. The plant is the species blooms earliest (in winter) among the plants of rosaceae cerasus. The flower is red and bright-colored, and it has important ornamental value. Cerasus cerasoides is also the wild sibling species of cultivating ornamental cherry blossom, and it is significant genetic resource. The fruit of cerasus cerasoides is edible, and it is the important food source of many birds and other wild animals. Animal dispersal is the main method for seed transmission of cerasus cerasoides. The cerasus cerasoides in the assessment area is mainly in the forest fringe and secondary open forest with high altitude in the north of Longling and Luxi City (Mangshi). The survey was performed in winter, so the flowers of rosaceae cerasus could be seen. There are 14 cerasus cerasoides (Yunnan provincial level key protected plant) in the survey area. They are within the highway evaluation scope and 55 m away from the ROW.

(ii) Carallia brachiata is arbor species of rhizophoraceae, and it is Yunnan grade III key protected plant. The plant is mainly in the mountain rain forest biotope in south and southwest Yunnan. It grows well in moist and hot forest environment and climate, and the distribution altitude is about 800–1, 300 m. It is in the forest between Luxi-Ruili in the evaluation area. Forest decrease is the main reason causing the large decrease of the quantity of carallia brachiata species. There are 3 carallia brachiata (Yunnan provincial level key protected plant) in the assessment area, and they are located within the ROW.

(iii) Aesculus lantsangensis is arbor species of hippocastanaceae, and it is Yunnan grade III key protected plant. It is mainly in mountain rain forest environment in southwest. There are 4 aesculus lantsangensis (Yunnan provincial level key protected plant) in the assessment area, and all of them are young trees and located within the ROW.

(iv) Millettia pachycarpa is woodiness lianas of papilionaceae, and it is Yunnan grade III key protected plan. Millettia pachycarpa has distribution in all low-altitude areas all over the province. It is mainly in the secondary environment with certain man-made interference, such as forest fringe, secondary forest and road side. There are 10 millettia pachycarpa (Yunnan provincial level key protected plant) in the assessment area, but 202 m away from the ROW.

105. Rare and Old Trees. There are many old and rare trees in the assessment area, and 6 species are found during the survey including ficus benjamina, ficus altissima, ficus virens var. sublanceolata, mesua ferrea, and ficus religiosa and ficus microcarpa. Of the six species of old trees, mesua ferrea belongs to grade II protected plant. There is 1 mesua ferrea is within the assessment area, located near the Temple in Yingmen Village in Mangshi, and it is protected well. When survey, it was just in the fructicative period, and there were many fruits on the tree, which shows that it grows well. The rest five types of ancient trees are banian, all of them are national class III protected trees. The total number of these plants is 69, with the tree age of about

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100–300 years old. The diameter at breast height exceeds 1 m, and the largest diameter of banian exceeds 2 m.

106. The total number of old and rare trees in the assessment area is 69, including 61 ficus altissima, 4 ficus benjamina, 1 ficus virens var. sublanceolata, 1 mesua ferrea, 1 ficus religiosaand and 1 ficus microcarpa. The 3 ficus altissima are within the ROW, and other 66 old trees are located 8–275 m away from the ROW (Appendix 3).

107. The survey shows that the old and rare trees in the assessment area are mainly located beside and within the Dai villages in such areas as Mangshi, Zhefang and Ruili, which has a close relationship with local natural conditions, as well as the religion, custom and culture of Dai Nationality.

108. Endemic Vegetation of Dehong Prefecture. The endemic plants in the assessment area is determined based on the various volumes of published and issued Flora of China, Flora of Yunnan, Sylva Sinica and Illustrated treatment of ligneous plants of Yunnan. According to these documents and materials, 3 species in the assessment area are the endemic plants of Dehong Prefecture (Table 11). Due to the limited distribution area, the endemic plants in the area have small number, and they shall be well protected. See Table for the details of endemic species and plants of Dehong Prefecture.

Table 11: Endemic Species and Plants of Dehong Prefecture Quantity in the Chinese name English name Latin name Assessment Area Location 盈江砂仁 Fructus Amomi Amomum yingjiangense Very small Yingjiang, Ruili 畹町姜 Zingiber Zingiber wangdingense Very small Ruili, Wanding 少苞买麻藤 Joint fir Gnetum brunonianum Small Yingjiang, Ruili Source: Chongqing Communication Design and Research Institute. 2009. EIA for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project. Kunming.

109. Endemic Vegetation of Yunnan Province. Sixty three species in the assessment area. They are the endemic species of Yunnan, and they have wide distribution in the assessment area. However, most species are the inherent elements in forest; once local forest environment disappears, their existence will be obviously threatened. These plants also distributed in other areas of Yunnan, and they are the precious species resources of Yunnan. See Table A3-3 in Appendix 3 for the details of the endemic species and plants of Yunnan in the evaluation area of the planned highway.

110. Endemic Vegetation of China. Eighty eight species of plants in the assessment area are the endemic plants of China, and they have wide distribution points in the assessment area. These plants also have distribution of different degrees in other areas of China, but they have no distribution in other countries, so they are the precious species resource of China. See Table A3-4 in Appendix 3 for the endemic species and plants of China in the evaluation area of the planned highway.

111. Medical and Edible Plants, and Commercial Trees. Twenty two species of medical plants are found in the assessment area. There are about 40 species of edible plants in the assessment area. The assessment area has a large number of commercial tree species including 10 species of artificial planted trees and 40 species of natural trees (Appendix 3).

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112. Greening Plants and Flowers. About 50 species of plants and flowers can be used for greening in the assessment area (Appendix 3).

113. Non-Commercial Forest. According to the information provided by the forest department of Longling County, Luxi City and Ruili City, at present, Longling County has 110, 000 mu of national non-commercial forest and 215,800 mu of local non-commercial forest; Luxi City has 173,800 mu of national non-commercial forest and 871,100 mu of local non-commercial forest; Ruili City has 333,220 mu of national key non-commercial forest and 16,030 mu of local non-commercial forest.

114. The area of the non-commercial forest of the project area is calculated through measuring the length and width of the various key non-commercial forests. The planned highway occupies 65.92 hectare of non-commercial forest (Table 12).

Table 12: Non-commercial Forest Occupied by the Expressway Location County/City Ground Type Vegetation Form Area (ha) K20 - K30 Mangshi Stand forest Warm coniferous forest, monsoon rain forest 24.50 K74 - K82 Zhefang Town Stand forest Warm coniferous forest 21.88 K100 - K103 Wanding Stand forest Monsoon rain forest 2.28 K108 - K112 Shrub forest Thin shrub & grass 9.46 Total — — — 65.92 Source: Chongqing Communication Design and Research Institute. 2009. EIA for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project. Kunming.

c) Fauna

(1) Survey Methodology

115. Route investigation, interview survey and data collection are combined for the evaluation.

116. Route investigation. For animals, direct observation along the investigation route is adopted. The individuals and quantity of species that can be seen within the 300 meter-scope at the two sides of the alignment during the investigation are recorded. Signs of animal activity (such as feces, footprint and eating signs, etc.) are observed and recorded. To make up for a deficiency in inconvenient observation at night time for some animals, the method of interview survey is adopted for data collection. For birds, route statistics method is adopted for investigation on birds. For reptiles, the collected data is supplemented according to such materials as Reptiles Illustration of China and Identification Manual for Amphibian and Reptiles of China. For amphibian, route survey and quadrat survey are performed. Flashlight is used at night during surveys along the rivers and streams.

117. Interview Survey and Data Collection. The species and change of local wild animals was consulted with the professional technicians of the Forestry Bureau of Dehong Prefecture, Longling County, Luxi City and Ruili City and the government staff of relevant towns; interviews were carried out with local residents to know about the species and change of wild animals. In the meantime, the historical bioscience survey materials and animal records of Longling County, Luxi City and Ruili City were collected.

118. Reference Material Collection. Materials and documents were collected including Mammal Distribution of China, Directory and Distribution of Mammal Species and Subspecies of China, Animals Museum, Illustrated Handbook for Primitive Colors of Animals of Sichuan, Atlas of Birds of China, Yunnan Avifauna (First and Second Volume), Identification Manual for

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Amphibian and Reptiles of China, Yunnan Reptiles, Illustrated Handbook for Reptiles of China, Yunnan Reptiles, Illustrated Handbook for Reptiles of China, Yunnan Amphibian, Illustrated Handbook for Amphibian of China, Illustrated Handbook for Primitive Colors of Reptiles of Sichuan, Illustrated Handbook for Primitive Colors of Amphibian of Sichuan, China Fauna, etc. Scientific papers and County/City Annals were also collected.

(2) Survey Results

119. Amphibian. The amphibian in the assessment area has 1 order, 4 families and 15 species (See Table 9 in Appendix 3 for detail). Among the amphibians in this area, frogs (ranidae) has the largest number of species (7 species), which accounts for 46.67% of all the species. There are 3 species of toads (bufonidae), 3 species of tree-frogs (rhacophoridae) and 2 species of ornate frogs (microhylidae). Of these frogs, the frog families of hyla annectans, odorrana graham and rana limnocharis are the dominant species in the assessment area. Frog (micrixalus borealis) is rare species, and other species are common species. Tiger-Tattoo-Looking frog (rana rugulosa) is under Chinese national Class II protection.

120. Reptiles. The reptiles in the project evaluation area have 2 orders, 5 families and 21 species. Snake (colubridae family) has the largest number of species (15 species), which accounts for 71.43% of all the species. Chinese skink (Scincidae family) and Iguana (iguanidae family) has two species respectively, and the respectively accounts for 9.52% of all the species. There is no national and provincial level protected animal. The reptiles in the assessment area mainly include lizards and snakes including japalura yunnanensis, mabuya multifasefata, sphenomorphus maculate, atretium yunnanensis, boiga multomaculata, elaphe prasina, elaphe radiate, ptyas korros and rhabdophis subminiatu.(Appendix 3).

121. Mammals. The mammals in the assessment area have 7 orders, 15 families and 32 species. Rodent has large population quantity including rat (muridae), squirrel (sciuridae), flying squirrel (petauristidae); and Hedgehog (erinaceidae), mole (talpidae) and soricidae have smaller population quantity (Appendix 3).

122. Birds. The birds in the assessment area have 10 orders, 31 families and 115 species. Among the 10 orders, birds of Passeriformes order have the largest population quantity (about 78 species), which accounts for 67.83% of all the species. Among the 31 families, the following have large population quantity: subfamily timalinae (18 species, which accounts for 15.65% of the total quantity), subfamily turdinae (10 species, which accounts for 8.70% of the total quantity), picidae (7 species, which accounts for 6.09% of the total quantity) (Appendix 3).

123. Protected Animals. A total of 13 bird species and 2 mammal species belong to national class II protection categories. (Table 13)

Table 13: List of Protected Animals English Name Latin Name Habitat Description Picture Tiger Rana K35-K40, Rana rugulosa is distributed in rice paddy, river, tattoo like rugulosa K85-K90, water ponds and plains. Breeding season is in March frog K140-K150 to August. It is highly carnivorous, eating anything they can catch. In Yunnan, it mainly distributed in Ruili, Longchuan, Yingjiang, Mengla, Hekou and Jinping

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English Name Latin Name Habitat Description Picture Chinese Manis K16-K25, The Chinese pangolin inhabits subtropical and pangolin pentadactyla K103-K108 deciduous forests, where often they are close to one of their primary food sources, large termite mounds. Using sharp claws on all feet, the pangolin burrows up to 8 feet below the surface for shelter.

Small Viverricula K16-K25, Civet lives alone in milpas, along streams, forestal Indian indica K103-K108 bush, edge hills. The reproductive season of civet is civet April, May and June. Each year civet gives birth 1 brood of 3 to 5 young’s, in small cave or foot of tree. Civet's lifetime is about 8–9 years.

Black Kite Milvus Coniferous The Black Kite nests in forest trees, often close to migrans forest near other kites. In winter, many kites will roost together. govinda K30 In the assessment area, it belongs to winter bird. sykes

Brahminy Haliastur Ruilijiang The Brahminy kite is typically found on tropical and Kite indus Indus River side subtropical coasts, where it occupies a wide range of near K115 habitats including estuaries, mangroves, beaches, coral reefs, dunes, salt-marshes, cliffs and village harbors.

Crested Accipiter Forest near It is resident bird in the assessment area often found Goshawk trivirgatus K25 in mountain forest below 2,000 m and bamboo field indicus or jungle areas.

Crested Buteo buteo Monsoon A winter bird in the project area. The nest of Crested Goshawk japonicus rain forest Goshawk is a massive structure of sticks lined with near K100 leaves, usually placed in dense trees in hilly country. The female usually lays two bluish white eggs. It feeds on small mammals, lizards, frogs, large insects and birds. It is fairly common in forest mountainous areas.

Common Falco Wide A resident bird in the project area. It is a diurnal Kestrel tinnunculus distribution animal of the lowlands and prefers open habitat such tinnunculus as fields, heaths, shrub land and marshland. It does Linnaeus not require woodland to be present as longs as there are alternate perching and nesting sites like rocks or buildings. Silver Lophura Near K100 A resident bird in the assessment area which was Pheasant nycthemera found at both grasslands and bamboo, evergreen rufipes and deciduous forests area

Barred Macropygia Near K60 A resident bird inhabits tropical rainforest area below Cuckoo-D unchall 1,800 m. It is also found at the lower hilly area or ove tusalia farmland.

Red-breas Psittacula Forest near A resident bird inhabits forest of lower mountain area. ted alexandri K20 Parakeet fasciata

Grey-head Psittacula Wide A resident bird in the assessment area inhabits ed himalayana distribution mountainous forest elevated between 650 m to Parakeet finschii 3,800 m, agricultural area with tall trees, orchard and rice paddy.

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English Name Latin Name Habitat Description Picture Crow Centropus Near K110 A resident bird in the assessment area inhabits Pheasants sinensis jungle, bush wood, grassy area at hilly area and river intermedius side.

Oriental Phodilus Near K5 A resident bird inhabits evergreen broadleaf forest, Bay-Owl badius conifer forest and secondary forest and nesting at saturatus tree hole.

Collared Otus Near K70 A resident bird inhabits broadleaf forest and mingled Scops bakkamoena forest, as well as forest near village. Nesting at tree Owl) erythrocamp hole and breeding season is March to June.

e Collared Glaucidium Near K105 A resident bird inhabits forest or bush-wood at forest Owlet brodiei edge. Breeding season is March to July mainly at brodiei April to May.

Source: Chongqing Communication Design and Research Institute. 2009. EIA for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project. Kunming.

d) Aquatic Organism

(1) Survey Methodology

124. In February 2008, field survey were conducted to assess the aquatic life of the Ruilijiang River (K115+750) and Mangshi River (K51+100). Plankton is sampled and analyzed. Research was carried out for the current status of free floating plankton. Furthermore, consultation and data collection were carried out for the fish resources in the assessment area.

125. Floating Alga. For qualitative analysis, Plankton sample is collected by towing 13# plankton net in the water surface for 3-5 minutes, and fixed with formalin solution. As to quantitative analysis, 1, 000 milliliters of water was sampled to form the position that is 0.5 millimeters deep (1/2 transparency), and added 15 milliliters of Lugol's solution for fixation.

126. Treatment of Specimen. In laboratory, separating funnel was used to make the quantitative specimen rest for 24 hours; then discarded the supernatant fluid and concentrated the specimen to 30 milliliters.

127. Specimen Identification. For qualitative specimen, ocular micrometer was used to measure the size of the specimen under a microscope, and determined the genus and species according to the size, shaped and inclusion by referring to the standard of classification (such as Freshwater Alga of China, Hu Hongjun, et al.). Genus of the specimen was classified.

128. Zooplankton. Quantitative specimens were collected by taking the 1 liter of water at the positions of 1.0 m, 2.0 m and 3.0 m deep, and concentrated the samples to 30 milliliters by precipitation. Number of protozoan, rotifer, cladocera, copepoda and nauplius in the sample were counted. Collection of qualitative specimen, in which sample is gathered by towing 25 # plankton net on water surface to identify the species and composition of zooplankton. All samples are fixed with 4% formalin solution.

129. Treatment of Specimen. It has concentrated from 1 liter specimen of protozoan, rotifer, cladocera, copepoda and nauplius to 30 milliliter, and fixed with 4% formalin solution. The water

36 sample of protozoan and rotifer were shaken up when microscopical examination. 0.1 milliliter was taken and made it placed at 0.1 milliliter counting chamber.

130. Zoobenthos. Peterson grab was used to take the sample. The collected sample is screened by 40mu-sample sieve. 10% formalin solution is used for fixation and storage of specimen after the silt and sundries are removed.

131. Identification. All samples were taken back to the laboratory for microscopical examination. The species of oligochaeta and mollusk were classified.

(2) Survey Results

132. Phytoplankton Resources. There are 30 alga species in the assessment area, involving 4 phylum and 13 families. Bacillariophyta has the largest number of species, and they are described as follows:

(i) Bacillariophyta has 5 families and 17 species, accounting for 56.7% of the total alga species. Diatom has the largest number of species in the project evaluation area, which indicates the good water quality.

(ii) Chlorophyta has 4 families and 5 species, which accounts for 16.7% of the total alga species. However, the individual quantity is much lower than that of diatom. Chlorella has a small number of species in the project evaluation area, which indicates that the water has small number of organic matter.

(iii) Cyanophyta has 3 families and 4 species, which accounts for 13.3% of the total alga species, second only to chlorella. The individual quantity is smaller than that of chlorella. Cyanophytes has a small number of species in the project evaluation area, which further indicates that the water body in the evaluation area has small number of organic matter.

(iv) Euglenophyta has 1 family and 4 species, which accounts for 13.3% of the total alga species, equal to chlorophyta. The individual quantity is a litter larger than that of cyanophytes. The euglena in the project evaluation area indicates that there is certain organic matter in the water body.

133. Zooplankton Resources. There are 17 zooplankton species in the evaluation area, involving 7 protozoans, 5 species of rotifers, 3 species of cladocera and 2 species of copepoda. They are described as follows:

(i) There are 7 protozoan species in the evaluation area, which accounts for 41.2% of the total zooplankton species. Protozoan has the largest number in zooplankton, and difflugiaoblonga and centropyxis are easy to see. Although the protozoan species has a large number, but it is still in a low level. In addition, difflugiaoblonga and centropyxis are easy to see, indicating the good water quality.

(ii) There are 5 species of rotifer in the evaluation area, which accounts for 29.4% of the total zooplankton species. The rotifera have no dominant species and common species in the evaluation area. All the species are basically belong to or mesosaprobic or oligosaprobity, which also indicates the good water quality.

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(iii) There are 3 species of cladocera in the evaluation area, which accounts for 17.6% of the total zooplankton species. It is secondary genera.

(iv) There are 2 species of copepoda in the evaluation area, which accounts for 11.8% of the total zooplankton species. It has the smallest number of species in zooplankton, and the individual quantity is also small, so it is secondary genera.

134. Zoobenthos Resources. The common zoobenthos in the evaluation area include corbicula fluminea, cipangopaludina sp. and macrobrachium nipponensis.

135. Fish Resources. The water systems in the evaluation area mainly include Ruilijiang River water system. Field survey is performed and the specimen and the relevant documents and materials collected by Yunnan University in the past years are referred to. See Table A3-11 in Appendix 3 for the investigation result of fish resources in the evaluation area.

136. Fish in the assessment area belongs to 5 orders, 9 families and 36 species. They are described as follows:

(i) Among the 36 fish species in the evaluation area, suckers and minnows (cypriniformes) has the largest number (25 species), which accounts for 69.4% of the total species; catfish (siluriformes) has 5 species, which accounts for 13.9% of the total species; fish of perciformes has 4 species, which accounts for 11.1% of the total species; cyprinodontiformes and synbranchiformes respectively has 1 species, which respectively accounts for 2.8% of the total species.

(ii) Among the 36 fish species in the evaluation area, garra qiaojiensis, schizothorax meridionalis Tsao, nemacheilus polytaenia, nemacheilus yingjiangensis and glyptothorax longicauda have distribution in Irrawaddy River water system, and glyptothorax longjiangensis is the endemic fish of Longjiang River.

(iii) Among the 36 fish species in the evaluation area, the species with high economic value include schizothorax, barbodes, tor brevifilis, labeoninae and sinilabeo rendahli rendahli, etc. Most fish are small fish, such as danio interrupta, puntius sophore, puntius ticto, crossocheilus latius and schistura vinciguerrae, etc.

(iv) National level, Yunnan provincial level key protected fish and China endangered animal species are not found in the fish resources in the evaluation area.

(v) The main bridges passing through river built for the planned highway include Ruilijiang River Bridge (K115+750) and the bridges passing through Mangshi River for three times (K51+100, K72+650, and K87+020). According to the river configuration and hydrological regime, primary field survey has been performed on whether there is fish spawning ground in the reaches passed by the bridges. Combining the relevant documents and materials, the water areas (such as Ruilijiang River and Mangshi River) in the evaluation area do not have the conditions for spawning ground, overwintering ground and feeding ground.

(vi) The proposed Project is to cross Ruilijiang once at K115+750 and Mangshi rivers three times at K51+100, K72+650 and K87+020. Some fisheries resources were observed in the rivers due to their suitable hydrology, none of them belongs to any

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level projected species. River with no in water structure and thus no in water construction activities. The bridges crossing over Mangshi River will have 3-5 piers which may affect the fishery resources. Field survey has been conducted and the results show that the water areas (such as Ruilijiang River and Mangshi River) in the assessment area do not have the conditions for spawning ground, overwintering ground and feeding ground. Other rivers in the Project area have rapid current, minimum plankton presence and no year round flows due to natural or manmade conditions such as hydro stations. No meaningful fisheries resources were observed in these rivers.

e) Soil

137. According to the soil survey materials of Longling County, the soil of Longling County has 10 soil types, 17 sub-types, 28 soil genus and 41 soil species, including brown soil, yellow brown soil, yellow soil, red soil, latosolic red soil, dry red soil, purple soil, soil lime, alluvial soil and paddy soil, etc.

138. According to the soil survey materials of Luxi City, the soil of Luxi City has 9 soil types, 16 sub-types, 35 soil genus and 58 soil species, including latosolic red soil, red soil, yellow soil, brown soil, soil lime, purple soil and alluvial soil, etc.

139. According to the soil survey materials of Ruili City, the soil of Ruili City has 6 soil types, 11 sub-types, 19 soil genus and 34 soil species. Among the 6 soil types, zonal soil includes yellow soil, latosolic red soil and red soil; azonal soil includes soil lime, meadow soil and paddy soil.

f) Land Use

140. The alignment passes through Longling County, Luxi City and Ruili City, involving 9 townships and economic development zones (Longshan, Mangshi, Fengping, Santaishan and Zhefang, Wanding Economic Development Zone, Mengmao, Jiexiang and Nongdao). The area along the route has long land development history, and the land reclamation degree is very high.

141. According to interpretation remote sensing data interpretation and field survey, the forest land area of the evaluation area of the planned highway is the largest as in Table 14. Each township's land use status is in Table 15.

Table 14: Area of Different Land Type in the Assessment Area Land Type Area (ha) Percentage (%) Cultivated land 3,175.35 33.41 Orchard 649.55 6.83 Forest 3,591.21 37.78 Grass land 1502.40 15.81 Water ponds 163.30 1.72 Others 423.43 4.45 Subtotal 9505.24 100.00 Source: Chongqing Communication Design and Research Institute. 2009. EIA for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project. Kunming.

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Table 15: Land Use Status of the Project Direct Affected Areas in 2007 unit: ha Agricultural land Construction land area Total Residential and Township area Sub-total cultivated orchard forest grassland others subtotal industrial transportation water unused Longling 279579 270205 46168 8909 174451 20926 19749 5459 3743 805 911.19 39156 county Percentage (%) 100.00 96.65 16.51 3.19 62.40 7.48 7.06 1.95 1.34 0.29 0.33 1.40 Longshan 19025.66 18283.56 2275.94 795.00 13139 1316.68 757.32 551.88 458.62 80.32 12.94 190.22 Percentage (%) 100.00 96.10 11.96 4.18 69.06 6.92 3.98 2.90 2.41 0.42 0.07 1.00 Luxi City 290092 254275 58450 9688 176511 6.03 9620 8024.97 6636 1038.41 350.49 27792 Percentage (%) 100.00 87.65 20.15 3.34 60.85 0.00 3.32 2.77 2.29 0.36 0.12 9.58 Mangshi 35275.95 30830.32 5621.17 680.25 23533 6.03 990.05 2083.06 1848.09 200.29 34.67 2362.57 Percentage (%) 100.00 87.40 15.93 1.93 66.71 0.02 2.81 5.91 5.24 0.57 0.10 6.70 Fengping 39182.87 33240.46 10814.41 1249.13 19711 0.00 1465.82 1884.63 1376.07 291.58 216.97 4057.78 Percentage (%) 100.00 84.83 27.60 3.19 50.31 0.00 3.74 4.81 3.51 0.74 0.55 10.36 Santaishan 14647.68 12192.35 2861.82 267.73 8551.01 0.00 511.79 222.36 159.33 53.55 9.48 2232.97 Percentage (%) 100.00 83.24 19.54 1.83 58.38 0.00 3.49 1.52 1.09 0.37 0.06 15.24 Zhefang 44569.93 36994.54 10517.19 3047.37 21855 0.00 1575.08 1263.94 1058.93 175.47 29.54 6311.45 Percentage (%) 100.00 83.00 23.60 6.84 49.04 0.00 3.53 2.84 2.38 0.39 0.07 14.16 Ruili City 84338 69618 19293 5376 44941 8.38 0.00 6169.73 3273.53 610.49 2286 8550 Percentage (%) 100.00 82.55 22.88 6.37 53.29 0.01 0.00 7.32 3.88 0.72 2.71 10.14 Wanding 9530.95 7616.17 1628.53 584.68 5402.80 0.16 0.00 736.53 438.61 69.59 228.33 1178.25 Percentage (%) 100.00 79.91 17.09 6.13 56.69 0.00 0.00 7.73 4.60 0.73 2.40 12.36 Mengmao 2151.15 1262.18 696.70 170.19 395.29 0.00 0.00 578.67 384.35 36.07 158.25 310.29 Percentage (%) 100.00 58.67 32.39 7.91 18.38 0.00 0.00 26.90 17.87 1.68 7.36 14.42 Jiexiang 6427.39 4964.25 3675.17 835.34 453.75 0.00 0.00 928.67 541.31 101.97 285.39 534.47 Percentage (%) 100.00 77.24 57.18 13.00 7.06 0.00 0.00 14.45 8.42 1.59 4.44 8.32 Nongdao 10165.75 8218.90 3077.21 794.56 4344.47 2.65 0.00 1144.48 611.03 102.85 430.61 802.37 Percentage (%) 100.00 80.85 30.27 7.82 42.74 0.03 0.00 11.26 6.01 1.01 4.24 7.89 Source: Chongqing Communication Design and Research Institute. 2009. EIA for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project. Kunming.

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142. Prime Farmland. The situation of the Prime farmland protection in the counties (cities), townships (towns) along the proposed highways is in Table 16. The distribution of the prime farmlands in the evaluation area of the proposed highway is in Appendix 3.

Table 16: Prime Farmland Protection of the Project Area COUNTY/Township Cultivated areas (ha) Rate of Prime farmland (%) prime farmland area (ha) LONGLING 46,168.47 88.45 40,836.01 Longshan 2,275.94 82.42 1,875.83 LUXI 58,450.27 81.28 47,508.38 Mangshi 5621.17 78.46 4,410.37 Fengping 10,814.41 83.48 9,027.87 Santaishan 2,861.82 82.88 2371.88 Zhefang 10,517.19 85.68 9,011.13 RUILI 19,293.02 85.66 16,526.40 Wanding 1,628.53 81.28 1,323.67 Mengmao 696.70 80.26 559.17 Jiexiang 3,675.17 82.44 3,029.81 Nongdao 3,077.21 82.36 2,534.39 Total (towns) 41,168.14 82.94 34,144.12 Note: Information provided by the land sectors in Longling, Luxi, Ruili.

143. Table 16 indicates that the rate of prime farmland protection area is the highest in Longling County with a percentage of 88.45%, the lowest is in Luxi with a percentage of 81.28% and the average rate is 82.94%. The rate of Mangshi is relatively lower with a percentage of 78.46%, this is due to the prefecture center is located in Mangshi where already urbanized. The average rate of all the other 8 townships the project alignment passing through is relatively higher with a percentage of more than 80%.

144. According to the statistical yearbook of Longling County, Luxi and Ruili in 2007, the situation of the agricultural structure along the three counties (cities) is as follows:

(i) Longling County. The annual output value of agriculture, forestry, fishery and animal husbandry in Longling has reached CNY662.27 million, 8.6% increase from the previous year. Among them, the output of agriculture is CNY378.3 million with an increase of 7.21%. The output of forestry is CNY94.63 million with an increase of 33.66%. The output of animal husbandry is CNY176.78 million with an increase of 1.36% and the output of fishery is CNY2.76 million with a decrease of 8.00%. The total output of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery is CNY9.8 million with an increase of 12.00%.

(ii) Luxi City. The annual output value of agriculture, forestry, fishery and animal husbandry in Luxi has reached CNY1.01 billion with an increase of 9.27%. The output of agriculture is CNY610.83 million with an increase of 9.09%. The output of forestry is CNY125.97 million with an increase of 16.85%. The output of animal husbandry is CNY200.22 million with an increase of 7.16% and the output of fishery is CNY28.17 million with an increase of 11.14%. The total output of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery is CNY44.13 million with an increase of 1.34%.

(iii) Ruili City. The annual output value of agriculture, forestry, fishery and animal husbandry in Longling has reached CNY450.2 million with an increase of 6.51%. The output of agriculture is CNY215.18 million with an increase of 5.86%. The

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output of forestry is CNY84.76 million with an increase of 9.86%. The output of animal husbandry is CNY101.89 million with an increase of 5.00% and the output of fishery is CNY30.24 million with an increase of 9.05%. The total output of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery is CNY18.13 million with an increase of 3.60%.

145. Agricultural Production. The project area has a long history of agricultural cultivation. Agricultural products in the project area include rice, wheat, corn, bean, potato. Economic products are mainly sugarcane, tea, cotton, peanut, sesame, and rape. Table 17 lists the production of the main crops in 2007. Table 17: The Production of the Main Crops in 2007 Type Rice Wheat Corn Bean Sugarcane Sesame Vegetable Longling Area ha 8017 1940 8465 3086 8920 1284 2535 Total production t 41468 5045 30664 3662 455721 1464 39250 Unit production kg/ha 5173 2600 3623 1187 51088 1140 15486 Luxi Area ha 13635 3427 7062 2739 15860 1423 3187 Total production t 88588 12310 18520 2813 937020 1599 45388 Unit production kg/ha 6497 3592 2623 1027 59082.44 1123 14241 Ruili Area ha 6156 48 2063 444 6231 666 686 Total production t 35369 152 8832 585 434671 783 8826 Unit production kg/ha 5745 3171 4281 1317 69755 1177 12869 Source: County and City Statistic Year Book of 2007.

C. Water Environment

a) Water Body in the Project Region

146. Rivers along the alignment include Xiangbai River, Menglin River, Tiechang River, Mangshi River, Bangdian River, Nanqie River, Ruilijiang River, Nanguan River, Tuanjie trench, Nanfang River, Nongdao trench, Nanwan River. Among which, Xiangbai River, Menglin River, Tiechang River, Bangdian River, Nanqie River, Nanguan River are small tributaries of Ruilijiang River. The Tuanjie trench, Nanfang River and Nongdao trench are small tributaries of Nanwan River. Those small tributaries of Ruili Rriver and Nanwan River are not zoned in the Yunnan Surface Water Environmental Function Zoning. Through consultation with the local EPBs, the water environmental function for these tributaries that have no defined functions should be considered as for agricultural irrigation purpose. The Mangshi River, Ruilijiang River and Nanwan River have been zoned.

147. Tieshuichang River Drinking Water Source, located in the about 5 km in the north of Longling County, comes from natural spring. It is the main water source and backup water source of Longling, which provided about 790,000 cubic meters in 2007. The water intake is a reinforced concrete tubular pool with a diameter of 2.04 m. Water is extracted from the pool and the rest flows out into Tiechang River through its tributary of Reshui River.

148. Located in the class-1 and class-2 protected area of drinking water source in Tiechang River (Figure 7), the section K6+300 - K7+150 of Tiechang River of the proposed highway in the original feasibility study recommended proposal passes by and the upstream of the water intake with a distance of 200 meters. Section K6+400 - K6+800 is located in the class I protected area, while section K6+300 - K6+400 and K6+800 - K7+150 are located in the class II protected area.

149. To avoid impact on the Tiechang River drinking water source, the alignment has been

42 relocated to the downstream of the water source intake. The nearest section to the border of the class-2 protected area is section K7+000 - K7+500 with a distance of about 150 m. It has not reached the protected area of water source and on the whole it has no impact on the water source of Tiechang River assuming the protection measures for water source environment have been done well during construction.

Legend

Class I protection area Class II protection area

Water intake Original alignment

Revised alignment

K7+500

K7+000

Source: Feasibility Study Report.

Figure 7: Relationship between road and Tieshuichang River Water Source

150. Jiele Reservoir. It is a drinking water source for Ruili City, located 7 km away from the northeast of the Ruili City, 1 km from Jiele village, 2 km from NH320. The longitude is 97 ° 54 ' degree east and latitude 24 ° 02 ' degree north. The main dam of the reservoir was built in Nanka River which is a tributary of the Ruilijiang River. The reservoir has maximum capacity of 25.12 million cubic meters, normal water storage capacity of 22.43 million cubic meters. The catchment area above the dam is 54.8 square kilometers with multi-year average runoff of 40.709 million cubic meters. The reservoir is used for urban water supply, agricultural irrigation, hydropower, flood control and other purpose. It irrigates an area of 1470 ha and its water supply capacity is 65,000 cubic meters per day and the current actual supply is 34,300 cubic meters per day.

151. The road section of K124 +500 is located in 500 m southern of the reservoir, which is outside the class I and class II protected area and catchment area of the reservoir. Ruili City Environmental Protection Bureau designated the areas within 300 m around the reservoir as the Class I protected area, and the area beyond the Class I protected area but within the catchment area is Class II protected area. The Class I protected area of the reservoir is 0.20 square kilometers, and the Class II protected area is 54.6 square kilometers. The relationship between

43 the alignment and the reservoir is shown in Figure 8.

Grade 1 protected area Grade 2 protected area

Water area of Jiele Reservoir

water inlet of entering river Nanka River water-intaking point

Planned highway

K121+00 Source: Feasibility Study Report. K129+600 K124+6

Figure 8: Relation between road and Jiele Reservoir

152. Fapo Reservoir. It is located at longitude 98° 08'17.9" east and latitude 24° 02' north. The catchment area of the reservoir is 1.025 square km, with the largest reservoir storage capacity of 318,000 cubic meters, normal water level capacity of 270,000 cubic meters. It is a small water storage work bearing the drinking water source and irrigation function for Fapo village.

153. The highway alignment is located in the northwest side of the reservoir. At section of K109 +300, it is about 200 m away from the nearest edge of the reservoir, and about 70 m above the normal water level. The Environmental Protection Bureau has not designated protected areas for the reservoir. The Wanding Water Resource Bureau has set protection and semi-protection areas for it. The protection area is submerging area at normal water level (0.11 km2) and the semi-protection area (the catchment area) is 0.91 km2. The length of the alignment that within the catchment area is 1 km. The relationship between the alignment and the reservoir is shown in Figure 9.

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K108+720

K109+720 Legend Water Intake 200m 450m Alignment Protection Area

Catchment Area

Source: Feasibility Study Report.

Figure 9: Relationship of Road and Fapo Reservoir

154. Erguan Reservoir. The function of water in Erguan reservoir is mainly for irrigation, with a capacity of 228,000 cubic meters. The alignment passes through the catchment area thorough Shuangpoyakou tunnel about 80 m away from the reservoir.

b) Standards of Water Environment

(1) Quality Standard

155. According to Surface Water Environmental Function Zoning in Yunnan Province (Letter No.613, Yunnan EPB, 2001), the confirmation letter on the applicable environmental standards for the Project EIA issued by Dehong Prefecture EPB and Longling County EPB, the Surface Water Environmental Function Zoning along the alignment is shown in Table 18.

Table 18: Water Body and Its Applicable Environmental Standards Water body Location Function Standard Xiangbai river K1+600 Irrigation Class III Tiechang river K6+900, K8+570, K8+840 Irrigation Class III Menglin river K14+000, K15+480 Irrigation Class III Mangshi river K51+100, K72+650, K87+020 Industrial use Class IV Bangdian river K62+700, K63+000, K64+270, K65+040, Irrigation Class III K66+050, K66+480, K66+820, K67+130, K67+350, K68+250, K68+950, K69+500

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Water body Location Function Standard Nanqie river K96+450 Irrigation Class III Ruilijiang river K115+750 Fishing Class III Nanguan river K132+140 Irrigation Class III Tuanjie trench K140+400, K142+760 Irrigation Class III Nanfang river K149+090 Irrigation Class III Nongdao trench K154+350 Irrigation Class III Nanwan river K157+580 Fishing Class III Fapo reservoir K109 +300 Drinking and Irrigation Class III Jiele reservoir K124 +500 Drinking Class II Erguan reservoir K16+000-K16+800 Agriculture irrigation Class III Source: Chongqing Communication Design and Research Institute. 2009. EIA for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project. Kunming.

156. Ruilijiang implements class III standard of the Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB3838-2002), Mangshi River implements class IV standard of the Surface Water Environment Quality Standard (GB3838-2002), the remaining tributaries implements class III standard of the Surface Water Environment Quality Standard (GB3838-2002); Jiele reservoir implements class II standard of the Surface Water Environment Quality Standard (GB3838-2002), Fapo reservoir implements class III standard. (Table 19)

Table 19: Surface Water Environment Quality Standard unit: mg/L (pH excluded) Project pH CODcr BOD5 Oil NH4-N TP CODmn Volatile phenol Class II 6~9 15 3 0.05 0.5 0.1 4 0.002 Class III 6~9 20 4 0.05 1.0 0.2 6 0.005 Class IV 6~9 30 6 0.50 1.5 0.3 10 0.010 Source: MEP. 2002. Surface Water Standard (GB3838-2002). Beijing.

(2) Emission Standard.

157. Construction Period. No sewage is allowed to be discharged into Fapo and Jiele Reservoirs, and any sewage from construction sites into Ruilijiang River, Nanwan River, Mangshi River, tributaries of Longchuan River and Ruili River should meet Class I of the Integrated Wastewater discharge Standard (GB8978-1996).

158. Operational period. No sewage is allowed to be discharged into Fapo and Jiele Reservoirs, and sewage from the toll stations, service areas and other ancillary facilities into Ruilijiang River, Nanwan River, Mangshi River, tributaries of Longchuan River and Ruili River is required to meet Class I of the Integrated Wastewater discharge Standard (GB8978-1996).

159. The representative pollution concentration limits of Surface Water Environment Quality Standard and Integrated Wastewater discharge Standard is shown in Table 20.

Table 20: Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard unit: mg/L (pH excluded) Parameters pH COD BOD5 Animal/vegetable oil Petroleum NH4-N SS Class I 6~9 100 20 10 5 15 70 Source: MEP. 2002. Surface Water Standard (GB3838-2002). Beijing.

c) Conventional Monitoring 160. According to Environment Bulletin in Dehong Prefecture (2005, 2006, 2007), the monitoring results of Ruilijiang River and the tributaries for three years basically meet the requirements for water functional zones. The situation of water environment is in Table 21.

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Table 21: Conventional Water Quality Monitoring Results of Ruilijiang River Function Monitoring Results Rivers Sections Standard 2005 2006 2007 Nanwan River Diesa(state-controlled) III III IV III Ruilijiang River Jiegao(state-controlled) III II II III Mangshi River Fengping(province-controlled) IV III IV IV Jiele Reservoir (province-controlled) II II II II Source: MEP. 2002. Surface Water Standard (GB3838-2002). Beijing.

161. According to the routine monitoring data from the Environmental Monitoring Station in Dehong Prefecture, the proposed highway will be built over the downstream of Wanding River(K157+580), with a distance of 2.0 km to the state-controlled cross section of Diesa. And the alignment will be built over the downstream of Ruilijiang River (K115+750), with a distance of 12.0 kilometers to the state-controlled cross section of Jiegao. And it will be built over the upstream of Mangshi River (K51+100), with a distance of 2.0 km to the cross section of Fengping. The section of K124+500 is the nearest section to the Jiele Reservoir with a distance of 0.5 km.

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Table 22: Conventional Monitoring Results of Ruilijiang River in 2008 Unit：mg/l

Cross section Monitoring month pH CODMn BOD5 NH4-N Petroleum COD Left of Jiegao 1 7.78 3.0 N.D. 0.069 0.08 13 3 8.05 2.4 N.D. N.D. 0.06 11 4 7.76 2.0 4 0.033 0.06 4 5 8.00 1.5 4 0.026 0.05 11 6 7.56 3.9 3 N.D. N.D. 15 7 7.74 2.4 N.D. 0.040 N.D. 20 8 6.98 1.5 N.D. 0.037 0.07 15 9 7.36 1.7 2 0.037 0.03 13 10 7.67 1.7 N.D. N.D. 0.05 14 11 7.50 1.9 N.D. 0.037 N.D. 15 12 7.21 1.2 N.D. 0.033 0.03 21 Middle of Jiegao 1 7.89 3.1 N.D. 0.045 0.05 13 3 8.07 2.4 N.D. N.D. 0.09 11 4 7.18 1.9 5 0.040 0.05 6 5 8.02 1.5 N.D. N.D. 0.04 8 6 7.65 6.6 4 N.D. N.D. 13 7 7.90 2.5 N.D. 0.035 N.D. 19 8 7.35 1.7 2 0.026 0.08 10 Middle of Jiegao 9 7.44 1.6 2 0.028 0.05 14 10 7.53 1.6 N.D. N.D. N.D. 13 11 7.63 1.7 N.D. 0.028 0.04 19 12 7.18 1.2 N.D. 0.026 N.D. 22 Right of Jiegao 1 7.95 2.9 5 0.064 0.05 17 3 7.69 2.3 N.D. 0.031 0.06 16 4 7.46 2.0 10 0.047 0.06 14 5 8.01 1.5 3 0.040 0.06 18 6 7.61 3.8 3 N.D. N.D. 13 7 7.73 2.4 N.D. 0.047 0.04 18 8 7.35 1.6 3 0.030 0.08 14 9 7.48 1.7 N.D. 0.033 N.D. 16 10 7.62 1.8 N.D. N.D. 0.03 16 11 7.64 2.0 N.D. 0.044 N.D. 16 12 7.29 1.3 N.D. 0.044 0.04 18 N.D.= not detected Source: Chongqing Communication Design and Research Institute. 2009. EIA for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project. Kunming.

162. Routine monitoring results of Mangshi River in 2007 are Table 23.

Table 23: Conventional Monitoring Results of Mangshi River in 2007 Unit：mg/l 6+ River Time PH CODMn COD BOD5 NH3-N Ar-OH AS Oil Cr TP Fengping 2007.1 8.05 3.26 14 0.00 0.330 0.000 0.003 0.00 0.000 0.133 section, 2007.3 7.85 2.53 17 2.20 0.233 0.000 0.004 0.00 0.000 0.140 Mangshi 2007.4 7.82 3.59 11 2.20 0.290 0.000 0.009 0.04 0.016 0.094 River 2007.7 7.05 2.45 11 1.00 0.148 0.000 0.005 0.00 0.000 0.293 2007.9 7.75 2.68 18 1.00 0.133 0.000 0.001 0.06 0.000 0.100 2007.11 7.73 2.36 12 0.00 0.083 0.000 0.002 0.05 0.000 0.045 Source: Chongqing Communication Design and Research Institute. 2009. EIA for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project.

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Kunming.

d) Water Quality Monitoring During the EIA

(1) Monitoring of Ruilijiang and Nanwan River

163. Monitoring Sites are shown in Table 24.

Table 24: Distribution of the Monitoring Sites of Water Environment No. Monitoring sites Sampling requirements 1 Ruilijiang River At three points including the left, middle and right of the monitoring section, collect sample bridge (K115+750) water at the vertical place 0.5 m from the river surface and mix the water from the three points. 2 Nanwan River At three points including the left, middle and right of monitoring section, collect sample water bridge (K157+580) at the vertical place 0.5 m from the river surface and mix the water from the three points. Source: Chongqing Communication Design and Research Institute. 2009. EIA for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project. Kunming.

164. The samples were taken once a day in three consecutive days. Analytical parameters and Method are shown in Table 25.

Table 25: Monitoring parameters and Analysis Methods No. Item Analysis method Reference 1 pH Glass electrode method GB 6920－86

2 CODMn Dichromate method GB11892-89 3 BOD5 Dilution and seeding method GB 7488－87 4 Ammonia nitrogen Nessler's reagent colorimetric method GB7479-87 5 petroleum infrared spectrophotometer method GB 11893－89 Source: Chongqing Communication Design and Research Institute. 2009. EIA for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project. Kunming.

165. Water quality monitoring results of Ruilijiang River and Nanwan River during 1-3 February 2008 are shown in Table 26.

Table 26: Water Quality Monitoring Results

Sampling BOD5 COD NH3-N Petroleum Monitoring sites time pH (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) Bridge of 2008.02.01 7.36 2 6 0.055 0.05 Ruilijiang River 2008.02.02 7.40 4 9 0.094 0.03 (K115+750) 2008.02.03 7.32 4 9 0.086 <0.03(undetected) Bridge of 2008.02.01 7.50 <2(undetected) 9 0.055 <0.03(undetected) Nanwan River 2008.02.02 7.52 <2(undetected) 9 0.047 <0.03(undetected) (K157+580) 2008.02.03 7.50 2 11 0.050 <0.03(undetected) Source: Chongqing Communication Design and Research Institute. 2009. EIA for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project. Kunming.

(2) Water Quality Monitoring on Drinking Water Sources

166. The environmental monitoring station of Dehong Prefecture monitored the water quality of Fapo reservoir on 7-9 November 2008, and the water quality of Jiele Reservoir on 8 October 2008, 4 November 2008 and 4 December 2008. The monitoring results area shown in Table 27.

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Table 27: Monitoring Results of the Environment Quality of the Drinking Water

Name of Sampling BOD5 COD NH3-N Petroleum sampling sites time pH (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) Fapo Reservoir 2008.11.07 7.97 (undetected) 12 0.051 0.04 2008.11.08 7.85 (undetected) 11 0.065 0.03 2008.11.09 7.88 (undetected) 12 0.080 0.04 Jiele Reservoir 2008.10.08 7.65 (undetected) 10 0.029 0.03L 2008.11.04 7.80 (undetected) 9 0.040 0.05 2008.12.04 7.24 (undetected) 9 0.040 0.03L Source: Chongqing Communication Design and Research Institute. 2009. EIA for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project. Kunming.

D. Noise

a) Noise Sensitive Areas

167. Forty five noise and air pollution sensitive points have been identified, including 41 villages, 4 schools (Nanjing Primary School, Laozhai Primary School, Drug Rehabilitation School and Hope Primary School). The locations at and distance of these sensitive sites from the alignment are shown in Table 29. There are four noise and air pollution sensitive sites along the interchange linking roads. The distribution of the acoustic environment and ambient air protection objects are shown in Appendix 3. ..

b) Noise Standard

168. The background noise level meets Environmental Quality Standard for Noise (GB3096-2008). K124 +000 - K124 +500, K127 +000 - K130 +000, K130 +500 - K132 +200, K133 +300 - K134 +500 sections meet the Class 1 standard; the area within 35 meters from ROW on both sides of the existing National Highway G320 meets the Class 4a standard, the area more than 35 meters away from ROW meets the Class 2 standard; sensitive points of the remaining sections meet the Class 1 standard.

169. Construction machines will meet Noise limits for Construction Sites (GB12523-90).

170. The acoustic environment should meet Environmental Quality Standard for Noise (GB3096-2008) in operating period. In the K56 +400 - K56 +800 section, the area of 35 m inside ROW on both sides of the National Highway G320 meets the Class 4a standard; the area of 35 m outside ROW on both sides of National Highway G320 meet the Class 2 standard; sensitive points of the remaining sections and the area of 35 m from ROW meet the Class 4a standard, but school and other specially sensitive points meet standard according to daytime 60 decibels, nighttime 50 decibels; the area within 35 m from ROW the alignment should meet the Class 2 standard.

171. The noise standards for the EIA have been approved by the Yunnan Provincial Environmental Bureau. Excerpt of Environmental Quality Standard for Noise (GB3096-2008) and Noise limits for construction sites are shown in Table 28 and Table 29.

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Table 28: Acoustic environmental quality standard (dB(A) ) Class Daytime Nighttime Class 1 in GB3096-2008 55 45 Class 2 in GB3096-2008 60 50 Class 4a in GB3096-2008 70 55 Source: Chongqing Communication Design and Research Institute. 2009. EIA for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project. Kunming.

Table 29: Noise Standard for Boundaries of Construction Sites GB12523-90 Noise Limitation, Leq Phase Noise Source Day-time Night-time Earthwork Bulldozer, loader 75 dB(A) 55 dB(A) Pile Piling machine 85 dB(A) No operation Structure Concrete mixer 70 dB(A) 55 dB(A) Decoration Crane 65 dB(A) 55 dB(A) Source: Chongqing Communication Design and Research Institute. 2009. EIA for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project. Kunming.

c) Noise Level Monitoring

172. Monitoring Points. To monitor the background noise level at the noise sensitive areas (Table 30), 32 noise monitoring points are selected at 1 meter in front of the first row of houses that near the alignment. For traffic noise monitoring, 5 monitoring points at distance of 15, 30, 60, 120, and 200 m from the existing national highway G320 near the alignment of K117+700 are selected, traffic volume of different vehicle types are recorded. Details are in Appendix 3.

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Table 30: Noise Monitoring for Sensitive Areas No. Location Place Monitoring Point Representative 1 K9+400～K9+950 Namengzhai The monitoring is performed at the position that is 1m in front of Itself the first row of house at road side; the height is larger than 1.2m 2 K15+900～K16+000 Er’guanzhaizi The monitoring is performed at the position that is 1m in front of Itself the first row of house at road side; the height is larger than 1.2m 3 K32+000～K32+100 Palian The monitoring is performed at the position that is 1m in front of It can represent Dongkan. The distance between the two villages is the first row of house at road side; the height is larger than 1.2m small and the two villages have similar size and environmental characteristics. Social activity noise is the main noise. 4 K35+100～K35+500 Nahuai The monitoring is performed at the position that is 1m in front of Itself the first row of house at road side; the height is larger than 1.2m 5 K38+100～K38+400 Mangchang The monitoring is performed at the position that is 1m in front of It can represent Pajie. The distance between the two villages is small the first row of house at road side; the height is larger than 1.2m and the two villages have similar size and environmental characteristics. Social activity noise is the main noise. 6 K40+050～K40+300 Mangnai The monitoring is performed at the position that is 1m in front of It can represent Hulaxiang and Mangzhang. The distance among the the first row of house at road side; the height is larger than 1.2m three villages are small and the three villages have similar size and environmental characteristics (located at mountain foot). Social activity noise is the main noise. 7 K42+400～K42+900 Nayuan The monitoring is performed at the position that is 1m in front of It can represent Mangsai. The distance between the two villages is the first row of house at road side; the height is larger than 1.2m small and the two villages have similar size and environmental characteristics. Social activity noise is the main noise. 8 K46+700～K47+100 Nangai The monitoring is performed at the position that is 1m in front of It can represent Mangbie. The distance between the two villages is the first row of house at road side; the height is larger than 1.2m small and the two villages have similar size, and both the villages are located along the county road Luying Road. 9 K48+200～K48+600 Nanjing The monitoring is performed at the position that is 1m in front of Itself the first row of house at road side; the height is larger than 1.2m 10 K48+360 Nanjing Primary The monitoring is performed at the position that is 1m in front of Itself School classroom; 2-floor window high 11 K49+900～K50+500 Yingmen The monitoring is performed at the position that is 1m in front of Itself the first row of house at road side; the height is larger than 1.2m 12 K56+500～K56+850 Feihong The monitoring is performed at the position that is 1m in front of Itself, represent the background noise value of class 4a area of the house beside G320 national highway; the height is larger than Feihong sensitive spot. 1.2m The monitoring is performed at the position that is 1m in front of Itself, represent the background noise value of class 2 area of the house that is 40m to the center line of national highway; the Feihong sensitive spot. height is larger than 1.2m 13 K72+700～K72+900 Mangli The monitoring is performed at the position that is 1m in front of Itself the first row of house at road side; the height is larger than 1.2m 14 K76+600～K77+000 Zhegao The monitoring is performed at the position that is 1m in front of It can represent Bangha and Caixiang. The distance among the the first row of house at road side; the height is larger than 1.2m three villages are small and the three villages have similar size and environmental characteristics. Social activity noise is the main noise. 15 K80+000～K80+300 Xinzhai The monitoring is performed at the position that is 1m in front of It can represent Nanjian and Laizhai. The distance among the three the first row of house at road side; the height is larger than 1.2m villages are small and the three villages have similar size and environmental characteristics. Social activity noise is the main noise.

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No. Location Place Monitoring Point Representative 16 K80+700 Laozhai The monitoring is performed at the position that is 1m in front of Itself Primary School classroom; 2-floor window high 17 K81+100～K81+450 Yunmen The monitoring is performed at the position that is 1m in front of It can represent Gongxia. The distance between the two villages is the first row of house at road side; the height is larger than 1.2m small and the two villages have similar size and environmental characteristics. Social activity noise is the main noise. 18 K84+700～K85+100 Diesha The monitoring is performed at the position that is 1m in front of It can represent Nongnong. The distance between the two villages is the first row of house at road side; the height is larger than 1.2m small and the two villages have similar size and environmental characteristics. Social activity noise is the main noise. 19 K88+000～K88+300 Laxiang The monitoring is performed at the position that is 1m in front of It can represent Nongmeng. The distance between the two villages is the first row of house at road side; the height is larger than 1.2m small and the two villages have similar size and environmental characteristics. Social activity noise is the main noise. 20 K98+900～K99+100 Nanzha The monitoring is performed at the position that is 1m in front of Itself the first row of house at road side; the height is larger than 1.2m 21 K112+200 Wanding farm The monitoring is performed at the position that is 1m in front of Itself the first row at east side; the height is larger than 1.2m 22 K122+100～K122+800 Mangliang The monitoring is performed at the position that is 1m in front of Itself the first row of house at road side; the height is larger than 1.2m 23 K124+100～K124+700 Jiele The monitoring is performed at the position that is 1m in front of Itself the first row of house at road side; the height is larger than 1.2m 24 K125+500～K125+800 Nanmen The monitoring is performed at the position that is 1m in front of It can represent Xinping and Jinghan. The distance among the three the first row of house at road side; the height is larger than 1.2m villages is small and the three villages have similar size and environmental characteristics. 25 K127+200～K127+400 Yungang The monitoring is performed at the position that is 1m in front of Itself the first row of house at road side; the height is larger than 1.2m 26 K130+050 Drug Treatment The monitoring is performed at the position that is 1m in front of Itself School classroom; 3-floor window high 27 K137+400～K137+900 Xiangnong The monitoring is performed at the position that is 1m in front of Itself the first row of house at road side; the height is larger than 1.2m 28 K138+100～K138+600 Babie The monitoring is performed at the position that is 1m in front of Itself the first row of house at road side; the height is larger than 1.2m 29 K148+800～K148+950 Bandong The monitoring is performed at the position that is 1m in front of Itself the first row of house at road side; the height is larger than 1.2m 30 K150+300～K151+000 Leiwu The monitoring is performed at the position that is 1m in front of It can represent Henong and Nongmolei. The distance among the the first row of house at road side; the height is larger than 1.2m three villages is small and the three villages have similar size and environmental characteristics: there is country road passing through them. 31 K156+500～K157+400 Leiyin The monitoring is performed at the position that is 1m in front of Itself the first row of house at road side; the height is larger than 1.2m 32 K157+350 Hope Primary The monitoring is performed at the position that is 1m in front of Itself School classroom; 3-floor window high Source: Chongqing Communication Design and Research Institute. 2009. EIA for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project. Kunming.

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173. Monitoring Frequency. For each site, noise level was measured in 20 minutes each time, and twice a day (one for daytime and one for night) in 2 consecutive days for each selected site.

174. Monitoring Method. The National Noise Monitoring Standard (GB/T14623-93) and Environmental Monitoring Technical Specifications were applied. During the monitoring, traffic volume is counted by different vehicle types, and local noise sources are recorded.

175. Monitoring Results. Noise level at sensitive sites is shorn in Table 31. Traffic noise level is shown in Table 32.

Table 31: Monitoring Results of the Traffic Noise Section G320 (K117+700) Distance Monitoring results (dBCA) Traffic (vehicles/hour) to the Monitoring No. centerline time Leq L10 L50 L90 Large Middle Small 1 15m Feb.13rd 60.7 65.0 55.2 48.5 16 17 110 30m Day 57.3 61.4 53.2 46.2 60m 54.5 57.7 51.2 47.8 120m 51.8 55.0 47.7 43.2 200m 50.4 52.6 45.7 42.2 2 15m Feb.13rd 54.7 57.2 51.2 46.7 12 8 68 30m Night 51.7 54.6 49.1 45.3 60m 49.1 52.1 45.9 43.3 120m 47.7 49.8 45.5 43.9 200m 46.5 49.0 41.4 39.6 th 3 15m Feb.14 61.3 65.4 52.0 42.4 21 11 97 30m Day 58.4 61.1 50.3 41.6 60m 56.4 59.6 49.0 44.5 120m 53.6 57.8 46.5 42.0 200m 53.1 58.3 45.8 40.1 th 4 15m Feb.14 56.8 58.9 54.4 50.6 25 11 62 Night 30m 53.9 57.9 48.2 43.2 60m 51.4 51.0 46.9 44.5 120m 50.3 53.8 45.9 43.3 200m 49.1 52.1 43.2 39.4 dBCA = decibel in audible scale. Source: Dehong Prefecture Environmental Monitoring Station. 2008.

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Table 32: Noise Monitoring at Sensitive Spots along the Alignment The first day The second day No. Name of monitoring point Date Noise at day Noise at night Date Noise at day Noise at night Main sound source 1 Namenzhai 2008.01.03 43.3 40.2 2008.01.04 43.9 38.8 Social activity 2 Er’guanzhaizi 2008.01.03 43.8 40.0 2008.01.04 43.1 38.1 Social activity 3 Palian 2008.01.03 42.9 38.6 2008.01.04 41.0 36.1 Social activity 4 Nahuai 2008.01.03 43.9 37.6 2008.01.04 45.1 36.1 Social activity 5 Mangchang 2008.01.03 43.5 38.4 2008.01.04 42.7 38.1 Social activity 6 Mangnai 2008.01.03 41.8 37.1 2008.01.04 41.6 36.6 Social activity 7 Nayuan 2008.01.03 42.1 37.5 2008.01.04 42.9 36.8 Social activity 8 Nangai 2008.01.03 56.3 44.3 2008.01.04 55.8 43.9 Social activity, traffic 9 Nanjing 2008.01.05 44.4 39.1 2008.01.06 41.7 38.4 Social activity 10 Nanjing Primary School 2008.01.05 57.2 40.6 2008.01.06 56.4 38.8 Teaching 11 Yingmen 2008.01.05 40.0 38.1 2008.01.06 40.8 37.4 Social activity 12 Feiyong (class 4a area) 2008.01.05 58.2 54.8 2008.01.06 58.8 53.7 Social activity, traffic Feiyong (class 2 area) 2008.01.05 52.6 48.4 2008.01.06 53.2 49.2 Social activity, traffic 13 Mangli 2008.01.05 48.2 42.2 2008.01.06 45.4 40.6 Social activity 14 Zhegao 2008.01.05 41.6 37.6 2008.01.06 40.8 36.1 Social activity 15 Xinzhai 2008.01.05 44.1 36.9 2008.01.06 43.2 34.3 Social activity 16 Laizhai Primary School 2008.01.05 56.8 35.2 2008.01.06 57.4 34.8 Teaching 17 Yunmen 2008.01.05 44.3 39.9 2008.01.06 45.4 37.8 Social activity 18 Diesha 2008.01.05 43.8 38.1 2008.01.06 42.1 37.8 Social activity 19 Laxiang 2008.01.05 45.6 40.2 2008.01.06 44.2 39.1 Social activity 20 Nanzha 2008.01.05 46.9 42.6 2008.01.06 47.2 43.2 Social activity, traffic 21 Wanding farm 2008.01.05 48.8 43.4 2008.01.06 48.0 40.0 Social activity noise 22 Mangliang 2008.01.07 50.9 44.6 2008.01.08 51.8 44.2 Social activity, traffic 23 Jiele 2008.01.07 50.4 44.7 2008.01.08 52.9 43.8 Social activity 24 Nanmen 2008.01.07 49.2 41.9 2008.01.08 53.7 41.2 Social activity 25 Yungang 2008.01.07 52.4 43.2 2008.01.08 54.5 42.5 Social activity 26 Drug Treatment School 2008.01.07 51.4 41.8 2008.01.08 52.7 40.6 Teaching 27 Xiangnong 2008.01.07 55.1 39.7 2008.01.08 53.1 40.1 Social activity, traffic 28 Babie 2008.01.07 50.6 42.1 2008.01.08 51.6 43.7 Social activity, traffic 29 Bandong 2008.01.07 52.1 42.1 2008.01.08 51.6 42.4 Social activity 30 Leiwu 2008.01.07 52.6 41.9 2008.01.08 52.3 43.8 Social activity 31 Leiyin 2008.01.07 53.6 43.9 2008.01.08 53.0 43.3 Social activity 32 Hope Primary School 2008.01.07 58.3 43.3 2008.01.08 57.5 43.5 Teaching Source: Dehong Prefecture Environmental Monitoring Station, January- February, 2008.

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E. Ambient Air

a) Sensitive Areas

176. The alignment mainly passes through rural areas. At present, Longling in Baoshan, and Luxi and Ruili in Dehong Prefecture haven’t conducted ambient air quality functional zoning for the rural areas. On-site survey indentified that the air pollution are mainly caused by restaurant smoke, transportation dust and smoke from coal burning. In general, air quality in most of the areas along the project is good. There are 49 sensitive sites for air including 4 schools. They are same as noise sensitive areas (Table 30).

b) Ambient Air Standards

177. Quality Standard. Ambient air quality in the section of Ruilijiang-Dayingjiang National Level Scenic Area section (K99 +000 - K112 +000, K115 +000 - K116 +200) should meet the Class 1 standard of Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB3095-1996) shown in Table 33, ambient air in other sections meets Class II standard.

Table 33: Ambient Air Quality standard unit: mg/m3 Concentration limit Pollutant Selecting time Class I Class II Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Daily average 0.08 0.12 Hourly average 0.12 0.24 Total suspended particulate Daily average 0.12 0.30 (TSP) Source: Chongqing Communication Design and Research Institute. 2009. EIA for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project. Kunming.

178. Emission Standards. At the areas that close to Tongbiguan Provincial Nature Reserve, Ruilijiang-Dayingjiang National Level Scenic Area, class I standard of Integrated Air Pollutants Emission Standard (GB16297-1996) is applied for asphalt smoke; for other areas, the class II standard is applied. The standard limits are shown in Table 34.

Table 34: Integrated Air Pollutants Emission Standard Production technology Name of pollutants Concentration ( mg/m3) Asphalt smelting Asphalt Smoke 40 Asphalt mixing Asphalt Smoke 75 Source: Chongqing Communication Design and Research Institute. 2009. EIA for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project. Kunming.

c) Air Quality Monitoring

179. According to the reconnaissance along the sites, Zhegao village K76+700, Nanzha village K99+000 and Leiwu village K150+600 have been chosen as air quality monitoring sites. The monitoring factors are NO2 and TSP. Every site is monitored for 5 days, according to Analysis Methods for Air Quality and Waste Gas Monitoring compiled by State Environmental Protection Administration. Specific monitoring sites see attached figure 9. Monitoring results is shown in Table 35.

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Table 35: Monitoring Results of Ambient NO2 and TSP Unit：Mg/m3

TSP NO2 Monitoring Average of five Daily sites Date Daily Average days Hourly Average Average Average of 5 days Leiwu 2008-1-7 0.17010.186 0.006-0.012 0.008 0.009 K150+600 2008-1-8 0.1787 0.006-0.017 0.010 2008-1-9 0.1825 0.005-0.014 0.010 2008-1-10 0.2051 0.004-0.018 0.009 2008-1-11 0.1934 0.005-0.014 0.010 Zhegao 2008-1-13 0.1881 0.191 0.007-0.012 0.009 0.011 K76+700 2008-1-14 0.1666 0.007-0.017 0.012 2008-1-15 0.2066 0.009-0.017 0.012 2008-1-16 0.2169 0.008-0.018 0.012 2008-1-17 0.1749 0.005-0.014 0.010 Nanzha Village 2008-11-29 0.029 0.040 0.014-0.041 0.026 0.021 K99+000 2008-11-30 0.044 0.006-0.033 0.018 2008-12-01 0.036 0.011-0.032 0.021 2008-12-02 0.051 0.013-0.028 0.020 2008-12-03 0.040 0.012-0.031 0.021 Note: The daily average is average of 18 hours. Source: Chongqing Communication Design and Research Institute. 2009. EIA for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project. Kunming.

F. Social Environment

a) Social Sensitive Area

180. The proposed highway is located in Yunnan province, which affects directly on Longling County of Baoshan Prefecture, Luxi City and Ruili City of Dehong Dai-Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture. Social environmental protection objects along the expressway are listed in Table 36.

Table 36: Social Environmental Protection Objects of the Proposed Highway No. Objects Features of Environment Location Impacts 1 Land acquisition, The recommended program of the project Distributed Demolition households or demolishes buildings of 107, 600 square meters, along the resettlement, units demolition mainly masonry structure, permanent land alignment of traffic barrier, occupation 805.06 ha, including cultivating land the project impact on the 318.33 ha. quality of residents’ life 2 City planning of (i) The proposed highway has been incorporated See the Table Land occupation, Longling, Luxi into the overall urban planning of Longling county; in Appendix 3 impact on the and Ruili city town planning Town planning of (ii) The proposed highway is consistence with the Wanding Luxi City Master Plan. The section of K33 economic +500–K40 +000 is about 300m away from the development nearest edge of the Luxi city overall planning area; area (iii) There is a certain bias between the proposed highway K124 +500–K131 +700 section and the aisle preserved by the overall urban planning of Ruili city, causing the highway K127 +200–K127 +500 section passes through the land for construction of villages and towns (Yungang Village) in Ruili city and town planning, about 550 m of K128 +000–K128 +550 section passes through the residential land in the Ruili city and town planning, about 900 m of K128 +550–K129 +450 section passes through the public green land

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No. Objects Features of Environment Location Impacts in the Ruili City and town planning, about 450m of the K129 +450–K129 +900 section passes through the residential land, special land of the Ruili city and town planning; (iv) The proposed highway K107 +000–K115 +500 section passes outside the Wanding Economic Development Zone. The K115 +500 section is the nearest to the Wanding Town Planning zone (about 40 m), its planned land use type is commercial and financial sites. 3 Infrastructure Transportation facilities: Yunnan Province trunk Distributed The roads, the National Trunk Highway GZ65, the along the consummation Asian Highway Network A14, Dali-Ruili Railway alignment of and establishment (three places close paralleled, affecting length the project of an integrated 12300 m, the minimum distance between the transport network, project and the railway is 100 m), Mangshi airport; the occupation Electricity, communication facilities: electricity, and destruction of telecommunications lines 15.15 km are infrastructure. demolished; Water irrigation and drainage facilities: along the alignment. 4 Important The proposed highway covers 8 clay ore deposits See the Table Mineral resources mineral areas and five limestone, marble rock and mineral in Appendix 3 covering resources mines, mines covering assessment report recommended to shut down the mining points above. 5 Cultural relics Ten ancient sites and tombs, mostly of which are See the Table Occupation of and historic sites ancient city sites without any level of protection; in Appendix 3 cultural relics and the proposed highway passes through the historic sites Gongxiahaizhaohemang ancient city site, Jiedonglv city sites, Longling Shilancao Cunjiadi ancient tombs, and the remaining relics are located on both sides of the road.

Source: Chongqing Communication Design and Research Institute. 2009. EIA for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project. Kunming.

b) General Description

181. Baoshan is located in west of Yunnan province, connecting to Dali prefecture and District of Lincang to the east, neighboring to Nujiang River to the north, close to Dehong prefecture to the west and has international borders to the northwest and south, with a national boundary of 167.78 kilometers. It has jurisdiction over Longyang district and another 4 counties (Shidian, Tengchong, Longling and Changning) and 82 townships. The population of 36 minorities account for 9.64% of the total population and the main minorities are the Yi, Dai, Bai, Lisu and Hui.

182. LongLing County is located in the area between Longchuan River in western border of Yunnan province and Nu Nujiang River with a borderline of 19.71 km. It has jurisdiction over 12 townships, 121 villages, 1637 villager groups and 8 resident groups. Main minorities include Lisu, Dai, Achang etc., accounting for 5.12% of the total population.

183. Dehong Dai-Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture with a borderline of 503.8 km (Referred to as Dehong Prefecture) is located in the west of Yunnan province, the western edge of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the southwest extension area of Gaoligong Mountain. The area forms southwest to northwest international borders. There are two state-level ports located at Ruili City and Wanding Economic Development Zone. This prefecture has jurisdiction over 2

58 cities and 3 counties, that is, Luxi city, Ruili city, Lianghe, Yingjiang, Longchuan County. It also has jurisdiction over 50 towns, 364 villager (neighborhood) committees, and 3,732 villager groups. And the population of minorities accounts for 49.74% of the total population, in which, there are mainly Dai, Jingpo, De’ang, Achang, Lisu.

184. Luxi is located in the west of Yunnan province and southeast of Dehong Prefecture, the Longling county in Baoshan to the east and northeast, Ruili and Wanding economic development zone to the southwest, Lianghe county and Longchuan county across Long River (Longchuan River) to the west and northwest, and has the same international border to the south. It has a borderline of 68.3 kilometers and has jurisdiction over 5 towns (Mangshi, Fengping, Zhefang, Mengjia, Manghai) and 6 villages (Xuangang, Jiangdong, Five spur roads, Santai Mountain, West Mountain and Zhong Mountain) with a total 80 villager committees and 8 neighborhood committees. The population of minorities accounts for 49.3% of the total population.

185. Ruili is located in the west of Yunnan province, southwest of Dehong Prefecture, connecting to Luci to the east, to Longchuan to the north. The northwest, southwest and southeast are joining with the mountains and rivers with the separated villages. It has jurisdiction over 2 districts (Jiegao Border Trade Zone, Wanding Economic Development Zone), 3 towns (Mengmao, Wanding, Longdao), 3 villages (Jiexiang, Mengxiu, Huyu). There are 11 communities (Ruifeng, Munao, Menglongsha, Youyi, Luchuan, Xing’an, Guomen, Democratic street, Peace Defense street, Construction highway), 29 villager committees, 212 villager groups and 214 villages. And the population of minority accounts for 46.1%.

186. The social environment overview for the direct impact areas of this project such as the area of land at the end of 2006 and the population see Table 37.

Table 37: The Social Overview of the Direct Impact Areas (2006) Total agricultural population Agricultural per Total area of land population population density capita Affected Area (km2) (person) (person) (person/km2) Cultivated area (ha) Baoshan The whole city 19,040 2,429,000 2,171,300 128 0.07 City Longling 2,796 275,888 251,209 99 0.10 Dehong Prefecture 11,526 1,165,002 821,784 101 0.16 Prefecture Luxi 2,901 348,524 270,854 120 0.14 Ruili 843 165,294 90,581 196 0.17 Total or average 6,540 789,706 612,644 115 0.13 Note: Data from the direct impact areas Baoshan City, Dehong Prefecture in 2006 Yearbook.

187. In the affected areas, there is a large agricultural population and small farm land area. The per capita cultivated area is only 0.13 hectare implying a shortage of farm land.

c) Social Economic

188. The socio-economic statistics for the direct affect areas of the proposed highway in 2006 are in tables 38 and 39. In the industrial structure, the primary industry and tertiary industry are dominant. Recently, many changes occur in the structure. Primary industry declined, and the secondary industry increased slightly, and the tertiary industry has been rapidly developed. Agriculture in the region is still dominant, while industry is relatively weak, and the service trade mainly consisting of tourism and border trade gradually becomes an emerging industry. The socio-economic indicators are also in a healthy growth trend.

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Table 38: Social Economy in the Direct Impact Areas of the Project (2006) GDP The proportion of GDP per Total fixed asset (100 million three industries capita investment Total retail sales Impact area Yuan) (%) (Yuan) (100 million Yuan) (100 million Yuan) Baoshan Whole 135.49 36.0:24.5:39.5 5535 35.47 29.05 Prefecture Prefecture Longling 13.84 34.5:34.8:30.6 5091 9.03 3.21 Dehong The whole 70.35 33.1 : 21.6 : 45.3 6039 41.02 25.4 prefecture prefecture Luxi 22.80 32.2:25.0:42.8 6187 10.64 9.06 Ruili 15.05 22.9:19.1:58.0 9158 5.30 5.88 Direct impact areas 51.69 — 6812 24.97 18.15 total/average Note: Data from the direct impact areas Baoshan City, Dehong Prefecture in 2006 Yearbook.

Table 39: Economic Increase of the Affected Area (2006) unit: % Total fixed asset Total retail sales of Impact area GDP investment consumer goods Baoshan The whole Prefecture 13.4 12.0 10.0 Prefecture Longling 13.3 31.8 14.0 Dehong The whole prefecture 12.5 18.3 12.0 prefecture Luxi 9.5 12.3 15.9 Ruili 9.4 7.9 9.4 Direct impact areas total/average 10.7 17.3 13.1 Source: Chongqing Communication Design and Research Institute. 2009. EIA for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project. Kunming.

d) Mineral Resources

189. There are rich mineral resources along the proposed highways and its surrounding areas. The major deposits are clay mineral, limestone mineral, placer, dolomite marble mineral for building, and the metal mines such as, coal and nickel ore are distributed locally.

190. For the investigation of the relationship between the project and the mineral resources, the construction unit commissioned Yunnan Non-ferrous Geological Survey and Design Institute to do the survey for the mineral resources of the project and completed the Survey of the mineral resources for Longling to Ruili Expressway.

191. According to Survey of the mineral resources for Longling to Ruili Expressway, there are non-metallic mineral resources and metal mineral resources in the assessment area. Non-metallic mineral resources are mainly limestone minerals, marble minerals and clay minerals and metal mineral resources are mainly nickel ores.

192. There are 15 mining regions and an exploration region in assessment area. The proposed highways have pressed and covered 8 clay mine areas and 5 limestone and marble areas. These mines will be closed down. At the same time, the section among the proposed highway K59 +550-K62 +050 (Santaishan Tunnel Section) is located in nickel mine area near Bangdian village of Santaishan township. And local routes have been changed to avoid the detected nickel ore.

e) Tourism

193. There are rich tourism resources in Baoshan, which mainly are Atami Volcano in Tengchong National Geological Park, Gaoli Gongshan National Nature Reserve, Nu River Grand Canyon, beautiful Lujiangba, National Wetland Reserve—North Sea Wetlands and so on. The

60 tourism resources in Longling include Huitong Bridge, Battle of Songshan sites, Banglazhang thermal spa tourism resort, the small black mountain provincial nature reserve, Eggplant Mountain Reservoir Ecological Tourism Zone, the unique scenery of the Grand Canyon of the three estuaries, the world scenic area of a bowl of water rare plant Cyathea group, and the second world grand canyon—Nu River grand canyon.

194. The main tourist attractions of Dehong, the town of Peacock, are Mengba Naxi exotic garden in Luxi, the culture of World War II at Wanding bridge, Moli waterfalls in Ruili, Gone with the Wind River Tour in Yingjiang, Nandian Xuanfu Department in Lianghe, etc. And the main tourist attractions are Mengba Naxi exotic garden, Zhaduo waterfall, the big Menghuan Pagoda, Hinayana Buddhist Bodhi Temple, Buddha Light Temple, Ruins of castle of king Guolong, FengPing stupa, Liji Buddhist Temple, Shubao Tower, and so on. Ruili is the largest inland port in the Southwest of China and is also one of the first China's outstanding tourist cities. There is a famous national Scenic Area--Ruilijiang - Dayingjiang River (main attractions along the proposed highways include Jiedonglv Banyan Tree Group, Jiele stupa, Moli waterfall, the sea of Huihuan bamboos, Zangquanzang temple, Mangling trees, Laimenshan forest park, the scene of Ruilijiang River, Wanding bridge on the gateway, Fengping stupa etc.)

195. Ruili and Luxi in which the proposed highways pass through are the famous tourist cities in China. The main attractions see Table 40.

Table 40: Distribution of the Main Tourist Resources along the Proposed Highway Tourism In county Landscape Relationship between landscape border resource (city) types Rank and the project position Small Black Longling county natural Provincial nature >1.2 km Mountain in Baoshan landscape reserve natural reserve Battle of Longling county human Provincial heritage >18.0 km Songshan sites in Baoshan landscape conservation unit Fulong temple Longling county human None >300 m in Baoshan landscape Banglazhang Longling county Water AA National tourism >4.0 km thermal spa in Baoshan scenery area tourism resort Huitong bridge Longling county human Provincial heritage >20.0 km in Baoshan landscape conservation unit National scenic Luxi and Ruili in natural National scenic area Part sections of the proposed highway in area--Ruilijiang - Dehong landscape the secondary reserve (Wanding Dayingjiang river prefecture landscape) of the national scenic area–Ruilijiang - Dayingjiang river with the route length of 10.20 km. Wanding forest Luxi and Ruili in natural National forest park >0.5km park Dehong landscape prefecture Source: Chongqing Communication Design and Research Institute. 2009. EIA for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project. Kunming.

f) Quality of Life

196. The highway project areas have 117,019 students and 7,724 teachers in schools, and most of them are in primary schools. At the same time, development level of higher education is higher in the influence areas.

197. The highway project areas have 59 health agencies, 2,614 hospital beds, 2,527 Health technicians and 1,174 doctors. The medical standards and the medical treatment are good in the

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direct impact areas.

198. The average income of workers in the expressway area is 16,640 Yuan. Per capita income of farmers is 2,021 Yuan. Compared to the previous year, the average wage of workers has increased 22.06% and the per capita income of farmers has increased 9.42%, which is a large increase.

G. Physical Cultural Resources

199. A cultural resources survey was conducted for all project sites, led by Yunnan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology in consultation with local cultural property management authorities and the general public. The discovered cultural relics mainly include ancient cities and graveyards. The distribution of the specific cultural relics under the influence of the roads is in Table 41 and Appendix 3.

Table 41: Distribution of Cultural Relics along the Proposed Project Name Location Overview Relationship NaYuan LeiYun Located in NaYuan With a diameter of about 500 meters, a boundary of “the 100m away ancient city villager group, Mangzhai city moat” which surrounds the three peak platforms with from the north villager committee, the 4-5 m wild moat base. The upper width is 10 m, and of K40+800. Fengping township, north the depth is 8-10 m. Many potteries and tiles on site may latitude 24° 27'02.8", east come from the relics of ancient minority (De’ang) in Ming longitude 98°31'1.1", and Dynasty. elevation of 922 m. Zhegao Leiyun Located in Leiyun With the length of 200 m, width of 50-70 m and an area of About 50 m ancient city Mountain Zhegao villager 12,000 square meters, the city has a complete away from the group Hulong Zhefang, preservation for “the city moat” in the southwest. The size southeast of north latitude 24°16' 37.9", is similar to Jiedonglv and NaYuan Leiyun ancient city with K77+(200-400 east longitude 98°14' the width of 4-5 m at the base of moat and depth of 8-10 ) 58.3", and elevation of 879 m. A piece of perforated stone ring and a piece of m. brown-red jar rim were discovered in the survey site. Gongxia Located is on the The platform is called “Haizhao Hemang”, meaning “the K81+950-k82 Haizhao mountain platform of location of village gold” in Dai language. With an area of +100， Hemang Gongxia villager group 5,000 square meters, the city has a “city moat” with a base highway ancient city Hulong villager committee width of 4.2 m, upper width of 7.0m and depth of 2.3 m in across the Zhefang, north the south of the “city moat”, many ceramic plates have city. latitude24°14' 51.5", east been discovered, especially the blue and white porcelain longitude 98°13'04.6“ and plates in Ming Dynasty, which can be judged primarily to elevation of 816 m. be the ancient city of De’ang minority in Ming. Diesha Located in Diesha villager The city surrounds the platform of mountain with the mark 20 m away Laiyingen group Zhemao villager of the “city moat”. A few pottery shards have been from the ancient city committee Zhefang, north discovered in the survey site with an undistinguished northwest of latitude24°14' 13.7", east dynasty. According to the villagers, “Laiyinggen” refers to K84+ longitude 98°11'56.4", “a small city to produce silver handicrafts”. (200-600) elevation of 863 m and an area of 15,000 square meters. Hula Guangyun Located in Hula villager With a total area of 12,000 square meters, the city is 800 m away Hangu ancient group Hula villager surrounded by three discontinuous city moat, that is, from the city committee Zhefang, north Guangga, Guangyunhan (a gold city), northwest of latitude 24°11'39.4", east Guangnanling(artificial channel). The villagers have K94+ longitude 98°11' 43.6", planted rubber and sugar cane here. Many bricks, tiles, (200-500) and elevation of 889 m. ceramic pipes and other building components have been discovered, which have been judged primarily to be the heritage of Ming and Qing dynasty. Yingpan ancient Located in Yingpan With an area of about 40,000 square meters, the city has 200 m away city villager group Xinming a basic complete “city ditch” with the similar size to from the villager committee Jiedonglv. None remains have been discovered on the northwest of

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Name Location Overview Relationship Zhefang, north latitude site. K96+100 24°09' 11.4", east longitude 98°07' 55.5", and elevation of 862 m. Jiedonglv Located in Jiedonglv With an area of 30,000 square meters, the ancient city, K134+ ancient city village Xunmao, (palace) Jiedonglv, means the mountain city by lake in Dai (000-500 ), north latitude 24°00'01. 1", language. According to record in History of Mengguo highway east longitude 097°48' Zhanbi, the Guohun in Mengmao claimed the title in across the city 51.8", and elevation of 812 Baoying year (762 AD) and the artisans, army and m. common people were sent to build the palace in Denghe (Denghuang) which was a village name near Jiedong. There are relic of stone foot in “palace”, a nearly complete “city moat” and the oldest king banyan at the south. Some ceramic chips have been discovered to be a white marble Buddha and White marble bracelet in Tang and Song Dynasties. Mangyue Located in Mangyue The city is made up of mountain platforms composed of 5 100 m away ancient city village, Jiexiang, north “city ditches”, namely, Leiyun Men, Leiyun Huang, Leijiang from the latitude23°57' 20.8", east Xiang, Leihe Chang, Leigu Han. The area is 30,000 northwest of longitude 97°45’ 12.3" and square meters. A large number of sand potteries, a pottery K142+ elevation of 797m. spinning wheel, a remain for stone rust in the age of new (200-800) stone, and ceramic tile fragments in Yuan and Ming Dynasties have been discovered in exploration. No significant culture was found.

Noungdao Located in the hill beside The city is an area of 1 square kilometers. There are "city K155+700～ Leiyun ancient Leiyun village Longdao. ditches" around it, with an average depth of 7 m, the K156+600 city upper width of 10 m, the lower width of 4 m and the base width of 2-2.5 m. According to Dai language, this city is the capital of Mengguo Zhanbi kingdom, also called the royal city of Zhaowuding. Fragments of clay, ceramic cigarette holders, bracelets have been discovered in 1990. Longling Located in Cunjiadi The ancient grave group was discovered in 1975. With a K13+(100-200), Shilancao Shilancao villager group small exploration, two complete blue and white porcelain Longling Cunjiadi ancient Xiaping villager committee bowls in Ming have been discovered. The area of it is overpass. grave group Yunshan community about 400 square meters with the scattered distribution. It Longshan, north latitude has been judged primarily the cremation graves in Ming 24°35’ 45.9", east Dynasty. longitude 98°40' 36.1", and elevation of 1525 m. Luxi Gongxia Located in Gongxia A large number of green, gray, white enamel canopic jars K82+300， HaiYuanla villager group Hulong and bowls have been found at the depth of 1-2m and highway ancient grave villager committee some heads with script in the graves. Blue and white across the group Zhefang, north latitude porcelain bowls and a complete yellow glaze clay pot and city. 24°14' 34.3", east lots of pottery shards have been found during exploration. longitude 98°13' 11.3" and It can be judged primarily in Yuan and Ming Dynasties. elevation of 789 m. Source: Chongqing Communication Design and Research Institute. 2009. EIA for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project. Kunming.

200. A cultural resources survey was conducted for all project sites, led by local archeological institutes in consultation with local cultural property management authorities and the general public. Three cultural relic sites – Gongxia Haizhao Hemang Ancient City (5,000 square meters), Jiedonglv Ancient City (30,000 square meters) and Longling Shilancao Cunjiadi ancient Tombs Group Area (4,000 square meters) were identified. These areas have not been designated as any level protection categories. These areas are agricultural lands or forest land.

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V. ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS

A. With- and Without-Project Alternatives

201. China planned to complete the National Highway Network System (NHTS) connecting all provincial capitals, linking major cities and important counties. NHTS will have about 85,000 km highway network that includes seven radial lines from Beijing, nine north to south (N-S) lines and 18 east to west (E-W) lines. The project road is part of the No.12 East to West line, which starts at Hangzhou in the east, through Yellow Mountain, Jingdezhen, Jiujiang, Xianning, Yueyang, Changde, Jishou, Zunyi, Bijie, Liupanshui, Qujing, Kunming, Chuxiong, Dali, and ending at Ruili in the west, where Ruili international trade port is located.

202. There are rich resources in western Yunnan area. However, due to the poor transportation conditions, resources development is undeveloped. The project expressway road will connect the Provincial capital, Kunming with Ruili, the National Economic Port to South Asian countries which serving for western Yunnan. For the future development of the project area, the existing road network is insufficient. The project expressway is key component of the western Yunnan's future road network plan to meet the traffic demand associated with the area development.

203. Minority Development. Yunnan province is an ethnic minority area and western Yunnan has higher percentage minority population among the province. There are more than 30 ethnic minority groups in Dehong prefecture. Of which, Dai, Jingpo, De’ang, Lisu and A’chang are the major and native five groups. The project area has a population of 822,500 of which 276,300 are minority people. For a long time, due to limited access to other regions, the economic development is slow. For the poverty reduction in the project area's ethnic minorities, infrastructure construction to provide sound economic development base is important. The project expressway is inevitable to achieve the overall development for the minorities in the project area and Yunnan.

B. Regional Corridor Reasonability Analysis

204. When NHTS was planned, regional economic and social development as well as financial and technical aspects was considered, while site specific impacts were not examined in details at the macro-scale analysis. These were studied in the project feasibility study. The alignment will connect the key control points of Longling County, Manshi City and Ruili City. For entire section, it was set by considering landform and geological conditions, flexible layout, developed regional road network, convenience for the people, scaled township layout, near future economic development, and potentials for long term economic development. In the mountainous area, it was planned by considering distance in the ragged terrain, effective use of land, impacts on farming. The alignment was adjusted to meet the Ruili city master plan at the section of the north of Ruili urban area. The road along the corridor will serve for access to Baoshan, Luxi, Yingjiang and Kunming, connection of the provincial roads S232, S233 and S321.

205. In summary, the alignment will improve access from the project area to the PRC's economic center. It is for the future regional highway network, and will bring benefits to the region, alleviate poverty, and improve socio-economic development. These developments are consistent with the Ministry of Transportation’s policies and long-term plan.

64 C. Alternative Transport Modes

206. Water transport is not a viable option, as no watercourse runs from east to west in this area. The railway in the area is planned; it would mainly provide only mass transport between the big cities. Transporting goods to townships or villages—or improving the availability of essential services to poor areas—requires the development of road systems, including expressways and local road network. The project expressway, with local road development, will spur economic development and poverty reduction in the project area.

D. Alternative Alignment for Sections

207. Various alternative alignments were examined in prefeasibility study. Intensive field surveys and a detailed analysis compared alignments based on (i) protection of the Tongbiguan Nature Reserve and Ruilijiang-Dayingjiang National Level Scenic Sport, (ii) minimized need for resettlement, (iii) conservation of productive agricultural lands, (iv) minimized environmental damage, (v) technical feasibility, (vi) geological risks, and (vii) construction costs.

208. Shuangpoyakou Section. Alternative was studied for K16+900-K32+300. The alternative alignment of Shuangpoyakou Section starts from K16+900, going downwards along the Shuangpoyakou tunnel, passing through Sanguantang at K20+200, crossing Bazhuhe, and Ganlanpo at K33+500, Mangshi River at K35+600, and connecting the recommended alignment at K38+000, with the total length for 21.1 km (Figure 10). Environmental comparison was conducted as detailed in Table 42.

Proposed Dali-Ruili Railway Mukang No.1 Tunnel Mukang No.2 Tunnel Mukang No.3 Tunnel

K20 K30 Yiqiutian Tunnel

Longling Shuangpoyakou Tunnel Alternative B Longling Interchange Alternative A Source: Feasibility Study Report.

Figure 10: Alignment Map of Shuangpoyakou Section

65 Table 42: Alternative Alignments at Shuangpoyakou Section Item Alternative A Alternative B Comparison Engineering Earth work (1000 m3) 1576 1986 A better Soft embankment (km) 0.3 0.4 Slop protection (1000 m2) 80.4 100.1 Retaining wall (100 m2) 337 426 Cost (million CNY) 501.7 552.2 Social Env. Building Removed (m2) 600 1200 A better Power line removed (m) 320 380 A better Communication line removal (m) 450 560 A better Township Plan No interference No interference Fair Engineering Condition Easy access Difficult to assess A better Geological Condition Good Poor A better Interference of Infra Structure No railway and NH320 Crossing Darui railway A better crossing twice, and NH320 once Ecology Total land taken (km2) 52.87 68.40 A better Land taken Arable land taken 9.16 12.74 A better (km2) Paddy 3.02 5.48 Total forest land taken (km2) 42.03 54.11 A better Semi-wet ever green broad 2.63 24.53 leave forest Monsoon forest 11.91 1.43 Deciduous broad leave forest 5.85 0.39 Warm Coniferous Forest 10.77 22.71 Tropical Rain Forest / 0.24 Shrub 9.39 4.81 Rare Tree 1.48 Waste to spoil Little Much A better Noise and Sensitive Point 1 place 5 places A better Air Water Water System along the Road No river crossing Crossing Yuemang A better River 5 times Comparison Result Recommended Source: Feasibility Study Report.

209. Santaishan Section. Alternative alignment was studied for K57+600-K66+500. The alternative alignment starts from K57+500, passing through the south of No. 2 Padi farm team, and No. 1 Santaishan tunnel at K59+450-K59+970 for 520 m, then No. 2 Santaishan tunnel from K60+030 to K62+380 with total length of 2,350 m, via Pengguoaodong K63+200, at the terminal K66+521.728-K66+500 of the recommended one. The total length is 9.02 km. (Figure 11) Environmental comparison was conducted as detailed in Table 43.

66 K60

Proposed Dali-Ruili Railway

Santaishan Tunnel

K60+000-K62+450 Alternative B Alternative A Source: Feasibility Study Report.

Figure 11: Alternative Alignment of Santaishan Section

Table 43: Alternative Alignments of Santaishan Section Item Alternative A Alternative B Comparison Engineering Earth work (1000 m3) 706 803 A better Soft embankment (km) 0.4 0.4 Slop protection (1000 m2) 57 56 Retaining wall (100 m2) 294 498 Cost (million CNY) 505.9 511.6 Social Env. Building Removed (m2) / 400 A better Power line removed (m) 250 500 A better Communication line removal (m) 200 500 A better Mineral resource No impact Affect Santaishan Nickel Mine Township Plan No interference No interference Fair Engineering Condition Easy access Difficult to assess A better Geological Condition Good Poor A better Interference of Infra Structure No railway and NH320 Crossing Darui railway A better crossing twice, and NH320 once Ecology Total land taken 19.54 37.73 A better Land taken Arable land taken 2.13 2.89 A better (km2) Prime land 1.75 2.37 Total forest land taken 17.10 28.83 A better Semi-wet ever green broad 1.15 3.21 leave forest Monsoon forest 9.01 15.29 Deciduous broad leave forest 3.61 2.37 Warm Coniferous Forest 0.87 3.48 Tropical Rain Forest / / Shrub 1.77 2.94 Rare Tree 0.69 1.54 Waste to spoil Less More A better Noise and Sensitive Point No 2 places A better Air Water Water System along the Road Cross Nabang river Cross Nabang river Same Comparison Result Recommended Source: Feasibility Study Report.

210. Tongbiguan Nature Reservoir Section - Huyongshan Sub-Area Located at North of Mangshi City. Two alternatives were studied near the Huyongshan Sub-area from K99+000 to K118+000.

67 211. The alternative A starts from Nanzha at K99+000, then crossing national highway G320, following with a 3,130m long tunnel from K103+650 to K108+820, then going downward and passing through northern side of Fapo Reservoir and connecting with the Wanding interchange at K112+200, passing through southern side of No.1 farm at K114+200, then the Ruilijiang Bridge at K115+750 and passing through southern side of Mangli at K118+000. The total length of this section is 19.0 km.

212. Alternative B alignment starts at K99+000, crosses national highway G320 at K99+800, crosses Longjiang River by bridge at K101+120 to the north side of the Longjiang River, the alignment travels along the northern side of the Longjiang River, passes Sugar Factory of Mangban at K102+300, southern side Huhuan at K103+800, Zhaduo bridge at K111+200, western side of Mengga at K116+800, south of Mangling at K118+000. The total length of the section is 19.0 km.

213. Alternative C alignment starts at K99+000, and will be set at south side of the Longjiang River, a 470m tunnel at K100+630 to K101+100, crosses Huihuan at K105+800, then a tunnel at K109+340-K112+200 to connect Wangding Port, passes through Wanding Farm at K113+000, Wanding interchange at K114+500 to connect Wanding and old G320, passes through north part of Nongpian at K115+500, cross Ruilijiang River by bridge at K116+250, then passes through Mengga at K117+100 and connect to the proposed alignment at K118+000. The total length of this section is 19.60 m.

Source: Feasibility Study Report.

Figure 12: Alignment of Tongbiguan Nature Reserve- Huyongshan Sub-Area Section and Ruilijiang-Dayingjiang National Scenic Spot Area

68 214. Environmental comparison was conducted as detailed in Table 44.

Table 44: Alternatives Comparison of the Tongbiguan Natural Reserve – Huyongshan Sub-Area and Ruilijiang-Dayingjiang National Scenic Spot Area Item Alternative A Alternative B Alternative C Comparison Engineering Earth work (1000 m3) 2084 2766 2496 A better and social House removal m2 1200 1900 2800 A better Environment Power line removal m 900 300 750 B better Communication line 800 250 950 B better removal m Cost (million CNY) 743 512 102 B better Building Removal (m2) 1,200 1,900 2,800 A better Interchange relation Close to, good Far from Close to A and C better with Wangding Town for economic development Wanding Township No impact No impact No impact Fair Development Plan Local Government Agree —— Against A better Opinion Engineering Condition Good Good Poor A and B better Geological Condition Good Good Poor A and B better Infra Structure Little impact on Much impact Little impact on A and C better Interference Dali-Ruili railway on NH320. Dali-Ruili railway under plan. under plan. Eco-environ Total land taken 59.86 75.62 60.87 A better ment Arable land taken 11.03 12.08 17.46 A better Land taken Prime farm land 9.04 9.91 14.32 (km2) Forest land taken 24.65 25.82 38.42 A better Deciduous broad leave 0.02 / 0.48 forest Warm coniferous forest 0.42 / 1.44 Tropical rain forest / 13.97 1.86 Monsoon forest 1.83 4.11 / Seasonal rain forest 12.08 4.25 24.84 Shrub 2.74 0.92 0.86 Rare tree shrub 7.56 2.57 8.94 Plants protected at Toon tree Toon, cibotium Toon (national A better areas assessed (national class II) barometz class II), winter (national class cherry blossom II), (provincial II), devil lancang pepper(rare plant), buckeye cibotium barometz (provincial III) (national class II) Solid waste (1000 m3) 48.80 51.30 49.60 Ruilijiang-Da Total length (km) 16.50 18.20 16.30 yingjiang Length within in grade / 2.30km inside / A and C better National 1 protection area with significant Scenic Spot impact and break PRC law Length within grade 2 10.20km 11.00km 10.90km Fair protection area Impact on scenic spot It is far from It is along It passes Huihuan A better scenic spots, out Ruilijiang river, bamboo sea, with the sight from with notable notable negative the road, without negative impact impact on it. negative impact on the on Wanding Ruilijiang scenic spot scenic spot Tongbiguan Impact on the NR Similar Similar Similar Similar NR Noise/air Sensitive point 2 places 5 places 4 places A better

69 Item Alternative A Alternative B Alternative C Comparison Water Water system along the passes Fapo Crosses once Along Ruilijiang, C better road reservoir Ruilijiang river catchment area river Comparison result Recommended Source: Feasibility Study Report.

215. The FS alignment starts at K99+500 (Gazhong) and set 3,250 m tunnel at K103+650-K108+820 and end at K110+600 with total length 11.10 km. Section of K103+000-K112+000 and K115-K116+200 are within the class II protected area of Ruilijiang-Dayingjiang National Scenic Spot.

216. Taking ADB’s advice, to reduce impact on Ruilijiang River that is at northern side of the alignment, another alternative alignment for this section was studied. It is further away from the Ruilijiang River and has a longer tunnel instead of embankment within the nature reserve, thus reducing the adverse impact on the Ruilijiang River, and protecting the ecological environment of this area and water quality of Ruilijiang River.

217. This alternative alignment starts at K99+500 (Gazhong) and set 4,500 m tunnel from K100+100 then pass through the southern part of Luanguangbie Mountain and ends at K110+040 with a total length of 10.54 km. However the new alignment conflicts with Hongshuihe drinking water reservoir at K104+500-K105+000, drinking water intakes at K104+000 and K105+400. Moreover, it passes through Wanding National Forest Park at K108+000-K108+800 and the quarry site of newly built Qiaorui Cement Plant at K103-K103+900, therefore the original alignment that close to the Ruilijiang River was selected. The alignment map is shown in Figure 13.

Source: Feasibility Study Report.

Figure 13: Alignment Map of Wanding Forest Park Section

Table 45: Alternative Comparison of Wanding Forest Park FS alignment Item Alternative A Alternative B Comparison Engineering Total length (km) 11.10 10.82 A better due Minimum curve radius (m) 700 600 to less cut Max. slope gradient 4% 4% fill and waste Total cut (million m3) 1.22 2.01 to disposal Total fill (million m3) 0.12 0.21 Waste to disposal (1,000 m3) 32.6 42.3 Cost (million CNY) 793.86 732.97 B better

70 FS alignment Item Alternative A Alternative B Comparison Social Env. Building Removed (m2) / 400 A better Access road Existing road G320 Newly build A better Urban development plan Consistence Conflict with the quarry A better area of Qiaorui cement plant and inconsistence with Wanding Economic Development Plan Local government opinion Support Against A better Ecology Total land taken (ha) 40.98 26.48 B better Land taken Arable land taken (ha) 4.28 3.66 B better (km2) Prime land (ha) 1.04 2.22 A better Total forest land taken (ha) 24.65 13.26 B better Broad leave forest 0.02 0.03 Monsoon forest 1.83 1.52 Season rain forest 12.08 5.77 Warm Coniferous Forest 0.42 0.45 Valuable tree type - Teak tree Shrub 2.74 1.45 Protected Tree 6 toon trees 8 toon trees Impact on NR Protective objectives Similar Similar Similar Tongbiguan NR Ruilijiang-Da Length with in the Scenic Sport K103+000-K110+600, K107+277-K110+316 B better yingjiang (km) 7.60km 3.04km Scenic Spot Wanding Length within the Forest Park Not within K107+500-K108+800, A better National 1.3 km Forest Park Noise and Sensitive Point No 1 place at Mangling A better Air Water Water System along the Road No drinking water Pass through A better source Hongshihe reservoir which is the drinking water source of Wangding and 4 drinking water intakes of Mangling, Bangbang, Nongnong and Huilong villages Comparison Result Recommended Source: Feasibility Study Report.

218. Ruili Section Comparison. Two alternatives were studied at the section of Ruili to Nongdao. The alternative A is proposed along the bottom of the mountain while alternative A will be mainly along the existing class II road at the plain area (Figure 14). Environmental comparison was conducted as detailed in Table 46.

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Alternative B

Nongdao Ruili Alternative A

Source: Feasibility Study Report.

Figure 14: Alternative Alignments of Ruili Section

Table 46: Alternative Comparison of Ruili Section Item Alternative A Alternative B Comparison Social Building Removed 600 m2 1200 m2 A better Environment Ruili City development Consistent Conflict A better plan Local governments’ Agree Against A better opinion Engineering condition Good Poor A better Road safety Small risk Bigger risk A better Infra structure No confliction with the Conflict with Dali-Ruili railway A better interference Dali-Ruili railway Eco-environ Total land taken (km2) 90.33 90.93 Same ment farm land taken (km2) 13.62 57.91 A better Prime farm land 10.90 46.33 Forest land taken (km2) 64.62 12.99 B better Monsoon forest 25.38 1.80 Seasonal rain forest 10.90 / Warm coniferous forest 6.45 3.50 Man-made forest 0.47 0.53 Shrub 21.42 7.16 Waste to disposal Less more A better Noise and Sensitive point 8 places 13 places A better air Water Water system along the Cross several times Cross several times the A better road the seasonal river. seasonal river, and Ruilijiang at K131+800-K132+200 Comparison result Recommended Source: Feasibility Study Report.

219. From engineering point of view, alternative A has advantages of less bridge, less engineering work and less cost but disadvantage of more houses removing, the FS recommended alternative A. From environment protection point of view, although alternative A has disadvantage of more forest land taken, the alternative A is recommended due to its advantage of less farm land occupied which is more precious for the project mountain area due to lack of farmland comparing with forest land in the subtropical area. Moreover, the local government support alternative A due to less prime farmland taken, much safer, less infrastructure disturbance and less waste generation. After comprehensive comparison, alternative A is recommended.

72 VI. ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS AND MITIGATION

220. As all transportation projects, the project expressway will have the potential to cause direct, indirect, or cumulative impacts to the social and natural environments. It is anticipated to have beneficial impacts related to increased mobility and promote economic development in impoverished regions of southwestern China. Manageable adverse impacts are primarily related to (i) crossing sensitive sites such as nature reserves, areas of cultural value, and scenic areas; (ii) community impacts such as resettlement and community severance; (iii) induced and scenic impacts; and (iv) impacts during construction and operation.

221. The project highway has implemented a three-fold approach to minimize environmental and social impacts:

(i) Avoidance. Comprehensive alternative analysis has been conducted by the EIA team and the design institute to minimize potential adverse environmental and social impact.

(ii) Sound Engineering. The project has been designed with state-of-the-art engineering. Tunnel-bridge-tunnel schemes will avoid most sensitive issues. 40.91% of the alignment comprises tunnels and bridges. This will avoid most impacts at grade, that otherwise would have resulted without this extensive use of tunnels and bridges.

(iii) Comprehensive Mitigation Plans include entailed environmental design plans (green corridors and soil erosion control), environmental management plans, construction management, resettlement action plans to minimize unavoidable impacts from the project.

A. Impact Assessment on Key Environmental Sensitive Areas

222. There are more than 30 environmentally sensitive sites identified along the project corridor, including nature reserves, scenic spots, drinking water resources, cultural relics, and mineral resource, old and protected trees. The project alignment has been carefully selected to avoid most of them. Due to the distribution of major cities/towns and special natural conditions along the alignment, there remain 1 national level scenic area distributed in Ruili City and 3 cultural sensitive areas along the alignment that would be potentially impacted.

223. Table 47 describes the sensitive areas and their location relationships with the alignment. Site specific analysis has been conducted for each sensitive site. The construction arrangement is made to avoid any physical activities within the reserve boundary. Close consultations with relevant authorities have been conducted as per law requirement, and legal approvals have been granted by these authorities. All the analysis concludes that there is no significant adverse impact on the protected objectives of the Tongbiguan Nature Reserve, Ruilijiang-Dayingjiang National Scenic Area and Wanding Forest Park will be expected if mitigation measures in the EMP will be implemented such as: (i) rules for contractors; (ii) no disposal sites or new access roads inside sensitive areas; (iii) ecological monitoring (specifically requested by MEP); (iv) greening programs; (v) revising alignment to avoid old tree from cutting; (vi) relocating young protected trees to Botanic Garden; (vii) revising alignment to avoid passing through cultural relic sites or conduct scientific archeological excavation before construction.

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Table 47: Sensitive Areas in Project Corridor Name of Location Relation with the Sensitive Areas Area/No Main Protection Object and Features Road Alignment Tongbiguan 50,074.5 The main protected objects are (i) tropical The section of K110-K125 is Nature Reserve hectares (ha) rain forest ecosystem especially the close to but not passes through (provincial level, protected trees such as Shorea assamica the NR. The alignment at nearest Ruili City) and Dipterocarpus turbinatus; section (K120) is about 2 (ii) biodiversity of the south edge area of kilometers (km) away from the the Gaoligong Mountain, especially the NR separated with mountain. rare and protected plants such as Calycopteris floribunda, Patycerium wallichii, Di ploknema yunnanensis D.T.Doa et Z.H.Yang et Q.T.Chang; and wild animals such as white browed gibbon, wild ox, and malabar pied hornbill; (iii) At south slope of the Gaoligong Mountain, from elevation of 3404.6 meters (m) to 210 m, vertically distributed integral temperate and tropical plant species; (iv) ecological security of upstream of Ayeyarwady River. Ruilijiang-Dayingji 672.31 square Featured with subtropical natural forests, K103+000-K112+000 and ang Scenic Area kilo- natural villages, minority culture and K115-K116+200 will pass through (national level, meters (km2) character, river and waterfall, remote by 61.67% of tunnel and bridges Ruili City) mountains. and 38.33% by embankment. Fapo Reservoir 1.025 km2 Currently for drinking and irrigation The alignment does not pass (Ruili Ctiy) through any protected area; K108+720-K109+340 pass through the catchment area by embankment and K109+340-K109+720 via bridge. Note: The IA has agreed to consult with the Fapo villagers on improve their existing water piping system or dig well for them. Old trees 3 110-150 years old ficus altissima tree, K46+750, K88+050, K139+720 10-18 m away from the center of the FS will pass through the old trees. alignment The design institute has agreed to revise the alignment of these sections in the design stage to avoid tree cutting. Protected trees 19 12 Toona ciliate (national class II), 3 No feasible alternative alignment (Ruili City) Carallia garciniaefolia and 4 Aesculus can avoid these trees at the lantsangensis (provincial level) sections of K57+850, K57+900, K79+000, K29+000 and K65+300. These trees will be relocated to Mengxiu Rare Plant Protection Botanic Garden of Ruili City. Gongxia Haizhao 12,000 Ming Dynasty Ancient city of De’ang Hulong village, Hemang Ancient square meters minority, currently man-made forest such K81+950-K82+100 pass through. City (not under (m2) as bamboo and coffee tree Key mitigation measures include: any level of further seek the possibility of protection level, realignment in the design stage; Gongxia village, consultation with and formal Luxi City ) approval from the management authority; another round of detailed site investigation and excavation by competent institute

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Name of Location Relation with the Sensitive Areas Area/No Main Protection Object and Features Road Alignment prior to construction as per requirement of China Cultural Property Law; no temporary facilities as borrow pits and spoil sites, construction camps and access roads allowed in the protection area during the construction; good construction management; no strong vibration machine operation in this area; chance-find procedures in EMP; cultural property protection education to workers. Jiedonglv Ancient 30,000 m2 Tang/Song Dynasty Ancient city of De’ang K134+ (000-500) will pass City (not under minority, currently man-made forest through, Mitigation measures: any level of same as above. protection, Jiedonglv village, Ruili City) Longling 400 m2 Ming dynasty tomb scattered in the area K13+100-K13+200 the Shilancao where currently is agricultural land interchange area will pass Cunjiadi ancient through; grave group (not Mitigation measures: same as under protection, above Shilancao village, Longling County) Source: Chongqing Communication Design and Research Institute. 2009. EIA for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project. Kunming.

224. All crossings were consulted and agreed with management authorities. For instance, expert panels organized by Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development reviewed impacts on the Ruilijiang-Dayingjiang Scenic Area in February 2009; Yunnan Forest Department reviewed and confirmed that the alignment will not pass through the Tongbiguan Nature Reserve. There is no quarry, disposal site, and temporary facilities such as construction camp within the boundary of the sensitive areas. Fragmentation of habitats is unlikely to happen. Hence, main potential impacts are associated with tunnel construction and operation, including: disturbance and damage to fauna, flora, landscape caused by construction and operation of the expressway, risk of underground and surface water leakage caused by tunnel excavation and operation, aesthetics/landscape impact. Additional mitigation measures have been proposed, such as:

(i) Proper disposal of spoil materials and timely restoration of and reclamation of disposal sites and access roads;

(ii) Special sewage treatment facilities for wastewater from tunnel construction to prevent water pollution in the area;

(iii) Special environmental monitoring (ecological monitoring and water environment monitoring) during construction and operational periods;

(iv) Limitation of construction activity boundaries and noises;

(v) Environmental and wildlife protection education for workers;

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(vi) Landscape and greening design for tunnel portal areas;

(vii) Proper sealing and/or lining technique for tunnel exit portal construction to prevent water leakage.

225. These measures have been incorporated into EMP and design documents and will be strictly followed during construction to ensure impacts to fauna, flora, and landscape can be avoided or minimized to the most extent. The scenic spots of the Ruilijiang-Dayingjiang Scenic Area are all distributed in the northern part; the construction of expressway will not have visual impact on the scenic area or scenic spots.

a) Tongbiguan Nature Reserve

(1) Brief Introduction of the Nature Reserve

226. The section K110-K125 of the road alignment will parallel to the southern boundary of the Tongbiguan Nature Reserve. The nearest place (K120) is 2 km away from the Nature Reserve separated by mountain as in Figure 15.

Source: Mangshi City. Dehong Prefecture Forest Bureau. 2010. Tongbiguan Nature Reserve Master Plan. Mangshi City.

Figure 15: Tongbiguan Provincial Nature Reserve

227. Location. The Tongbiguan Provincial Nature Reserve is located at southwestern Yunnan, at latitude 23°54′ - 25°20′, and longitude 97°31′ - 98°05′. Mountain area takes 95% of the total area. Northern part of the NR is high with elevation more than 2,000 m and lower in southern part with an average elevation of 800-1,000 m. The highest elevation of Daxue mountain is 3,408 m and 3,323 m of Daniang mountain, and the lowest elevation is 210 m at Jieyanghe River near Nabang township.

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228. Zoning. The area of Tongbiguan Nature Reserve is 50,074.5 ha. It consists of three major separated sub-areas named as Ruili sub-area with an area of 11,517 ha, Longchuan sub-area with an area of 7,009 ha and Yingjiang sub-area with an area of 31,548 ha. The three sub-areas were further divided to 9 small areas. The project alignment is parallel to the boundary of Ruili sub-area with 3 small areas named as Huyongshan, Ruili Botanic Garden and Nongdao. These small areas are connected by bio-corridors. Each small area has been demarcated to core zone, buffer zone and experimental zone.

229. Function and Protection Objective. The major protection objectives include:

(i) Tropical rain forest ecosystem especially the protected trees such as Shorea assamica and Dipterocarpus turbinatus;

(ii) Biodiversity of the south edge area of Gaoligong Mountain, especially the rare and protected plants such as Calycopteris floribunda, Patycerium wallichii, Di ploknema yunnanensis D.T.Doa et Z.H.Yang et Q.T.Chang; and wild animals such as white browed gibbon, wild ox, and malabar pied hornbill;

(iii) At south slope of the Gaoligong Mountain, from elevation of 3404.6 m to 210 m, vertically distributed integral temperate and tropical plant species that to be protected;

(iv) Ecological security of upstream of Ayeyarwady River.

(2) Impact on the Nature Reserve

230. The expressway is designed along the existing Class II national highway G320. It will divert traffic from the existing NH320 from which much easily get into the nature reserve, thus reducing the adverse impacts as well.

231. Monsoon Rain Forest. The project alignment is 2 km away from the nature reserve and thus will not affect the monsoon rain forest within the nature reserve. The land taken of the K110-K125 is mainly dry farm land. The monsoon forest within assessment area at the section of K117-K125 is secondary forest. Due to long period of human activities and disturbance, the biodiversity and protection value has been greatly reduced comparing with the original monsoon forest. There are still many similar monsoon rain forests out of the ROW but within the same valley, so the impact from construction of the road on the monsoon rain forest is limited.

232. Key Protective Wild Plants. The project has no direct adverse impact on the protected wild plants of the Tongbiguan Nature Reserve due to the alignment and the nature reserve is separated by mountain. At the assessment area near K120+800, there is one toon tree under national Class II protection. These trees are located within the assessment area but 90 m away from center of the ROW, thus the impact can be mitigated through proper construction management.

233. Endemic Plants. Within the assessment area of section K110-K125, no local endemic plant is found. There are Yunnan endemic species and China endemic species are found in the assessment area. During construction, a few of them might be affected thus reduce the total amount. These China and Yunnan endemic species distributed widely in the Tongbiguan Nature

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Reserve and other places of Yunnan Province as well as other province of China. Therefore, for such widely distributed species, reduce small amount of these plants within 8 km narrow liner area will only cause very limit impacts.

234. Wild Animals. The alignment at K110-K125 is designed along existing G320. It will pass through dry farmland area and secondary forest area at bottom the mountain that close to the farm land. No protected wild animals and breeding place is found in the assessment area due to human activities such as farming, thus the construction of the road will not affect the reproduction of protected animals. In case there were animals active in the area, the negative impacts are mainly from the construction noise and illegal hunting. In most of the case, animals will escape during construction and come back later. This negative issue is limited with time.

235. In the assessment area, protected birds include kite, ridgwayi and kestrel. Kites and ridgwayis have strong flying capability with wide territory. Construction of the road has little impact on them. However, kestrels usually inhibit sparse forest, cultivated land or shrub, construction of the road will have certain negative impacts. There are many similar habitat area and kestrels can easily move to other cultivated land area or shrub thus the impact is not significant.

236. Water Environment. The alignment is close to the Ruilijiang River, the construction of the road at this section might cause erosion and pollution of the river, therefore, strict implementation of comprehensive mitigation measures is important to avoid or minimize impacts to the Ruilijiang River, fauna, flora and landscape.

(3) Government Approval

237. Consultation with the Nature Reserve management authorities has been conducted, and Yunnan Forest Bureau reviewed and confirmed that the alignment will not pass through the Tongbiguan Nature Reserve and agreed with the project alignment.

(4) Ruilijiang River Crossing

238. The section K115+500-K116+000 is 500 m Ruilijiang Bridge crossing Ruilijiang River. The bridge has been designed as one span bridge and no pier in the river. At the two sides of the river, one side is a recreation area and another side is agriculture land (currently sugar cane field), thus the bridge construction will not affect the water system. Moreover, the coffer dam has been designed to protect the water from polluting during construction as in Figure 16.

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Ruilijiang River Normal Water Flow Width

Abutment Excavation Cofferdam

Bridge Center Line

Source: Yunnan Communications Design Institute.

Figure 16: Ruijiang River Bridge Abutments

b) Ruilijiang-Dayingjiang National Level Scenic Area

(1) Brief Introduction

239. Location. The Dayingjiang-Ruilijiang National Level Scenic Area is located at Dehong Prefecture including counties/cities of Luxi, Ruili, Lianghe, Yingjiang and Longchuan with longitude 97°31′-98°43′ and latitude 34°50′-25°20′, in the west of Yunnan Province and Gaoligong Mountain.

240. This area was approved by the state council in 1994 as the national level scenic area, with rich and rare sightseeing resources, including the beauty of Ruilijiang-Dayingjiang, splendid valleys, falls, charming Kaibangya Lake, hot spring resource, great ancient temples, pagodas and historic buildings, green ancient trees, unique local customs, various resources of animals and plants, relics and historic event memory areas, boundary trade with incentives, etc.

241. Zoning. Class I Protection Area is the core area of the scenic spot area to be protected for its complete natural system. The famous ancient trees and other objects are to be filed for protection with plates. No illegal hunting, tree cutting or stone mining there that destroy the natural environment. No untreated or substandard waste water discharge there. There

79 should be no irrelevant facility set up except necessary tourist sign boards, management and service facilities. The residential areas are controlled in the areas with original features, to become tourist villages. The area of Class I protection is for 247.98 km2.

242. Class II Protection Area is set outside Class I Protection Area. No tree cutting, stone mining, hunting, etc., to protect the complete environmental quality. The construction facilities there should not harm the scenery. The farming and animal herding are strictly limited there. The area there is 424.33 km2.

(2) Impact Analysis

243. One-Tree-Forest at Mangling. It is located at 11.3km east of Ruili City, beside National Road 320. At the spot, the big Ficus microcarpa grow to all directions, with aerial roots on the branches. And, the aerial roots become later branches to grow further, as a forest of a unique scene. The age of it is 200 years, with the crown height 36 m and 100 of aerial roots on branches touching the ground as a forest with thick branches, covering an area of 2,500 m2.

244. The ficus microcarpa is of a moraceae and evergreen tree, with height of 20-25 m and aerial roots. Its leaves are of leather nature in oval, egg or inverse egg form, with length of 4-10 centimeters and width of 2-4 centimeters. It grows along the roads and mountains, in Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Taiwan, southern Zhejiang, Yunnan, and Guizhou. The ficus microcarpa is a general name for the moraceae plants. There are 800 varieties in the world and out of the 100 varieties in China, 67 ones are in Yunnan and 44 ones are in Xishuangbanna. Many of them have buttressed root, flowers on old stems, flowers in air, and strangling. The scene is so grand, as a unique feature of tropical rain forests. Some of them are regarded as god (dragon) and Buddhist ones, as a unique local culture of ficus microcarpa. The aerial roots of them can suck water from the air. The roots in the earth enhance the functions absorbing water and inorganic salt. It reproduces with its seeds or branches. It has a powerful life for its developed “aerial roots” and “pillar roots” absorbing more nutrition.

245. The existent National Road is 5 m away from the roots of ficus microcarpa. The road has little impact on the tree so far. In the north of the national road, a big ficus microcarpa is only 1 m away from the national road. The tree is healthy. The proposed expressway alignment is 400 m from the trees, beyond nutrition absorbing range thus will have no impact on the ficus microcarpa.

246. Between the one-tree forest and the alignment, there is planted forest. The scenic spot is out of the sight from the road. Therefore, the road has no negative impact on the scenic spots.

247. Other Scenic Spots. Location relations of the road to be set up and various scenic spots are shown in Figure 17.

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Jiele Buddhist Pagoda

Mangyue New Stone Relics 700m

450m

The road is 450m away from the site of Mangyue The road is 700m away from Jiele neolith, with the Mangyue Village and the economic Buddhist pagoda, with the Jiele township forest between them. The site is out of the sight between them. The site is out of the sight from the road. The road has no negative impact on from the road. The road has no negative it at all. impact on it at all.

Site of Pinglucheng

Jiedonglv Ancient Ficus Microcarpa Group

840m 520m

Road is 520m from Jiedonglv ancient ficus Road is 840m away from the site of Pinglu microcarpa group, with the Jiedonglv township in Ancient city, with the site of Pinglu City between. The site is out of the sight from the road. between them. It is out of the sight from The road has no negative impact on it at all the road. The road has no negative impact on it at all. Source: Chongqing Communication Design and Research Institute. 2009. EIA for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project. Kunming.

Figure 17: Other Scenic Spots

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248. Integrality. The road section K103+000 - K112+000 crosses Wanding scenic spot area by a 2,540 meter bridge and a 3,130 meter tunnel. And, most of 3,330 meter earth work is planned along National Road 320. The section K106+000 - K112+000 pass the southern side of the area. For the road passes the area with mainly bridges and tunnels far from the scenic spots, it has no impact on the integrality of the scenic spot area.

249. The section K115+000 - K116+200 of the road crosses Ruilijiang River through one span bridge, with existing bridge of National Road 320 nearby, as well as Ruilijiang extra large bridge of Darui railway, for which, some the impact has been occurred there already. Thus the bridge construction only has small impact on the integrity of the Scenic Area.

250. Function. Ruilijiang-Dayingjiang National Scenic Spot Area is famous for its rivers, south Asia tropical scenery, tropical farming eco-environment, minority cultures of Dai, Jingpo, Achang, Lisu, Deang, local customs, border trade, tourism, etc. Its major functions include sightseeing, leisure holidays, scientific investigation, ecology, minority national customs, border, overseas tourism, etc. The road was designed with various considerations to avoid pass through/by major scenic spots. Therefore the project construction will not cause reduction of scenic resources or inconvenience for their protection.

251. Development. The road will shorten the travel distance to the Ruili, Wanding and any other scenic spot. The local traffic conditions will be significantly improved. These will attract more tourists to the scenic area and thus promote the development.

252. The revised alignment has avoided the Class I protection area where construction is prohibited by the Chinese regulation. For the class II protection scenic area, tunnel and bridges accounts for 61.67% of the total length. Along this section, there are five key spots located 450–840 m away from the alignment. And between the alignment and these spots, villages and man-planted forest exist. Therefore, the Project has no visual impact on these spots.

253. Sound implementation of mitigation plan, such as landscape design before construction, ‘no borrow pits, no spoil site, and no quarry within the area’, will ensure to minimize environmental impacts on the park.

(3) Government Approval

254. Consultation with the Scenic Area Authorities has been conducted, and approval was issued by Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (MHUD) for acceptance of the proposed alignment (MHUD No. 76 letter, 2009).

(4) Mitigation Measures

255. For the sections of K103+000-K105+500 and K115+500-K116+000 of the proposed alignment passing by Tongbiguan Nature Reserve and passing through the Ruilijiang-Dayingjiang National Level Scenic Area, unified mitigation measures are proposed and described in EMP.

256. Besides the common measures for protecting the environment on all of the road projects, special protection measures proposed following by considering the functions of the nature reserves and scenic areas, and the key principal is not harm these functions.

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257. During design stage, following mitigation measures will be implemented.

(i) Proper balance the cut and fill to reuse waste generation. No borrow pit, spoil site, quarry is allowed in the protection area. Borrow pit and spoil site will be selected beyond the sight from the scenic spots;

(ii) No service area or station should be set up within this section, including the auxiliary facility;

(iii) The road will be made in line with the landform, without any big digging or filling, reducing the harm on the natural scene and landform, coordinating roadbed, trench and landscape, for the complete scene along the road;

(iv) In landscape design, firstly, the local trees are planted. Secondly, the tree, shrub and grass will be coordinated per the actual local conditions. Last, it coordinates with the surroundings;

(v) Green roadside will be made to fit in the surrounding landscape and coordinating with the sensitive eco area;

(vi) During detail design, alignment will be designed away from Ruilijiang as possible;

(vii) Trees survey before construction will be conducted and the alignment design will avoid tree cutting as possible;

(viii) Retain wall will be designed to prevent waste from discharging to the river;

(ix) Waste from the tunnel will be stored at one place and protected by sandbag and greening.

258. During construction, following mitigation measures will be implemented.

(i) The construction management will be strengthened to protect the environment;

(ii) No borrow, spoil, quarry, work camp, asphalt mixing, and concrete mixing will be allowed within the protection area;

(iii) Trees will be protected where possible, trees out of the ROW is not allowed to be cut;

(iv) Avoid rainy season construction as possible to prevent waste to the Ruilijiang river;

(v) Drainage system will be constructed before the roadbed filling and cutting and the drainage system will be cleaned on time;

(vi) For the cutting area, intercepting ditch will be constructed before cutting and slope should be stabled;

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(vii) All of the construction waste will be collected and storage in the area with retain sandbag, no waste is allowed to storage in the river area;

(viii) The section K99+000–K112+000 use the forest land of the area. The surface earth should be kept for the use of the poor land with similar area of forest on it for compensation;

(ix) To avoid large scale blasting, mechanical or manual cutting where possible in the areas of experiment and Grade 2 protection area;

(x) Use the existent roads (National Road 320) as access road, without making new ones, in the areas of experiment and Grade 2 protection;

(xi) Tree cutting will be strictly controlled within ROW. Valuable trees within the ROW should be replanted;

(xii) The protection area will be guarded to avoid hunting in the area, with propaganda and in cooperation with relevant persons of the areas;

(xiii) The eco engineering design will be made along the road at the areas. The green fence corridor should be 12 m wide at least, for materials smooth flow and noise protection. The signs of noise prevention and honking forbidden will be made. The vehicles should not use glaring lights in night;

(xiv) The supervision will be made on the engineering by the authorities of Tongbiguan Natural Reserve and Ruilijiang-Dayingjiang Scenic Spot Area;

(xv) The abnormal geological circumstance in engineering stage of Mangsa tunnel section will be informed to the IA, investigation institute, and designer to solve the issue reasonably.

259. During operation, speed limit and “No Horn” sign will be erected to reduce the vehicle speed and traffic noise, prevent leakage of gasoline and freight. The regular maintenance will be enhanced in operation stage, to avoid harm on the environment. Long term dynamic monitor will be made on the natural protection and scenic spot areas.

c) Physical Cultural Resources

260. A cultural resources survey was conducted for all project sites, led by local archeological institutes, in combination with consultation with local cultural property management authorities and the general public. This survey was complemented by field surveys during EIA preparation. There are totally 11 cultural relics along the alignment and 3 of them are within the ROW. They are not listed as any level of Cultural Property Protection unit.

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Cuijiadi Ancient Tomb, K13+(100-200). Area: Nayuan Leiyun Ancient City, K40+800, at 100m 400m2, pass through north of the road.

Zhegao Leiyun Ancient City, K77+(200-400), at 50m Haizhaohemang Ancient City, K81+950-K82+100, southeast of the road. Area: 12,000m2 pass through; area: 5,000m2

Laiyingen Ancient City, K84+(200-600); 20m Yingpan Ancient City, K96+100, 200m northwest, northwest; area: 15,000m2 area: 40,000m2

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Jiedonglv Ancient City, K134+(000-500), pass Mangyue Ancient City, K142+(200-800), 100 m through, area: 30,000m2 northwest; area: 30,000 m2 Source: Yunnan Provincial Archaeological Research Institute. 2008. Archaeological Investigation and Survey Report. Kunming City. Figure 18: Physical Cultural Resources 261. Mitigation measures of these relics include:

(i) For the three sites through which proposed alignment will pass, realignment if possible; (ii) Conducting preservative excavation at the three relic sites if realignment is not possible. The excavation will be conducted and completed prior to the commencement of expressway construction by qualified cultural relic experts. During this process, all valuable archaeological and cultural articles from the sites will be uncovered, studies and kept by the provincial museum. The excavated sites will be photographed, measured, documented or modeled before handed over to contractors for expressway construction; (iii) Excavation areas suggested by the Yunnan Cultural Relic Research Institute include are: for Cunjiadi Ancient Tomb site, suggest excavate 400 m2; for Haizhaohemeng Ancient City, suggest excavate 5,000 m2, and for Jiedonglv Ancient City, suggest excavate 6,000 m2; (iv) During construction, quarry, borrow, spoil is not allowed near the following sites: a) Nayuan Leiyun Ancient City, b) Zhegao Leiyun Ancient City, c) Diesha Laiyingen Ancient City, d) Yingpan Ancient City, e) Mangyue Ancient City, f) Nongdao Leiyun Ancient City; (v) During construction, attention will be paid at the following places at where sparse cultural relics were found before, including a) Longling Malishupo, Tuguanzhai, Dongkan of Mangshi, Feihai, Mangnai, Nahuai, Zhegao, Yunmen, Mangbie, Hunong where might exist Ming Dynasty tombs of cremation; b) Zhangjinshan to Nantianmen, Santaishan, Heishanmen where might exist the relics of war; c) Dongkan of Mangshi might exist porcelain; d) Mangyue village where might exist Neolithic relics; e) Nongdao might exist relic of Leiyun Air Plan Factory; (vi) Contractors will be educated to strictly follow the procedures in case there is any chance find during construction. The procedure calls for immediate halt of construction activities and contact relevant authorities. Contractors may resume work at the site if so instructed by authorities and cultural relics specialists following their onsite investigation;

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d) Fapo Reservoir

262. Fapo Reservoir is a small reservoir with an area of only 1.025 km2, and the main source of the reservoir is rainfall. The reservoir is currently mainly used for irrigation and drinking water sources for 800 people of Fapo Village, and an alternate water source of Wanting Economic Developing Zone. There is no protection area has been assigned by the local government. The alignment is located at the northwest side of the reservoir with minimum distance of 200 m to the edge of the reservoir, and 450 m to the water intake. Approximately 1.0 km of the alignment is located in the catchment area and the elevation of the alignment is 70 m higher than the normal water level.

263. During construction period, the potential adverse impacts are from the construction waste and material storage. Since the areas between the expressway and the reservoir are existing NH320, man-planted forest and farmland that can prevent the construction waste from directly rolling into the reservoir. Moreover, the contractors will be required to clean the construction area after construction, thus the impact on the water quality during construction is very little.

264. During the operation period, the possible adverse impacts on the water body are the runoff and the leaking of dangerous materials when an accident occurred. Since this 1 km section has been designed mostly by one 440 meter bridge with span length of 30 m, and 2 culverts, the impacts on the catchment area are negligible.

265. Mitigation measures include enhanced anti-crash barriers, warning boards, water diverting system, sediment tanks, a 40 cubic meter emergency pool, and an accident management plan.

266. Moreover, the IA has consulted and signed agreement with the Fapo villagers on improves their existing water piping system for them as their drinking water source. In addition, the IA will build two wells for the villagers' drinking water.

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Piping Fapo village

Wells

Bridge Section Fapo reservoir

K110 K111 K112

Source: Feasibility Study Report.

Figure 19: Drinking Water Supply System for Fapo Reservoir

B. Soil Erosion

267. Soil erosion will occur during the construction phase when surface vegetation and soil are damaged. The primary area of potentially increased soil erosion includes deep cuts, high fills, earth borrow pits, spoil sites, temporary construction sites, treatment of special geological conditions and other areas where surface soil will be disturbed.

268. The project will require excavating 16.06 million cubic meter of earth from cut section, of which 1.95 million will be permanently spoiled at 13 designated spoil sites. The rest of the soil will be used for embankments, and an additional 4.12 million cubic meters soil will be needed from 12 designated borrow sites.

269. Land taken by the 12 borrow sites is 39.54 ha of which waste land area is 20.25 ha, accounting for 51.21%; forest land 12.00 ha, accounting for 30.25 ha. The site selection is reasonable because i) no borrow site is within legally protected areas; ii) the project area lacks of farmland; most of the waste land has already been cultivated; iii) compare with forest land, farmland is more precious in the project area due to the project is located in mountain and rainy area; iv) the forest taken by the borrow pits is secondary forest with lower green cover rate.

270. Land taken by the 13 spoil sites is 31.45 ha including 21.07 ha of waste land, accounting for 38.38%, 11.63 ha of economy forest, accounting for 36.98%. 6#, 7# and 12# spoil sites will take dry land of 1.55, 1.20 and 2.24 ha of which 6# and 7# spoil sites are for disposal of waste generated from construction of section K24+150-K28+950 and section of K29+950-K29+950. Onsite survey result shows that all of the valley area in this region has been cultivated with no waste land left. The selection of 6# and 7# spoil sites minimizes use of protected the farmland. Therefore, the sites selection is reasonable. 12# spoil site is for disposal waste from construction of Mansa Tunnel. To avoid impact on the Dayingjiang-Ruilijiang National

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Level Scenic Spot, 12# is selected at dry land area near K114+100. It is 7.5 km away from the portal. There is no waste land area can be used as spoil site in this area. Therefore, the site selection is reasonable.

271. The disposal sites are mainly planned in wasteland in valleys, and use of cultivated land was avoided as much as possible. The spoil disposal area is set as near as possible to the cut sections to minimize the adverse impacts on environment and surrounding residents. After construction, part of the permanent occupied area can be replanted to minimize soil erosion. Details can be seen in Table 47.

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Table 47: Environmental Rationality of Spoil Sites Impact on ecological Landform of the Disposal sensitive region General Occupation Area Relationship with Area and Residence Spots’ Impact on water and City/Town Evaluatio No. Station Location and Type Cultural Relic Sites Distribution Impact on visible sights body Planning n 1# K0+200 160 m 2.62 hm2, mainly No underground cultral waste channel, no out of visible sight of the no water body nearby No effect reasonab right wasteland and bush relic nearby population center 200 m highway le land。 round. 2# K6+350 60 m right 1.93 hm2, mainly No underground cultral Waste channel, no Within the sight of highwy, No water body No effect reasonab wasteland。 relic nearby population center 200 m lower than the highway, nearby le round. influence is samll. 3# K17+15 20 m left 1.15 hm2, mainly No underground cultral waste channel, no back of the slope on the No water body No effect reasonab 0 wasteland and bush relic nearby population center 200 m lefe side of the highway， nearby le round. land。 out of visible sight of the highway 4# k20+90 140 m left 1.38 hm2, mainly No underground cultral Waste channel, no out of visible sight of the No water body No effect reasonab 0 wasteland and bush relic nearby population center 200 m highway nearby le land。 round. 5# K21+95 70 m left 1.24 hm2, mainly No underground cultral Waste channel, highway Within the sight of No water body No effect reasonab 0 wasteland and bush relic nearby below, 70 m to the southeast highway, lower than the nearby le land。 distributed crumb tracks, no highway, influence is small. poplulation center. 6# K26+70 380 m left 1.80 hm2, mainly dry No underground cultral Gradual slope at the foot of out of visible sight of the Mangshi River 150 m No effect reasonab 0 land and wasteland。 relic nearby the slope, no population highway away from the le center 200 m around. southeast, protection should be enforced. 7# K29+00 120 m left 1.31 hm2, mainly dry No underground cultral Flat land at the foot of the Mukang No. 1 tunnel Mangshi River 150m No effect reasonab 0 land and wasteland。 relic nearby slope, no population center passes, outside the visible away from the east, le 200 m around. sight of the highway. protection should be enforced. 8# K31+30 110 m 2.26 hm2, mainly No underground cultral Waste land, no population out of visible sight of the No water body No effect reasonab 0 right wasteland. relic nearby center 200 m around. highway nearby le 9# K60+00 150 m 2.68 hm2, mainly No underground cultral Valleys, no population center Santai Mountain tunnel No water body No effect reasonab 0 right economical woodland relic nearby 200 m around. passes，out of visible sight nearby le and wasteland. of the highway。 2 10# K62+40 30 m right 3.30 hm ，mainly No underground cultral Waste land, no population out of visible sight of the No water body No effect reasonab 0 relic nearby center 200 m around. highway nearby le wasteland and bush land. 11# K98+30 20m right 3.96 hm2, mainly 2.1km away from the Waste chanel, gentle at the out of visible sight of the No water body No effect reasonab 0 economical Yingpan Historical City, bottom, no population center highway nearby le

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woodland。 no negative effects。 200 m around. 12# K114+2 300 m left 3.67 hm2, mainly dry No underground cultral waste chanel, gentle at the within the sight of highway, No water body Out of Ruilijang reasonab 00 land and woodland。 relic nearby bottom, no population center lower than the highway, nearby NR and le 200 m around. influence is small. Ruilijiang-Daying jiang National Scenic Area 13# K133+9 60 m right 4.15 hm2, mainly 10m away from waste channel, gentle at the within the sight of highway, No water body Within the Ruili reasonab 00 economical Jiddonglv Ancient City, bottom, no population center lower than the highway, nearby City Planning le woodland。 basically no influence 200 m around. influence is small. region, after the salvage digging un-programmed utilization type, need vegetation resuming measures Source: Yunnan Highway Design Institute. 2009. No. 12 East to West Expressway of NHTS Hongzhou to Ruili Expressway Longling to Ruili Section Soil Erosion Prevention Plan. Kunming.

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272. It is anticipated that the most severe soil erosion would occur in the areas of borrow pits, spoil sites, embankment, bridges, and tunnels. Therefore, the soil erosion prevention plan focuses on these areas. The increased soil erosion will also occur in the early operation phase in areas where vegetation planting is not fully matured. It is expected that about 2 years after project operation, the soil erosion will reach about 80-100% erosion level before the land disturbance.

273. To control soil erosion, all sections vulnerable to soil erosion will be applied to engineering control measures. For the most unstable areas, such as steep cuts above the expressway, concrete grids or stone pavement will be applied to the slopes to completely stabilize the soil surface. For more stable slopes, the area will be landscaped.

274. The Project will have 13 spoil soil disposal sites and 12 borrow pits. Soil stabilization measures in the SEPP include to (i) preserve existing vegetation where no construction activity is planned or temporarily to preserve vegetation where activity is planned for a later date; (ii) apply temporary soil stabilization, such as covering with plastic film, geotextiles, or similar materials to subgrade slopes if permanent protection works cannot be carried out in time during the rainy season; (iii) if necessary, apply erosion control blankets and check dams to control erosion in concentrated flow paths; and (iv) apply permanent soil stabilization measures, such as vegetation, revegetation, and concrete pavement, upon completing construction, or when closing borrow sites, disposal sites, and temporary access roads. All stockpiles of the spoil soil will be finally covered with native soil and landscaped. Designated on rehabilitation of borrow pits and spoil sites are shown in Tables 48 and 49.

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Table 48: Suggestions on Borrow Pits Rehabilitation Occupation type and area (hm2) Serial number Subtotal Garden plot Woodland Brushwood Suggested resuming way 1#borrow area 3.11 1.65 1.46 To be woodland 2# borrow area 2.44 2.44 To be woodland 3# borrow area 4.7 4.7 To be woodland 4# borrow area 4.85 4.85 To be woodland 5# borrow area 4.86 4.86 To be woodland 6# borrow area 1.53 1.53 To be woodland 7# borrow area 3.02 2.48 0.55 To be Farmland 8# borrow area 2.45 2.45 To be woodland 9# borrow area 2.82 2.82 To be woodland 10# borrow area 3.11 3.11 To be woodland 11# borrow area 3.48 3.48 To be woodland 12# borrow area 3.16 3.16 To be Farmland Source: Yunnan Highway Design Institute. 2009. No. 12 East to West Expressway of NHTS Hongzhou to Ruili Expressway Longling to Ruili Section Soil Erosion Prevention Plan. Kunming.

Table 49: Suggestions on Rehabilitation of Spoil Disposal Sites Occupation type and area (hm2) Paddy Suggested Serial number Subtotal field Dry land Garden Woodland Bush land resuming way 1# Spoil Disposal Area 2.62 0.64 1.98 To be woodland 2# Spoil Disposal Area 1.93 0.68 1.25 To be Farmland 3# Spoil Disposal Area 1.15 0.03 1.12 To be woodland 4# Spoil Disposal Area 1.38 0.17 1.21 To be woodland 5# Spoil Disposal Area 1.24 0.56 0.68 To be woodland 6# Spoil Disposal Area 1.8 1.55 0.25 To be Farmland 7# Spoil Disposal Area 1.31 1.2 0.11 To be Farmland 8# Spoil Disposal Area 2.26 2.26 To be woodland 9# Spoil Disposal Area 2.68 1.5 1.18 To be woodland 10# Spoil Disposal Area 3.3 0.59 2.03 To be woodland 11# Spoil Disposal Area 3.96 3.96 To be Farmland 12# Spoil Disposal Area 3.67 2.24 1.43 To be Farmland 13# Spoil Disposal Area 4.15 4.15 To be Farmland Source: Yunnan Highway Design Institute. 2009. No. 12 East to West Expressway of NHTS Hongzhou to Ruili Expressway Longling to Ruili Section Soil Erosion Prevention Plan. Kunming.

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275. This project is at the stage of Project Feasibility Study, amount of earth works may change, and new borrow and spoil site might be needed. Following suggestions will be followed in selecting new sites:

(i) It is forbidden to set borrow pits and spoil sites in Tongbiguan Natural Reserve Area, Ruilijiang-Dayingjiang National scenic and historical sites, Wanting National Forest Park, Fapo Reservoir Catchment Area and Jiele Reservoir Drinking Water Protection Area, and areas in danger of land-collapsing or land-sliding;

(ii) The disposal area should not threaten the safety of bed roads of highway, bridges, tunnels, industrial and civil constructions, irrigation facilities, communication facilities and piping instruments;

(iii) Since the cultivated land, especially the irrigated land is the important resources in the region, the setting of borrow pit and spoil site should avoid the cultivated land to the most extent. Prime farmland or flaky paddy field are forbidden to be occupied;

(iv) The borrow pit and spoil site should not be set in the range of river and lake. Soft soil region is not suitable as spoil site; (v) The disposal area should not be set upstream of some sensitive spots like village and school, and the distance to the sensitive target should be more than 300m;

(vi) As for the disposal area which carrying the conditions of entering and is near the village, it should be recovered to be cultivated land and handed back to the local people to the most extent;

(vii) The measures of building cut-off and drainage channels, disposal blocking wall (or dam) should be taken for all borrow pits and spoil sites before the disposal. "Blocking first, disposal later" should be carried out to prevent the collecting water wash out the discarding material;

(viii) The spoil soil will be compacted by layer by layer. After the disposal, the discarding material's surface should be flattened. After it sinks and becomes stable, the side slope's protection and vegetation rehabilitation should be carried out;

(ix) In order to make it more convenient for the later land management before the vegetation rehabilitation, top soil should be kept and piled up in the corner so that the soil could not affect the discarding material's construction, and the surface is covered by the peeled-off vegetation, foot of the slope is protected by bags filled with soil or stones.

276. Run-on control measures will be applied for diverting storm water flows around disturbed soil areas. Run-on control measures in SEPP include (i) earthen dikes, (ii) surface and slope drains, (iii) lined ditches, (iv) interception ditches, (v) retaining walls to prevent excess earth from entering existing drainage systems, (vi) diverting runoff from road surfaces and slopes, and (vii) preventing runoff from entering into the borrow sites.

277. Sediment control measures are used to further reduce sediment’s entry into the storm drain system or to receive water for preventing water pollution. Sediment control measures in SEPP include de-silting basins or sediment tanks at construction sites where runoff can enter

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C. Impacts on Ecology

278. Land Taken. In accordance with the Land Use Index of Highway Construction Project (construction standards No. [1999]278) issued by MOT, the allowable land use for four lane highway in heavy-hilly areas are 9.6870, 8.8776, and 7.8819 ha per km for high, intermediate, and low values respectively. In order to reduce land taken, bridges and tunnels are designed as many as possible. The land taken of the Project is 5.151 ha per km which is far lower than the standard in the regulation.

279. The Project will permanently occupy 805.06 ha of land including 39.54% of cultivated land, 29.6% of forest land, 17.47% of shrubs, 9.35% of orchard and 4.04% of others. The proportion of the area of various lands permanently occupied by the proposed highway is relatively small, and therefore, the construction of this highway will not result in the fundamental change in the land use pattern in the directly affected area.

280. Since highway is linear, it has only a little direct influence on supply demand balance in urban area. Compensation will be paid to affected farmers and where possible, local government will allocate the reserved farm land to them.

281. Flora. In the construction stage, the site clearance causes most impacts on the area's ecology due to loss of habitat and vegetation for animals. The local ecosystem, biodiversity, animal activities within the cleared areas and the vicinities will be affected. Unplanned land occupation at ecological sensitive areas will damage the vegetation beyond proposed working areas. Also, illegal hurting by construction workers due could result in certain impacts on the area's ecology.

282. Forest Land Taken. The permanent natural forest area taken by the expressway is 358.96 ha including tropical rain forest of 1.15 ha, monsoon forest of 82.27 ha, evergreen broad-leaved forest of 50.21 ha, coniferous forest of 70.89 ha, deciduous broad-leaved forest of 13.80 ha, shrub of 109.48 ha, and savanna shrub and grass of 31.16 ha. The forest land taken accounting for 44.59% of the area permanently occupied by construction, and 7.57% of ecological assessment area, means the impact is limited. Most of the natural vegetation in the assessment area is secondary vegetation. Ecological functions and diversity have significantly decreased due to human activities. For the small section (K64+220-K64+600) of the rain forest, the IA will change the alignment for 80-100m to the north to avoid the natural vegetation in detailed design. This project has little impact on the natural vegetation.

283. Protected Trees. The field survey identified three species of national class II protection plants within the assessment area, including 110 toona ciliate, 5 paramichelia baillonii and 5 terminalia myriocarpa; and four species of plants under Yunnan provincial protection, including 14 cerasus cerasoide, 3 carallia garciniaefolia how et ho in acta phytotax, 4 aesculus lantsangensis, and 10 millettia pachycarpa. Among the protected plants in the assessment area, 12 toona ciliate, 3 carallia garciniaefolia and 4 aesculus lantsangensis are within the ROW. Mitigation measures include:

(i) Relocate the protected trees within the ROW to Mengxiu Rare and Endangered Plant Preservation Garden in Ruili city;

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(ii) Fence the 32 trees that are not within the ROW but within area 50m away from the red line of the alignment, and put protection board on the tress; and

(iii) Put protection board on the other trees that are 50 m away from the ROW including 66 toona ciliate, 5 paramichelia baillonii, 5 terminalia myriocarpa, 14 cerasus cerasoide and 10 millettia pachycarpa.

284. Old Trees. Field survey identified six species, totally 69 in number old trees are located in the ecological assessment area, including Ficus benjamina, Ficus altissima, Ficus virens var. sublanceolata, Mesua ferrea, Ficus religiosa and Ficus microcarpa. Out of the 69 trees, three 110-200 years old Ficus altissima trees are distributed within the ROW. Mitigation measures include:

(i) Revise the alignment for sections of K46+750, K88+050 and K139+720 to 50m further north to avoid the 3 old tree felling;

(ii) As for the 19 ancient trees which lie within 50 m away from the red line of expressway and the above mentioned 3 old trees, since the local forestry authorities have already attached protection boards to these trees, EIA suggests that eye-catching warning boards should be attached, trees should be wrapped and fenced during the construction period;

(iii) And as for the 74 old trees beyond 50 m away from the red line, eye-catching warning boards should be attached for protection.

285. Fauna. The Project will have some impacts on fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals in the project-affected areas. The impacts are summarized below.

286. Fish. The construction of large and medium bridges has negative impacts on the living environment of fish in the affected river. It will be significant if the waste from the construction activities is discharged into it. There are no fish breeding farms, fish farms, or nurseries around the bridge sites. According to the survey, fish in project area's rivers are common species, and there are no protected species. Based on evaluation and assessment during TA, it is concluded that there is no threat to the fish population and species if the proposed mitigation measures are properly implemented.

287. Amphibians. Amphibians do not usually migrate, and they live in farmland, rivers, and surrounding grassland areas. Frogs (Hoplobatrachus tigerinus) are the most common type in the local areas and are the most likely to be affected by the construction activities. During the construction period, the number of amphibians will decrease in the immediate areas of the construction work sites. Since the frog reproduce speed is very high, the population will be recovered after the completion of the project.

288. Birds. The noises and vibrations generated by the construction activities will disturb birds, particularly those birds in the nearby forests of construction sites. These birds may migrate to other places to avoid disturbance during the construction period of the Project.

289. Mammals. The impacts on mammals during the construction period is mainly caused by habitat environment damages due to construction activities including vegetation damage in woodland and forest areas, earth borrowing site disturbance, and noise. Some mammals, such as squirrels and northeast hares, may migrate to other places during the construction period.

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290. Protected Animals. In the project area, there are thirteen kinds of national Class II protected birds, including kite, brahminy kite, accipiter trivirgatus, buteo buteo, falco tinnunculus, lophura nycthemera, macropygia unchall, psittacula alexandri, plum-headed parakeet, centropus sinensis, phodilus badius, collard scops owl and collared owlet; one national class II protected amphibian (Hoplobatrachus tigerinus) and two national class II protected mammals (pangolin and viverricula indica).

291. The kites are winter birds mainly in the coniferous forest near K30; phodilus badius and collard scops are resident birds mainly in the evergreen broad-leaved forest near K5 and the deciduous broad-leaved forest near K70. With strong flight capacity and a large range of activity, these birds are little influenced during the period of highway construction and operation.

292. Brahminy kites are resident birds living mainly along Ruilijiang River near K115. The construction noise of the bridge over Ruilijiang River may drive kites and brahminy kites fly away from the construction area to waters outside the affected range of construction.

293. Accipiter trivirgatus, buteo buteo, psittacula alexandri, lophura nycthemera and collared owlet mainly inhabit in montane forests. Buteo buteo is winter bird; whereas psittacula alexandri, accipiter trivirgatus, lophura nycthemera and collared owlet are resident birds. These birds inhabit in the forestland near K20, K25, K100 and K105. And the road sections near K100 and K105 go through the mountains by tunnels, the construction of which produces loud noise and vibration significantly affecting buteo, lophura nycthemera and collared owlet near the proposed project and driving them away. Considering blasting, the affected range may be up to 500 to 1,000 m on both sides of the road centerline. On the other hand, the noise of roadbed construction near road sections of K20 and K25 compels accipiter trivirgatus and psittacula alexandri to migrate to the mountain forests in the neighborhood.

294. Centropus sinensis in the evaluation zone is resident bird, inhabiting mainly in the savanna shrub and grass near K110 and building nests in grass and shrubs. And centropus sinensis is good at concealment. Once they run into interference or danger, they will quickly get concealed in the grass or shrubs. They are so quick to act that highway construction will have little impact on them.

295. Falco tinnunculus and plum-headed parakeet are widely distributed along the route without fixed habitats or breeding places, and thus highway construction has little impact on the communities of these two.

296. Frog (Hoplobatrachus tigerinus) could be found in the cultivated land along the road sections of K35 - K40, K85 - K90 and K140 - K150 of the proposed highway. The three road sections of the distribution of hoplobatrachus tigerinus are where cultivated land concentrates. The proportion of bridges and tunnels is relatively small, 16%, 18%, and16% respectively. And the number of accesses and culverts is 2.2, 2.0 and 1.8 per km respectively, which can basically satisfy the need for hoplobatrachus tigerinus to pass. Therefore, highway has little impact on the obstruction of them.

297. Pangolin and viverricula indica could be found at sections of K16 - K25 and K103 - K108 with flourishing vegetation. In the two road sections of the distribution of pangolin and viverricula indica, the proportion of bridges and tunnels is 40.5% and 80.5% respectively. And the number of accesses and culverts is 1.3 and 1.2 per km respectively, which are for pangolin and viverricula indica to pass.

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298. To minimize the impacts on flora and fauna caused by construction, mitigation measures have been developed and will be implemented during construction. These mitigation measures are summarized as follows.

(i) Existing roads are available for the construction, so the land used for the temporary road is not large. The right-of-way of the main highway will be used as temporary land whenever possible for further reduction of temporary land use. The damaged vegetation in the temporary land can be restored after construction.

(ii) Garbage and sewage from the camp sites will be collected in designated sites and sent to designated waste sites by truck. The construction materials storage sites will be selected at locations outside the storm runoff area. During construction of the bridge substructure, precautions will be taken to prevent waste from falling into the water body. Bridge construction should be avoided during the high water season when fish spawns. Bidding documents will clearly indicate measures to be taken during construction and a special monitoring system will be prepared for the construction period.

(iii) The construction workers will be instructed to protect the above-mentioned protected trees. The contractors will post pictures and explanations and make clear that no temporary land occupation is permitted on the area with protected plants.

(iv) Since the noise disturbance may have negative impacts on bird breeding, noise and vibration reduction measures, including using low noise equipment near the sensitive areas, will be taken during construction. More artificial nest boxes are recommended to be set at the surrounding areas. Contractors will supervise construction workers to ensure that they do not damage these boxes.

(v) To reduce impacts of the construction work on the Frog, contractors and construction supervision companies will be required to follow strict supervision and management to minimize damage to the frog’s habitat. A preconstruction survey and assessment will be carried out to identify potential frog habitat. Training will be provided for local construction workers on frog protection and relevant construction practices. If frog eggs are identified in the construction impact area, they will be relocated to safe places to secure reproduction.

D. Impacts on Water Environment

299. Construction Phase. Impacts on the water environment during the construction include primarily discharge of sanitary sewage from the construction camps and in water construction activities for some of the bridges. Each construction camp, with an estimated 100 workers, will generate about 9 cubic meters per day of sanitary sewage which, if not treated properly, would affect the water quality of the receiving environment, such as Ruilijiang River, Mangshi River and Nanwanhe River. In addition, municipal solid waste generated from the camps, if not handled properly could also affect water quality through contaminated surface runoff. Bridge construction could result in re-suspension of river sediments. The construction machines operating in or near the rivers could also be a risk for oil contamination from potential leaks or spills. The area affected will generally be a short distance downstream from the bridge construction sites.

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300. Tunnel construction often modifies groundwater pattern. In areas where a tunnel is to be constructed beneath local groundwater tables, groundwater will discharge from the cuttings or roadbed, leading to lowered groundwater tables, dead vegetation cover due to the water cut off, and soil erosion. The wastewater generated within the site of tunnel construction is mainly from drilling and dust removal, and muddy water intruded from groundwater. As the wastewater often contains oil and sand, it tends to appear alkaline. If the wastewater from tunnel construction is discharged directly into rivers or aquifers underneath the tunnel, the river or groundwater quality will be affected. Based on the national list of hazardous waste, some of the construction solid waste such as deposable lubricating oil, mineral oil, organic solvent, acid and alkali, oil paint belong to hazardous waste. If these solid wastes are not properly management, storage, transportation and disposal, it will be lead to serious impact to the water body.

301. To reduce the adverse impact of domestic sewage on the water quality of nearby water body, domestic sewage generated by nearby construction camp will be assembled and then discharged. There are many communities scattered along the proposed road. The construction unit will rent the nearby rural houses as the construction camp. Centralized dining and dishes washing is suggested where possible. The quantity of detergent needs controlling when washing. The contactors will adopt the approach of cleaning the dishes with napkin first and then with hot water to replace the use of detergent and to reduce the quantity of detergent in sewage thereafter. They also will set septic tank near the construction camp, and assemble fecal sewage and catering sewage respectively. The fecal sewage will be used as fertilizer on farmland.

302. According to the experience on the construction of tunnels in the underground water developing zone, pre-grouting measures will be taken during excavation if applicable, in order to avoid the lowdown of underground water level owing to water burst, collapse of ground and other natural ecological damages. First, temper the PH value by neutralization. Then, make use of the topography to build multi-staged sedimentation tank to remove sludge and other impurity substances. The sludge on the water is put into use for recycled utilization and greening. The complete construction scheme will be established for the Santaishan tunnel and the Mangsa tunnel. The surrounding rock will be processed with advanced grouting to strengthen the surrounding rock and shape into the water-proof curtain. The support for the weak surrounding rock and fault-rift zone will be strengthened. The water burst and displacement must be strictly maintained.

303. The monitoring spots will be established around the tunnels, in the rift zones, at the Auzidi spring on the east side of 800 m to K16+700, at the Karst pipeline of the Mangsa tunnel in the course of construction and during the initial operation, in order to monitor the paddy field and the vegetation around the Erguan village and the changes of the externally-bounded drainage in supervisory way. The water for life and production will be monitored more strictly during construction where groundwater is used. On condition that the tunnel construction lessened the volume of spring water to drink, the construction must be halted, in order to improve the construction scheme, and supply method of water pipeline pumping should be taken until the water volume recovers.

304. During the operation period, the major sources of potential water pollution will be from (i) road surface runoff, (ii) wastewater effluent from service centers and toll stations, and (iii) accidental spills.

305. Road Surface Runoff. Due to the negligible amount of pollution load, road runoff will have little impact on water quality.

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306. Wastewater sources from the operation phase will include sanitary sewage from 2 service areas, 2 highway management center, 2 tunnel management offices and 9 toll gates area and car washing effluents. It is estimated that the daily domestic sewage discharge of subsidiary facilities along the proposed highway is about 69.93 tons, car-washing sewage is 3.80 tons in short term and 6.58 tons in long term period. It will obviously impact the surrounding environment of subsidiary facilities, especially the surrounding water body if directly discharged without any measure. So sewage treatment measures should be taken to the subsidiary facilities to avoid domestic sewage and car-washing sewage directly discharging into river and farmland and polluting the water quality.

307. Road runoff drainage will be diverted over grassed or pervious areas, permitting fine materials to settle, oily water to be retained, and the volume and rate of flow to be reduced. Higher attention will be paid at areas near Fapo Reservoir and at the bridges that cross the Ruilijiang, Mangshi, and Nanwan rivers.

308. To minimize the impact on water quality, wastewater treatment facilities will be designed and built at the service areas, including motor vehicle maintenance and repair shops, car washing operations, as well as other domestic facilities at the service areas along the expressway. Aerobic biological wastewater treatment process has been selected and incorporated into the design which is capable of removing COD and suspended solid to meet the applicable discharge standards as per Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standards (GB8978-1996). The car washing wastewater will first go through a pre-treatment for oil removal before enter into the biological wastewater treatment unit. In addition, for the two small branch management centers and two small maintenance centers, septic tanks will be installed for wastewater treatment before discharge.

Table 50: Proposed Sewage Treatment Measures Area Sewage treatment measure and effect Tail water discharge into Mangshi service Car-washing sewage can be recycled after grease Huyang River area trap, sand sediment. The rest sewage will be treated Ruili service area through Grade II contact oxidation treatment process, Yunmen Village ditch (east reaching Grade I standard of Integrated Wastewater ditch), finally discharge into discharge Standard (GB8978-1996). Unity Ditch. Mangshi The domestic sewage is discharged into Grade II Nameless and deserted ditch management contact oxidation treatment apparatus of domestic in Hulaxiang Village, finally center (including sewage, reaching Grade I standard of Integrated discharge into Mangshi River. toll station) Wastewater discharge Standard (GB8978-1996) Ruili management Nameless and deserted ditch center in Yungang Village, finally discharge into Tuanjie Ditch. Other 8 toll stations Apply updated septic tank to centralize the domestic No discharge and 2 tunnel sewage and carry out pretreatment. Entrust the nearby management farmers to regularly empty the solid waste in septic center tank to fertilize the field. The effluent from septic tank can be used for irrigation and greening with no discharging. Chongqing Communication Design and Research Institute. 2009. EIA for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project. Kunming.

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E. Noise Impacts

a. Construction Phase

(1) Noise Intensity

309. Noise generated by construction machinery, such as piling machines, bulldozers, road rollers, excavators, concrete mixer and vibrator penetrates throughout the construction process. Highway construction machinery noise testing values is shown in Table 51.

Table 51: Testing values of construction machinery noise Distance between measuring site and Maximum sound construction level No. Machine Type Model machinery (m) Lmax(dB) 1 Wheel Loader Model XL40 5 90 2 Wheel Loaders Model XL50 5 90 3 Grader Model PY160A 5 90 4 Vibrating roller Model YZJ10B 5 86 5 Two-wheeled two-vibrating roller Model CC21 5 81 6 Three-wheeled roller 5 81 7 Tire roller Model ZL16 5 76 8 bulldozer ModelT140 5 86 9 tire hydraulic excavator ModelW4-60C 5 84 10 paver（UK） fifond311ABG CO 5 82 11 paver（Germany） VOGELE 5 87 12 generating set（2sets） FKV-75 1 98 13 impact trepan Model22 1 87 Source: Ministry of Communications. 2006. Specifications for Environmental Impact Assessment of Highway. Beijing.

(2) Methodology

310. Construction equipment noise source is considered as point sound source, and the predictive mode is Ri i LL 0 lg20 Δ−−= L R0

Li and L0 are equipment noise sound levels at Ri and R0 respectively, ΔL is additional decrement produced by barriers, vegetation and air.

311. As for the impact of multiple construction machineries on a certain future position, sound level superposition is needed:

1.0 ×Li L Σ= 10lg10

(3) Results

312. According to the model, the noise levels at different distances are gained after calculating impact scope of equipment noise during construction as in Table X, and the impact scope of different equipment is in Table 52.

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Table 52: Noise levels of main construction machineries at different distances Unit: dB Machinery name 5 m 10 m 20 m 40 m 60 m 80 m 100 m 150 m 200 m 300 m Loader 90 84 78 72 68.5 66 64 60.5 58 54.5 Vibratory road rolle 86 80 74 68 64.5 62 60 56.5 54 50.5 Bulldozer 86 80 74 68 64.5 62 60 56.5 54 50.5 Land scraper 90 84 78 72 68.5 66 64 60.5 58 54.5 Excavator 84 78 72 66 62.5 60 58 54.5 52 48.8 Roller 87 81 75 69 65.5 63 61 57.5 55 51.5 Mixing equipment 87 81 75 69 65.5 63 61 57.5 55 51.5 Source: Chongqing Communication Design and Research Institute. 2009. EIA for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project. Kunming.

Table 53: Highway Construction Equipment Noise Impact Scope Construction Construction Limit standard (dB) impact scope (m) Stage Machinery Nighttime Daytime Nighttime Daytime Earth and stone excavator 75 55 14.1 118.6 work bulldozer 75 55 17.7 177.4 Loader 75 55 28.1 210.8 scraper 75 55 39.7 281.2 land scraper 75 55 28.1 210.8 tamper 75 55 84.4 474.3 piling pile driver 85 forbidden 126.2 / structure road roller 70 55 31.5 177.4 truck 70 55 66.8 266.1 vibrator 70 55 53.2 224.4 Dump truck 70 55 19.9 111.9 blender 70 55 20.0 112.5 Mixing machine 70 55 35.4 167.5 Source: Chongqing Communication Design and Research Institute. 2009. EIA for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project. Kunming.

313. A significant increase in noise is expected during construction, due to various construction and transport activities. Construction activities will involve bulldozers, graders, stabilizers, concrete-mixing plants, drills, stone-crushing and screening plants, rollers, and other heavy machinery. While noise levels may be severe, they will be temporary and localized. It is estimated that noise intensity from these activities will be in the range of 76–98 decibels in audible scale. In such cases, they will still meet the PRC standard of Noise Limits for Construction Sites (GB12524-90) of up to 130 m away from the sources during the day and 480 m at night. In addition, large amounts of borrow and waste materials will be transported to and from the construction sites, frequently during the 12–13-hours workday for the construction season of 300 days per year over 4 years. As a result, villages through which haul roads pass are adjacent will frequently experience noise at 70–80 decibel in audible scale. Activities with intensive noise levels will not only have an impact on the residents, but may cause injury to construction workers operating the equipment.

(4) Mitigation Measures

314. These mitigation measures are essential for construction activities to meet PRC construction site noise limits and to protect sensitive receptors:

(i) Equipment generating low levels of noise will be utilized as a first priority, and all machinery will be properly maintained to minimize noise. Noise reduction devices or methods will be applied where piling equipment is operating within 500 m of sensitive sites such as schools.

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(ii) The sites for rock crushing, concrete-mixing plants, and similar activities will be located at least 1 km away from sensitive areas such as residences, schools, and hospitals.

(iii) To reduce noise at night, the operation of machinery generating high levels of noise, such as piling, will be restricted to between 6:00 a.m. and 10:00 p.m. in accordance with PRC regulations. The movement of heavy vehicles along urban and village roads will also be restricted to between 6:00 a.m. and 10:00 p.m.

(iv) If schools are nearby, the construction unit will reach an agreement with the schools regarding heavy machinery work to avoid any unnecessary disturbances. If there are construction activities that must be continued during the day and night, the construction unit will reach an agreement with residents nearby and may give compensation to the most severely affected residents.

(v) Construction sites near nature reserves will be monitored by contracted environmental supervisors. If noise standards are exceeded, equipment and construction conditions will be checked, and mitigation measures will be implemented to rectify the situation.

(vi) A unit for dealing with complaints from nearby residents will be set up to facilitate communication with residents and to solve any conflicts between the construction unit and residents.

315. Blast Impact during Construction. Some sections of the proposed highway are in mountains and there is tunnel construction operation, so explosion operation is inevitably used during the construction. The explosion operation may generate explosion vibration, explosion fly rock, noise and other harm on the environment.

316. Mitigation. Explosion vibration may reduce the number and explosive load of exploded cartridge at a time by adopting segmenting delay explosion technique, and reduce intensity of vibration produced by explosion by digging damping ditch or matting cushion material to reduce vibration. The most important thing of protecting and avoiding fly rock hazard resulted from explosion is to correctly design and adopt necessary cover to protect target and control the explosion fly rock within a certain distance. Set warning line when exploding. The explosion noise of high decibel level will annoy people and scare the people without psychological preparation. So before explosion the relevant unit and village group should hold meetings to announce explosion time and warning signal, and organize evacuation of the nearby affected residents.

317. Vibration Impact during Construction. The highway project vibration mainly happens during construction, including highway construction vibration and bridge pilling vibration. On the proposed highway construction site, mechanical vibration of different degrees will occur with the progress of project schedule and the substitution of construction procedure. This vibration is sudden, impassive and discontinuous, which easily annoys people and even causes some vibration hazard. The main highway construction machineries include vibratory road roller, land scraper, loader and spreading machine, among which vibratory road roller’s impact is really exceptional. The fill section sensitive point of proposed highway is near highway and people and buildings will be affected by the construction machinery vibration. The bridge construction vibration mainly occurs while pilling.

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318. Mitigation. According to the requirement of Noise Limits on Construction Site, prohibition of pilling operation at night will effectively reduce the vibration impact.

b) Operation Period

(1) Prediction Modal

319. The U.S. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Traffic Noise Model is employed to predict noise during operation. The environmental noise at any point of the ground refers to the superposition of noise energy of the line source transmitted to the point and the background noise energy.

(i) When the vehicle of Type i running at daytime or night, the value of hourly traffic noise received at forecast spots should be calculated as model：

⎛ i πDN 0 ⎞ 0 )L(Leq(h) += lg10 ⎜ ⎟ L L S −Δ+Δ+Δ+ 30 i Ei ⎜ ⎟ tan ceDis 1 ⎝ iTS ⎠

Wherein: Hourly equivalent traffic noise received at forecast spot when type i eq(h)i vehicles running at daytime or night, dB(A); Average radiant noise level of emission level of the type i vehicles, dB(A); Traffic volume of type i vehicles during given time T(1hour), vehicles per i hour; Vehicle type (large, medium or small vehicles); Average speed of the type i vehicles, km/h; i Time for calculating the equivalent sound level, 1h; Distance attenuation at the forecast spot D away from the noise L distance equivalence driving line at daytime or night, dB; Traffic noise correction induced by finite road segment, dB(A); L1 Attenuation induced by obstacle, dB(A). S

(ii) Calculation model of traffic noise value received at forecast spot for various types of vehicles during daytime or nighttime

⎡ 10 eq. L 10 eq. M 10 eq. (h)L(h)L(h)L S ⎤ Leq = 10lg10 +10 +10 Traffic ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ wherein： traffic noise value received at forecast spot, dB eqTraffic traffic noise values of large vehicles received at forecast spot, dB; eq(h)L traffic noise values of medium vehicles received at forecast spot, dB; eq(h)M traffic noise values of small vehicles received at forecast spot, dB; eq(h)S

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(iii) Calculation formula of environment noise prediction value at forecast spot during daytime or nighttime 1.0 L 1.0 (L ) ⎡ ( eq )traffic eq background ⎤ L prediction = 10lg10)( + 10 eq ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ wherein：

(Leq)Prediction Environment noise prediction value at forecast spot, dB (Leq)Background Background environment noise value at prediction, dB. Others Other symbols are the same as above

(2) Parameters

(i) Distance attenuation ΔL Distance 1+a ⎛ D ⎞ 0 ΔL tanceDis ⋅= lg10 ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ D ⎠

Wherein:

D0 = distance of measuring the emission level of vehicles, D0=15m D = distance from the lane center to the forecast spot, m; a = ground cover factor, determined by field ground conditions, a=0 or a=0.5;

(ii) Traffic noise correction value ΔL1 induced by road curvature or finite road segment

Φ ΨΨ ),( ⎡ a 21 ⎤ 1 ⋅=Δ lg10L ⎢ ⎥ ⎣ π ⎦ a Ψ 2 a ()(),ΨΨΦ 21 = cos dΨΨ ∫Ψ 1

π π Ψ ≤≤− 22

Wherein:

Φa = correction function of finite road segment

Ψ1 = the angle from the forecast spot to start point of the finite road segment

Ψ 2 = the angle from the forecast spot to end point of the finite road segment

(iii) Traffic noise correction value ΔLObstacle induced by the obstacles between the highway and the forecast spot.

ΔL = Δ + ΔLL + ΔL Occlude Woods Rural _ Houses Acoustic _ Shadow

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Wherein:

ΔLWoods Attenuation induced by the forest belt, whose average attenuation is estimated by the following formula： Δ = ⋅bkL Woods k =average attenuation factor of forest belt, k=－0.1dB/m; b= width of forest belt, m. Obstacle attenuation induced by forest belt is different with regions, and cannot exceed 10dB.

ΔLRural_houses the obstacle attenuation of rural houses ΔLAcoustic_Shado Diffraction attenuation when the forecast spot is at acoustic w shadow zones on the both sides of the embankment or cutting.

(a) ΔLRural_houses. During noise prediction, reception (prediction) point is set at the front of the widow of the houses in first row, environment noise levels of the second and subsequence rows of houses are estimated according to Table 54.

Table 54 Building noise attenuation estimated value House situation Attenuation ΔL Remarks Area of houses in first row 40～60% －3 dB House occupied area is Area of houses in first row 70～90% －5 dB calculated according to For each additional row of houses －1.5 dB. Figure XX Maximum absolute attenuation due to house≤10dB Note：This table is suitable for road site houses at flat embankment section Source: Chongqing Communication Design and Research Institute. 2009. EIA for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project. Kunming.

Traffic line

SΔ House occupied area S=S1+S2+……+Sn

First row S1 S2 S3 Sn Total area between the angle of the reception point to

the house and the traffic line S0=SΔ

○ P (predict point) S Percentage of house occupied area= ×100% S0

Figure 20: Calculating the occupied area by the houses in first row

(b) △LAcoustic_Shadow is diffraction sound attenuation when the forecast spot is at acoustic shadow zones on the both sides of the embankment or cutting.

When the forecast spot is at the insonified zone, △LAcoustic_Shadow＝0

When the forecast spot is at the acoustic shadow zone, △LAcoustic_Shadow is mainly

106 determined by the sound path difference (SPD) δ. The Fresnel number Nmax is used in calculating the diffraction sound attenuation. The Fresnel number is defined as: 2δ N = max λ

Wherein: Nmax——Fresnel number; λ——sound wavelength, m; δ——SPD, m; calculated from Figure 21, δ＝a＋b－c. a ——distance from the noise source to the edge of the embankment (or top of the cutting), m; b ——distance from the reception point to the edge of the embankment (or top of the cutting), m; c ——straight distance from the noise source to the reception (prediction) point, m.

Noise source

Embankment

Reception point

Acoustic shadow zone

The distance between the source point and the road is 0.8 m The distance between the reception point and the ground is 0.8 m The source point is in the equivalent traffic line of the highway

Figure 21: Calculating schematics of SPD δ

The diffraction attenuation of lineal noise source calculated according to the following formula:

⎧ π −×× t 2 )1(3 ⎪ ×− lg(10 twhen ≤ )1()

⎪ −1 −t)1( ⎪ ×tan4 ΔLAcoustic_ shadow = ⎨ +t)1( ⎪ π t 2 −×× )1(3 ⎪ ×− lg(10 twhen > )1() 2 ⎩⎪ tt −+× ))1(ln(2

wherein：t=20×Nmax/3

(3) Traffic Volume

320. According to the Feasibility Study Report (Supplementary material), the traffic volumes

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in initial operation period (2014), medium-term operation period (2020) and long-term operational period (2028) are predicted. Vehicle composition and day/night traffic volume proportion are shown in Table 55. The traffic volumes in different predicted periods are shown in Table 56.

Table 55: Vehicle composition proportion Year Small car Middle Car Large car Year 2014 61.62 21.07 17.31 Year 2020 64.06 20.37 15.57 Year 2028 65.32 20.02 14.66 Source: Chongqing Communication Design and Research Institute. 2009. EIA for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project. Kunming.

Table 56 Forecast of Traffic on the Project (pcu/d) Section Year 2014 (initial period) Year 2020 (medium-term) Year 2028 (long-term) Starting point-Longling 7846 13781 23714 Longling～Mangshi 8364 14691 25283 Mangshi～Mangbie 10125 17785 30618 Mangbie～Zhefang 8882 15601 26852 Zhefang～Zhexiang 9089 15965 27481 Zhexiang～Wanding 9296 16329 28108 Wanding～Jiele 9607 16875 29049 Jiele～Ruili 9918 17421 29991 Ruili～Nongdao 5388 9463 16319 Nongdao～Ending point 3964 6961 11980 Source: Chongqing Communication Design and Research Institute. 2009. EIA for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project. Kunming.

321. According to the investigation of Yunnan highway traffic flow, day and night traffic volume ratio is 5.5:1; day is 6:00 - 22:00; night is 22:00 - 6:00 next day.

(4) Results

322. Traffic Noise. The traffic noise prediction values for different road segments, different times and different distances are showed in Table 57.

Table 57: Mainline Traffic Noise Prediction Operation Distance from the prediction point to lane center Road Period Time Segment (year) Period 20 m 30 m 40 m 50 m 60 m 80 m 100 m 120 m 160 m 200 m Start Point～ 2014 Daytime 65.4 63.0 61.3 59.9 58.8 57.0 55.6 54.4 52.6 51.2 Nighttime 60.9 58.5 56.8 55.4 54.3 52.5 51.1 50.0 48.1 46.7 Longling 2020 Daytime 67.7 65.3 63.6 62.2 61.1 59.3 57.9 56.8 54.9 53.5 Nighttime 63.1 60.8 59.0 57.7 56.6 54.8 53.4 52.2 50.4 49.0 2028 Daytime 70.0 67.6 65.9 64.5 63.4 61.6 60.2 59.1 57.2 55.8 Nighttime 65.5 63.1 61.4 60.0 58.9 57.1 55.7 54.5 52.7 51.3 Longling～ 2014 Daytime 65.7 63.3 61.6 60.2 59.1 57.3 55.9 54.8 52.9 51.5 Nighttime 61.1 58.8 57.0 55.7 54.5 52.8 51.4 50.2 48.4 46.9 Mangshi 2020 Daytime 68.0 65.6 63.9 62.5 61.4 59.6 58.2 57.0 55.2 53.8 Nighttime 63.4 61.1 59.3 58.0 56.8 55.1 53.6 52.5 50.7 49.2 2028 Daytime 70.3 67.9 66.2 64.8 63.7 61.9 60.5 59.3 57.5 56.1 Nighttime 65.7 63.4 61.6 60.3 59.2 57.4 56.0 54.8 53.0 51.6 Mangshi～ 2014 Daytime 66.5 64.2 62.4 61.1 60.0 58.2 56.8 55.6 53.8 52.4 Nighttime 62.0 59.6 57.9 56.5 55.4 53.6 52.2 51.1 49.2 47.8

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Operation Distance from the prediction point to lane center Road Period Time Segment (year) Period 20 m 30 m 40 m 50 m 60 m 80 m 100 m 120 m 160 m 200 m Mangbie 2020 Daytime 68.8 66.5 64.7 63.4 62.2 60.5 59.1 57.9 56.1 54.6 Nighttime 64.3 62.0 60.2 58.9 57.7 56.0 54.6 53.4 51.6 50.1 2028 Daytime 71.1 68.7 67.0 65.6 64.5 62.7 61.3 60.2 58.3 56.9 Nighttime 66.6 64.2 62.5 61.1 60.0 58.2 56.8 55.6 53.8 52.4 Mangbie～ 2014 Daytime 65.9 63.6 61.8 60.5 59.4 57.6 56.2 55.0 53.2 51.8 Nighttime 61.4 59.0 57.3 55.9 54.8 53.0 51.6 50.5 48.6 47.2 Zhefang 2020 Daytime 68.2 65.9 64.1 62.8 61.6 59.9 58.4 57.3 55.5 54.0 Nighttime 63.7 61.3 59.6 58.3 57.1 55.3 53.9 52.8 51.0 49.5 2028 Daytime 70.5 68.1 66.4 65.1 63.9 62.1 60.7 59.6 57.8 56.3 Nighttime 66.0 63.6 61.9 60.6 59.4 57.6 56.2 55.1 53.3 51.8 Zhefang～ 2014 Daytime 66.0 63.7 61.9 60.6 59.5 57.7 56.3 55.1 53.3 51.8 Nighttime 61.6 59.2 57.5 56.1 55.0 53.2 51.8 50.6 48.8 47.4 Zhexiang 2020 Daytime 68.3 66.0 64.2 62.9 61.7 60.0 58.6 57.4 55.6 54.1 Nighttime 63.8 61.5 59.7 58.4 57.3 55.5 54.1 52.9 51.1 49.6 2028 Daytime 70.6 68.3 66.5 65.2 64.0 62.3 60.9 59.7 57.9 56.4 Nighttime 66.1 63.7 62.0 60.6 59.5 57.7 56.3 55.2 53.3 51.9 Zhexiang～ 2014 Daytime 66.2 63.8 62.1 60.7 59.6 57.8 56.4 55.2 53.4 52.0 Nighttime 61.6 59.2 57.5 56.1 55.0 53.2 51.8 50.7 48.8 47.4 Wanting 2020 Daytime 68.5 66.1 64.4 63.0 61.9 60.1 58.7 57.5 55.7 54.3 Nighttime 63.9 61.5 59.8 58.4 57.3 55.5 54.1 52.9 51.1 49.7 2028 Daytime 70.7 68.4 66.6 65.3 64.1 62.3 60.9 59.8 58.0 56.5 Nighttime 66.2 63.8 62.1 60.7 59.6 57.8 56.4 55.3 53.4 52.0 Wanting～ 2014 Daytime 66.3 63.9 62.2 60.8 59.7 57.9 56.5 55.3 53.5 52.1 Nighttime 61.8 59.4 57.7 56.3 55.2 53.4 52.0 50.9 49.0 47.6 Yundang 2020 Daytime 68.6 66.2 64.5 63.1 62.0 60.2 58.8 57.7 55.8 54.4 Nighttime 64.1 61.7 60.0 58.6 57.5 55.7 54.3 53.1 51.3 49.9 2028 Daytime 70.9 68.5 66.8 65.4 64.3 62.5 61.1 59.9 58.1 56.7 Nighttime 66.3 64.0 62.2 60.9 59.8 58.0 56.6 55.4 53.6 52.2 Yundang～ 2014 Daytime 66.4 64.0 62.3 61.0 59.8 58.0 56.6 55.5 53.6 52.2 Nighttime 62.0 59.6 57.9 56.5 55.4 53.6 52.2 51.0 49.2 47.8 Ruili 2020 Daytime 68.7 66.4 64.6 63.3 62.2 60.4 59.0 57.8 56.0 54.6 Nighttime 64.2 61.8 60.1 58.8 57.6 55.8 54.4 53.3 51.5 50.0 2028 Daytime 71.0 68.6 66.9 65.5 64.4 62.6 61.2 60.1 58.2 56.8 Nighttime 66.5 64.1 62.4 61.0 59.9 58.1 56.7 55.6 53.7 52.3 Ruili～ 2014 Daytime 63.7 61.3 59.6 58.2 57.1 55.3 53.9 52.8 50.9 49.5 Nighttime 59.1 56.8 55.0 53.7 52.6 50.8 49.4 48.2 46.4 45.0 Nongdao 2020 Daytime 66.0 63.6 61.9 60.5 59.4 57.6 56.2 55.1 53.2 51.8 Nighttime 61.5 59.1 57.4 56.0 54.9 53.1 51.7 50.6 48.7 47.3 2028 Daytime 68.3 65.9 64.2 62.8 61.7 59.9 58.5 57.4 55.5 54.1 Nighttime 63.8 61.4 59.7 58.3 57.2 55.4 54.0 52.9 51.0 49.6 Nongdao～En 2014 Daytime 63.0 60.5 58.6 57.2 56.1 54.2 52.8 51.6 49.7 48.3 Nighttime 58.5 55.9 54.1 52.7 51.5 49.7 48.3 47.1 45.2 43.8 Point 2020 Daytime 65.3 62.8 60.9 59.5 58.3 56.5 55.1 53.9 52.0 50.6 Nighttime 60.8 58.3 56.5 55.1 53.9 52.0 50.6 49.4 47.6 46.1 2028 Daytime 67.6 65.1 63.2 61.8 60.7 58.8 57.4 56.2 54.3 52.9 Nighttime 63.1 60.5 58.7 57.3 56.1 54.3 52.8 51.7 49.8 48.4 Source: Chongqing Communication Design and Research Institute. 2009. EIA for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project. Kunming.

323. According to prediction results we can see that: (i) when considering the distance attenuation only, the noise levels will meet the class II standard during daytime and night time at 65 meters and 149 meters respectively from the lane center during the short term operation, 93 and 218 meters respectively during medium-term operation (2020), and 131 and 305 meters respectively during long-term operation (2028); (ii) the noise level will meet the class 4a standard during daytime and night time at 16 and 68 meters respectively during the medium term, and 29 and 142 meters respectively during the long term.

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324. The noise prediction values are relatively small since the differences of the traffic flow among each segment are small. Nevertheless, the noise levels for each segment are difficult to meet the class-2 standard especially for nighttime noise without the occlusion of natural obstacles.

325. Noise standard-achieving distances for each sector of the mainline of Longling-Ruili Highway during each operation period are showed in Table 58. Table 59 can be used as reference for architectural planning, using the medium-term operation standard-achieving distances as control standard, it is suggested that within the region of 220m to the lane center, planning residential areas, schools, hospitals and other sound sensitive architectures in the first row close to the road is not suitable.

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Table 58: Mainline Traffic noise Standard-Achieving Distances（Flat Embankment） Traffic noise standard achieving distances to lane center (m) 2014 2020 2028 Road Segment Standard Daytime Nighttime Daytime Nighttime Daytime Nighttime Start Point～Longling C 54 127 78 179 109 260 lass-2 Longling～Mangshi 57 134 81 186 116 260 Mangshi～Mangbie 65 149 93 216 131 305 Mangbie～Zhefang 59 134 84 201 119 275 Zhefang～Zhexiang 60 142 85 201 119 275 Zhexiang～Wanting 62 142 87 201 123 290 Wanting～Yundang 62 142 90 201 127 290 Yundang～Ruili 64 149 90 216 127 290 Ruili～Nongdao 42 100 60 142 85 201 Nongdao～End Point 34 81 48 113 68 165 Start Point～Longling C 14 59 18 81 24 119 lass-4a Longling～Mangshi 14 62 19 87 25 127 Mangshi～Mangbie 16 68 21 100 29 142 Mangbie～Zhefang 14 62 19 93 27 127 Zhefang～Zhexiang 15 65 20 93 27 127 Zhexiang～Wanting 15 65 20 93 28 134 Wanting～Yundang 15 68 20 93 28 134 Yundang～Ruili 15 68 21 100 28 142 Ruili～Nongdao 13 46 16 65 21 93 Nongdao～End Point 8 37 11 53 15 75 Source: Chongqing Communication Design and Research Institute. 2009. EIA for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project. Kunming.

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Table 59: Interchange Connecting Road Traffic noise Standard-Achieving Distances Short-Term Short-Term Medium-Term Medium-Term Long-Term Long-Term Period Period Period Period Period Period Road Segment Standard Daytime Nighttime Daytime Nighttime Daytime Nighttime Longling overpass Class-2 28 62 39 87 56 128 connection-line Mangbie overpass Class-2 36 87 50 113 72 165 connection-line Zhefang overpass Class-2 21 47 29 68 40 94 connection-line Zhexiang overpass Class-2 13 31 18 45 26 62 connection-line Wanting overpass Class-2 15 37 21 50 29 68 connection-line Yundang overpass Class-2 34 81 48 113 68 165 connection-line Nongdao overpass Class-2 29 65 40 94 58 136 connection-line

Longling overpass Class-4a 6 28 9 40 12 59 connection-line Mangbie overpass Class-4a 8 40 11 53 15 75 connection-line Zhefang overpass Class-4a 6 22 7 31 9 44 connection-line Zhexiang overpass Class-4a 6 14 7 22 8 29 connection-line Wanting overpass Class-4a 6 17 7 23 8 33 connection-line Yundang overpass Class-4a 8 37 11 53 15 75 connection-line Nongdao overpass Class-4a 7 31 9 44 13 62 connection-line Source: Chongqing Communication Design and Research Institute. 2009. EIA for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project. Kunming.

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326. Noise Sensitive Area. Noise prediction values for each sensitive point are shown in Table A3-12 in Appendix 3, statistical situations of noise over standard are showed in Table 60, and the noise influence range and number of households at over standard sensitive points along the planned highway during medium operation are showed in Table 61.

Table 60: Statistical results of noise over standard noise sensitive points Unit: dB Operation Exceeding period level Exceed Standard Points Statistic Short- Below the Er-guang, Palian, Hulaxiang, Mangnai, Mangsai, Mangzhang, Nayuan, Nangai, Nanjing, Term standard Nanjing Primary School, Yingmen, Mangli, Bangha, Caixiang, Zhegao, Nanjian, Laozhai, Laozhai Primary School, Nongnong, Nanzha, Nanmen, Detoxification School, Xiangnong, Babie, Bandong, Henong, Nongmolei, Leiyin (K156+700～K157+400), Manbie, Wanting Farm, Xinping, Jinghan

0～＜3 Namengzhai, Manghuai, Mangchang, Feihong, Gongxia, Laxiang, Nongmeng, Jiele, Leiyin (K156+500～K156+700), Hope Primary School 3～＜5 Leiwu 5～＜9 Dongkan, Xinzhai, Yunmen, Deisha, Kanlan, Mangliang, Yungang

≥9 Medium-Te Below the Er-guang, Mangsai, Nangai, Yingmen, Bangha, Caixiang, Zhegao, Nanjian, Laozhai, rm Period standard Laozhai Primary School, Nongnong, Nanzha, Nanmen, Detoxification School, Xiangnong, Henong, Nongmolei, Manbie, Wanting Farm, Xinping, Jinghan 0～＜3 Palian, Lulaxing, Mangnai, Mangzhang, Nayuan, Nanjing, Nanjing Primary School, Mangli, Gongxia, Laxiang, Babie, Bandong, Leiyin (K156+700 ～ K157+400), Hope Primary School 3～＜5 Namengzhai, Nahuai, Mangchang, Feihong, Nongmeng, Jiele, Leiyin (K156+500～ K156+700） 5～＜9 Dongkan, Xinzhai, Yunmen, Diesha, Kanlan, Yungang, Mangliang, Leiwu ≥9 Long- Below the Er-guang, Bangha, Laozhai Primary School, Nongnong, Nanzha, Detoxification School, Term standard Wanting Farm Period 0～＜3 Mangsai, Nangai, Nanjing Primary School, Yingmen, Caixiang, Zhegao, Nanjing, Laozhai, Nanmen, Xiangnong, Babie, Henong, Nongmolei, Leiyin (K156+700 ～ K157+400), Mangbie, Xinping, Jinghan 3～＜5 Palian, Lulaxing, Mangnai, Mangzhang, Nayuan, Nanjing, Mangli, Gongxia, Laxiang, Bandong, Hope Primary School 5～＜9 Namengzhai, Nahuai, Mangchang, Feihong, Nongmeng, Jiele, Leiwu, Leiyin (K156+500～K156+700) ≥9 Dongkan, Xinzhai, Yunmen, Kansha, Kanlan, Mangliang, Yungang Note: The red marked names represent schools and the underline marked names represent sensitive areas along interchange connection roads. Source: Chongqing Communication Design and Research Institute. 2009. EIA for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project. Kunming.

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Table 61: Households/Schools Affected by Noise Distance to road center Total household within Exceed standard No. Sensitive site (m) Standard Standard-Achieving Distance assessment area household 1 Namengzhai Road right 47m Class-2 Achieve Standard at 85m 18 10 2 Palian Road left 69m Class-2 Achieve Standard at 90m 10 4 3 Dongkan Road right 30m Class-4 Over standard in Class 4 area 4 4 Road right 58m Class-2 Over standard in Class-2 6 6 area 4 Nahuai Road left 90m Class-2 Achieve Standard at 135m 32 15 5 Mangchang Road left 100m Class-2 Achieve Standard at 135m 25 10 6 Hulaxiang Road left 35m Class-4 Over standard in Class 4 area 5 5 7 Mangnai Road left 35m Class-4 Achieve Standard at 50m 5 3 8 Mangzhang Road left 35m Class-4 Achieve Standard at 50m 7 4 Road left 59m Class-2 Achieve Standard at 70m 13 5 9 Nayuang Road side 30m Class-4 Achieve Standard at 50m 12 7 10 Nanjing Road left 65m Class-2 Achieve Standard at 90m 35 10 11 Nanjing Primary School Road left 55m Class-2 Over standard in assessment Two-floor teaching Two-floor teaching area building building 12 Feihong Road right 80m Class-4 Over standard in Class 4 area 10 10 Road right 106m Class-2 Achieve Standard at 180m 25 18 13 Mangli Road left 75m Class-2 Achieve Standard at 90m 20 6 14 Xinzhai Road left 65m Class-2 Achieve Standard at 140m 25 15 15 Yunmen Road left 30m Class-4 Over standard in Class 4 area 10 10 Road left 60m Class-2 Achieve Standard at 90m 30 12 16 Gongxia Road left 65m Class-2 Achieve Standard at 120m 30 10 17 Deisha Road left 35m Class-4 Over standard in Class 4 area 10 10 Road left 61m Class-2 Achieve Standard at 75m 20 6 18 Laxiang Road left 30m Class-4 Achieve Standard at 40m 8 5 19 Nongmeng Road side 30m Class-4 Over standard in Class 4 area 11 11 Road side 52m Class-2 65m 21 6 20 Kanlan Road left 30m Class-4 Over standard in Class-4 5 5 area Road left 52m Class-2 Over standard in Class-2 7 7 area 21 Mangliang Road left 55m Class-2 Over standard in Class-2 50 50 area 22 Jiele Road side 30m Class-4 Achieve Standard at 50m 30 22 Road side 56m Class-2 Achieve Standard at 110m 60 23 23 Yungang Road side 30m Class-4 Over standard in Class-4 10 10 area Road side 53m Class-2 Achieve Standard at 110m 30 14 24 Babie Road left 30m Class-4 Achieve Standard at 35m 12 5 25 Bandong Road right 56m Class-2 Achieve Standard at 75m 24 6

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26 Leiwu Road left 30m Class-4 Over standard in Class-4 10 10 area Road left 60m Class-2 Achieve Standard at 90m 35 8 27 Leiyin (K156+500～ Road right 30m Class-4 Over standard in Class-4 10 10 area K156+700) 28 Leiyin (K156+700～ Road right 58m Class-2 Achieve Standard at 65m 50 10 K157+400) 29 Hope Primary School Road right 65m Class-2 Over standard in assessment Three-floor Three-floor teaching area teaching building building Source: Chongqing Communication Design and Research Institute. 2009. EIA for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project. Kunming.

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327. The results show that the noise at 6 villages will be within the applicable standards during the day time during the predicted years. With the increase of traffic on the expressway, some villages will start to be exposed in higher noise. With regard to the schools near the expressway, the noise model predicts that three schools will be impacted by noise. The noise will exceed the standard by 0.1-5.6 decibels in audible scale in the day time and by 0.1-11 decibels in audible scale in the night time. The following noise attenuation measures specified in Design Specification for Highway Environmental Protection will be examined and implemented as needed (See Table A3-13 in Appendix 3 for detail):

(i) Relocate 22 households at Dongkan and Kanlan villages.

(ii) Noise barriers or noise insulation windows will be constructed at 27 places where noise levels are predicted to exceed PRC standards by more than 3 decibels in audible scale in 2020.

(iii) Low-noise pavement will be used when possible.

(iv) Ambient noise monitoring will be mandated to determine whether mitigation measures will be required for sites where noise levels are predicated to exceed less than 3 decibels in audible scale or where noise levels are expected to be exceeded by more than 3 decibels in audible scale in the medium and long term. Monitoring will be conducted twice annually, for 2 days on each occasion. Mitigation measures will be implemented if infringement of PRC standards is observed.

(v) No new school, hospital or other sensitive facilities will be allowed to build within 220 m from the central line of the expressway to prevent noise impacts to these facilities in the future.

(vi) Trees and shrubs will be planted as soon as possible after construction in any construction zone and within the 50 meter-wide right-of-way.

(vii) During the implementation of Ruili City master development plan in which they tend to extend toward the proposed road, it is suggested that in the area within the distance of 200 m from the road (section K131+700) will be constructed with storehouse, plant and greening works. For the future development area near K124+500-K131+700, reserve place for noise barrier installation.

328. Longling Urban Section. The recommended road alignment has been included into the Longling County urban planning, in which, the right side of the K10+000-K10+600 segment is planned as Type-2 industrial land, the left side of the K10+380-K11+500 segment is planned as production green buffer and Type-2 industrial land.

329. The predicted results show that for the areas applied Class-4a standard, the daytime standard-achieving distance are 14 meter to the road center in 2014 and 18 m in 2020, and nighttime standard-achieving distance are 59 m in 2014 and 81 m in 2020; for Class-2 standard, the daytime standard-achieving distance for the segments are 54 m in 2014 and 78 m in 2020, nighttime distance is 127 m in 2014 and 179 m in 2020.

330. According to the predictions, it is suggested that for long term planning of the Longling County urban planning segment, the region within 180 m to the lane center is not suitable for residential land, leeway should be retained especially for schools, hospitals, sanatoriums and

116 other special sensitive architectures planning and construction.

331. Ruili City Section. In the Ruili City Master Plan, a channel has been reserved for the highway construction. However, the proposed alignment at section of K116+000-K137+000 is not fully consistence with the plan. At right side of K129+800-K129+900 section, the areas about 50 m away from the alignment is planned as medical land.

332. Section of K116+000 to K131+600. For Class-4a standard, the daytime standard-achieving distance for the segments are 15 m in 2014 and 21 m in 2020, and nighttime standard-achieving distance are 68 m in 2014 and 100 m in 2020; for Class-2 standard, the daytime standard-achieving distance for the segments are 64 m in 2014 and 90 m in 2020, the nighttime standard-achieving distance are 149 m in 2014 and 216 m in 2020; for Class-1 standard, the daytime standard-achieving distance for the segments are 138 m in 2014 and 194 m in 2020, and nighttime standard achieving distance area 320 m in 2014 and 453 m in 2020.

333. According to the predictions, it is suggested that for long term planning of the Ruili urban planning segment (K116+000-K131+600 segment), the region within 220 m to the lane center is not suitable for residential land, leeway should be retained especially for schools, hospitals, sanatoriums and other special sensitive architectures planning and construction. The medical land at the right side of the K129+800-K129+900 segment is suggested to be canceled, other place which is required to be 220 m far away from the road center of the planned highway should be selected as medical land.

334. Section of K131+600-K137+000. For Class-4a standard, the daytime standard-achieving distance for the segments are 13 m to the road center in 2014 and 16 m in 2020, and nighttime standard-achieving distance are 46 m in 2014 and 65 m in 2020; for Class-2 standard, the daytime standard-achieving distance for the segments are 42 m in 2014 and 60 meters in 2020, and nighttime standard-achieving distance are 100 m in 2014 and 142 m in 2020; for Class-1 standard, the daytime standard-achieving distance for the segments are 90 m in 2014 and 127 m in 2020, and nighttime standard-achieving distance are 208 m in 2014 and 290 m in 2020.

335. According to the predictions, it is suggested that for long term planning of the Ruili urban planning segment (K131+600-K137+000 segment), the region within 150 m to the road center is not suitable for residential land, leeway should be retained especially for schools, hospitals, sanatoriums and other special sensitive architectures planning and construction.

F. Air Quality

336. Construction Phase. Airborne dust will be a primary air contaminant during the construction phase. The sources of the dust will be unpaved access roads, disposal areas, materials storage areas and transportation. The factors affected dust airborne will include climate conditions and type of construction activities. The impact area can be up to 150 m from the source of dust. Another source of air emission is asphalt and concrete mixing stations. The impacted area can be up to 200 m leeward from the source. As the asphalt stations are flexible in terms of exact location, the impact can be avoided if the asphalt station positions are carefully selected with environmental considerations. Mitigation measures to overcome these localized, potentially adverse impacts include:

(i) No storage site and concrete-mixing plant is allowed in area near the Tongbiguan Nature Reservoir and Ruilijiang-Dayingjiang National Scenic Area

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(sections of K112+000 and K115+000-K116+350);

(ii) Material storage sites and mixing stations set up more than 300 m downwind from the nearest settlement or school;

(iii) Concrete-mixing plants in houses or sealed when possible, and dust suppression equipment installed for preventing dust emissions;

(iv) Construction roads, construction areas, and areas adjacent to mixing plants watered on a set daily schedule (considering weather conditions) by using water trucks, and during dry season, watered at least twice a day;

(v) Trucks transporting fine materials, especially from borrow areas and material storage sites, covered by canvas to prevent dust emissions; and

(vi) Vehicles properly maintained and passing annual inspection tests supervised by Yunnan EPB.

337. During Operation, Source. Following modal is applied to calculate the emission intensities of air pollutants: 3 −1 = ∑ EAQ ijij 3600 i=1 in which, Qj— pollutant j emission source intensity; (mg/s·m) Ai— hourly traffic volume of vehicle type i (number/h) Eij—emission factor of j pollutant from i vehicle type (g/vehicle·km)

Traffic volume is shown in above noise prediction section. The NO2 emission factor is from Specification on EIA for Highway Projects (2006), (Table 62).

Table 62: Vehicle NO2 Emission Factors (unit: mg/car • m) Average speed (km/h) 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00 90.00 100.00 Small CO 31.34 23.66 17.90 14.76 10.24 7.72 car NOx 1.77 2.37 2.96 3.71 3.85 3.99 Medium CO 30.18 26.19 24.76 25.47 28.55 34.78 vehicle NOx 5.40 6.30 7.20 8.30 8.80 9.30 Large CO 5.52 4.48 4.10 4.01 4.23 4.77 vehicle NOx 10.44 10.48 11.10 14.71 15.64 18.38 Source: Ministry of Communications. 2006. Specifications for Environmental Impact Assessment of Highway. Beijing.

338. According to the predicted traffic volume, vehicle ratio, day night ratio, hourly summit ratio and the calculated car speed in the prediction years, daily average NOx emission intensity in various sections are calculated individually. In accordance with relevant coefficient, calculated emission intensity of NO2 is shown in Table 63.

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Table 63: NO2Emission intensity along the highway Daily emission intensity Peak hour emission intensity (mg/s·m) (mg/s·m) Sections Year 2014 Year 2020 Year 2028 Year 2014 Year 2020 Year 2028 Starting point-Longling 0.31 0.45 0.69 0.51 0.83 1.12 Longling-Mangshi 0.32 0.47 0.73 0.53 0.87 1.18 Mangshi-Mangbie 0.16 0.23 0.39 0.25 0.43 0.64 Mangbie-Zhefang 0.33 0.44 0.65 0.54 0.81 1.05 Zhefang-Zhexiang 0.32 0.44 0.64 0.53 0.77 1.08 Zhexiang-Wanding 0.32 0.44 0.65 0.53 0.78 1.09 Wanding-Yundang 0.44 0.60 0.86 0.75 1.01 1.39 Yundang-Ruili 0.44 0.61 0.91 0.76 1.02 1.47 Ruili-Nongdao 0.25 0.36 0.61 0.44 0.60 1.02 Nongdao-End 0.24 0.36 0.59 0.43 0.59 0.99 Source: Chongqing Communications Design and Research Institute. 2009. EIA for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project. Kunming.

339. Prediction of Concentration of Air Pollutants. NO2 concentration is predicted by using the modal recommended in Specification on EIA for Highway Project (2006), MOT.

a) When the angle between the wind direction and the linear source is 0<θ<90°，the mode of proliferation is

⎡ 2 ⎤ ⎧ 2 ⎡ 2 ⎤⎫ Q B ⎛ ⎞ ⎡ ⎛ ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ ⎞ j 1 ⎢ 1 ⎜ y ⎟ ⎥ ⎪ 1 − hz ⎢ 1 ⎜ + hz ⎟ ⎥⎪ CPR = exp − ⎨exp⎢−× ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ exp −+ ⎬dl ∫A ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ 2 U σσπ zy ⎢ 2 σ y ⎥ ⎢ 2 ⎝ σ z ⎠ ⎥ ⎢ 2 σ ⎥ ⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦ ⎩⎪ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎝ Z ⎠ ⎦⎭⎪ in which, CPR— contribution of road section AB on pollutant concentration at receptor R0 (mg/m3) U— average wind velocity at the effective source height (m/s), Qj— emission source intensity of type j air pollutant (mg/vehicle⋅m), σy，σz— horizontal and vertical diffusion parameters (m), σy=σy(x)，σz=σz(x), x—horizon (along the wind direction) distance between the source and receptor (m), y—vertical distance between the source and receptor (m), z— height from the receptor to the ground (m), h— height of the effective emission source (m), A，B— start and end points of the linear source

b) When the wind direction is vertical to the linear source, the prediction mode of proliferation is 1 2 Q ⎛ 2 ⎞ j ⎛ −h2 ⎞ Cvertical = ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ exp 2 ⎟ ⎜ 2 ⎝ ⎠ Uσπ Z ⎝ σ Z ⎠ in which the meanings of symbols are identical with those above When the wind direction is parallel to the linear source, the prediction mode of proliferation is

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1 Q 1 2 j C parallel = ()2 π σ Z ()rU 1 2 2 σ in which, 2 z e = z yr += 2 σ ( e ) y the meanings of the rest symbols are identical with those above

340. Based on the predicted traffic volume, daily average and peak hour NO2 concentration in the initial stage, the medium term and the long term is predicted (Table 64 and Table 65). The daily average concentration is calculated using the daily average traffic volume and under typical climatic condition; peak hour concentration is calculated considering the peak hour traffic volume and under the worst diffusion condition.

3 Table 64: Daily Average NO2 Concentration (under stability category D) unit: mg/m Distance off the center of the highway (m) Name of section Year of Prediction 10 m 20 m 30 m 40 m 60 m 80 m 100 m 150 m 200 m Start～ 2014 0.0409 0.0335 0.0289 0.0258 0.0219 0.0196 0.0180 0.0157 0.0145 Longling 2020 0.0544 0.0438 0.0372 0.0327 0.0271 0.0237 0.0215 0.0182 0.0164 2028 0.0784 0.0620 0.0518 0.0449 0.0363 0.0311 0.0277 0.0226 0.0199 Longling～ 2014 0.0417 0.0341 0.0294 0.0262 0.0222 0.0198 0.0182 0.0159 0.0146 Mang City 2020 0.0563 0.0452 0.0383 0.0336 0.0278 0.0243 0.0220 0.0186 0.0167 2028 0.0821 0.0648 0.0541 0.0468 0.0377 0.0323 0.0286 0.0233 0.0204 Mang City～ 2014 0.0606 0.0485 0.0410 0.0359 0.0295 0.0256 0.0231 0.0194 0.0173 Mangbie 2020 0.0835 0.0659 0.0549 0.0475 0.0382 0.0327 0.0290 0.0236 0.0206 2028 0.1131 0.0884 0.0730 0.0626 0.0496 0.0419 0.0367 0.0291 0.0249 Mangbie～ 2014 0.0435 0.0355 0.0305 0.0271 0.0229 0.0204 0.0187 0.0162 0.0148 Zhefang 2020 0.0546 0.0440 0.0373 0.0328 0.0272 0.0238 0.0215 0.0183 0.0165 2028 0.0766 0.0606 0.0507 0.0440 0.0356 0.0306 0.0272 0.0223 0.0196 Zhefang～ 2014 0.0427 0.0349 0.0300 0.0267 0.0226 0.0201 0.0185 0.0160 0.0147 Zhexiang 2020 0.0545 0.0439 0.0372 0.0327 0.0271 0.0238 0.0215 0.0182 0.0164 2028 0.0754 0.0598 0.0500 0.0434 0.0352 0.0302 0.0269 0.0221 0.0195 Zhexiang～ 2014 0.0429 0.0350 0.0301 0.0268 0.0226 0.0202 0.0185 0.0161 0.0148 Wanding 2020 0.0547 0.0440 0.0373 0.0328 0.0272 0.0238 0.0216 0.0183 0.0165 2028 0.0761 0.0603 0.0504 0.0437 0.0354 0.0304 0.0271 0.0222 0.0196 Wanding～ 2014 0.0569 0.0457 0.0387 0.0340 0.0280 0.0245 0.0221 0.0187 0.0168 Yundang 2020 0.0741 0.0588 0.0492 0.0427 0.0346 0.0298 0.0266 0.0218 0.0193 2028 0.1025 0.0804 0.0665 0.0572 0.0456 0.0386 0.0339 0.0271 0.0234 Yundang～ 2014 0.0574 0.0460 0.0390 0.0342 0.0282 0.0246 0.0223 0.0188 0.0168 Ruili 2020 0.0750 0.0594 0.0497 0.0432 0.0350 0.0301 0.0268 0.0220 0.0194 2028 0.1077 0.0843 0.0697 0.0599 0.0476 0.0402 0.0353 0.0281 0.0241 Ruili～ 2014 0.0369 0.0304 0.0264 0.0237 0.0203 0.0183 0.0169 0.0150 0.0139 Nongdao 2020 0.0490 0.0396 0.0338 0.0299 0.0250 0.0220 0.0201 0.0172 0.0156 2028 0.0752 0.0596 0.0499 0.0433 0.0351 0.0301 0.0269 0.0221 0.0194 Nongdao～ 2014 0.0421 0.0334 0.0282 0.0249 0.0209 0.0186 0.0171 0.0150 0.0139 Terminal 2020 0.0569 0.0442 0.0366 0.0317 0.0259 0.0226 0.0204 0.0173 0.0157 2028 0.0875 0.0665 0.0540 0.0459 0.0363 0.0308 0.0272 0.0221 0.0194 Source: Chongqing Communications Design and Research Institute. 2009. EIA for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project. Kunming.

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3 Table 65: Peak Hour NO2 Concentration (under stability category of E and F) unit: mg/m Name of Year of Distance off the midline of the highway (m) section Prediction 10m 20m 30m 40m 60m 80m 100m 150m 200m Start～ 2014 0.0409 0.0335 0.0289 0.0258 0.0219 0.0196 0.0180 0.0157 0.0145 Longling 2020 0.0544 0.0438 0.0372 0.0327 0.0271 0.0237 0.0215 0.0182 0.0164 2028 0.0784 0.0620 0.0518 0.0449 0.0363 0.0311 0.0277 0.0226 0.0199 Longling～ 2014 0.0417 0.0341 0.0294 0.0262 0.0222 0.0198 0.0182 0.0159 0.0146 Mang City 2020 0.0563 0.0452 0.0383 0.0336 0.0278 0.0243 0.0220 0.0186 0.0167 2028 0.0821 0.0648 0.0541 0.0468 0.0377 0.0323 0.0286 0.0233 0.0204 Mang City～ 2014 0.0606 0.0485 0.0410 0.0359 0.0295 0.0256 0.0231 0.0194 0.0173 Mangbie 2020 0.0835 0.0659 0.0549 0.0475 0.0382 0.0327 0.0290 0.0236 0.0206 2028 0.1131 0.0884 0.0730 0.0626 0.0496 0.0419 0.0367 0.0291 0.0249 Mangbie～ 2014 0.0435 0.0355 0.0305 0.0271 0.0229 0.0204 0.0187 0.0162 0.0148 Zhefang 2020 0.0546 0.0440 0.0373 0.0328 0.0272 0.0238 0.0215 0.0183 0.0165 2028 0.0766 0.0606 0.0507 0.0440 0.0356 0.0306 0.0272 0.0223 0.0196 Zhefang～ 2014 0.0427 0.0349 0.0300 0.0267 0.0226 0.0201 0.0185 0.0160 0.0147 Zhexiang 2020 0.0545 0.0439 0.0372 0.0327 0.0271 0.0238 0.0215 0.0182 0.0164 2028 0.0754 0.0598 0.0500 0.0434 0.0352 0.0302 0.0269 0.0221 0.0195 Zhexiang～ 2014 0.0429 0.0350 0.0301 0.0268 0.0226 0.0202 0.0185 0.0161 0.0148 Wanding 2020 0.0547 0.0440 0.0373 0.0328 0.0272 0.0238 0.0216 0.0183 0.0165 2028 0.0761 0.0603 0.0504 0.0437 0.0354 0.0304 0.0271 0.0222 0.0196 Wanding～ 2014 0.0569 0.0457 0.0387 0.0340 0.0280 0.0245 0.0221 0.0187 0.0168 Yundang 2020 0.0741 0.0588 0.0492 0.0427 0.0346 0.0298 0.0266 0.0218 0.0193 2028 0.1025 0.0804 0.0665 0.0572 0.0456 0.0386 0.0339 0.0271 0.0234 Yundang～ 2014 0.0574 0.0460 0.0390 0.0342 0.0282 0.0246 0.0223 0.0188 0.0168 Ruili 2020 0.0750 0.0594 0.0497 0.0432 0.0350 0.0301 0.0268 0.0220 0.0194 2028 0.1077 0.0843 0.0697 0.0599 0.0476 0.0402 0.0353 0.0281 0.0241 Ruili～ 2014 0.0369 0.0304 0.0264 0.0237 0.0203 0.0183 0.0169 0.0150 0.0139 Nongdao 2020 0.0490 0.0396 0.0338 0.0299 0.0250 0.0220 0.0201 0.0172 0.0156 2028 0.0752 0.0596 0.0499 0.0433 0.0351 0.0301 0.0269 0.0221 0.0194 Nongdao～ 2014 0.0421 0.0334 0.0282 0.0249 0.0209 0.0186 0.0171 0.0150 0.0139 Terminal 2020 0.0569 0.0442 0.0366 0.0317 0.0259 0.0226 0.0204 0.0173 0.0157 2028 0.0875 0.0665 0.0540 0.0459 0.0363 0.0308 0.0272 0.0221 0.0194 Source: Chongqing Communications Design and Research Institute. 2009. EIA for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project. Kunming.

341. The modeling forecast for nitrogen dioxide during operation indicated that air pollution will be localized within the ROW and can meet PRC class II air quality standards outside the ROW. Therefore, no significant impacts on air quality will be expected during the operation.

342. With rapid economic development and growth in vehicle numbers, vehicle emissions will become a major air pollution problem. The Government of the PRC has taken several steps to control vehicle emissions such as introducing stricter emissions regulation on the vehicle industry, vehicle inspection and maintenance programs, and new fuel taxes. To mitigate the

121 impact of vehicle emissions, Yunnan EPB will follow the national vehicle emission control strategies specified by the Ministry of Environmental Protection such as:

(i) Enforcing stricter emission standards (e.g., step IV of GB18352-3-2005 and GB17691-2005) by July 2010;

(ii) Enforcing an inspection and maintenance program for all existing vehicles, including (a) annual emission checks and random roadside testing; (b) installing emission control devices that require vehicles to be repaired or updated if they cannot meet required standards; (c) development of a quality audit system to assess the quality of vehicle emission tests and to prevent fraud and corruption; (d) upgrading vehicle testing facilities as needed; and (e) promoting environmental awareness regarding vehicle emissions;

(iii) Encouraging use of alternative or cleaner fuels by modifying existing vehicles to dual-fuel engine vehicles, and establishing cleaner filling stations such as compressed natural gas stations; and

(iv) Forcing the retirement of vehicles that are more than 8–10 years old and have failed the emission inspection test three consecutive times, and encouraging retirement of old vehicles through subsidies and enforcement.

343. To reduce any adverse impacts from vehicle emissions, the operating entity will pursue the following measures in cooperation with the Yunnan Provincial Department of Transportation and Yunnan EPB:

(i) Initiating a program whereby gas stations along the expressway must provide clean fuel, such as compressed natural gas, liquefied natural gas, or reformulated gasoline, in addition to normal gasoline;

(ii) Giving preferential consideration to bus companies that use cleaner fuels and install better emissions control systems when bidding for expressway bus services if all other conditions are equal, and forbidding bus companies that cannot meet the emissions control standards from bidding on expressway bus services; and

(iii) Encouraging gas stations along the expressway to install fuel vapor capture equipment to reduce total hydrocarbon levels in the atmosphere.

G. GHG Emission

a) Introduction

344. The PRC attaches great importance to the issue of climate change. The National Coordination Committee on Climate Change was established, and a series of policies and measures to address climate change has been taken in the overall context of national sustainable development strategy, making positive contributions to the mitigation and adaptation to climate change.

345. Most of the global warming observed over the past 50 years was likely induced by the increase in concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs), such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), due to human activities. In the context of global

122 warming, climate in PRC has experienced noticeable changes over the past 100 years as well. The major observed evidence of climate change in China includes the following:1

(i) Annual average air temperature has increased by 0.5 - 0.8 degree Centigrade during the past 100 years, which was slightly larger than the average global temperature rise. Most of the temperature rise was observed over the last 50 years.

(ii) In the past 100 years, there was no obvious trend of change in annual precipitation in China, but there exists considerable variation among 5 regions with decrease in northern China and increase in southern and southwestern China being most severe.

(iii) The frequency and intensity of extreme climate/weather events throughout China have experienced obvious changes during the last 50 years. Drought in northern and northeastern China, and flood in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and southeastern China have become more severe.

(iv) The rate of sea level rise along China’s coasts during the past 50 years was 2.5 millimeters per year, slightly higher than the global average.

(v) The mountain glaciers in China have retreated, and the trend is accelerating.

346. The trend of climate warming in China will further intensify in the future. The projections by Chinese scientists indicate that:

(i) The nationwide annual mean air temperature would increase by 1.3 - 2.1 degree Centigrade in 2020 and 2.3 - 3.3 degree Centigrade in 2050 as compared with that in 2000. The warming magnitude would increase from south to north in China, particularly in northwestern and northeastern China where significant temperature rise is projected.

(ii) Precipitation in China would possibly increase during the next 50 years, with a projected nationwide increase of 2 - 3% by 2020 and 5 - 7% by 2050. The most significant increase might be experienced in southeastern coastal regions.

(iii) The possibility of more frequent occurrence of extreme weather/climate events would increase in China, which will have immense impacts on the socio-economic development and people’s living.

(iv) The arid area in China would probably become larger and the risk of desertification might increase.

(v) The sea level along China’s coasts would continue to rise.

(vi) The glaciers in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and the Tianshan Mountains would retreat at an accelerated rate, and some smaller glaciers would disappear.

347. According to tentative estimates by experts from China, the PRC’s total GHG emission

1 National Development and Reform Commission of the PRC, 2007. China’s National Climate Change Programme.

123 in 2004 was about 6,100 tons carbon dioxide equivalent (5,600 million tons of net carbon emissions), of which 5,050 million tons of CO2, 720 million tons carbon dioxide equivalent of CH4 and 330 million tons carbon dioxide equivalent of N2O. From 1994 to 2004, the annual average growth rate of GHG emissions is around 4%, and the share of CO2 in total GHG emissions increased from 76% to 83%.

348. The PRC’s historical GHG emissions are very low and per capita emissions have been below the world average. Statistics from the International Energy Agency (IEA) indicates that per capita CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion were 3.65 tons in 2004 in China, equivalent to 87% of the world average and 33% of the level in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. Along with the steady social and economic development, the emission intensity defined as the CO2 emission per unit of GDP declined generally. According to IEA, China’s emission intensity falls to 2.76 kgCO2/US$ (constant 2000 U.S. dollar) in 2004, as compared to 5.47 kgCO2/US$ in 1990, a 49.5% decrease. For the same period, emission intensity of the world average dropped only 12.6% and that of the OECD countries dropped 16.1%.

349. There has been increasing awareness of the adverse effects of PRC’s unprecedented industrialization—which contributes to the country’s ranking as the world’s second biggest emitter of greenhouse gases responsible for climate change—on temperature increase, extreme weather events, biodiversity, livelihoods, and economic development. The Ministry of Environmental Protection announced in January 2008 revised criteria for “ecologically sound” provinces, cities, and counties that balance environmental protection objectives with economic growth goals. This illustrates an ongoing government trend in government policy to emphasize environmental sustainability in urban and economic development, including use of sustainable development indicators to assess local governments and officials. The Chinese Public’s Environment and Inhabitant Livelihood Index 2007, released by the China Environmental Culture Promotion Association in January 2008, shows that Chinese people are dissatisfied with the level of air pollution, with 26% saying they are very concerned with air quality. The Government intends to manage natural resources and mitigate climate change in ways that will mitigate the negative impacts of rapid economic growth.

350. The PRC is among the first to formulate a national Agenda 21 entitled China’s Agenda 21 - White Paper on China's Population, Environment and Development in the 21st Century, soon after the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992, and adopted the following policies and measures taking into account its specific national circumstances, making positive contribution to the mitigation of climate change:

(i) Restructuring the economy, promoting technology advancement and improving energy efficiency.

(ii) Optimizing energy mix by developing low-carbon and renewable energy.

(iii) Launching national wide tree-planting and afforestation campaign and enhancing ecology restoration and protection.

(iv) Effectively controlling the growth rate of population through family planning. (v) Strengthening laws and regulations, and policies and measures relevant to addressing climate change.

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(vi) Further improving institutions and mechanisms. (vii) Attaching great importance to climate change research and capacity building.

(viii) Strengthening education, training and public awareness on climate change.

(ix) Imposing regulations on the automobile industry, requiring an annual vehicle test, and drafting a vehicle inspection and maintenance program.

(x) Set emission and fuel efficiency targets and tighter deadlines for manufacturers to meet the increasingly stringent EURO standards.

(xi) Offer tax incentives for manufacturers of more environment-friendly cars.

351. Yunnan has vehicle emission standards, and the Yunnan Environmental Protection Bureau (YEPB) regularly tests all types of vehicles. The Project will have positive impacts on air pollution, as emissions per vehicle-kilometer from vehicles along the project roads are expected to be lower because of better traffic flows resulting from improved road conditions and shorter distances for many of the trips.

b) Vehicle Emissions from Improved Roads and Traffic Conditions

352. The difference in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions between the “with” and “without” case is estimated with vehicle operating data applied to the future traffic volumes and trip distribution.

353. Vehicle emissions changes with the project are caused by:

(i) reduced length of the road distance between Longling and Ruili which means less fuel consumed per trip compared to the longer distances for the same trips on highway G320;

(ii) improved alignment (fewer bends and less slopes) along the new expressway in this corridor, which reduces fuel consumption per vehicle-km by using the expressway compared to the same trip on the existing highway G320;

(iii) improved driving conditions (higher and more even average speed and less damaged road surface) along the existing G320 highway due to less traffic, congestion and fewer heavy vehicles (much traffic is diverted to the expressway); and

(iv) improved maintenance of the selected local roads resulting in higher average speeds and more even and comfortable driving conditions due to improved traffic carrying capacity when poor condition road sections are improved.

354. The CO2 emission changes for the expressway component are estimated by means of the HDM-4 software. It calculates the net fuel savings; i.e. the reduced fuel consumption for the projected normal traffic minus the total fuel consumption for projected generated traffic over the project period. This was done by “normalizing” the base case (i.e., the “without” case) and calculating the fuel consumption and associated CO2 emissions increments relative to this “normalized” baseline. CO2 emissions from the construction related transport has not been included. The estimated net traffic-related CO2 emission effect over the project period with the

125 expressway is a reduction of 535,170 tons. 355. At the current Carbon Emission Rights (CER) spot price of $11.50 per ton of CO2 equivalent, in January 2010, the discounted value of these CO2 reductions benefits is equal to $6.2 million (undiscounted).

356. As regards to the 605 kilometer local roads maintenance component of the project, CO2 emission reductions resulting from the improved maintenance were calculated in the same way as for the expressway component, and is estimated to be 1.4 million tons. In economic terms (applying the current spot value of CERs at $11.50 per ton), these emission reduction benefits are valued at $16.1 million (undiscounted). This shows that in terms of CO2 reductions per CNY spent, local highway maintenance is a very cost–effective climate change mitigation instrument.

357. In general, this Project supports China’s climate change initiatives in reducing GHG emissions. The provision of roads with better travel conditions and connectivity will reduce the travel time per vehicle trip and therefore fuel consumption. This will contribute to reducing the emission of GHG, with positive effects on climate change.

H. Transport of Hazardous and Toxic Materials

358. The traffic accident risk with dangerous cargo vehicles was analyzed for sensitive sections associated with major bridges over the Ruilijiang, Mangshi, and Nanwan rivers. It was estimated based on (i) the existing traffic accident rates in the areas, (ii) the total traffic volume and percentage of dangerous freight transport vehicles, and (iii) total length of sections along the sensitive rivers. According to historical data provided by local traffic authorities, traffic accidents in this region occurred on an average of 1.03 times per million passenger car units per year, and only 0.58% of total traffic volume involved hazardous and toxic material transport. Therefore, the annual accident rate associated with the transport of hazardous goods on the sensitive sections is estimated statistically to be 0.079 per year in 2014 and 0.25 per year in 2028, thus yielding an average spill rate of 0.0085 per year in 2014 and 0.0266 per year in 2028. Even with a low probability of a spill, an emergency plan has been prepared in which following has been defined (i) who has authority to act, (ii) what actions are needed to deal with a spill, and (iii) who will implement these actions. Anti-collapse, water collection and emergency tank have been designed at the Fapo Reservoir and Ruilijiang River section.

I. Access roads

359. The temporary access roads will be carefully located to avoid farmland, forest and crops; where possible, the access locations will be selected in such a way that they will be used by the local communities after the construction completion. Safety warning signs will be installed and safety considerations and engineering measures will be given full consideration in the access road design. It is may destruct the existing roads, impact the local transportation, and increase the risk of the traffic accident. When the construction is completed, the access road, if not beneficially used by the local communities, will be fully rehabilitated to its original state and landscaped as needed.

J. Community Severance

360. To minimize the impacts of community and farmland severance, numerous rounds of consultation have been conducted with the affected villagers. In areas where the road will intersect with local roads, there are 9 interchanges, 27 overpasses and 91 underpasses. In

126 addition, where the road passes large farmland, agricultural vehicle passages are designed to ensure the agricultural operation convenience. As the road is to be built in an area with highly rolling terrain which requires a large number of tunnels and bridges on the route, it is estimated that the traffic blocking impact on the local people is minimum. The provisions in the crossing design have been provided to allow various farm vehicles to use as well as for future expansion.

K. Resettlement and Relocation

361. According to the Amendment Plan of Land Utilization General Planning for Long-Ruili Expressway which made by Longling, Luxi and Ruili Land Resource Bureaus at May 2009, about 11,692.93 mu land will be permanently acquired by the Project, including 41.05 percent cultivated land (such as paddy, dry land, vegetable land and no irrigation land), 34.33 percent forest land and shrubbery, 10.67 percent garden land, 8.46 percent wasteland, 2.73 percent residence land, 2.76 percent other land. The land taken will cause reduction of average farm land from 2.82 mu per person to 2.80 mu per person for the whole alignment which will not significantly affect the farmers. However, for the section passing through villages of Mengmao township, the farm land reduction rate will be 4.06% and thus causing certain unfavorable impact on the town's land resources and aggravate the tense of growing demand of arable land.

362. To reduce the cultivated land taken, it is suggested that at the cultivated section of K122+000 - K123+200 and K129+600 - K130+000 in Mengmao town, viaduct will be built by which 6.72ha of arable land taken can be reduced compare with that by embankment, and the adverse impact upon the cultivated land resources can be greatly reduced.

363. A total of 118,816 m2 of houses will be demolished. The total directly affected families who either lost land, houses or both will be 986 households with 4,095 people. The Project will also occupy yards, walls, tombs, trees, irrigation systems, country roads and utilities within the expressway area. The impacts will also include mismanagement of land and house compensation funds, unsatisfactory with land re-assignment and insufficient compensation for house replacement. However, in general, the new houses following the relocation are expected to be better and bigger than the houses replaced using the resettlement and relocation compensation funds, representing an improvement of housing conditions and the living standards.

364. On the basis of relevant local laws, regulations and ADB safeguard policy, the resettlement plan (RP) has developed a compensation and livelihood rehabilitation program that includes a package of livelihood options. Extensive vocational training programs will be implemented to facilitate the livelihood programs for the villagers. These will be further discussed and detailed into household-specific measures for implementation. Detailed livelihood implementation plans for severely affected villages will be submitted to ADB for prior review and approval.

365. All the affected enterprises will receive compensation payments for assets, relocation costs and income losses during transition. The relocating enterprises are planned to move to nearby industrial parks and shops to shift to nearby locations to resume business. The employees are expected to maintain their present employment with the enterprises or shops.

366. Infrastructure impacts and their restoration. A large number of public infrastructure facilities will be damaged during project construction and require restoration, including power and telecommunication facilities, roads, irrigation and drainage canals. The restoration cost has been estimated and included in the project budget.

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L. Health and Safety

367. Health risks are primarily related to increased transit population during construction (construction workers) and operation (visitors) in the regions. The increased mobile population could potentially bring and spread infectious diseases in the Project area. The in-hygiene and un-healthy life style of the workers could spread diseases such as hepatitis and HIV-AIDS to local residents as well as among themselves. PPTA health expert has prepared mitigation plan to reduce health risks.

368. The safety risk is primarily in the construction phase with the local residents, particularly children who have little awareness of construction site safety and traffic safety. In a linear construction site there will be hardly full control of the site and the construction areas will be mostly open with no control from public access. The curious students may hang around the sites after the school causing safety risks. Deep cuts and other excavation, if near normal roads could also be a safety hazard at night. The explosion operation for deep cuts and materials borrowing and the resulting flying stones, as well as explosive handling, will be among the most dangerous activities on the construction sites which pose risks to residents. The explosive operation could also affect the safety and structure integrity of houses in a 500 m radius area through strong vibration of the explosion as well as damaging roof tiles and windows from flying stone from explosion.

369. Measures on for protecting occupational and community health include:

(i) Provide disease prevention and control training to construction workers, particular epidemic diseases such as HIV, H1N1 and hepatitis B prior to start of the construction. Leaflets, education seminars will be organized, in association with the local government and communities, to increase the awareness and knowledge on the HIV/AIDS;

(ii) Posters will be placed in and around the construction sites for disease control, for not only construction workers but also villagers and others in the areas;

(iii) Adequate protective gear such as condoms will be provided to workers at the construction camps;

(iv) Periodical health check will be provided to construction workers to ensure their health and well being;

(v) At and near construction site, traffic signs will be set. Traffic safety education will be given to the contractors’ staffs as well as nearby local people. Maintenance will be provided to the existing local roads.

370. Safety measures on construction staff and public:

(i) The contractor will provide safe and convenient passages for the public;

(ii) Provide construction workers sufficient personal protection equipment such as hard hats, earpiece, safety shoes, and others;

(iii) Seminar on safety issues will be provided to local public, particularly school

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students; (iv) Where the potential dangers are present, warning signed will be installed;

(v) There will be construction staff on duty on or near heavy movement of construction vehicles, or heavy construction vehicle traffic through the villages to ensure safety.

371. Safety measures on blasting:

(i) The transportation, storage, process, package on site, connect, blasting and the disposal of the blasting, the procedure will be in accordance with the Safety Regulations of the Blasting(GB6722-1986)

(ii) The persons will be 200 m away from the blasting point.

(iii) Except to detonation, all the power and the light will be turned off, and located 50 m away from the blasting point.

(iv) The excavation face is on the same level with the lining of surface, it is commonly more than 30 m, the distance is defined according to the factors of the intensity of the concrete and the character of the wall rock.

(v) The safety examination will be fulfilled after the blasting, identified the left cannon which are not blasted, the procedure will be followed as the Regulation of the Blasting Safety(GB6722-1986), the dreg cannot be transfer outside until there is no blasting material.

(vi) According to the real situation, the quantity of blasting materials will be carefully controlled.

372. Measures on hazardous gas:

(i) If there is the hazardous gas (such as coal gas) in the tunnel, all the construction will be stop, and withdraw out the cave, the Contactor will take efficient actions, the construction could no began until there is no danger.

(ii) The Contactor will monitor, record, and report the situation of the hazardous gas in the tunnel, the hazardous gas emission could not exceed the standard.

(iii) If the tunnel construction may involve hazardous gas, it is necessary set the on-line-monitoring system including the analysis equipment, the alarm annunciator can provide the vision and sound caution under this plan.

(iv) The Contractor will arrange the safety instrument such as the security light, and some gas emission from the vehicles; it could be defense as the different status.

373. Measures on tunnel construction:

(i) Small dosage blasting materials and pre-cracking blasting methods will be adopted. Noise insulation cover will be used if necessary. Proper blasting time will be arranged, and night time blasting is forbidden. Construction worker are required to

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wear masks and earmuffs. (ii) Proper ventilation system is required to satisfy the requirement of tunnel construction condition.

(iii) Wet shotcrete is preferred to be used, so as to avoid dust. As for the hazardous gas area, instrument will be used to monitor the density, and relevant emergency plan will be developed by contractors.

(iv) Sedimentation tanks will be installed to collect wastewater from tunnels. Any wastewater is forbidden to be directly discharged into the water body without treatment.

(v) Traffic signs and temporary traffic regulations will be applied in the tunnels. The movement for worker and equipments like trucks. The specific appointed staffs will give guidance to the traffics in the tunnels. Trainings on safety and personal security will be provided to the tunnel workers and administration staffs.

374. Regular safety walks involving qualified representatives will be organized throughout the construction in order to ensure the implementation of safety measures and to identify areas of concerns for improvement.

M. Tourism

375. The proposed expressway will greatly improve the accessibility to the Project areas including local tourist attractions and as a result, more visitors are expected to visit local parks and conservation areas, such as the Ruilijiang-Dayingjiang National Scenic Spot. The increased tourists and motor vehicle traffic will bring higher loads to the environment and eco-system in the scenic sport, including air emission, sewage, and solid waste generation as well as potentially excessive developments in hotels, restaurants, shops and other services.

376. To reduce the impact on tourism, the plan for vehicle speed limit, horn ban, fuel and material spillage control will be developed and implemented. Furthermore, the road will be well maintained, and environmental monitoring plan to scenic area will be carried out for long term. The Ruilijiang-Dayingjiang National Scenic Spot has developed plan for the anticipated increase in tourists following the completion of the expressway. This will include carefully planned and controlled facilities developments such as sufficient sanitation facilities, washrooms and garbage bins, and waste collection and treatment and disposal systems.

N. Economic Development and Poverty Alleviation

377. The expressway will greatly improve the transportation conditions of the project area. Currently from the Longling to the provincial Ruili will take 4-5 hours while when the expressway is in operation this trip will only take about 2.5-3 hours. The greatly improved transportation conditions will help shipping of local agricultural produces and resources out to the urban centers, contributing to local economic development. In addition, the greatly improved transportation conditions will help attract outside investment to the region contributing further economic development. As the lack of transportation infrastructures and relative isolation of the region is one of the major causes of the under development and poverty in the region, the Project will help the poverty reduction effort and improve the standard of living to the local urban and rural residents for the access to services and others in the urban areas.

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O. Public Disturbance

378. To reduce the public disturbance, following mitigation measures should be taken:

(i) Further public consultations with local residents will be conducted to inform them about project activities and obtain comments.

(ii) The local government and traffic police will be consulted regarding construction materials transportation on the existing roads to avoid traffic jam, especially reduce the transportation though the villages.

(iii) The temporary access roads will be carefully located to avoid farmland, forest and crops; where possible, the access locations will be selected in such a way that they will be used by the local communities after the construction completion.

(iv) When construction takes place near the village, schools and hospitals, all access roads will be hardened from 25 m before approaching these sensitive receptors until 25 m after leaving them.

(v) When the construction is completed, the access road, if not beneficially used by the local communities, will be fully rehabilitated to its original state and landscaped as needed.

(vi) Install its own power, water, telephone etc. after agreement with the local corresponding authorities.

(vii) Construction notice will be posted on the bulletin board of townships along the alignment, introducing the project activities, resettlement policies to the local people.

(viii) Billboard at each construction will be set, listing contractor and Construction Supervision Engineer contract names and telephone numbers, construction period and other brief construction information for public notice. Also list the local EPB hotline or contract number for public complaints.

(ix) For the construction activities near the four schools stated above, construction will be fenced with warning sign.

P. Cumulative Impacts

379. Cumulative effects are defined as the impacts on the environment that result from the incremental impact of an action when added to other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions, regardless of the agency (central or non-central) or person undertaking such other actions. Degradation of air quality, noise pollution, increasing traffic accidents, etc., from increasing traffic volumes could be predicted as a cumulative impact of the Project on the western part of Yunnan. However, given that the road is part of the national road network for which strategy environmental impact assessment (SEA) has been conducted organized by Planning Department of MOT and the factors of negative impacts expected from the Yunnan expressway will also be considered to assess impacts properly. The SEA assessed the reasonability of the scale and layout of the road network. The SEA concluded that the road

131 network is consistent with the national resource development plan and the eco-environment protection plan. There is no significant environmental restraint and no significant potential adverse environmental impact. The SEA also indicated that some sections of 3 roads including the Hangzhou-Ruili road might affect sensitive eco-environmental area and should pay great attention during the alignment selection.

380. The region where the project expressway traverses has lots of economic hubs with intensive social and economic activities. Most of these activities are small-scaled and in-city or localized construction projects, which would not have obvious cumulative impacts with the newly proposed project expressway. Based on field survey and consultation with local governments, there are another relatively large scale linear project that is/will be under construction within the construction time frame of the project expressway and partially within the same corridor, and could potentially interact with the project expressway in terms of cumulative impacts. The project is Dali-Ruili Railway.

381. Dali-Ruili Railway is from Dali City to Ruili City with a total length of 336km. It is planned to be constructed within the planned time frame of the project expressway construction. Three sections of the expressway at K40+000-K45+000, K56+000-K60+000 and K118+200-K121+500 totally 12.3 km are close and parallel with Dali-Ruili railway project, with a minimum distance of about 100 m. In consultation with the Dali-Ruili Railway Company, the alignment of the railway that parallel with the road project are mainly through tunnel thus adverse environmental impact is negligible.

382. The construction of two large projects close to each other will cause larger environmental and social impact at this section in terms of traffic on the existing road network, civil works, air-borne dust, waste generation, community disturbance and safety etc. Two linear projects would also increase the potential of community severance.

383. The main impacts will be those occurring during construction stage. These construction related impacts could be effectively minimized by adopting proper mitigation measures, including: coordination with Dai-Ruili Railway project company in terms of construction schedule, possible access road and borrow/disposal sites sharing; contractors will develop material transport plan with consultation of local road management authority and local community; enforcement of good construction management to minimize dust, noise and waste generation; education of construction workers to minimize social disturbance and cultural conflict; provision of temporary access to local traffic; proper maintenance of the access roads and timely restoration/strengthening upon completion. With effective implementation of good construction management measures, these common construction-related cumulative impacts can be adequately mitigated to acceptable level. During operation, the project expressway will be fully fenced to ensure safety of local public and traffic vehicles. Adequate crossing facilities have been designed (as discussed above) to minimize the social severance impact. Cumulative noise impact has been calculated and mitigation has been proposed as stated above.

384. The Project might promote development of industry along the expressway. In the case of new industries located at near the expressway, an EIA will be carried out based on the PRC’s regulations and consultations with relevant management. PRC total emission amount regulation will be strictly implemented for these industries project to reduce cumulative impacts.

385. In summary, the cumulative impacts of the major projects in the corridor are identified to be not significant with proper project design and effective implementation of necessary mitigation measures which will minimize those impacts to acceptable level.

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Q. Induced Impacts

386. The expressway will provide excellent opportunities for local development such as local business trade, transportation and construction, especially around the terminals. Without planning, these changes could bring about congestion, increased waste and pollution, and threats to cultural resources. Impacts on large urban centers will be less significant since they will easily absorb these changes. YPDOT has maintained extensive dialogue with local governments. Alignment and location of interchanges, service areas meet restrictions and objectives of urban land use, and consistent with urban master plans. Therefore, the induced development impact will be fully incorporated into the urban planning and management.

R. Illegal Cross-border Trade and the Expressway

387. The following Chinese government agencies are all involved with logging or clearing timber for importation, and its onward transportation in China: Chinese Customs, the Administration of Quality Supervision Inspection and Quarantine, (AQSIQ), the Ministry of Commerce, the State Forest Administration (SFA) and the Border Defense Brigade.

388. All Chinese companies involved in international trade must acquire a permit to trade in foreign goods from the Chinese Ministry of Commerce. According to Chinese law, Chinese Customs and the AQSIQ require that all timber imports are accompanied by a valid certificate, issued by the competent authorities in the country of origin, stating the country of origin. A valid quarantine certificate from the country of origin is also required.

389. Upon arrival of the timber at the border, customs should check that the company has the valid paperwork from Ministry of Commerce. Customs should then issue import permits for the appropriate amount of timber, after payment of the required tax. The AQSIQ issues a Quality Supervision Inspection and Quarantine certificate following spot-checks on the goods. The SFA verifies the timber as non-domestic, taxes it, and issues the required transportation certificate. This allows for an exact, recorded, amount of timber to be transported within the prefecture or province. Transportation beyond the provincial boundary is normally cleared in Kunming. These documents must all be shown upon request to the officials from the Border Defense Brigade, which has several toll gates along the major highway from the border to Kunming.

390. There are a total of 21 police- and army-guarded border crossings with 24 hour controls, and all of these operate effectively and provide adequate controls. Two of these (Ruili and Wanding) are country-level posts with armed police, and two others are province-level posts. The remaining 17 are crossing roads just for use by local people, but also these are controlled around the clock by two officers.

391. Log imports, across the Myanmar-China land border, have fallen from one million cubic meters in 2005 to 270,000 cubic meters in 2008 according to Chinese import data. Sawn wood imports into Kunming customs district have also fallen, from a high in 2005 of 570,000 cubic meters to only 170,000 cubic meters in 2008 according to Chinese import data. These trends reflect an increase in control over the trade by the two countries.

392. Meetings were held with PRC authorities in Mangshi (i.e. the Administrative Division of Dehong Forest Bureau which issues certificates for cutting trees in Dehong Prefecture and transport certificates for the logs and timber, the Dehong Branch of the Border Defense Brigade (Armed Border Police), the Dehong Customs Bureau and the Department of commerce in

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Dehong). These Government agencies claim to have good control today regarding the various attempts at smuggling illegally cut logs and sawn timber into Dehong overland.

393. The construction and operation of the project expressway have no impact (positive and adverse) on illegal cross-border trade. If anything, it is likely to provide opportunities for more effective border trade controls because it is a controlled access toll road where the toll stations provides for all sorts of check of drivers and the cargo, both upon entry of the expressway and when exiting it, provided the relevant border control authorities are interested in having access to the toll road stations of the expressway operating company for carrying out such controls.

S. Possible Change in Alignment

394. In case of a possible change in alignment, the following measures will be taken. For a minor deviation, the environmental management consultant will propose mitigation measures and incorporate these into the detailed design. In case of a major deviation that may cause significant environmental impacts or affect additional people, the IA will conduct additional environmental assessments, including public consultations. The revised EIA will be submitted to MEP for review and approval, following government procedures. Then, the Yunnan Provincial Department of Transportation, in consultation with ADB, will determine whether the deviation is minor or major.

T. Local Roads Rehabilitation and Maintenance

395. Construction Phase. The Local Roads Rehabilitation and Maintenance component will be rehabilitated following existing alignments. The main upgrading works will improve pavement and safety measures. No land acquisition and resettlement will be involved. Therefore, the rehabilitation or safety improvement work cannot impact farmland, property, or vegetation, or erode soil. The possible adverse environmental impacts are mainly (i) equipment noise, (ii) dust from breaking and removing old pavement, (iii) odor and pollutant emissions from asphalt paving, and (iv) wastewater discharge from worker camps. Therefore, the environmental impacts of these six local roads will be limited and can be minimized if mitigation measures defined in the EARF are properly implemented during construction.

396. Operation Phase. Environmental concerns related to the operation of these local roads involve air and noise pollution. Improvement of these local roads will not bring new environmental issues, since most parts of these roads have been in existence for years, and most adverse impacts associated with their operations have already occurred. In fact, the improvement of these local roads will reduce adverse impacts on the air, water, and acoustic environment since (i) new pavement will improve vehicle efficiency, reducing vehicle emissions; (ii) runoff will be collected by newly built or improved drainage systems and then channeled to grassland before reaching water bodies; and (iii) the introduction of additional weighing stations under this component to restrict overloaded trucks travelling will reduce the vehicle emission and noise level.

397. Through this component, the total length of national and provincial trunk highways receiving major/medium maintenance and rehabilitation will reach an average of 202 km per year. At the end of the project the condition of a total of 605.54 km of trunk highways will have been improved, increasing the percentage of asphalt paved trunk highways in good to excellent condition by 3.2%. The foreseen 33% increase in maintenance funding from the fuel tax revenue over the project period (10% per year) is expected to increase the sustainability of the road improvements resulting from this project.

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U. Rural Road Maintenance Component

398. In order to improve the condition of the unpaved township and village roads, a professionalized system of community-based road maintenance will be introduced. The rural road maintenance component will cover the annual maintenance of approximately 1,300 km of unpaved township roads for a period of 4 years. Although the maintenance activities will include basic routine maintenance aimed at cleaning and clearing the different road elements to ensure they work properly, the focus will lie on activities aimed at repairing the road surface and shoulder (potholes, ruts, rills) and making basic road improvements, especially to the drainage system.

399. The maintenance will be contracted out to community groups organized at administrative village level. These groups will receive training as well as tools and safety equipment, and will be responsible for organizing and hiring the required labor from the communities along the roads concerned. Whereas the GAD pilot will focus on women’s groups, in the rural road component the community groups will include both men and women, paying special attention to the participation of women and ethnic minority groups.

400. Given the nature and the very small scale of the proposed civil works under the components, there will be no adverse environmental impact during both construction and operation stages. Moreover, implementation of the components will have positive environmental impacts such as cleaned road surface will reduce dust generation, smooth road surface will reduce noise level and promote fuel efficiency, and improved drainage system will reduce soil erosion and protect quality of water body nearby.

401. This component is expected to result in the promotion and further refinement of a suitable system for low volume and unpaved rural roads. Half the total township road network in Dehong prefecture (1,300 km) will be brought to and kept in good condition for the duration of the Project. The number of impassable days due to rain will be significantly reduced. Community implementation contracting and performance-based contracts will be introduced as a means of decreasing the administrative burden on county communication bureaus and promoting efficient use of maintenance funds.

402. This component is expected to result in the creation of more than 100,000 workdays of direct employment per year, generating employment for an estimated 2,000–3,000 community members. Additional indirect employment is expected as a result of the improved road conditions and through consumption by maintenance workers (an estimated 70% of incomes will be spent locally). The improved road conditions are expected to benefit 590,000 people in Dehong prefecture, including 250,000 from ethnic minorities.

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VII. ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT

A. Environmental Protection Investments

403. The estimated project cost is about CNY11.97 billion, including a CNY1.2 billion subsidy from the Ministry of Transport and local government funds. This accounts for 10% of the total investment. ADB will finance CNY1.7 billion, accounting for 14% of the total, and domestic commercial banks will finance the balance amount.

404. The total non-occurring environmental budget is CNY 146.34 million, and the annual environmental cost during operation is CMY 746,000.

405. The estimated economic internal rate of return (EIRR) of the Main Highway (the Expressway and Class II highway) component is 20.4% and the Local Road Maintenance component is 52.2%, very far above the accepted 12.0% p.a. threshold (this is in line with experience from other countries, where the reduction of a maintenance backlog has been found to result in EIRR of over 100%).

B. Environmental Benefits

406. The implementation of the mitigation measures will bring environmental benefits such as (i) reduced soil erosion; (ii) reduced air pollution; (iii) reduced water pollution; (iv) reduced noise pollution; (v) reduced impact on flora and fauna; (vi) reduced environmental impacts from hazards; and (vii) associated health, poverty reduction, and resettlements of reduced environmental pollution. (Table 66)

Table 66: Environmental Cost and Benefit Analysis Environmental No. factors Impact, mitigation measures and investment Benefits 1 Ambient air and Noise and air pollution increase along the expressway (-2) -1 acoustic environment Noise and air pollution reduction along the existing highway (+1) 2 Water quality Negative impact on water quality during construction period -1 3 Population Health No significant adverse effects and convenient traffic conditions +1 contributing to travel. 4 The people's living Providing some job opportunities and improving the local +1 standards people's living standards 5 Plants and animals No significant adverse effects -1 6 Nature Reserve Area No significant adverse effects 0 7 Famous scenic site No significant adverse effects but convenient traffic conditions +1 contributing to arouse the development of famous scenic sites 8 Urban planning No significant adverse effects but conditions contributing to the +1 development of cities and towns, and society 9 Beautifying of No significant adverse effects; increasing investment in -1 landscaping environmental protection and improving the environmental quality along the highway. 10 Resettlement The monetary compensation of demolition has a certain impact -1 on some residents. 11 Land value Convenient traffic conditions are conducive to drive the value +1 increment of the real estate, commercial and industrial land along the highway. 12 Direct social benefits Mileage shortening, travel time saving, transportation cost +5 of highway reduction, fuel consumption reduction, safety improvement, etc

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13 Indirect social Improving the investment environment, promoting the economic +3 benefits of highway development and enhancing environmental awareness. 14 Environmental Increasing the investment in the project and reducing adverse 0 protection measures effects. Total Positive benefits:(+13)；negative benefits:(-5)； positive benefit / negative benefit =2.6 Notes: 1. Score 1, 2, and 3 points respectively based on the impact significance. 2. “+”stands for positive benefits and “-” stands for negative benefits. Source: Chongqing Communications Design and Research Institute. 2009. EIA for Longling to Ruili Expressway Project. Kunming.

407. The project expressway will be 158.2 km in length versus 181.7 km for the current highway G320 offering a more direct, high-speed, high-capacity alternative to the existing national highway. It is expected to result in significant cost and time-savings to traffic which otherwise would use the existing road and, but to a much lesser extent, to users of the parallel railway. These savings would also attract additional traffic—“generated” traffic—that is currently suppressed by the relatively high costs of transport over G320. The benefits to the average generated traffic road user are approximately half the benefits that accrue to existing road users.

408. Based on the Feasibility Report of the expressway, fuel savings for passenger vehicles and trucks resulting from the distance savings is estimated to be about 1,953 million liters over 20 years. The economic analysis compared the savings in vehicle operating costs, time costs and accident costs on the expressway and NH320 against the construction and operation and maintenance costs of the expressway using a four year construction period and 20 year operating period.

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VIII. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE

A. Public Participation during Project Preparation

409. Several rounds of public consultations and disclosure were conducted during the EIA process in November 2007, January 2008, June 2008 and September 2008 and the PPTA stage from September 2009 to February 2010.

410. The consultation was conducted by the local EIA institutes and PPTA consultants through web information disclosure, questionnaires, interviews, and public meetings in the townships, village committee and affected villagers’ homes during preparation of the EIA and Resettlement Action Plan. Each mitigation measure was determined by suggestions from both experts and public. Most of the concerns have been incorporated either in project design or in the environmental management plan or resettlement plan.

B. Summary of Public Consultation Results

411. Of those who responded to a questionnaire or interview, 93.4% expressed dissatisfaction with the current traffic jam and 100% indicated support for the expressway. All of the respondents agreed with their land taken or house removal, mostly (83.6%) with precondition on compensation. However, 72.6% do not know the resettlement and compensation policy. Of the environmental concern, 96.5% express their concern over noise, 90.3% concern over land taken, 49.6% and 21.2% concern over air and water pollution, respectively. As for the mitigation measures, 91.2% indicates that reducing land taken is most important; 76.5% support tree planting while 64.2% agreed with noise barrier and 32.7% think noise isolation window is better choice.

412. Meetings were held to explain the EIA findings and the actions taken for the proposed mitigation measures to the affected people and local governments. The EIA team visited the two major cities (Luxi City and Ruili City), to solicit comments and advice on the Project. Local people, including staff from local government agencies including water resource bureaus, EPB, Construction Bureaus, Development and Reform Committees, Forest Bureau, Cultural Relic Bureaus, Land Administration Bureaus, Communication Bureaus and Dehong Prefecture TV journalist attended the meetings.

413. After the explanations, the public expressed their satisfaction with the measures proposed in the EIA and EMP.

C. Information Disclosure

414. A brief edition of the EIA summary for this project was made accessible on the websites of Dehong Prefecture Goverment (http://dh.xxgk.yn.gov.cn/dhzmh), website of Ruili Transportation Bureau (http://dh.xxgk.yn.gov.cn/rl) and website of Longling County Government (http://www.longling.gov.cn) on June 18, 2008, to collect opinions, suggestions and concerns from communities along the line and public in general. Suggestions were provided via telephone, fax and e-mail. After the first draft of the expressway EIA was completed, a summary was published in website of Yunnan EPB (http://www.7c.gov.cn) and website of PRC EIA Public Participation (http://www.ppeia.com) on September 4, 2008.

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415. The expressway EIA Report has been reviewed and approved by Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) in November of 2009. Meanwhile, the content of the report is accessible to all interested parties in the Environment Evaluation Unit, YPDOT, Dehong Prefecture Transportation Bureau and Forest Bureau, and Yunnan Environmental Protection Department and Forest Department. The EA announced the disclosure of the EIA in September 2008 on the Dehong Daily Newspaper and made full document available on the Chongqing Communication Design and Research Institute and above stated government departments and as such, the documents are easily accessible to the general public.

D. Future Public Consultation during Implementation

416. The future public participation plan is part of the project implementation and management plan. The IA, under the supervision of the Yunnan Provincial Communications Department, will be responsible for public participation during project implementation. The IA will also establish an environmental management unit for supervising EMP implementation, continuing public consultations, monitoring progress, and responding to grievances. Its staff will be well trained to handle crisis situations or conflicts with residents due to distress from environmental impacts. Costs for public participation activities during project construction are included in the project funding. In addition, the established feedback mechanisms will ensure timely feedback and measures to address any concerns raised by the project affected communities.

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IX. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

A. Introduction

417. The affected people are all the time encouraged to participate in preparation and implementation of the environmental impact assessment and environmental management plan. However, problems, more or less, will occur in the course of the actual works and road operation. In order to solve the problems timely and effectively and guarantee the project construction to be carried out smoothly.

B. Current Practice

418. In current system (Figure 22), when people are suffered by the Project, they can appeal to contractors, Public Complain Center of local government, Local Environmental Protection Bureau (EPB) or court. Among the agencies involved, local EPB takes the leading coordination role in dealing with environmental complaints.

Affected People

Contractors EPB Local Government Court

419. Currently, the affected people complain to the contractors, implementing agency (IA), executing agency (EA), local government, or local environmental protection bureau before they finally appeal to the court. In case of problems during the construction, they usually complain to the contractors first if they believe the construction is the source of issues. If the contractors' responses are unsatisfactory, they sometimes go to local government. However, for the local government it is difficult to figure out the real situation on the site because the local governments usually have no project information. If they go to the local EPB, the EPB will first record complains from the affected people side, and then goes to the site to listen to the explanation from the contractors’ side. Sometimes the two sides might tell different story and each sticks to his own argument. In such case, the EPB need to consult with the IA or environmental supervision engineer to acquire the project information. Such kind of fact finding or site investigation will take time. Therefore, it is suggested that the IA who is familiar with the project taking the leading coordination role.

C. Proposed Grievance Redress System

420. In consultation with the project EA and the IA, it is agreed that the IA will, together with local government, establish a Project Public Complaints Center (PPCC) in each site office. The PPCC’s phone number, fax, address, email address will be informed to the people through a notice board at the village head quarter. Any issue occurs, people will call to the respective PPCC and it will handle until the issues are solved. The PPCC will instruct contractors and construction supervisors if people complain about project. If necessary, it will coordinate with local government or EPB. The system's concept is in Figure 23.

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Affected people

Public Complaints Local Local EPB Center under IA & Government local government

Contractors Supervisors

Figure 23: Concept of New Grievance Redress Mechanism for the Project

421. The affected people can appeal on any respect of the environmental issue. The organs should accept and handle the appeals free of charge and all the expenses incurred there from should be paid from the contingency cost of the project. Small issues should be solved within one week and bigger issues should be solved within one month.

D. Responsibilities of PPCC

422. Affected people will contact with PPCC and it immediately start investigation for the problem. PPCC will undertake the following procedures upon receipt of complaint:

(i) log complaint and date of receipt onto the complaint data base and inform the CCE and CESE immediately;

(ii) investigate the complaint to determine its validity, and to assess whether the source of the problem is due to work activities;

(iii) if a complaint is valid and due to works, identify mitigation measures;

(iv) if mitigation measures are required, advise the Contractor(s) accordingly;

(v) review the Contractor's response on the identified mitigation measures, and the updated situation;

(vi) if the complaint is transferred from EPB, submit interim report to EPB on status of the complaint investigation and follow-up action within the time frame assigned by EPB;

(vii) undertake additional monitoring and verify the situation if necessary as well as review that any valid reason for complaint does not recur;

(viii) report the investigation results and the subsequent actions to the source of complaint for responding to complainant; and

141 (ix) Recording the complaint, investigation, the subsequent actions and the results in the monthly EMP reports.

423. During the complaint investigation work, PPCC will work with the Contractor(s), CCE, and the CESE. If mitigation measures are identified in the investigation, the Contractor(s) will promptly carry out the mitigation. The CCE will ensure that the measures have been carried out by the Contractor(s).

142 X. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

A. Objectives

424. The objectives of environmental management plan (EMP) (Appendix 1) are to propose appropriate mitigation measures and to recommend establishment of institutions or mechanisms to monitor and ensure compliance with environmental regulations and implementation of proposed mitigation measures. Such institutions and mechanisms will also seek to ensure continuously improving environmental protection activities during pre-construction, construction, and operation phases to prevent, reduce, or eliminate adverse impacts.

B. Mitigation Measures

425. Mitigation measures are summarized in this chapter and Appendix 1 includes all the details. The EMP will be reviewed and updated at the end of the detailed design for consistency with the final detailed design.

426. In addition to the project-specific mitigation measures included in the environmental impact assessment (EIA) and EMP, project design and construction of the project expressway are also subject to a wide range of domestic laws, regulation, technical guidelines and code of practice in China, which are legal requirement for project design and construction management. These include (i) Environmental Protection Regulations for Highway; (ii) Environmental Supervision Requirements for Highway (MOT No. 158 regulation, 2007); (iii) Design Code for Environmental Protection in Highway Projects (JTJT006—2002), Environment and Hygiene Standards for Construction Site (JGJ146-2004), Management Regulations for Construction Sites, Safety Rules for Construction Projects, Technical Specifications for Environmental Protection Check & Acceptance Inspection for Completion of Highway Projects.

427. The main environmental risks include relative weak institutional capacity in environmental management and failure of the project management office under the Yunnan Provincial Department of Transportation (YPDOT), IA, and contractors to monitor environmental impacts and to implement the EMP during construction and operation phases. These risks will be mitigated by (i) providing extensive training in environmental management under the Project, (ii) appointing qualified project implementation consultants, (iii) following appropriate project implementation monitoring and mitigation arrangements, and (iv) hiring qualified Independent Environmental Supervision Consultant (IESC).

C. Management and Supervision Organizations

428. There will be two levels of organizations which will be responsible for environmental performance of the Project. The first is environmental management organizations including the Environmental Office of the MOT, the YPDOT, the Project Management Office (PMO) which is the project proponent; the IA will be responsible for the expressway operation and various technical groups for environmental design, monitoring and supervision. The other level is the environmental supervisory organizations which include the Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) and Environmental Protection Bureaus of different levels of government in the project area.

429. EPB’s Role. As the regulatory agency, the various levels of Environmental Protection Bureau (EPB) will make the environmental regulations and the policies, and the guideline to the

143 project construction and operation activities, as well as be responsible for enforcement the laws, regulations, standards and environmental practices of all organizations within their respective jurisdictions.

430. IA’s Role. The IA will have contracts with qualified construction contractors, environmental supervision engineers, independent environmental supervision consultant, and environmental monitoring stations. The IA will clearly indicate the environmental protection responsibilities and objectives in their bidding documents and contracts. The IA will also contract with qualified consultants to prepare Environmental Check and Acceptance Report on Completion of the Project.

431. The IA will have full time professional and other safeguard staff on board to directly lead the supervision and management effort from the IA for environmental management of the project preparation and construction.

432. Contractor’s Role. In the technical specification for the civil works contract, activities to protect environment will be described. During construction, contractors will strictly implement the listed measures in EMP, undertake self-check activities and fully cooperate with the external environmental supervisors.

433. Roles of Construction Environmental Supervision Engineers (CESE). The CESE will perform the following duties: (i) review the construction design; (ii) supervise site environmental management system of the contractors, and provide corrective instructions; (iii) review the EMP implementation by the contractors ; (iv) report EMP implementation status to the IA in environmental inspection and monitoring results; (v) review and other relevant activities organized or called for by the ADB task team, the IA and the relevant government agencies.

434. Roles of Independant Environmental Supervison Consultant (IESC). The current practice of PRC is hire CESE just before the construction commensment. The weakness of such practice is it is too late for them to involve in design review and bidding document and contract preparation. Moreover, most of the IESCs do not understand the ADB environmental policies. To solve these problems, an IESC with extensive knowledge and experience in environmental monitoring and auditing and familar with ADB environmental requirments will be recruited for the project to assist IA in reviewing the project detail design, preparing bidding documents and contracts and preparing semiannual report to the ADB.

435. Roles of Environmental Monitoring Station (EMS). The EMS is responsible for conducting noise, air, water quality monitroring and preparing monitoring report.

D. Environmental Monitoring

436. Comprehensive environmental monitoring programs have been designed for both construction and operation phases. Monitoring includes water quality, noise, hydrology, construction dust and noise, as well as soil erosion and vegetation restoration. The IA will entrust environmental monitoring stations to carry out these plans. During operation, environmental monitoring will be carried out by provincial and prefecture (municipal) environmental protection bureaus, forestry bureaus, and water conservancy bureaus.

437. All personnel of the IA staff and construction workers will receive environmental training at least one time before commencement of construction. Key environmental administrative and

144 monitoring personnel will also go through technical training provided by the project.

E. Environmental Supervision

438. During construction, environmental supervision shall be carried out by qualified supervision unit reporting to the IA. Each Construction Supervision Engineer company will be required by contract to assign at least one CESE. which will:

(i) Review and assess on behalf of the Project Office whether the construction design meets the requirements of the mitigation and management measures of the EIA and EMP;

(ii) Supervise site environmental management system of contractors including their performance, experience and handling of site environmental issues, and provide corrective instructions;

(iii) Review the EMP implementation by the contractors and subcontractors, verify and confirm environmental supervision procedures, parameters, monitoring locations, equipment and results;

(iv) Report EMP implementation status to Project Office and prepare the environmental supervision statement during the construction period; and

(v) Approve invoices or payments.

F. Independent Environmental Supervision Consultant (IESC)

439. The Project Office of the YHIC will recruit an Independent Environmental Supervision Consultant (IESC) to conduct independent supervision on implementation of EMP. The lead IESC shall be a person who can independently and professionally examine records, procedures and processes. He/she may require a small team to assist him/her with checking the site. The IESC shall have extensive knowledge and experience in environmental monitoring and auditing to provide independent, objective and professional advice on the environmental performance of the project (at least 5 years experience is required). The IESC shall familiarize himself/herself with the project works through review of the reports, including the project EMP. In particular, the IESC is expected to perform the following duties:

(i) Review and audit in an independent, objective and professional manner in all aspects of the EMP;

(ii) Validate and confirm the accuracy of monitoring results, monitoring equipment, monitoring locations, monitoring procedures and locations of sensitive receivers;

(iii) Carry out random sample check and audit on monitoring data and sampling procedures;

(iv) Conduct random site inspections;

(v) Audit the EIA recommendations and requirement against the status of implementation of environmental protection measures;

145 (vi) Review the effectiveness of environmental mitigation measures and project environmental performance;

(vii) On a need basis, verify and certify the environmental acceptability of the construction methodology (both temporary and permanent works), relevant design plans and submissions. Where necessary, the IESC shall seek the least impact alternative in consultation with the designer, the Contractor(s), and Project Office;

(viii) Verify the investigation results of any non-compliance of the environmental protection measures;

(ix) Monitor performance and the effectiveness of corrective measures;

(x) Feedback audit results to Project Office, and suggest on actions of penalty;

(xi) Provide environmental training to the Contractors, CESE and the Project Office staff prior to and during construction; and

(xii) Prepare semi-annual progress report to the Project Office, Yunnan EPB, YPDOT and the ADB.

440. The results of these environmental supervision and monitoring activities will be used for assessing the (i) extent and severity of the environmental impacts against the predicted impacts, (ii) performance or effectiveness of the environmental protection measures or compliance with pertinent rules and regulations, (iii) trends in impacts, (iv) overall effectiveness.

441. With the assistant of the IESC, the Yunnan Provincial Department of Transportation will prepare and submit to ADB semi-annual reports on environmental performance based on the monitoring and audits during construction and operation. No later than 6 months before completion of the construction work, the department will prepare and submit to ADB a construction mitigation completion report based on the information collected from all contractors and IA. The report will indicate the timing, extent, and effectiveness of completed mitigation measures and of maintenance, as well as detail needs for further mitigation measures and monitoring during operation. Moreover, within 3 months after project completion, or no later than 1 year with MEP permission, environmental acceptance monitoring and audit reports will be (i) prepared by a qualified environmental institute in accordance with PRC regulations on Environmental Check and Acceptance of Project Completion, (ii) reviewed for approval by MEP, and (iii) finally reported to ADB if requested.

G. Correction and Improvement of Mitigation Measures

442. Based on the inspection and monitoring reports, the YPDOT and Yunnan EPB will decide whether (i) further mitigation measures are required as corrective actions, or (ii) some improvements are required regarding environmental management practices. If it is found, during inspection, that there is substantial deviation from the EMP or changes are made to the Project that may cause substantial adverse environmental impacts or increase the number of affected peoples, then the YPDOT should consult with ADB and Yunnan EPB and MEP immediately and form an EIA team to conduct additional environmental assessments and, if necessary, further public consultations. The revised EIA reports should be submitted to MEP for final approval.

146 XI. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

443. The Project will provide a significant benefit in the project area. The project expressway will play an important role in alleviating transportation bottleneck between provincial capital Kunming and the national border city Ruili in the southwest Yunnan province, promoting regional economic development, improving access to market and services, and the standard of living, and assisting in poverty alleviation. As a segment of a major transportation trunk road from east to west of China, the expressway will also contribute to the Develop China’s West program. The Yunnan Local Road Rehabilitation and Maintenance subproject and Gender and Development (GAD) Rural Road Maintenance components will improve local road connectivities along the roads. These two road maintenance components’ environmental adverse impacts are minor.

444. The project expressway fits into the legal framework, and the road network development planning of Yunnan Province and China. Environmental considerations dominate the alignment selection. However, constrained by topographical and geological conditions, it has to cross the Ruilijiang-Dayiingjiang National Scenic Spot. For the selected alignment, agreements from the regulatory departments have been granted for these road sections.

445. The construction and operation of the expressway will result in a number of adverse impacts to the physical and socio-economic environment in the Project regions. These impacts include permanent occupation of land, vegetation and agriculture, increased soil erosion, increased noise and air emissions along the expressway alignment, particularly in the environmentally sensitive receptors, community severance, health and safety of local residents, water quality and irrigation systems, and resettlement and relocations. Some of these impacts can be obvious.

446. For those identified adverse impacts, mitigation measures in EIA have been proposed and their implementation arrangement including the budget has been prescribed in the EMP. With the mitigation measures designed specifically for the adverse impacts, the impacts will be prevented, reduced, minimized or otherwise compensated. Furthermore, an environmental management systems involving environmental management and supervision organizations, environmental monitoring, institutional strengthening and personnel training will be established to ensure the environmental performance of the Project. To ensure successful implementation of these measures, the EMP covers all the relevant aspects such as institutional arrangement for environmental management and supervision, environmental monitoring and training. Implementation of the mitigation measures, as well as the environmental management systems, the adverse impacts will be reduced to acceptable levels. The Project is environmentally acceptable and feasible when mitigation measures and EMP are implemented.

147 148 Appendix 1

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

I. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT

1. A successful EMP will need active involvement from all parties such as the environmental protection bureau (EPB) of various levels of governments, the project proponent (the EA and IA), the Contractors and Environmental Team (CET), the Chief Construction Engineer (CCE), the Construction Environmental Supervision Engineer (CESE), and Independent Environmental Supervision Consultant (IESC). An organization structure of the above agencies/parties and line of communication on environmental issues are presented in the Figure 1. The roles and responsibilities of the major parties are also presented in the section following the schematic.

2. The EMP organization structure for project construction is shown below:

ADB IA(YHIC for expressway, MEP YPHB for road maintenance) (YPDOT Representative)

Independent Construction Environmental Environmental Environmental Supervision Engineer Monitor Company Consultant (CESC) (EMC) (IESC)

Chief Construction Engineer (CCE)

Contractors’ Environment Team (CET)

Figure 1 EMP Organization Chart for Construciton Phase 3. In order to achieve a satisfactory outcome of the Projects EMP, the project owner will appoint a Construction Environmental Supervision Engineer (CESE) to supervise and monitor the implementation of the EMP throughout the construction phase of the Project. The CESE reports to the project owner directly. Involvement of the CESE can ensure that the Project’s EMP is adequately implemented. The CESE will check, review, verify and validate the overall environmental performance of the Project through supervises and inspections. This will provide confidence that the reported results are valid and the relevant monitoring program or codes of practice as provided in the Project EMP are fully complied with. In addition, the project owner will also engage an Environmental Monitor Station (EMS), responsible for regular and focused environmental monitoring of the construction sites. Appendix 1 149

4. The main environmental responsibilities of respective parties are described below:

A. Environmental Protection Agency

5. As the regulatory agency, the various levels of EPBs will make the environmental regulations and the policies, and the guideline to the project construction and operation activities, as well as be responsible for enforcement the laws, regulations, standards and environmental practices of all organizations within their respective jurisdictions. 6. The newly established Ministry of Environment Protection (MEP, formally State Environmental Protection Administration or SEPA) which is the top regulatory agency in China, will guide the Yunnan EPB to enforce all the relevant regulations implementation; review and clearance the EIA report, and be responsible the overall environmental management. The EPBs at the city and county levels within the project regions also have the jurisdictions for regulatory and standard supervision and enforcement. 7. More specifically, Yunnan EPB is the provincial project environmental supervision and administration and their roles and responsibilities are: (i) supervise the implementation of EMP; (ii) enforce applicable laws, regulations and standards; (iii) coordinate the environmental protection effort between departments concerned; (iv) check and supervise the construction, completion and operation of environment facilities; and (v) guide the city and county EPBs to carry out environmental management. 8. The roles and responsibilities of the project region city and county level EPBs are as following: (i) supervise the construction unit to implement EMP and enforce applicable regulations and standard; (ii) coordinate the environmental protection effort between departments concerned; and (iii) check and supervise the construction, completion and operation of environment facilities and their jurisdiction scope.

B. Project Proponent

9. YPDOT will be the Client or project owner (the EA) has the ultimate responsibility for environmental performance of the project during both construction and operational phases. During construction, the Yunnan Provincial Highway Development and Investment Company (YHIC) will be IA of expressway component to deal with the environmental issues and Yunnan Provincial Highway Bureau(YPHB) will be IA for road rehabilitation and maintenace components. This is a day to day management organization for management of all aspects of project preparation and construction, as such, but not limited to, the following specific responsibilities:

150 Appendix 1

(i) Prepare EIA for project development and appraisal including, supporting and supervising environmental assessment (EIA) team to complete EIA and EMP to meet the regulatory and ADB safeguard requirements and receive approval from the regulatory agency for the project and clearance of the safeguard documents from the ADB.

(ii) Ensure the interactions between the EIA team and project planners and engineers for integrating mitigation measures and other environmental considerations and programs and requirements into project design with the necessary budgetary support as may be needed.

(iii) Ultimate supervisor for mitigation and other environmental protection measures during project construction, including incorporation of environmental requirements into contracts, organizing training for the contractors, construction supervision, enforcing other environmental management programs, and conducting periodical inspection of the construction sites.

(iv) Engage and supervise environmental monitoring programs, receive and review monitoring reports from the monitoring teams as well as from contractors on their regular reports for environmental performance and timely initiate necessary remedial actions as may be needed in response to the monitoring report findings and/or recommendations, including any emergency, accidental situations and chance finds during construction.

(v) Consult and/or communicate to the local communities, project affected people, regulatory agencies, the ADB and other stakeholders during the project preparation and construction to ensure them the full knowledge of the project progress, potential issues and mitigation actions, as well as to listen and respond to their concerns, suggestions and demands for environmental and community protection.

10. The IA will have full time professional and other safeguard staff to directly lead the supervision and management effort.

C. The Contractors and Their Environment Team (CET)

11. The duties of the Contractor(s) and CET include but not limiting to: (i) strictly implement the listed measures in EMP;

(ii) undertake self-check and self-rectify activities;

(iii) strengthen the coordination with the CSC and CESE;

(iv) compliance with relevant environmental legislative requirements;

(v) work within the scope of contractual requirements and other tender conditions;

Appendix 1 151

(vi) each contractor will have 1-2 full time environmental personnel, working with the CESE for mitigation implementation, site inspection and any corrective actions instructed by the client and / or CESE ;

(vii) provide and update information to the CESE regarding works activities which may contribute, or be continuing to the generation of adverse environmental conditions;

(viii) in case of non-compliances / discrepancies, carry out investigation and submit proposals on mitigation measures, and implement remedial measures to reduce environmental impact;

(ix) stop construction activities which generate adverse impacts upon receiving instructions from the client / CESE. Propose and carry out corrective actions and implement alternative construction method, if required, in order to minimize the environmental impacts;

(x) adhere to the procedures for carrying out complaint investigation; and

(xi) take responsibility and strictly adhere to the guidelines of the EMP program and complementary protocols developed by their project staff.

D. Chief Construction Engineer (CCE)

12. A Chief Construction Engineer (CCE) is included in the IA's Project Office and is responsible for overseeing the construction works of the project and monitor other works and activities undertaken by the Contractor(s) for ensuring compliance with the specification and contractual requirements. The responsibilities of the CCE include: (i) Review construction organization design to ensure compliance with project engineering design and the EMP with regard to environmental protection and impact mitigation. The construction may only be ordered to start after the review is completed and CCE is satisfied with the environmental arrangement;

(ii) Provide assistance to the CESE and EMS as necessary in the implementation of the environmental monitoring and superviseing program;

(iii) Regularly monitor the performance of the Contractor’s environment staff, verifying monitoring methodologies and results. In case the CCE considers that the Contractor’s environment staff fails to discharge duties or fails to comply with the contractual requirements, instruct the Contractor(s) to replace the Contractor’s environment staff;

(iv) Instruct the contractors to take corrective actions within the CCE determined timeframe. If there is breach of contract or strong public complaints on contractor environmental performance, the CCE will order contractor to correct, change or stop the work, reporting to relevant agencies and the Client at the same time;

152 Appendix 1

(v) Supervise the Contractor’s activities and ensure that the requirements in the EMP and contract specifications are fully complied with;

(vi) Instruct the Contractor(s) to take actions to reduce impacts and follow the required EMP procedures in case of non-compliance / discrepancies identified;

(vii) If the contractor discovered cultural relics by chance, the CCE will order site protection and report to the relevant authorities and the EA and IA;

(viii) Request and monitor contractors to cut trees strictly in accordance with the pre-determined area, numbers, species, etc. in the permits. Also monitor contractor activities for wildlife and plant protection during construction; and

(ix) Adhere to the procedures for carrying out complaint investigation.

E. Construction Environmental Supervision Engineer (CESE)

13. Each Supervision Engineer Company will be required by contract to assign one Construction Environmental Supervision Engineer (CESE). The CESE must have at least five year experience in construction environmental management, impact mitigation, training, and monitoring, and fully familiar with the environment laws, regulations and relevant standards. The CESE will familiarize himself with the project works through review of the reports, including the project EMP. In particular, the CESE is expected to perform the following duties: (i) Review on behalf of the Project Office if the construction design meets the requirements of EIA and EMP particularly with regard to the site environmental management and impact mitigation measures required;

(ii) Supervise site environmental management system of the contractors including their performance, experience and handling of site environmental issues, and provide corrective instructions. CESE has the right to recommend to the Client to change contractor or their environmental personnel if they feel necessary; (iii) Inspect and determine the effectiveness of impact mitigation measures and report to the Client periodically of the observations;

(iv) Investigate public complaints occurred and potential environment problems as well as make necessary assessment; Order the contractor to make corrective actions and respond to the public on the corrections conducted. Once environment emergency occurs, the CESE must involve in the coordination and treatment process ;

(v) Review the EMP implementation by the contractors, verify and confirm environmental supervision procedures, parameters, monitoring locations, equipment and results;

(vi) Report EMP implementation status to Project Office ;

(vii) As integral part of Supervision Engineer, approve invoices or payments with consideration of EMP performance. Appendix 1 153

(viii) Participate in environmental inspection and monitoring of the relevant government agencies, and participate in the soil conservation acceptance upon the construction completion.

F. Independent Environmental Supervision Consultant (IESC)

14. The Project Office of the YHIC will recruit an Independent Environmental Supervision Consultant (IESC) to conduct independent supervision on implementation of EMP. The lead IESC shall be a person who can independently and professionally examine records, procedures and processes. He / she may require a small team to assist him / her with checking the site (i.e. the IESC team). The IESC shall have extensive knowledge and experience in environmental monitoring and auditing to provide independent, objective and professional advice on the environmental performance of the project (at least 5 years experience is required). The IESC shall familiarize himself with the project works through review of the reports, including the project EMP. In particular, the IESC is expected to perform the following duties: (i) Review and audit in an independent, objective and professional manner in all aspects of the EMP;

(ii) Validate and confirm the accuracy of monitoring results, monitoring equipment, monitoring locations, monitoring procedures and locations of sensitive receivers;

(iii) Carry out random sample check and audit on monitoring data and sampling procedures;

(iv) Conduct random site inspection;

(v) Audit the EIA recommendations and requirement against the status of implementation of environmental protection measures;

(vi) Review the effectiveness of environmental mitigation measures and project environmental performance;

(vii) On a need basis, verify and certify the environmental acceptability of the construction methodology (both temporary and permanent works), relevant design plans and submissions. Where necessary, the IESC shall seek the least impact alternative in consultation with the designer, the Contractor(s), and Project Office;

(viii) Verify the investigation results of any non-compliance of the environmental quality performance and the effectiveness of corrective measures;

(ix) Feedback audit results to Project Office and ESE team according to EMP procedures of non-compliance in the EMP, and provide Supervision Engineer suggests on actions of penalty, suspension or other punishment;

(x) Provide environmental training to the Contractors, CESE and the Project Office staff prior to and during construction; 154 Appendix 1

(xi) Prepare quarterly report to the Project Office of IA, YPDOT, and semiannual report to the ADB.

G Environmental Monitor Station (EMS)

15. Environmental Monitor Station (EMS) will be engaged and reports to the Client directly. EM shall have the appropriate environmental monitoring credential issued by the Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP), be familiar with the highway project environmental issues and protection need and experience conducting highway project environmental monitoring. The main responsibilities of the EMS are:

(i) Engaged by the IA to monitor regularly noise, air and surface water quality of the construction sites and provide the IA the monitoring reports. The monitoring time will be consistent with the construction activities, i.e., monitoring will be conducted during active construction;

(ii) Upon request by the IA, conduct monitoring during environmental pollution accident investigation and provide the IA the monitoring reports; and

(iii) Upon request by the Client, assist CESE conduct public complaint investigation and assessment.

H. Institutional Arrangement for Road Rehabilitation/Maintenance

16. As noted above, the YPHB will ensure the application of the EARF and will report to the YPDOT. The ultimate responsibility for approvals and ensuring adherence to these EARF lies with the YPDOT. A summary of the institutional arrangements for following the above procedures is given below:

(i) Application of Site Checklist: YPHB will screen all local road projects.

(ii) Checklist for Environmental Design Criteria: The designated design institute will ensure the application of design standards. These design criteria should be reviewed and cleared with YPHB and should form part of the bidding documents and Contractor Work Plan.

(iii) Environmental specifications for Contractors: Oversight and final clearance for the Environmental specifications for Contractors will be provided by YPHB.

(iv) Training: YPHB will carry out training on contractors and local maintenance division staff.

Appendix 1 155

II. ENVIRNMENTAL SUPERVISION

A. Compliance with Legal and Contractual Requirements

17. There are contractual environmental protection and pollution control requirements as well as environmental protection and pollution control laws in PRC which the construction activities are required to comply with.

18. All the works method statements submitted by the Contractor(s) to the CCE for approval will also be sent to the CESE for vetting to see whether sufficient environmental protection and pollution control measures have been included.

19. The CESE will review the progress and program of the works to check that relevant environmental laws have not been violated, and that any foreseeable potential for violating the laws can be prevented.

20. The Contractor(s) will regularly copy relevant documents to the CESE so that the checking work can be carried out. The document will at least include the updated Work Progress Reports, the updated Works Program, and the application letters for different license/permits under the environmental protection laws, and all the valid license/permit. The site diary will also be available for the CESE's inspection upon his/her request.

21. After reviewing the document, the CESE will advise the CCE and the Contractor(s) of any non-compliance with the contractual and legislative requirements on environmental protection and pollution control for them to take follow-up actions. If the CESE's review concludes that the current status on license/permit application and any environmental protection and pollution control preparation works may not cope with the works program or may result in potential violation of environmental protection and pollution control requirements by the works in due course, he/she will advise the Contractor(s) and the CCE accordingly.

22. Upon receipt of the advice, the Contractor(s) will undertake immediate action to remedy the situation. The CCE will follow up to ensure that appropriate action has been taken by the Contractor(s) in order that the environmental protection and pollution control requirements are fulfilled.

B. Environmental Supervision Plan

23. The Construction Environmental Supervision Engineer (CESE) shall prepare the project environmental supervision plan prior to environmental supervision according to the codes and standards for environmental protection, design documents, construction contracts and supervision contracts and EMP, etc. The supervision plan shall mainly include the following content: a) Scope, Stage and Time Limit of Environmental Supervision

y Scope of environmental supervision: the area of the project and the area impacted by the project.

y Scope of work: construction site, living camps, construction access roads, attached facilities, as well as the area with environmental pollution and ecological damage resulted from construction within the above scope. 156 Appendix 1

y Stage of work: environmental supervision of construction preparation, construction, project maintenance.

y Time limit of supervision: from the stage of project construction preparation till expiration of the maintenance period of the project. The maintenance period lasts 1 year since completion of construction. Environmental supervision of the project is divided into the three stages, construction preparation, construction and defects liability period. b) Targets of the Work

24. Targets of environmental supervision are to fulfill the obligation of environmental supervision, serve the project independently, fairly, scientifically and effectively, and carry out overall environmental supervision in order to make the project measure up to the requirement of environmental protection in terms of design, construction and operation according to the laws, regulations and policy specified and released by the state and the relevant responsible department, the regulations, specifications and technical standard of the ADB, as well as the approved design documents, tender documents and the supervision and construction contracts signed legally.

c) Working Procedures

25. The working procedures include working recording system, staff training, report system, letter communication, environmental regular meeting. There shall be one environmental protection supervision meeting each month. During the meeting, the contractor will give a review to sum up the recent environmental protection work. The Environmental Supervision Engineer gives overall assessment about environmental protection of each bidding object of the current month. The achievement of the work will be approved, and the current problems will be put forward and the remedial requirement will be proposed. A meeting minute will be taken for each meeting.

d) Preparation for Work Commencement

26. CESE shall prepare the environmental supervision work plan and submit to Preparatory Office of LongRui Expressway Company prior to entering the field. The plan shall include the composition of the environmental supervision organization and the environmental supervision staff list. CESE shall get familiar with the contract condition and the relevant technical specification, and carry out field investigation, and get an overall knowledge on the field landform, surface features, hydrogeology and profile of the environment.

27. The work plan for environmental supervision and the provisions of environmental supervision shall be approved by the LongRui Expressway Corporation.

e) Quality Control

28. CESE shall: carry out overall inspection, supervision and management for the construction, pay attention to control beforehand, timely prevent and control the unfavorable factors which might cause environmental impact, and take preventive measures before the accident happens; eliminate each hidden danger which might cause environmental impact; improve control afterward, ensure that the project submitted by the contractor satisfies the drawings and technical specifications and measures up to each environmental protection requirement. Appendix 1 157

f) Coordination, Information Collection and Management

29. Coordination among various parties will be mainly achieved through coordination meetings.

30. As for information summarization, filing and management, sorting, classification, division into books and filing will be done according to the requirement of the IA, referring to the regulations of the ADB, the state and the relevant local departments and in combination with the engineering features of the project. Inspect and supervise the contractor to sort out the document and technical file in time in order to ensure that the engineering information and file classification are clear and complete, and the technical file and the drawings are simultaneous with the real object.

C. Content of Environmental Supervision

1) Environmental Supervision before Construction

31. Review of pollution prevention proposal: according to the process design of a specific project, “three waste” (waste water, waste gas, and solid waste) discharge link during the construction workmanship shall be reviewed. The advancement of treatment technology and feasibility of the treatment measures, which are adopted during the discharge of major pollutant and design, shall also be reviewed. Before the project, the final method of disposal and place of the pollutant shall be planned and implemented specifically after reporting the responsible department of the environmental protection as per the regulations and treatment requirements of the related document.

32. Review of environmental protection clause in the Construction Contract: construction contractor must abide by related requirements of environmental protection which shall be reflected in the construction contract in the way of specific clause. During the process of construction, strengthen supervision, inspection, and monitoring to reduce the pollution effect on the environment during the construction period, and carry out review on the level of civilized construction quality of the construction unit as well as construction environmental management.

2) Environmental Supervision during Construction

33. CESE will conduct daily on-site supervision, e.g. whether the construction is carried out as per clauses of the environmental protection, and whether the clauses are changed without approval; whether the environmental protection requirement is satisfied during the construction process by monitoring, whether construction work is in line with the environmental protection standard, and whether it is carried out as per the design requirements of the environmental protection; whether each environmental protection measure (which can guarantee the environmental protection requirements) is implemented during the construction process. The main contents are:

(i) Supervise water and soil loss caused by the major works and the temporary works. Inspect whether the facilities of water and soil conservation measure up to the requirement of design and whether soil is obtained and dumped as per the procedure and location; as a key point, it shall be supervised that the waste soil and stone during construction are not dumped to the side slope of the mountain in order not to spoil the scenery; temporary sedimentation tank will be built during construction; protect the ground with broke soil or other places which are 158 Appendix 1

likely to be impacted by water and soil loss by grass mat and plastic film before the rainstorm; ensure that the rivers, channels and sewage system are smooth and in favorable working condition.

(ii) Environmental supervision of industrial and domestic wastewater disposal: Supervise the source of the industrial and domestic wastewater, discharge amount and water quality index, construction progress of the disposal facilities, as well as the disposal result. Inspect and supervise whether it measures up to the approved requirement of discharge.

(iii) Environmental supervision of atmospheric pollution: atmospheric pollution in the work area mainly comes from the exhaust gas and dust produced during the construction and production process. For the source of pollution, discharge is required to be done when it measures up to the standard. The specified environmental quality standard shall be met in the work area and the area under its impact measure up to relevant standard.

(iv) Environmental supervision of noise control: In order to prevent the damage of the noise, for the sources of strong noise or vibration, it shall be prevented as per the design requirements. In particular, for the blast work, it is required that the noise environment quality in the work area and the area under its impact measure up to relevant standard.

(v) Environmental supervision of solid waste disposal: solid waste disposal include industrial, domestic trash disposal and industrial slag disposal. It is required to ensure that the site is clean and tidy.

(vi) Environmental supervision of the wildlife: Prevent the impact of water and soil loss. Control the construction as per the regulations of vegetation protection, especially the implementation of the measures of protection and relocation of the ancient trees, as well as separation of the rare animals.

(vii) Environmental supervision of people’s health: Ensure safety and reliability of the domestic drinking water, prevent infectious disease, and provide necessary welfare and sanitation.

(viii) Supervision of construction and installation of the environmental protection facilities: supervise construction of the facilities of sewage treatment, acoustic protective screen and green work.

3) Supervision at Completion Inspection

34. The completion inspection will supervise and manage the environment restoration monitoring, the implementation of the environment restoration, and the operation of the environmental protection treatment facilities. It will include:

(i) supervising the preparation of the as-built document;

(ii) organizing the initial inspection;

(iii) assisting the Owner in the organization of final acceptance of construction; Appendix 1 159

(iv) preparing the final report for the environment supervision of the project; and

(v) sorting out the as-built data of the environment supervision.

D. Management of Contractors

35. During the construction period, the contractor, who shall always station in the construction site, shall be mainly responsible for effective controlling and reducing the impact on the environmental. Most of the environmental protection measures shall be implemented by the contractor. In order to ensure the environmental protection measures and Environmental Management Plan to become the duty of the contractor, the following measures shall be taken:

(i) during pre-qualification, the environmental management shall be included in the authentication clause when the contractor’s qualification is reviewed;

(ii) at least one full-time and dedicated person shall be assigned in each construction phase to carry out environmental supervision and environmental monitoring as well as the implementation of the specific environmental protection measures; and

(iii) in the process of preparation the Bidding Document, the project proponent shall make each environmental protection measure into the related clause, so that the details of environmental protection can be understood. And the corresponding budgetary estimate shall be prepared in the bidding document.

E. Penalty System

36. If non-compliance with environmental regulations are discovered by CESE during the site supervision, contractors will be given a grace period to repair the violation, for example two weeks. If the contractor performs the repairs within the grace period, no penalty is incurred. However, if the contractor fails to successfully make the necessary repairs within the grace period, they will pay the cost for a third party to repair the damages. 160 Appendix 1

III. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

A. Introduction

37. The affected people are all the time encouraged to participate in preparation and implementation of the environmental impact assessment and environmental management plan. However, problems, more or less, will occur in the course of the actual works and road operation. In order to solve the problems timely and effectively and guarantee the project construction to be carried out smoothly.

B. Current Practice

38. In current system (Figure 22), when people are suffered by the Project, they can appeal to contractors, Public Complain Center of local government, Local Environmental Protection Bureau (EPB) or court. Among the agencies involved, local EPB takes the leading coordination role in dealing with environmental complaints.

Affected People

Contractors EPB Local Government Court

39. Currently, the affected people complain to the contractors, implementing agency (IA), executing agency (EA), local government, or local environmental protection bureau before they finally appeal to the court. In case of problems during the construction, they usually complain to the contractors first if they believe the construction is the source of issues. If the contractors' responses are unsatisfactory, they sometimes go to local government. However, for the local government it is difficult to figure out the real situation on the site because the local governments usually have no project information. If they go to the local EPB, the EPB will first record complains from the affected people side, and then goes to the site to listen to the explanation from the contractors’ side. Sometimes the two sides might tell different story and each sticks to his own argument. In such case, the EPB need to consult with the IA or environmental supervision engineer to acquire the project information. Such kind of fact finding or site investigation will take time. Therefore, it is suggested that the IA who is familiar with the project taking the leading coordination role.

C. Proposed Grievance Redress System

40. In consultation with the project EA and the IA, it is agreed that the IA will, together with local government, establish a Project Public Complaints Center (PPCC) in each site office. The PPCC’s phone number, fax, address, email address will be informed to the people through a notice board at the village head quarter. Any issue occurs, people will call to the respective PPCC and it will handle until the issues are solved. The PPCC will instruct contractors and construction supervisors if people complain about project. If necessary, it will coordinate with local government or EPB. The system's concept is in Figure 23.

Appendix 1 161

Affected people

Public Complaints Local Local EPB Center under IA & Government local government

Contractors Supervisors

Figure 23: Concept of New Grievance Redress Mechanism for the Project

41. The affected people can appeal on any respect of the environmental issue. The organs should accept and handle the appeals free of charge and all the expenses incurred there from should be paid from the contingency cost of the project. Small issues should be solved within one week and bigger issues should be solved within one month.

D. Environmental Complaints Handling Procedure

42. Receiving and recording of environmental complaints. PPCC office will provide complaint form at its office and in general a written complaint is encouraged, but also telephone and e-mail complaint is also accepted. All the affected people can make a complaint directly to PPCC office, or through local EPBs and local governments, which will be requested to inform PPCC immediately when they receive any project related grievance. All the complaints will be channeled to PPCC office and recorded by the PPCC office staff with assigned number such as: (i) date of receipt, (ii) complainant contact details, (iii) type of complaint (such as air, water, waste, litter, wastewater, noise), (iv) complaint details, and (v) assigned to – appropriate responsible person who will investigate. A written acknowledgement of receipt of complaints will be issued by PPCC within 5 working days from the receipt of the complaints.

43. Investigation. On receipt of the complaint, the investigation will be assigned by PPCC to an appropriate construction environmental supervision engineer (CESE) based on issues such as air, water, noise and solid waste. A copy of the original complaint will be forwarded to the responsible CESE with a requested reporting date; usually the investigation should be completed within 10 working days. The investigator should identify the cause of the issue and who will be responsible for the issue and estimate environmental and health damage. The investigator (CESE) will also need to propose (i) corrective actions, (ii) responsible parties and timeframe for completion of these actions, and (iii) a plan for supervising and auditing the implementation of these actions. The investigator will also propose measures for preventing further complaints of this nature including requiring that the same preventative measures be carried out by other similar construction work. The investigator may need assistances from local EBPs and monitoring stations or other relevant agencies or individuals during the investigation. PPCC will provide assistance in coordination with these agencies. Investigation results should inform the PPCC, infringer and affected people (see reporting too).

162 Appendix 1

44. Actions. PPCC has authorized to ask infringers such as contractors to carry out the actions suggested by CESE and approved by PPCC. PPCC should consult with local EBP and affected people for the action plan and revise it if necessary before delivery of the action order to the infringers. PPCC or local EPBs may impose fines to infringers based on the investigation report. After the implementation of the actions, CESE appointed by PPCC will conduct auditing and assessing the effectiveness of these actions, and report to PPCC. Further actions may be suggested if the issue is not solved. PPCC with the help from CESE will inform the results to the affected people and further coordinate with the affected people until the issue is solved.

45. Reporting. Investigation report should be prepared by CESE and submit to PPCC. If necessary, PPCC should send a copy to relevant local agencies. The summary of the investigation report should also be provided to the person or party who made the complaint. After the corrective actions have been carried out, an auditing report should be prepared by CESE. All the reports will be kept in PPCC office.

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

Table A1.1-1: Summary of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures of Expressway project

Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency A. Pre-construction 1. Feasibility Study and EIA stage Alignment Alignment has been revised to avoid passing K59+550-K62+050 FS stage EIA team, YPDOT selection and through mining area Design institute design Alignment has been revised from upper stream K6+300-K7+150 to downstream of the Tieshuichanghe drinking water source, minimum distance is 150m from boundary of the protected area Alignment has been revised from the Class I to K103-K112 Class II protected area of the K115-K116+200 Ruilijiang-Dayingjiang Scenic area Efforts have been made to reduce the adverse K99-K105+500 impact on the Ruilijiang River. Most of the sections are through tunnels. Alignment has been revised based on the K135-K139 near public consultation results, to avoid house Gangnong village demolition of Gangnong village

Alignment selection will be kept compatible with Throughout the the urban development program. Most of the project areas other environmentally sensitive areas have been avoided, but some sections still need to be improved

EIA and public Public consultation has been conducted on Throughout the Before EIA EIA team on MEP and YEPB consultation environmental and resettlement issues. project areas approval behalf of 1 Appendix YPDOT 2. Design stage

Prime farmland Suggest relocating the Zhexiang Interchange K86+500 Design stage Design institute YPDOT 163 protection from K86+500 to K85+050 for reducing 1.27 ha with assistance of prime farmland taken from EIA team

164 Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency

Suggest relocating Mangshi Service Area from K35+700 (near and local 1 Appendix K35+700 to K36+600 for reducing 1.06 ha of Nahuai village) county/city prime farmland taken governments

Suggest changing embankment to viaduct to K14+600-K15+100 reduce prime land taken by 17.85ha K85+500-K86+820 K87+220-K88+050 K122-K123+200 K129+600-K130 Construction management plan should be Farmland and developed by considering preservation of top forest land taken soil(40-100cm of farmland, 15-60cm of forest area land) for purpose of greening at interchange area or rehabilitation of borrow and spoil sites It is forbidden to design any temporary Throughout the construction site within the prime farmland project areas areas Land use plan will be modified and approved. Permanently Before IA with Ministry of Land acquired prime construction assistance Resources, farmland from local Provincial Land Equivalent prime farmland will be reclaimed, or During or before government or Resource Bureau appropriate compensations will be paid. Young construction land resource crops compensation fee will be paid. bureaus Ecology Alignment near villages of Nangai, Laxiang and K46+750 Design stage Design institute YPDOT environment Nanrui MUST BE deviated. Suggesting 50m K88+050 with assistance protection north to avoid 110—200 years-old tree cutting K139+720 from EIA team Alignment should be deviated 80-100m north to K64+220-K64+600 avoid impact on tropical rainforest of this area

Rehabilitation should be designed for borrow Borrow and spoil pits and spoil sites, local trees is preferable areas

Cultural Relic Suggest revising alignment if possible to avoid K13+100-K13+200 Design stage Design institute YPDOT protection affecting old cremation tomb located near with assistance Xiaping village, Longshan township, Longling from EIA team County and local

Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency Suggest revising alignment if possible to avoid K81+950-K82+100 cultural relic affecting ancient city located near Hunong bureaus village, Zhefang township, Luxi City Suggest revising alignment if possible to avoid K134+(100-500) affecting ancient city located near Jiedonglv village, Mengmao township, Ruili City

Other sensitive If possible, consider deviating alignment further Other Design stage Design institute YPDOT areas protection away from the sensitive areas such as Nanjing environmental with assistance Primary School and Hope Primary School that sensitive areas from EIA team close to the road (55m and 65m away) listed in the EIA Attention need to Avoid drinking water protection area such as Throughout the Design stage Design YPDOT be paid during Fapo reservoir and Jiele reservoir; project areas institute, IA, alignment Avoid confliction with the development plans of deviating Luxi city, Wanding Economic Development Zone and other nearby townships Avoid resettlement of big villages, and prime farmland taken Avoid pass through poor geology areas

Temporary It is forbidden to design the temporary Throughout the Design stage Design institute YPDOT construction site, construction sites near environmental sensitive project areas with assistance borrow and spoil areas and prime farmland areas, especially the from EIA and site selection Ruilijiang-Dayingjiang Scenic Area, SEPP team, IA, Tongbiguan Nature Reserve, (K110-K125), Wanding Park, Xiaoheishan Nature Reserve, Fapo Reservoir (K108+720-K109+720), TIESChang Drinking Water Protection area; Precast yard, concrete mixing, asphalt plant and construction material storage sites should 1 Appendix be designed at permanent land taken areas such as areas for parking park, service area, toll station and interchange 165 Construction camp should rent local house or setting at permanent land taken area where

166 Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency

possible. 1 Appendix

Social To avoid loss of access to farmers’ fields, Throughout the Design stage IA and Design YPDOT environment neighbors, and local villages, include project areas institute

pedestrian underpasses in the design with exact locations based on discussions with local village committees Consider linkage with existing roads and consistence with existing rivers and irrigation system. Soil erosion Subgrade drainage, slope foot drainage will be All construction Design stage Design institute YPDOT prevention designed to stabilize the side-slope. Select sites, borrow pits earth borrow pits properly, use protective cover and spoil sites for the borrow pits. Side ditch, intercepting ditch, and retaining wall should be used at the side slope area with mortar pitching on the temporary and permanent drainage system. Review affected irrigation section to ensure adequate water supply.

Dust from Borrow pits, quarry site, waste temporary All construction Design stage Design institute YPDOT construction storage site and mixing plants should be sites activities selected at downwind of residential areas Noise Noise barriers should be designed for the 22 Noise sensitive Design stage Design institute YPDOT sensitive areas including villages of sites Namengzhai, Palian, Hulaxiang, Mangnai, Mangzhang, Nayuan, Nanjing, Xinzhai, Yunmen, Gongxia, Diesha, Laxiang, Nongmeng, Mangliang, Jiele, Yungang, Babie, Bandong, Leiwu, Leiyin and Nanjing Primary School and Leiyin Hope Primary School Waste and runoff Construction site drainage and wastewater All construction Design stage Design institute YPDOT from construction management, such as perimeter drainage sites site ditch, sedimentation tanks, septic tanks. Proper runoff pattern will be designed to keep the natural pattern as much as possible.

Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency Water quality Roadside drainage, intercepted ditch, chute, Throughout the Design stage Design institute YPDOT protection water retaining, various passages, bridge and alignment culvert structures should be used. Measures to avoid hazardous goods causing accidents, such as speed reduction signs, to be located appropriately.

Bridge deck runoff with pipes underneath and K108+720-K109+ water collection pools, double layered guardrail 720 and and additional iron steel protection net, K115+720; roadside collision-proof should be designed K51+100, and provided. K72+650, K87+020 Design two 20m3 tank at Ruilijiang bridge site K115+750

Design one 40m3 water tank for emergency K109+800 water pollution accident

Design of drinking water supply system for Fopo village (near Fapo village K108+720-K109+7 20) Design 40t/d Two-stage Bio-contact Oxidation Mangshi sevice Tank for treatment of waste water from service area, Ruili service areas and management office. Waste water area, Mangshi should be treated meeting Class I of Waste Management Water Discharge Standard (GB8978-1996) office Design septic tank for 2 tunnel management At tunnel offices(at Santaishan and Mangsa) and nine toll management stations (at Longling, Mangbie, Zhefang, office and toll Zhexiang, Wanding, Yundang, Ruili and stations Nongdao 1 Appendix Tunnel design Tunnel position should be selected at terrain Tunnel site Design stage Design Institute YPDOT favorable for environment protection, avoiding

sharply filling and greatly excavating; 167 Natural status of land shall be protected to extreme degree for tunnel gate design. Drainage, intercepted ditch, chute should be

168 Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency

designed to prevent rainwater flowing into 1 Appendix tunnel Sound technology should be adopted to prevent tunnel water gush, thus protect the

ecology system Landscape Landscape design should be done, especially a Throughout the Design stage Design institute YPDOT, Yunnan design special landscape design for the section of project areas Provincial Ruilijiang-Dayingjiang National Scenic Area Department of should be done by qualify design engineer. Construction No borrow pits and spoil sites is allowed within the scenic area and its view-range Construction Permission should be acquired Ruilijiang-Dayingjia Before from Yunnan Provincial Department of ng Scenic Area construction Construction

Illegal Logging Traffic security checking points should be Interchanges on Design stage Design institute YPDOT designed on the expressway. That will used for the expressway. illegal logging checking. Updating EMP Update and incorporate mitigation measures Throughout the Design stage EIA team, YPDOT and defined in EMP into the Project’s detailed project areas Design Yunnan EPB design to minimize adverse environmental institute, IA, impacts. 3. Construction Preparation Environmental To ensure environmental credibility among Throughout the Before tenders IA YPDOT Clauses and contractors, prepare environmental project corridor for contractors Specifications for prequalification clauses and specifications to Contractor be included in the prequalification package to Prequalification, contractors. Technical Prepare environment section in the terms of Specifications, reference for bidders. Environmental Clauses for Prepare environmental contract clauses for Contracts, and contractors, namely special conditions (e.g., Loan Covenants reference EMP and monitoring table). Prepare covenants for Loan Agreement as defined in the EMP

Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency Project Public Establish a PPCC; ensure staff at Complaint Throughout the Before Contractors, IA YPDOT Complain Center and Information PPCC is well trained to handle project corridor construction (PPCC) complaints, crisis or conflicts with residents due to distress from environmental impacts Environmental Invite environmental specialists and/or YEPB Before IA YPDOT protection officials to provide training on implementing construction training environmental mitigation measures and supervision Resumption of Establish a resettlement office comprising local The land and Before the IA YPDOT, local land and property government officials. property as defined commencement counties and in the resettlement of resettlement cities government Conduct community consultation programs and plan activities ensure information is disseminated. Ensure that all relocation and resettlement Before activities are reasonably completed. construction Drinking Water Construct the drinking water supply system for Fapo village (near Before Contractors, IA YPDOT and local Supply Fapo village, including piping system and two K108+720-K109+7 construction Fapo village wells. 20) committee Appendix 1 Appendix 169

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Cultural Relic For the three cultural relic sites within the FS K13+100-K13+200 Design stage Design institute YPDOT 1 Appendix protection ROW near villages of Xiaping, Hunong and K81+950-K82+100 with assistance Jiedonglv: K134+(100-500) from EIA team and local Realignment is recommended for the sections cultural relic that passing through three cultural relic sites. bureaus Meanwhile, the Yunnan Provincial Cultural Relic Survey Team proposed alternative mitigation measures in the event of realignment is not possible, that are: Preservative excavation at the three relic sites will be conducted and completed prior to the commencement of expressway construction. The excavation areas will be 400m2, 5000m2 and 6000m2 for the sites near Xiaping, Hunong, and Jiedonglv, respectively. During this process, all valuable archaeological and cultural articles from the sites will be uncovered, studied and kept by the local museums. The excavated sites will be photographed, measured, documented or modeled before handed over to contractors for expressway construction.

Utility relocation Make full preparations and elaborate surveys; Refer to utility Before Contractors, IA, YPDOT and cooperate with the relevant departments. location drawings construction and concerned concerned Traffic management schemes should be starts departments government established; potential emergencies and agencies mitigation should be examined. Relocate all utilities subject to prior approval of the concerned agencies. Notice should be prepared to inform the owner of the utility and representatives should be invited to the work site.

Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency Trees protection Before ground-breaking, selected contractors Right-of-way of the Before any Contractors in IA and local forest must prepare a vegetation replanting layout on expressway and ground-breaking consultation bureaus a topographic map showing replanting area, temporary local with local type of replanting, and maintenance program to road, borrow and forestry be undertaken. disposal sites, departments

Remove trees from the right-of-way before construction begins but only after consultation with local counties and securing permits.

Relocate the protected trees to Mengxiu Rare K57+850 (R20m*) Before any Experts from Plant Protection Botanic Garden of Ruili City, K57+900(L25m), ground-breaking Mengxiu Rare including 12 Toona ciliate trees (6 near K79(R20m) Plant K57+850, K57+900 and 6 near K79); 3 carallia K29(L30) Protection brachiata trees (K29) and 4 aCESEulus K65+350(L25m) Botanic Garden lantsangensis trees (K65+350). Note:*R20m=right side of Ruili City 20m from the road center Fence the 32 toona ciliate trees that are not K50+650(R40m) Before any Contractors within the ROW but within area 50m from the K55+150(R50m) ground-breaking with assistance red line of the alignment, and put protection K57+900(L90m) of botanical board on the tress. K72+950(R25m) experts and K75+750(L50-160) local forest Put protection board on the 66 toona ciliate K78+700(R90m) bureau trees 50-183m away from the red line. K79+000(L50m) K85+350(R150m) Training on protection of the protected trees K99+300(L200) (with photos) should be provided to the K120+800(R90m) construction workers K126+150(R60m) K150+180(R70m) Put protection board on the protected trees that K85+350(R150m) are 50-200m away from the red line of the K126+150(R80m)

alignment including 5 paramichelia baillonii, 5 K150+150(R70m) 1 Appendix terminalia myriocarpa, 14 cerasus cerasoide K25+000(L200m) and 10 millettia pachycarpa. K4+700(R85m) K20+400(R220m)

Hazardous Rational drainage system should be provided to Rivers and Design stage Design institute YPDOT 171 material spill minimize pollution in case of accidents; warning reservoir sections prevention signs to be set up on both ends of bridges to

172 Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency

slow down vehicles. The maximum load for 1 Appendix trucks carrying hazardous goods should be developed.

Environmental Each contractor will complete environmental Construction sites Detailed design Contractors YPDOT, YEPB screening of new screening and provide a list of necessary stage assisting by construction site mitigation measures. Prepare a sketch map of environmental access road all existing roads as access routes to specialists construction sites.

Environmental In case of slight or major deviation of alignment Entire project areas When alignment Environment YPDOT YEPB, impact analysis (or additional physical component), mitigation deviation specialists ADB caused by measures should be proposed and contracted by deviation of incorporated into the detailed design, or the IA alignment or new YPDOT should form an EIA team to conduct physical additional environmental assessment and component public consultation. The revised EIA reports should be submitted to YEPB, and the YPDOT should consult with ADB on the extent of the deviation.

Information Information boards, construction timetable, Entire project areas Before IA YPDOT disclosure and feedback and complaint hotlines should be construction consultation installed at the construction sites. The construction unit should contact the relevant departments to set up a pipeline connection scheme and organize temporary pipelines. Water supply and electrical lines should be installed in case there are temporary cutoffs. Illumination lamps should be fixed and directed. Detailed measures will be explained in the public hearing.

Provide labor Announcement for the position that local labor Project sites Before IA YPDOT opportunities to could participate in the works to every township construction local people and villages along the road;

Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency Provide work safety training to those local labors upon their hiring

B. Construction Phase 1. Soil Erosion Refuse During construction, inert construction Within ROW During Contractors CCE, external generated on materials / excavated soil will be reused on site construction supervisors, construction as much as possible and minimize the volume YPDOT, YEPB sites, requiring disposal. construction and The amount of surplus excavated material for demolition waste, each road segment will be estimated during the excavated soil design phase. Excavated material will be re-used on-site or the nearby road segment/other projects as far as possible in order to minimize the quantity of material to be disposed of; Recyclable materials such as wooden plates for trench works, steel, scaffolding material, site holding, packaging material, etc will be collected and separated on-site from other waste sources. Collected recyclable material will be re-used for other projects or sold to waste collector for recycling; The extent of demolition of existing houses/structures due to the project will be minimized during the design through careful route selection. Major dense populated residential areas will be avoided in order to minimize the demolition;

Handling of waste generated from on-site 1 Appendix treatment facilities (e.g. spent betonies settled by treatment facility, sediment collected by sedimentation process, etc) will be planned

during the design. Collected waste will be 173 disposed of properly through licensed waste collector;

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Hazardous waste (or chemical waste) will be 1 Appendix properly stored, handled and disposed of in accordance with the local legislative requirements. Hazardous waste will be stored

at designed location and warning sign will be posted; Specification on waste management will be included in the contract for contractor(s) to follow. The Contractor(s) will be required to adopt operation measures for all aspects from waste avoidance, reduction, recycling, re-use to waste collection and disposal; and Good house keeping will be maintained. Domestic waste from site office and canteen will be collected by a licensed waste collector. A designed waste storage area will be provided for the proposed service area and waste will be cleaned on regular basis.

Subgrade and Subgrade and side slope of embankments may Within ROW During Contractors CCE, external bridge sites be protected by the construction of retaining construction supervisors, walls, drainage collection ditches along the toe YPDOT, YEPB of the banks, side slope drains, sedimentation ponds, temporally protective measures, and permanent vegetation. Formal surface drainage should be built with retaining walls and stone pitching on sloping areas. Grading temporary and permanent methods of slope stabilization should be introduced together with planting.

Disposal sites Construct intercepting ditches and chutes to All disposal sites During Contractors CCE, external prevent outside runoff and divert it from sites to construction supervisors, existing drainage system or ponds. Rehabilitate YPDOT, and local the disposal sites into grassland, woodland, or WRBs farmland.

Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency Borrow areas Strip and stockpile the topsoil, build intercepting All borrow sites During Contractors CCE, external ditches and chutes. Restore or revegetate the construction supervisors, disposal sites into grassland, woodland, or YPDOT, and local farmland. WRBs

Construction Set up hoarding and build temporary drainage All temporal land During Contractors CCE, external sites and ditch, install regular water haul road, cover the use construction supervisors, temporary land soil and aggregate materials on the truck. Build YPDOT, and local use areas drainage ditch and slop protection. Develop WRBs rainy season construction plan. Protect farmland and channels. Rehabilitate temporary sites into grass area, woodland, and farmland. Solid waste from All solid waste from construction camps will be Construction sites During Contractors CCE, external work camps and collected and stored on site. The storage area construction supervisors canteens will have a cover to protect from weather and avoid direct contact with surface runoff. The contractors will be demanded to separate construction waste from municipal waste. Where possible, the construction waste will be recycled for land filling. Periodically, the municipal waste will be transported off site for disposal, by environmental sanitary authority if possible. Management Preserve existing vegetation, or temporarily Construction sites During Contractors CCE, external measures preserve vegetation. Avoid borrowing and construction supervisors, dumping activities. Ensure that documentation YPDOT for civil works contracts includes specific requirements for soil erosion prevention and definition of contractors’ responsibilities. Dumping is prohibited outside designated dumping sites. All drainage systems should be well maintained. 1 Appendix 2. Water Quality Drinking Water Conspicuous signs and guardrails should be Fapo Reservoir, During Contractors CCE, external Source set up and construction activity should be Jiele Reservoir and construction supervisors, 175 Protection limited. Boundary stakes should be set up for TIESChanghe YPDOT water source reserves, including Pao water source

176 Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency

Reservoir, Jiele Reservoir and TIESChanghe protection areas 1 Appendix drinking water source. No borrow pits, spoil sites, material storage, work camp and construction activities is

allowed within the protection areas Special persons should be designated for wastewater pollution prevention and control. Waste from the construction work should be collected and disposed of at designated sites. Forbidden wastewater discharged directly into the water body and construction site should be placed in the water source reserves.

Impact on Temporary irrigation and drainage systems will Project corridor Pre-construction Contractors CCE, external surface and be built and connected. The flow should be and during supervisors, subsurface water rerouted as needed. construction YPDOT, street flow or drainage committees Construction in erosion and flood-prone areas or irrigation should be restricted to the dry season. system Replanting should be completed to facilitate regeneration. Roadside drainage, intercepting ditch, chute, water retaining, various passages, bridge and culvert structures should be used as needed. Cement concrete collision-proof safety guardrail and corrugated steel guardrail will be installed. Time schedule for construction of the bridge structure and culverts should be arranged to avoid farmland irrigation schedule.

Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency Construction Effectively manage delivery and storage, Project corridor Pre-construction Contractors CCE, external materials storage site selection. Stockpiles will be located and during supervisors, management away from water bodies and areas where runoff construction YPDOT, street flushing impacts would be minimum. If some committees must be placed near bridge construction sites, the stockpiles will be surrounded by interception ditches or retaining structures to prevent the erosion and materials into the water bodies. The fuel storage and equipment maintenance yard will have weather/rain protection and will be on concrete pads. This will prevent any dripping and leaking oils from entering the water bodies via surface runoff. All spoil soil disposal sites will only be allowed in the dedicated areas where will be erosion control measures and landscaping plan following the disposal operations

Bridge sites, and Education of surface water protection should be Bridge sites During Contractors CCE, external river area provided to the workers construction supervisors, YPDOT,YEPB The bridge works should be scheduled to avoid high flow season; Prevent the oil leak from the operation of the machinery by the regular check; The boring pile will be used for most of the bridge substructure; the highway bridge construction technical specifications (JTJ 041-2000) should be followed. For any in water construction for brides, there will be strict waste control plan to restrict

discharge or dumping of any directly discharge 1 Appendix of wastewater, slurry, waste, fuels and waste oil into the water. All these materials must be collected and disposed at the banks. The slurry

and sediment will also pump to the banks for 177 disposal and will not be allowed to discharge to the rivers directly.

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160 sediment tanks should be set at each 1 Appendix bridge sites. The treated wastewater from the bridge construction should meet the standard requirements. Cofferdam is to be used for

boring pile construction. The land area within 100 m from riverbank should not be taken as earth borrow or temporary waste disposal site. Enclosure retaining and rain cloth should be adopted. A bridge deck runoff collection system should be built for Ruilijiang Bridge (1240m of pipes) and 2X20m3 emergency tanks should be set.

Tunnel sites The wastewater produced in the construction of Tunnel sites During Contractors CCE, external tunnels will be discharged in to settling tanks to construction supervisors, remove solids with the sediments cleared and YPDOT,YEPB transported in timely manner and the supernatant being recycled into the process of construction. The surface water body without beneficial use or functions can be used to receive the discharge of supernatant, but it is forbidden to discharge into the river with the functions without any treatment. If the construction solid waste such as the deposable lubricating oil, mineral oil, organic solvent, acid and alkali, oil paint belong to hazardous waste, it will be in accordance with the environmental standard, regulation and management policies of MEP. The hazardous waste management, transportation, and disposal will be sent to the qualified operation entity to treatment and disposal in accordance with the relational regulation.

Wastewater from Rent local farmer’s house as work camp where Project corridor During Contractors, in CCE, external construction possible. New camps should be located away construction cooperation supervisors, workers, from water body especially Mangshi River, with local YPDOT,YEPB canteens communities

Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency Ruilijiang River and Nanwan River. Cleaning dishes with napkin first and then with hot water to replace the use of detergent and to reduce detergent using. All wastewater from canteen will go through an oil screener before allowed discharge. All construction camps will be required, as contractual obligations, to build septic tanks, as wastewater from construction camps will not allowed discharging to the environment directly. Assemble fecal sewage and catering sewage respectively. The excrement is used on farmland, and catering sewage is used for construction site watering, irrigation and greening after treatment.

Vehicle and On-site fueling areas should be designed with All project corridor During Contractors CCE, external equipment protective dikes. The on-site fueling facilities construction supervisors, on maintenance and should be only used for equipment that must be behalf of YPDOT, cleaning fueled on site, and all vehicles and equipment and YEPB that regularly pass the work site should be fueled off-site. The vehicle and equipment wash area must be properly identified by sign, and properly placed and equipped with a septic tank to collect wash water, which should be taken and treated by appropriate treatment facilities. The wastewater from washing boats should be settled before discharging. A protocol for handling construction materials will be prepared and applied.

3. Air Quality 1 Appendix Generation of Access roads will be paved with gravel in the Project corridor During Contractors CCE, external dust sections which near the villages and other construction supervisors on

sensitive receptors to reduce generation of behalf of YPDOT, 179 air-borne dust. Avoid truck overloading; YEPB vehicles delivering fine materials to the sites

180 Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency

must be covered; clear the fugitive materials 1 Appendix dropped on the road in a timely manner. Construction team will be required by contracts to provide water spray vehicles to water the

unpaved ground, storage piles and other areas where airborne dust may originate. The water spray operation will be carried out in dry and windy day, at least twice a day (morning and afternoon). The frequency of water spray near sensitive receptors, such as villages and school, will be increased as may be needed. Concrete mixing sites and material storage sites should be properly selected at 300 m downwind of nearest residential areas. The asphalt melting station will be equipped with flue gas control device, operation of asphalt melting will be in enclosed mode; cement and concrete will be mixed within an enclosed structure. Material storage sites should be selected 150m downwind of residential area and covered with canvas or sprayed with water. Tunnel construction should take combination methods of wet boring, ventilation, watering and personal protection to reduce the influences of dust on construction workers, water curtain should be adopted during tunnel blasting. Forbid burning waste construction materials. Solvents and volatile materials and clean energy will be used properly. Enclose the demolition sites and road construction sites with colored fencing. Trucks carrying earth, sand, or stone will be covered with tarps. Proper timetables, routes, and materials classification should be developed.

Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency Set up hoarding for sensitive areas. All the roads used for personnel will be kept clean. Pre-construction monitoring of existing ambient air quality will be undertaken. Emissions from Select appropriate machinery and Project corridor During Contractors External vehicles and transportation vehicles. Machinery and construction supervisors, equipment equipment will be fitted with pollution control YPDOT, YEPB devices in working order. 4. Noise Noise from Plants and equipment used in construction, Project corridor, During Contractors CCE, external vehicles, plant, including the aggregate-crushing plants, will particularly construction supervisors, and equipment strictly conform to PRC and local noise important sensitive YEPB standards by applying good housekeeping and spots: all schools maintenance practices at all times. and hospitals in the project area Noisy construction work such as crushing, concrete mixing and batching, and mechanical compaction, will be stopped between 10:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m. The IA should consult with the Nanjing Primary School (K48+360), Laozhai Primary School (K80+700), Leiyin Hope Primary School (K157+350) and Rehabilitation Center (K130+050) about the construction timetable of large machinery. Noisy activities will be arranged during school vacations or after classes. Construction material transportation schedule should be carefully designed to minimize the adverse impact on residents and students, as well as the traffic on the existing road. The 1 Appendix transportation vehicle will be required to slow down and banned from horning when passing townships and nearby schools. Restrict the movement of heavy vehicles along urban and 181 village roads. In the event that night transport is necessary, restrict vehicle speeds to less than

182 Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency

30 km per hour with no honking allowed 1 Appendix The construction activity in residential area will be scheduled in daytime as possible. During the construction in daytime, the construction

site should be fenced. The construction equipment will be well maintained to keep it best operating conditions and lowest noise levels possible. For workers who must work with highly noisy machines such as piling, explosion, and mixing; ear covers will be provided for noise control and workers protection. Constriction team should be equipped with potable detecting device to monitor the noise level at the sensitive receptors.

Nighttime noise Although in general night time construction will Project corridor, During Contractors CCE, YPDOT, be banned for this project, some may still occur particularly construction external for technical and other reasons (e.g., bridge important sensitive supervisors, piles required continued, around clock concrete spots: all schools YEPB pouring). As night time construction, besides and hospitals in the the above mitigation measures, the following project area special measures will be taken during the construction phase: Villages living within the potentially impacted areas will be noticed ahead of time for the length and noise intensity of the proposed night time construction. Information on why the night construction is necessary and mitigation measures to be taken will be provided to these residents to obtain their understanding. These residents will be consulted for their concerns, difficulties, and suggestions for noise control prior to the commencement of night time construction. These concerns will be responded and suggestions adopted where

Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency appropriate. Night time construction will be arranged in such a way to avoid school exam time (about one week in the summer) in the urban area and harvest time (about half month each in the summer and fall) in the rural area. These are particularly sensitive time when students need the good night sleep in preparation for exams and farmers for the heavy farming activities in the field. Concreted mixer, power generated and other stationary equipment will be carefully placed to be far away from residential areas and villages to ensure no noise impacts from these machines. Where possible, municipal power supply will be utilized in construction including night time construction as diesel generators are extremely noise and avoiding using them is the best mitigation. Equipment with lower noise levels will be used for concrete pouring operations, which may require 24 hours non-stop operation.

Noise Prevention Temporary noise barriers at the appropriate Project corridor, During Contractors CCE, YPDOT, Measures places should be erected to reduce the noise particularly construction external impacts. These areas should include noisy important sensitive supervisors, stationery construction machines and/or areas spots: all schools in YEPB with sensitive receptors, based on the on-site the project area noise level monitoring results.

5. Flora and Fauna Appendix 1 Appendix Temporary land Top soil should be collected separate from Entire construction During Contractors CCE, external occupation sub-soils for reuse in the land reclamation; sites construction supervisors, Immediately after the construction is YEPB

completed, the site should be leveled and top 183 soil be returned for vegetative establishment; and the original land use should be restored.

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For new construction access roads, design 1 Appendix should consider minimizing excavation and filling. Erosion control measures will be taken for soil and water conservation in and around

the access road areas. Following the completion of the project, the access roads may be turned back to local government and if desired, used as rural roads or wood land roads. If local governments elect not to use these access roads, the contractors will be responsible for reclaim the land including necessary landscaping.

Old Trees Borrow pits and spoil sites will be strictly Areas around old During Contractors CCE, YPDOT, Protection controlled and located 500 m away from the old trees construction with assistance external trees. Also the construction access roads and from local supervisors, local concrete mixing and asphalt plant should be forest bureau forest bureau and away from the ancient trees as far as possible. YEPB All the old trees should be fenced before the construction as stated above. Temporary barrier must be set in the middle of the project and ancient trees before construction to avoid the falling soil and rock in roadbed construction hurt them. Fire disaster should be prevented by regularly monitoring the construction sites near the forest area.

Protected Trees Relocate the protected trees as stated above Areas around During Contractors CCE, external Protection within the ROW to the Mengxiu Botanic Garden protected trees construction with assistance supervisors, before construction. These trees will be from technical YPDOT, local carefully treated by the technical person of the experts of forest bureau and garden. Mengxiu YEPB Fence the other protected trees within the area Botanic 50m from the alignment and attach with Garden, and Protection Board. The fence should be at least local forest 3m away from the tree. bureau

Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency Strictly protect the protected species; especially those attached with protection board. Temporary construction activities should be controlled away from these trees as far as possible. During construction, in the event that previously unidentified protected trees, the contractors work shall halt work at the location of the tree and immediately notify the local forest bureau.

Nature Reserve No construction camps will be set up in the Nature Reserve During Contractors CCE, YPDOT, Protection nature reserve. Present an education program Areas construction external for protecting the nature reserve to workers in supervisors, local the segment near the nature reserve. Impose forest bureau, fines, according to PRC legislation, for hunting, Tongbiguan NR harvesting wild food, and cutting of trees for management fuel. Forbid wandering into core zones without department and permits. Yunnan Forest Bureau Wildlife The construction should be carefully scheduled Forest areas During Contractors CCE, external protection to reduce the construction period and the construction supervisors, local blasting operation, so as to minimize the forest bureau and disturbance to the wildlife. Early morning and YEPB late night are the golden time for breeding and feeding and birthing for animals, thus during the construction at the sections of K1+000-L6+500, K12+000-K16+000, K19+000-K26+000, K28+000-K30+000, K60+200-K65+000, K73+500-K83+000, K99+900-K103+770, K120+000-K124+500, blasting operation should be avoided from early morning(before 6:00AM) and late night(after 8:00PM). 1 Appendix Strict supervision and management should be strengthened to minimize damage to the frog’s habitat (K35-K40, K85-K90, K140-K150) and the possible habitat of pangolin and viverricula 185 indica (K16-K25 and K103-K108). Certain noise and vibration reduction measures should

186 Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency

be adopted. 1 Appendix

The worker camp should be banned from the woodland and the plants and soils should be

protected. Strictly control redlines for the expressway, access roads and other construction sites. No construction activities will be allowed outside these areas and contractor workers and vehicles will not be allowed to enter into the forest areas.

The wild animal is expected to cross the proposed road via the under the bridge or up the tunnel, it is usually need several years to adapting artificial architecture. So it is necessary to protect the nature vegetation on the outlet of the tunnel and the bridge during the construction phase. When the construction completed, it is necessary to plant some similar vegetation in order to minimize the trace of the human activities. The ruderal and the shrubbery will be used to recover the nature sight. The piers of the viaduct also need to be plumb greening. These measures could help the wild animal to adapting the artificial landscape, and be good or the animal transference.

Loss of or Replanting should be arranged or replaced by Project corridor During Contractors CCE, External damage to flora use of seedlings to restore vegetation. Original construction supervisors, and fauna surface layer soil should be stored to ensure YPDOT, YEPB vegetation recovery. All works will be carried out by minimizing damage to flora and fauna, and construction workers will be instructed to protect natural resources, fauna, and flora. 6. Cultural Heritage Sites

Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency Cultural heritage For the six ancient cities that will not directly K40+800, During Contractors, IA Yunnan cultural affected by the construction of the project but K77+(200-400) construction bureaus, external near the project area, the boundary of K81+950-K82+100 supervisors, construction sites should be stringently K96+100 YPDOT controlled, and should be remote from the relic K142+200-800 areas. K155+700-K156+6 00 For the areas that relics had been sporadically Masushupo, unearthed, attention should be paid for chance Tuguanzhai, finding, and in the event of chance finding, Zhangjinshan-Nanti y All construction activities at the site will be anmen, immediately put on hold. Santaishan, y Workers and site management are Heimenshan, responsible to take necessary measures to Dongkan, Feihai, protect the chance finds from damages by Mangnai, Zhegao, construction related or other activities such Yunmen, Mangbie, as sliding, flooding, damages by machinery, Hunong, Mangyue, access by others, stolen, etc. Nongdao, etc. y Contractors will notice environmental consultants, the IA, the EA and cultural relic authority immediately. y Site investigation by professional archaeologists should be conducted y Construction will only resume following the reports of the professional investigation and approval of the cultural relics authority. If the site is of high value and site preservation is recommended by the professionals and required by the cultural relic authority, the project owner will need to make necessary design changes to preserve the site

Appendix 1 Appendix 7. Health 187

188 Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency

Health and y Provide disease prevention and control Throughout the During IA in External 1 Appendix Well-being of training to construction workers, particular project areas construction cooperation supervisors, Communities epidemic diseases such as HIV, H1N1 and with local YPDOT, Yunnan hepatitis B prior to start of the construction. health health authorities

Leaflets, education seminars will be authorities organized, in association with the local government and communities, to increase the awareness and knowledge on the HIV/AIDS. y Posters will be placed in and around the construction sites for disease control, for not only construction workers but also villagers and others in the areas. y Adequate protective gear such as condoms will be provided to workers at the construction camps; y Periodical health check will be provided to construction workers to ensure their health and well being. y At and near construction site, traffic signs will be set. Traffic safety education will be given to the contractors’ staffs as well as nearby local people. Maintenance will be provided to the existing local roads. y Timely actions will be taken to kill mosquitoes and vectors and create a clean environment on site y pay attention to the treatment of sewage and wastewater in the living areas on site y First-aid medicines for infectious diseases and pesticides should be prepared by each contract section and timely inspections should be conducted to make sure mosquito nets and other mosquito prevention facilities are available on site, with adequate care taken in soaking of mosquito nets y Adequate supply of medicine for epidemic prevention and vector destruction should be assured.

Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency 8. Safety Construction site Measures on construction staff and public All the construction During Contractors External and traffic safety y The contractor will provide safe and sites construction with assistance supervisors, convenient passages for the public from the local YPDOT, CCE, y Provide construction workers sufficient traffic police personal protection equipment such as hard hats, safety shoes, and others y Seminar on safety issues will be provided to local public, particularly school students; y Where the potential dangers are present, warning signed will be installed; y There will be construction staff on duty on or near heavy movement of construction vehicles, or heavy construction vehicle traffic through the villages to ensure safety.

Measures on blasting: y The transportation, storage, process, package on site, connect, blasting and the disposal of the blasting, the procedure will be in accordance with the Safety Regulations of the Blasting（GB6722-1986） y The persons will be 200 m away from the blasting point y Except to detonation, all the power and the light will be turned off, and located 50 m away from the blasting point y The excavation face is on the same level with the lining of surface, it is commonly more than 30 m, the distance is defined according to the factors of the intensity of the

concrete and the character of the wall rock 1 Appendix y The safety examination will be fulfilled after the blasting, identified the left cannon which are not blasted, the procedure will be

followed as the Regulation of the Blasting 189 Safety（GB6722-1986）, the dreg cannot be transfer outside until there is no blasting

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material. 1 Appendix y According to the real situation, the quantity of blasting materials will be carefully controlled.

Measures on hazardous gas: y If there is the hazardous gas (such as coal gas) in the tunnel, all the construction will be stop, and withdraw out the cave, the Contactor will take efficient actions, the construction could no began until there is no danger. y The Contactor will monitor, record, and report the situation of the hazardous gas in the tunnel, the hazardous gas emission could not exceed the standard y If the tunnel construction may involve hazardous gas, it is necessary set the on-line-monitoring system including the analysis equipment, the alarm annunciator can provide the vision and sound caution under this plan. y The Contractor will arrange the safety instrument such as the security light, and some gas emission from the vehicles; it could be defense as the different status

Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency Tunnel Safety y Small dosage blasting materials and All tunnel sites During tunnel Contractors External pre-cracking blasting methods will be construction supervisors, ,IA, adopted. Noise insulation cover will be used YPDOT if necessary. Proper blasting time will be arranged, and night time blasting is forbidden. Construction worker are required to wear masks and earmuffs. y Proper ventilation system is required to satisfy the requirement of tunnel construction condition. y Wet shotcrete is preferred to be used, so as to avoid dust. As for the hazardous gas area, instrument will be used to monitor the density, and relevant emergency plan will be developed by contractors. y Sedimentation tanks will be installed to collect wastewater from tunnels. Any wastewater is forbidden to be directly discharged into the water body without treatment. y Traffic signs and temporary traffic regulations should be applied in the tunnels. The movement for worker and equipments like trucks. The specific appointed staffs will give guidance to the traffics in the tunnels. Trainings on safety and personal security will be provided to the tunnel workers and administration staffs.

Regular safety walks involving qualified representatives will be organized throughout the construction in order to ensure the

implementation of safety measures and to 1 Appendix identify areas of concerns for improvement. 9. Landscape

Visual quality of y At the highly sensitive scenery zones (e.g., Project corridor and During Contractors External 191 landscape Ruilijiang-Dayinjiang Scenic Area) the nearby area construction and IA supervisors, affected by construction may be scheduled where YPDOT, Ruilijiang

192 Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency

construction possible at the low tourist seasons. The –Dayingjiang 1 Appendix activities construction trucks will operate at night Scenic Area where possible and kept clean and covered when shipping bulk materials.

y The construction sites should be surrounded with fence if located at the scenery zones to avoid direct visual sights of the construction sites. y There will be no construction camps in the three scenery zones and use local village houses for workers working in these areas. y Municipal solid waste from construction workers will be collected timely and disposed in the dedicated areas. Strictly ban random disposal of solid waste. y All mixing stations will not be located near the rivers. No such stations in the scenery areas. The stockpiles will be located in hidden areas with outside of the sight from tourists. Avoid occupy the green areas if possible y Use the existing roads as access road if possible to minimize the need for new access roads which lead to damage the existing land form and/or greens. If must be built, the access roads should select areas which are away from major scenery and may be used as village roads once construction completes.

10. Social Public Further public consultations with local residents Residential areas Before IA and YPDOT disturbance should be conducted to inform them about construction contractors project activities and obtain comments. starts Consult the local government and traffic police regarding construction materials transportation on the existing roads to avoid traffic jam, especially reduce the transportation though the

Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency villages. The temporary access roads will be carefully located to avoid farmland, forest and crops; where possible, the access locations will be selected in such a way that they will be used by the local communities after the construction completion. When have to through village, schools and hospitals, all access roads will be hardened from 25 m before approaching these sensitive receptors until 25 m after leaving them. When the construction is completed, the access road, if not beneficially used by the local communities, will be fully rehabilitated to its original state and landscaped as needed. Install its own power, water, telephone etc. after agreement with the local corresponding authorities. Construction notice should be posted on the bulletin board of townships along the alignment, introducing the project activities, resettlement policies to the local people. Erect billboard at each construction site, listing contractor and Construction Supervision Engineer contract names and telephone numbers, construction period and other brief construction information for public notice. Also list the local EPB hotline or contract number for public complaints. For the construction activities near the four 1 Appendix schools stated above, construction should be fenced with warning sign. 193 11. Environmental Supervision Environmental The IA will set up an environmental Project corridor During IA External

194 Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency

supervision and management office for internal supervision and construction supervisors, 1 Appendix monitoring a contract with a professional construction YPDOT,YEPB environmental supervision company for external supervision. YPDOT, local county and

city EPBs, and local WRBs will also be involved. The EMP will be implemented and the inspection report will be sent to the YPDOT and YEPB. C. Operation Phase Environmental The IA will hire a licensed environmental The project roads Within first Licensed YEPB Acceptance consulting or monitoring institute to conduct an area 3 months of institutes Audit environmental survey and monitoring report for operation or no contracted by project acceptance within the first 3 months of later than 1 year, YPHB operation or no later than 1 year with with permission permission from YEPB. from YEPB Air Quality Set energy efficiency targets and offer tax The project roads Operation phase YPHB YEPB incentives. Yunnan government has a program area of vehicle emissions control by requiring a vehicle test. Clean energy and energy-saving equipment (coal-fired boiler) and appliances (oil-smoke cleaning system) should be used. Trucks to delivery bulk materials should be required to prevent spillage. Expand inspection and maintenance programs. Implement intensive training programs for capacity building focusing on emission testing, data analysis, and reporting. Introduce an annual air quality monitoring program.

Noise Conduct resettlement for 22 households of Affected houses Construction and Contractors, YEPB Dongkan and Kanlan villages affected by noise and schools operation period YPHB Install sound barriers in some sensitive areas including the villages of Namengzhai, Palian, Hulaxiang, Mangnai, Mangzhang, Nayuan, Nanjing, Xinzhai, Yunmen, Gongxia, Diesha,

Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency Laxiang, Nongmeng, Mangliang, Jiele, Yungang, Babie, Bandong, Leiwu, Leiyin and Nanjing Primary School and Leiyin Hope Primary School Install soundproof windows for Nahuai, Mangchang, Feihong and Mangli Set up no-horn sign and control vehicle speed. Periodical maintenance of sound barriers; good maintenance of pavement and timely repair of damaged pavements. Ambient noise monitoring will be mandated to determine whether mitigation measures will be required for the sites where the noise level is currently predicated to exceed less than 3 dBA or but possibly exceed 3 dBA in future. These sites include: Mangsai, Nangai, Yingmen, Caixiang, Zhegao, Nanjian, Laozhai, Nanmen, Xiangnong, Henong, Nongmolei, Mangbie, Xinping and Jinghan. Restrict new dwellings of any kind from locating within a 100 m band on either side of the expressway. To mitigation traffic light impacts on wildlife, install lights only if necessary, and use only lower-watt flat lens fixtures. Use retroreflective elements on signs and pavement to increase the visibility of the road to drivers. Install “no honking” signs along nature reserve expressway section.

Use low-noise pavement whenever possible 1 Appendix along nature reserve section.

Water 195 Maintenance and Storm water should not be drained directly into All project Beginning and County YEPB management of Fapo Reservoir and Ruilijiang River but must corridors, end of each departments

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storm water pass through detention ponds. All storm drains especially the monsoon responsible for 1 Appendix must be periodically cleared to maintain storm urban stretches drainage water flow. maintenance, YPHB

Water pollution Secondary wastewater treatment will be All service areas Throughout Rest and toll YPHB, YEPB from sewage and installed for Mangshi and Ruili service areas and toll gates operation phase area operators garbage and management centers. The effluent from these areas should be in accordance with the Class I of the Integrated Discharge for Wastewater Standard (GB8978－1996). Sewage at toll stations will be treated in septic tanks, and then used as fertilizer. Solid waste will be sorted in multi-compartment collection bins and reused. Oil traps will be maintained and monitored regularly. Truck loaded with solid materials should be covered and garbage containers should be provided at each of the service areas. Solid waste from the service areas, management centers and toll gates should be collected and transported to Luxi Garbage Disposal Field and Ruili Garbage Disposal Field.

Flora and Fauna Protected trees and vegetation removed should Project area Operation period YPHB and local Yunnan forestry be replanted. Forest farms that have dealt with forestry bureau, YEPB tree planting should be involved in this bureaus landscaping work. Trees and grass should be planted on the separation belts and areas outside the roads; flower beds or evergreen trees should be set in the spaces between buildings. Use of natural conditions to carry out landscaping works, and trees and grass will be planted. Attention should be paid to the selection of plants and their layout; plants selected should meet the requirement for

Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency impacts mitigation. To implement greening engineering for the road area, the maintenance of the planted vegetation and trees should be contracted to local communities to ensure the plants survive. Transportation of Spill contingency plan, emergency response, Project corridor During operation YPHB in Public security Hazardous monitoring, and reporting will comply with PRC consultation departments, Goods regulations. An emergency response team will with public YEPB be engaged under a spill-management plan in security case of a spill. departments Illegal Logging Traffic security check, illegal logging drag etc, Interchanges on During operation YPHB, Traffic Public Security will be carried out on the expressway. the expressway. Police. Bureau Monitoring and Implement environmental monitoring program Project corridor During CCE, YPHB, YPDOT, YEPB Inspection according to the monitoring program specified construction and contracted in EIAs and summary EIA. operation supervisors, monitoring Send monitoring and inspection report to institutes YPDOT YEPB and ADB to assess the needs of further mitigation measures ADB = Asian Development Bank, CCE = chief construction engineer, EIA = environmental impact assessment, EMP = environmental management plan, EPB = environmental protection bureau, IA = implementing agency, m = meter, ROW = right-of-way, STI = sexually transmitted infection, WRB = water resource bureau, YEPB = Yunnan Environmental Protection Bureau, YPHB = Yunnan Provincial Highway Bureau, YPDOT = Yunnan Provincial Department of Transportation,. Source: Environmental impact assessment report and technical assistance consultants. Appendix 1 Appendix 197

198 Table A1.1-2: Summary of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures of Road Rehabilitation/Maintenance Projects

Implementing Supervising 1 Appendix Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency A. Pre-construction

Environmental A simple Road Site Checklist to determine Local road areas Before YPHB YPDOT Screening possible environmental impacts/nuisances for construction every local road included in the program. This checklist will identify any outstanding issues regarding environmental or social impacts and identify checklist specific actions or mitigation measures to be included in the design or to be included as part of environmental specifications for contractors.

The Checklist is included in EARF. This checklist must be signed and kept in files for ADB review Applying The environmental safeguards procedures for Throughout the Prior to YPHB YPDOT, Local Checklist for the local roads would involve completion of a road maintenance construction EPBs Environmentally checklist of some specific design criteria to be sections Design Criteria adopted in the process of construction and/or upgrading of local roads. These design criteria involve certain environmentally friendly/enhancing elements that would avoid or minimizes incurrence of adverse environmental impacts. These design criteria include ensuring (i) appropriate lateral and cross drainage systems; (ii) adequate design of culverts and river/stream crossings; (iii) appropriate management of any erosion or instability problems along the road; (iv) inclusion of adequate signs along the road; (v) greening and other landscaping measures are adequate.

It is not expected that all of these design criteria would be adopted in each case, but the effort should be to adapt as many as possible in the engineering design of the proposed roads.

Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency

Preparation of As the small-scale construction activities Before YPHB YPDOT Standardized envisaged might cause impacts and nuisance construction Environmental to nearby surroundings, they need to be Specifications for avoided or mitigated through application of Contractors. good engineering practices and strict environmental safeguards measures including waste management techniques especially for construction dust and debris, noise control, site management, traffic safety controls, provision of clean water and sanitation facilities etc. A set of environmental specifications for contractors of local road rehabilitation/maintenance will be developed. These specifications must be adapted and complemented according to the findings and recommendations of environmental screening and design. B. Construction Phase Workforce and Site Installation Workforce There are potential of the local available labor Local road sites Before Contractors YPHB opportunity from the villages along the road that could construction participate in the project implementation activities. Priority shall be set by the Contactor(s) and sub-Contractor(s) to hire the local labor for the works. The Contractor shall take the following steps to maximize to use of the local labor:

z Announcement for the position that local labor could participate in the works to

every township and villages along the 1 Appendix road; z Provide work safety training to those local labors upon their hiring.

199 Prohibitions The following activities shall be prohibited on or Local road sites During Contractors YPHB near the project site. construction

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z Cutting of trees for any reason outside the 1 Appendix approved rehabilitation area; z Hunting, fishing, wildlife capture, or plant collection; z Buying of wild animals for food; z Feeding of wild animals; z Use of unapproved toxic materials, including lead-based paints, asbestos, etc.; z Disturbance to anything with architectural or historical value z Building of fires; z Use of firearms (except authorized security guards); z Use of alcohol by workers in office hours; z Washing cars or machinery in streams or creeks; z Doing maintenance (change of oils and filters) of cars and equipment outside authorized areas: z Disposing trash in unauthorized places; z Driving in an unsafe manner in local roads; z Having caged wild animals (especially birds) in camps; z Working without safety equipment (including boots and helmets); z Creating nuisances and disturbances in or near communities; z The use of rivers and streams for washing clothes; z Indiscriminate disposal of rubbish or rehabilitation wastes or rubble; z Littering the site; z Spillage of potential pollutants, such as petroleum products; z Collection of firewood; z Poaching of any description; z Explosive and chemical fishing;

Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency z Latrine outside the designated facilities; and z Burning of wastes and/or cleared vegetation. Any rehabilitation/maintenance workers, office staff, Contractor's employees, the Client's employees or any other person related to the project found violating theses prohibitions will be subject to disciplinary actions that can range from a simple reprimand to termination of his/her employment depending on the seriousness of the violation. Camp and Site The Following general measures shall be Local road sites During Contractors YPHB Facilities (if considered for camp and site facilities: construction proposed by Contractor) z The construction, layout and extent of the construction site required for completion of the project shall be planned, designed and managed in such a manner that environmental impacts are minimized; z The Contractor shall establish stockpiling areas in a manner that does not adversely affect the environment. z The construction area shall be kept to a minimum; z Site offices, camps, depots, asphalt plants, mixing stations, and workshops shall be located in appropriate areas and not within 500 meters (m) of existing residential settlements and not within 1,000 m for asphalt plants; z Site offices, camps, depots and particularly 1 Appendix storage areas for diesel fuel and bitumen and asphalt plants shall not be located within 500 ms of watercourses, and be operated so that no pollutants enter 201 watercourses, either overland or through groundwater seepage, especially during

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periods of rain. This will require lubricants 1 Appendix to be recycled and a ditch to be constructed around the area with an approved settling pond/oil trap at the outlet; z Areas for the storage of fuel or lubricants and for a maintenance workshop shall be fenced and have a compacted/impervious floor to prevent the escape of accidental spillage of fuel and or lubricants from the site. Surface water drainage from fenced areas shall be discharged through purpose designed and constructed oil traps. Empty fuel or oil drums may not be stored on site. z Fuel wood shall not be used as a means of heating during the processing or preparation of any materials forming part of the Works; z The Contractor shall restrict all his activities, materials, equipment and personnel to the areas specified. Entry into restricted areas by any person, vehicle or equipment without YPHB's permission can result in penalties; z Potable water safe for human consumption shall be provided for at camps, site offices, and other working areas; z Camp areas shall be located to allow effective natural drainage; z A method shall be established for storing and disposing of all solid wastes generated by the labor camp and/or base camp. If applicable, kitchen wastes shall be disposed into soak pits; z Solid wastes generated in the labor site shall be reused if recyclable or disposed off in land fill sites approved by local authorities;

Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency z If water is stored on site, drinking water and multipurpose water storage facilities shall be clearly distinguished and demarcated.

First Aid z Medical and first aid facilities shall be Local road sites During Contractors YPHB Facilities provided at each camp area or at construction construction sites. First aid box shall be provided at every construction campsite and under the charge of a responsible person who shall always be readily available during working hours of the work place. He/she shall be adequately trained in administering first aid-treatment. Formal arrangement shall be prescribed to make motor transport available to carry injured person or person suddenly taken ill to the nearest hospital;

Sanitary z In every camp/construction site separate Local road sites During Contractors YPHB Facilities and adequate lavatory facilities (toilets and construction washing areas) shall be provided for the use of male and female workers. Toilet facilities should also be provided with adequate supplies running water, soap, and toilet paper. Such facilities shall be conveniently accessible and shall be kept in clean and hygienic conditions; z Chemical toilets, etc. must be provided at all construction camp areas where there

will be a concentration of labor. Toilet 1 Appendix paper must be provided; z A temporary septic tank system shall be installed for the disposal of domestic wastes and excreta without causing 203 pollution of nearby watercourses. Wastewater should not be disposed into

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water bodies without treatment. 1 Appendix

Eating areas z If none is available, the Contractor shall Local road sites During Contractors YPHB

provide adequate temporary shade within construction the rehabilitation/maintenance areas to ensure that site personnel do not move off site to eat; z The Contractor shall provide adequate refuse bins at all eating areas

Security z Some security measures shall be put into place to ensure the safe and secure running of the site facilities and its residents. Some of these security measures include: z Adequate, day-time night-time lighting shall be provided; z A perimeter security fence at least 2 m in height constructed from appropriate materials; z Provision and installation in all buildings of fire fighting equipment and portable fires extinguishers. Erosion Erosion and In order to minimize negative impacts in Local road sites During Contractors YPHB Sedimentation the project area, the following activities construction shall be carried out by the Contractor:

z The Contractor shall implement erosion and sedimentation control measures. z The Contractor shall protect all areas susceptible to erosion by installing necessary temporary and permanent drainage works as soon as possible and by taking any other measures necessary to

Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency prevent storm water from concentrating in streams and scouring slopes, banks, etc. z Areas of the site not disturbed by rehabilitation activities shall be maintained in their existing conditions; z Apply erosion control measures before the rainy season begins preferably immediately following rehabilitation; z Install sediment control structures where needed to slow or redirect runoff and trap sediment. z In areas where rehabilitation/maintenance activities have been completed and where no further disturbance would take place, re-vegetation should commence as soon as possible; z Spray water as needed on dirt roads, cuts, fill material and stockpiled soil to reduce wind-induced erosion; Traffic and movement over stabilized areas shall be restricted and controlled, and damage to stabilized areas shall be repaired and maintained to the satisfaction of YPHB. Stockpiles In general terms, the Contractor shall: Local road sites During Contractors YPHB construction z Identify and demarcate locations for stockpiles, ensuring that they are 15 ms away from critical areas such as steep slopes, erosion-prone soils, cultivated lands, and areas that drain directly into sensitive water bodies (used for drinking Appendix 1 Appendix water or aquaculture). z Existing drainage channels in areas affected by the operation should be kept

free of overburden. 205

Disposal of The Contractor shall carry out the following Local road sites During Contractors YPHB

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Debris activities: construction 1 Appendix

z Establish and enforce daily site clean-up procedures, including maintenance of adequate disposal facilities for debris; z Debris generated due to the dismantling of existing structures shall be suitably reused, to the extent feasible, in the proposed rehabilitation program (e.g. as fill materials for embankments). The remaining debris shall be transported to the recycling factory. z In the event any debris or silt from the sites is deposited on adjacent land, the Contractor shall immediately remove such, debris or silt and restore the affected area to its original state z Water courses shall be cleared of debris and drains and culverts checked for clear flow paths; z Assess risk of any potential impact regarding leaching of spoil material on surface water; z Once the job is completed, all rehabilitation -generated debris should be removed from the site

Dust Control z The Contractor shall ensure that the Local road sites During Contractors YPHB generation of dust is minimized and shall construction implement a dust control program to maintain a safe working environment, minimize nuisance for surrounding residential areas / dwellings and protect damage to natural vegetation, crops, etc; z Construction vehicles shall comply with speed limits and haul distances shall be minimized;

Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency z Material loads shall be suitably covered and secured during transportation; z Exposed soil and material stockpiles shall be protected against wind erosion and the location of stockpiles shall take into consideration the prevailing wind directions and locations of sensitive receptors; z The Contractor shall implement dust suppression measures (e.g. water spray vehicles, covering of material stockpiles, etc.) if and when required.

Noise control z The Contractor shall be responsible for Local road sites During Contractors YPHB compliance with the relevant legislation construction with respect to noise; z The Contractor shall try to keep noise generating activities to a minimum; z The Contractor shall restrict all operations that result in undue noise disturbance to local communities and/or dwellings (e.g. blasting, crushing, etc.) to daylight hours on weekdays; z The Contractor shall warn any local communities and/In sensitive areas (including residential neighborhoods, hospitals, rest homes, schools, etc.) more strict measures may need to be implemented to prevent undesirable noise levels; z In sensitive areas (including residential Appendix 1 Appendix neighborhoods, hospitals, rest homes, schools, etc.) more strict measures may need to be implemented to prevent

undesirable noise levels; 207 z To the extent possible, nighttime operations shall be kept to a minimum and

208 Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency

banned near sensitive receptors; 1 Appendix z No blasting shall be allowed during nighttime unless prior approval is obtained from the government authority; z The Contractor shall maintain the construction equipment in its best operating conditions and lowest noise levels possible.

Waste Waste management on site shall be strictly Local road sites During Contractors YPHB Management controlled and monitored. Only approved waste construction disposal methods shall be allowed. The Contractor shall ensure that all site personnel are instructed in the proper disposal of all waste.

Solid waste

z The Contractor shall submit a method statement detailing a solid waste control system (storage, provision of bins, site clean-up schedule, bin clean-out schedule, etc.). z The Contractor shall ensure that all facilities are maintained in a neat and tidy condition and the site shall be kept free of litter; z Measures shall be taken to reduce the potential for litter and negligent behavior with regard to the disposal of all refuse. At all places of work, the Contractor shall provide litter bins, containers and refuse collection facilities for later disposal; z Solid waste may be temporarily stored on site in a designated area approved by YPHB prior to collection and disposal through a licensed waste collector;

Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency z Waste storage containers shall be covered, tip-proof, weatherproof and scavenger proof. The waste storage area shall be fenced off to prevent wind-blown litter; z No burning, on-site burying or dumping of waste shall occur; z All solid waste shall be disposed of offsite at an approved landfill site. z Random disposal of solid waste in scenery areas shall be strictly prohibited; z During rehabilitation, inert construction materials/excavated soil shall be reused on site as much as possible and minimize the volume requiring disposal; z The Contractor shall identity and demarcate disposal areas clearly indicating the specific materials that can be deposited in each; z Recyclable materials such as wooden plates for trench works, steel, scaffolding material, site holding, packaging material, etc shall be collected and separated on-site from other waste sources. Collected recyclable material shall be re-used for other projects or sold to waste collector for recycling.

Domestic waste The Contractor shall provide refuse bins, all Local road sites During Contractors YPHB with lids, for all buildings and construction sites. construction Refuse shall be collected and removed from all Appendix 1 Appendix facilities at least twice per week. Domestic waste shall be transported to the approved refuse disposal site in covered containers or

trucks. 209 Wastewater z The Contractor shall submit a method Local road sites During Contractors YPHB statement to YPHB detailing how construction

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wastewater would be collected from all 1 Appendix wastewater generating areas, as well as storage and disposal methods. z Water from kitchens, showers, laboratories, sinks etc. shall be discharged into a conservancy tank for removal from the site; z Runoff from fuel depots / workshops / machinery washing areas and concrete batching areas shall be collected into a conservancy tank and disposed off at a site approved by YPHB; z Domestic sewage from site office and toilets shall either be collected by a licensed waste collector or treated by on-site treatment facilities. Discharge of treated wastewater must comply with the discharge limit according to the legislation; z Chemical toilets can be provided on site for construction workers. Domestic sewage collected from the site office and chemical toilets shall be cleaned up on regular basis. Only licensed waste collectors shall be employed for this disposal; z At completion of rehabilitation works, soak pits and septic tanks shall be covered and effectively sealed off. z All hazardous and chemical waste (including bitumen, etc.) shall be disposed of at an approved hazardous landfill site and in accordance with local legislative requirements. The Contractor shall provide disposal certificates to YPHB; z The removal of asbestos-containing materials or other toxic substances shall be performed and disposed of by specially trained workers;

Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency z Used oil and grease shall be removed from site and sold to an approved used oil recycling company; z Under no circumstances shall the spoiling of tar or bituminous products be allowed on the site, over embankments, in borrow pits or any burying; z Unused or rejected tar or bituminous products shall be returned to the supplier's production plant; z Used oil, lubricants, cleaning materials, etc. from the maintenance of vehicles and machinery shall be collected in holding tanks and sent back to the supplier or removed from site by a specialist oil recycling company for disposal at an approved hazardous waste site. z Inform the YPHB of any accidental spill or incident; z Initiate a remedial action following any spill or incident; z Provide a report explaining the reasons for the spill or incident, remedial action taken, consequences/damage from the spill, and proposed corrective actions.

Hazardous and z All hazardous and chemical waste Local road sites During Contractors YPHB Chemical waste (including bitumen, etc.) shall be disposed construction of at an approved hazardous landfill site and in accordance with local legislative requirements. The Contractor shall provide Appendix 1 Appendix disposal certificates to YPHB; z The removal of asbestos-containing materials or other toxic substances shall

be performed and disposed of by specially 211 trained workers; z Used oil and grease shall be removed

212 Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency

from site and sold to an approved used oil 1 Appendix recycling company; z Under no circumstances shall the spoiling of tar or bituminous products be allowed on the site, over embankments, in borrow pits or any burying; z Unused or rejected tar or bituminous products shall be returned to the supplier's production plant; z Used oil, lubricants, cleaning materials, etc. from the maintenance of vehicles and machinery shall be collected in holding tanks and sent back to the supplier or removed from site by a specialist oil recycling company for disposal at an approved hazardous waste site. z Inform YPHB of any accidental spill or incident; z Initiate a remedial action following any spill or incident; z Provide a report explaining the reasons for the spill or incident, remedial action taken, consequences/damage from the spill, and proposed corrective actions.

Materials Handling, Use and Storage Management Plan Transportation z The Contractor shall ensure that all Local road sites During Contractors YPHB suppliers and their delivery drivers are construction aware of procedures and restrictions (e.g. restricted areas); z Material shall be appropriately secured to ensure safe passage between destinations during transportation; z Loads shall have appropriate cover to prevent them spilling from the vehicle during transit; z The Contractor shall be responsible for

Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency any clean-up resulting from the failure by his employees or suppliers to property secure transported materials.

Hazardous and The Contractor shall provide a method Local road sites During Contractors YPHB Chemical statement detailing the hazardous substances I construction Substances material that are to be used during construction, as well as the storage, handling, and disposal procedures for each substance/ material and emergency procedures in the event of misuse or spillage that might negatively affect people or the environment.

In general terms, the following activities shall be carried out:

z All hazardous material/substances (e.g. petrochemicals, oils, etc.) shall be stored on site only under controlled conditions; z All hazardous material/substances shall be stored in a secured, appointed area that is fenced and has restricted entry. z Hazard signs indicating the nature of the stored materials shall be displayed on the storage facility or containment structure; z Fuel shall be stored in a steel tank supplied and maintained by the fuel suppliers. The tank shall be located in a secure, demarcated area.

Surfacing z Over spray of bitumen products outside of Local road sites During Contractors YPHB 1 Appendix Materials the road surface and onto roadside construction vegetation shall be prevented. z When heating of bitumen products, the Contractor shall take appropriate fire 213 control measures; Stone chip/gravel excess shall not be left on road/paved area

214 Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency

verges. 1 Appendix

Cement and z Concrete mixing directly on the ground Local road sites During Contractors YPHB

Concrete shall not be allowed and shall take place construction Batching on impermeable surfaces. z All runoff from batching areas shall be strictly controlled, and cement contaminated water shall be collected, stored and disposed z Unused cement bags shall be stored out of the rain where runoff won't affect it; z Used (empty) cement bags shall be collected and stored in weatherproof containers to prevent windblown cement dust and water contamination. Used cement bags shall not be used for any other purpose and shall be disposed of on a regular basis. z All excess concrete shall be removed from site on completion of concrete works and disposed of. Washing of the excess into the ground is not allowed. All excess aggregate shall also be removed.

Protection of z The Contractor shall be responsible for Local road sites During Contractors YPHB Natural informing all employees about the need to construction Vegetation prevent any harmful effects on natural vegetation on or around the rehabilitation site as a result of their activities; z Regularly check the work site boundaries to ensure that they are not exceeded and that no damage occurs to surrounding areas; z Prohibit and prevent open fires during maintenance/rehabilitation and provide temporary fire fighting equipment in the work areas, particularly close to forest

Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency areas;

Protection of z The Contractor shall ensure that no Local road sites During Contractors YPHB Fauna hunting, trapping, shooting, poisoning or construction otherwise disturbance of any fauna takes place; z The feeding of any wild animals shall be prohibited. z No domestic pets or livestock shall be permitted on site.

Construction Site The Contractor's responsibilities include the Local road sites During Contractors YPHB Safety protection of every person and nearby property construction from construction accidents. The Contractor shall be responsible for complying with all national and local safety requirements and any other measures necessary to avoid accidents, including the following:

z Provide personal protective equipment and clothing (goggles, gloves, respirators, dust masks, hard hats, steel-toed boots, etc.,) for construction workers and enforce their use; z During heavy rains or emergencies of any kind, suspend all work; z Brace electrical and mechanical equipment to withstand seismic events during the construction. z Present details regarding maximum

permissible vehicular speed on each 1 Appendix section of road; z Establish safe sight distance in both construction areas and construction camp sites; 215 z Place signs around the rehabilitation areas to facilitate traffic movement, provide

216 Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency

directions to various components of the 1 Appendix works, and provide safety advice and warning.

Fire Control z The Contractor shall submit a fire control Local road sites During Contractors YPHB and fire emergency method statement to construction the YPHB for approval. The method statement shall detail the procedures to be followed in the event of fire; z The contractor shall take all reasonable steps to avoid increasing the risk of fire through activities on site; z The contractor shall ensure that basic fire-fighting equipment is available at all camp areas and facilities; z The contractor shall appoint a fire officer who shall be responsible for ensuring immediate and appropriate action in the event of a fire; z The contractor shall ensure that all site personnel are aware of the procedure to be followed in the event of a fire; z Any work that requires the use of fire may only take place at a designated area approved by YPHB and must be supervised at all times. Fire-fighting equipment shall be available.

Traffic z Estimate maximum concentration of traffic Local road sites During Contractors YPHB Management (number of vehicles/hour); construction z Use selected routes to the project site, as agreed by the local traffic police, and appropriately sized vehicles suitable to the class of roads in the area, and restrict loads to prevent damage to local roads and bridges used for transportation purposes;

Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency z Maintain adequate traffic control measures throughout the duration of the Contract and such measures shall be subject to prior approval of YPHB; z Carefully and clearly mark pedestrian-safe access routes; z If school children are in the vicinity, include traffic safety personnel to direct traffic during school hours; z Maintain a supply for traffic signs (including paint, easel, sign material, etc.), road marking, and guard rails to maintain pedestrian safety during construction;

Environmental z The possibility exists for environmental Local road sites During Contractors YPHB Emergency emergencies of an unforeseen nature to construction Procedures occur during the course of the construction and operational phases of the project; z By definition, the nature of such emergencies cannot be known. Therefore, the Contractor shall respond on a case-by-case basis to such emergencies and shall initiate event-specific measures in terms of notifications and reactions; z The Contractor shall prepare a report on the incident detailing the accident, clean-up actions taken, any pollution problems and suggested measures to prevent similar accidents from happening again in future. The incident report shall then be submitted to the YPHB for review Appendix 1 Appendix and keep in the records.

C. Operation Phase Training on Local YPHB will carry out training of local During operation YPHB YPDOT 217 road Maintenance General Divisions/County Maintenance Communication Departments on local road

218 Implementing Supervising Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Agency Agency

maintenance. The training can be designed 1 Appendix following the Technical Manual for Maintenance teams. This training will be part of the Institutional strengthening of the Integrated

Yunnan road network development project.

Note: YPHB=Yunnan Provincial Highway Bureau

Table A1.2: Mitigation Measures for Noise at Sensitive Receptors during Operation Period Distance Households Background Exceedance Height Cost to road affected (dBA) (dBA) No Receptor Location differe Mitigation Measures CNY center Class Class Class nce (m) Class 2 Day Night 10,000 (m) 4a 4a 2 K9+400- Noise barrier of 650 m (length) × 3 m (height) 1 Namengzhai 47 to right -7 - 10 43.6 39.6 - 1.8 162.5 K9+950 at right of road, reduce noise by 10dBA. K32+000-K Noise barrier of 200 m (length) ×3 m (height) at 2 Palian 50 to left +3 - 4 42.1 37.5 - 2.2 50.0 32+100 left of road, reduce noise by 10dBA. K32+800-K 3 Dongkan 30 to right 2 4 6 42.1 37.5 8.1 8.7 10 households will be relocated 80.0 33+000 K35+100-K Sound proof windows for 15 households, noise 4 Nahuai left 90 -4 - 15 44.5 36.9 - 4.8 12.0 35+500 can be reduced by 25dBA. K38+100-K Noise barrier of 500 m (length) × 3 m (height) 5 Mangchang 100 to left -5 - 10 43.1 38.3 - 4.2 8.0 38+400 at left of road, reduce noise by 10dBA. K38+850-K Noise barrier of 150 m (length) × 3 m (height) 6 Hulaxiang 35 to left -3 5 - 41.7 36.9 2.2 - 37.5 38+950 at left of road, reduce noise by 10dBA. K40+050-K Noise barrier of 300 m (length) × 3 m (height) 7 Mangnai 35 to left -8 3 - 41.7 36.9 1.7 - 75.0 40+300 at left of road, reduce noise by 10dBA. K41+700-K Noise barrier of 150 m (length) × 3 m (height) 8 Mangzhang 35 to left -6 4 5 41.7 36.9 1.1 0.6 37.5 41+800 at left of road, reduce noise by 10dBA. Noise barrier of 500 m (length) × 3 m (height) K42+400-K Pass at left of road, and noise barrier of 100 m 9 Nayuan -5 12 7 42.5 37.2 1.1 0.6 150.0 42+900 though (length) × 3 m (height) at right of road, 2500 reduce noise by 10dBA. K48+200-K Noise barrier of 450 m (length) × 3 m (height) 10 Nanjing 65 to left -9 - 10 43.3 38.8 - 2.1 112.5 48+500 at left of road, reduce noise by 10dBA. Nanjing The school is located between Nanjing Village 6 class- 11 Primary K48+360 55 to left -9 - 56.8 39.8 - 0.4 and the road, noise barrier for the above Nanjin - rooms School village can also be used for the school. K56+400-K Sound proof windows for 28 households and 12 Feihong 80 to left -4 10 18 58.5 55.3 3.6 2.6 22.4 56+800 noise can be reduced by 25dBA K72+700-K Sound proof window:6 households with noise 13 Mangli 75 to left -12 - 6 47.0 41.5 - 1.1 4.8 72+900 exceeding standards, reduce noise by 25dBA

Distance Households Background Exceedance Height Cost to road affected (dBA) (dBA) No Receptor Location differe Mitigation Measures CNY center Class Class Class nce (m) Class 2 Day Night 10,000 (m) 4a 4a 2 K80+000-K Noise barrier of 350 m (length) × 3 m (height) 14 Xinzhai 65 to left -2 - 15 43.7 35.8 - 7.3 87.5 80+300 at left of road, reduce noise by 10dBA. K81+100-K Noise barrier of 410 m (length) × 3 m (height) 15 Yunmen 30 to left +3 10 12 44.9 39.0 8.5 2.9 102.5 81+450 at left of road, reduce noise by 10dBA. K81+900-K Noise barrier of 300 m (length) × 3 m (height) 16 Gongxia 65 to left -5 - 10 44.9 39.0 - 2.7 75.0 82+100 at left of road, reduce noise by 10dBA. K84+700-K Noise barrier of 300 m (length) × 3 m (height) 17 Diesha 35 to left +5 10 6 43.0 38.0 7.4 1.8 75.0 85+000 at left of road, reduce noise by 10dBA. K87+900-K Noise barrier of 560 m (length) × 3 m (height) 18 Laxiang 30 to left +3 5 - 45.0 39.7 2.3 - 140.0 88+400 at left of road, reduce noise by 10dBA. K89+250-K Pass Noise barrier of 150 m (length) × 4 m (height) 19 Nongmeng -1 11 6 45.0 39.7 4.6 1.6 102.0 89+350 though at both sides of road, reduce noise by 10dBA. K120+900- 20 Kanlan 30 to left -1 5 7 52.0 48.0 7.9 6.7 12 households will be relocated 96.0 K121+100 K122+100- Noise barrier of 800 m (length) × 3 m (height) 21 Mangliang 55 to left -2 - 50 51.4 44.4 - 8.8 200.0 K122+800 at left of road, reduce noise by 12dBA. Noise barrier of 500 m (length) × 3 m (height) K124+100- Pass 22 Jiele -4 22 23 51.8 44.3 2.4 4.5 at left of road and 600 m (length) × 3 m (height) 275.0 K124+700 through at right of road, reduce noise by 10dBA. K127+200- Pass Noise barrier of 400 m (length) × 3 m (height) 23 Yungang -2 10 14 53.6 42.9 7.9 4.8 200.0 K127+500 through at both sides of road, reduce noise by 12dBA. K138+200- Noise barrier of 400 m (length) × 3 m (height) 24 Babie 30 to left -4 5 - 51.1 43.0 0.2 - 100.0 K138+550 at left of road, reduce noise by 10dBA. K148+800- Noise barrier of 250 m (length) × 3 m (height) 25 Bandong 45 to right -4 - 6 51.9 42.3 - 2.0 62.5 K148+950 at right of road, reduce noise by 10dBA. K150+300- Noise barrier of 500 m (length) × 3 m (height) 126.0 26 Leiwu 30 to left 4 10 8 52.5 43.0 6.1 2.5 K151+000 at left of road, reduce noise by 10dBA. K156+500- Noise barrier of 250 m (length) × 3 m (height) 62.5 27 Leiyin 30 to right +3 10 - 53.3 43.6 4.8 - K156+700 at right of road, reduce noise by 10dBA. K156+700- Noise barrier of 760 m (length) × 3 m (height) 190.0 28 Leiyin 30 to right -5 - 12 53.3 43.6 - 0.8 K157+400 at right of road, reduce noise by 12dBA. Leiyin Hope 37.5 Class- Noise barrier of 150 m (length) × 3 m (height) 29 Primary K157+350 65 to right -5 - 57.9 43.4 - 1.6 rooms at right of road, reduce noise by 10dBA. School dBA = A-weighted decibels measured in audible noise bands, m = meter.

Note: According to a PRC regulations, the noise limit of 70 dBA for day and 55 dBA for night, is applied to class 4a area (the area is defined as 35 m within the 1 Appendix right-of-way) and the limit of 60 dBA for day and 50 dBA for night is applied to class 2 area (the area is beyond 35 m from the right-of-way). For all schools and hospitals within 35 meters, the limit of 60 dBA during the day and 50 dBA at night should be applied. 219 220 Appendix 1

Table A1.2: Environmental Monitoring Program

Monitoring and Supervision Reporting Item Details Timing Executing Unit Responsibility A. Pre-construction Alignment Confirm that unfavorable Before Design Institute YPDOT selection and geological sites and construction design environmentally sensitive sites starts are avoided and mitigation measures are incorporated in the design EIA and public Confirm public consultation has Before EIA IA YPDOT, YEPB consultation been conducted after draft EIA approval and before the final approval Prime farmland Confirm the land use plan has Before YPDOT Provincial Land been modified and approved construction and Resource Bureau Cultural Relic Confirm the cultural relic sites Before YPDOT Provincial has been protected construction Cultural Relic Bureau Drinking water Confirm the drinking water Before YPDOT YPDOT, Fapo source supply system has been construction village constructed for Fapo village committee Loss of access Review drawings of Detail design YPDOT Design Institute underpasses and overpasses Environmental Confirm the clauses and Bidding YPDOT with YPDOT clauses contract specifications have been drawn document assistance from and loan and reviewed by environmental preparation Design Institute, covenant specialists environmental specialists Environmental Manual is prepared and Before Environmental YPDOT Operation and reviewed groundbreaking specialists on Supervision behalf of YPDOT Manual Complaint and Confirm that Complaint and Before IA, YPDOT YPDOT Information Information Office has been breaking Office established with qualified staff ground Environmental Confirm that training has been Before Environmental YPDOT Protection provided to staff members as construction specialists or Training designated institutes on Program behalf of YPDOT Resumption of See resettlement plan land and property Removal of Confirm vegetation removal and Prior to YPDOT Yunnan trees and replanting sketch plans have groundbreaking Forestry landscaping been submitted to local Forestry Bureau Department, and permit is received from Yunnan Forestry Bureau Utility See resettlement plan Relocation Environmental Review the screening tables and Prior to YPDOT YEPB screening of sketch maps of new construction groundbreaking Appendix 1 221

Monitoring and Supervision Reporting Item Details Timing Executing Unit Responsibility new sites and access roads to construction ensure that environmental site, access impacts and mitigation road measures have been properly identified

B. Construction Soil erosion Inspect whether erosion control During CCE, a Yunnan WRB measures are in place and construction Construction functioning Environmental Supervision Engineer contracted by IA Water quality (i) Inspect whether water quality During A Construction YEPB prevention measures are in construction Environmental place, especially in the areas Supervision near the water protection. Engineer (ii) Conduct water quality contracted by IA samplings and analysis for item (i), and a defined in Table A3.4 monitoring (iii) Determine any future institute mitigation measures if contracted by necessary YPDOT for items (ii) and (iii) Dust control (i) Inspect if dust suppression During A Construction YPDOT, YEPB (i.e., watering of roads at construction Environmental least twice per day during dry Supervision season) and cleanup of mud Engineer on paved community roads contracted by IA used as access roads are for item (i), and a being conducted and are monitoring effective at specific point institute sources contracted by (ii) Conduct air quality samplings YPDOT for items and analysis (ii) and (iii) (iii) Determine any future mitigation measures if necessary Construction Conduct monthly checks on Monthly Contractor, YPDOT, YEPB vehicle and vehicle emission certification working with EPB equipment and visual observation on visible emission control smoke from machinery Noise Inspect if noise depression During A Construction YPDOT, YEPB measures are implemented as construction Environmental defined in EMP Supervision Engineer contracted by IA Flora and fauna, Inspect if the mitigation During A Construction YPDOT, including three measures are implemented construction Environmental Yunnan natural reserves properly as defined in EMP Supervision Forestry Engineer Bureau contracted by IA, Tongbiguan working with local Nature Reserve forestry bureaus Loss of access Ensure to provide temporal safe During Contactors YPDOT and and convenient passages for construction local 222 Appendix 1

Monitoring and Supervision Reporting Item Details Timing Executing Unit Responsibility vehicles, pedestrians, and communities livestock to access their property during construction periods. Ensure that overpasses and underpasses are built along alignment as defined in detail design. C. Operation Project Ensure that environmental Within the first YPHB YEPB environmental survey and/or monitoring reports 3 months of acceptance for project acceptance have operation or no audit been prepared and sent to later than YEPB for approval. 1 year with Ensure that the project receives permission environmental acceptance by from YEPB YEPB; if not, mitigation measures will be taken. Vehicle Vehicles are required to take an Annual check YEPB Vehicle YEPB emission control enforced I/M by YEPB during Safety and operation Emission Test Center Noise Ambient noise monitoring, Once quarterly, Environmental YEPB including the predicted 1 day for two monitoring exceedance sites, will be samplings each institutes required to determine whether time (daytime contracted by any additional mitigation and nighttime) YPHB measures or compensation will be required in the future, and mitigation measures shall be implemented if any significant exceedance of PRC standards or regulations. Transportation Confirm that the contingency Before Public securities, Public of hazardous plan has been worked out operation starts YPHB securities goods Soil Inspect quality of preventive Once per year A supervision YWRB conservation works of side slope of cutting company and vegetation and filing site. Inspect vegetation contracted by survival and coverage rate. Site YPHB survey and/or standard measurement of soil erosion during rainy season.

CCE = chief construction engineer, EIA = environmental impact assessment, EMP = environmental management plan, EPB = environmental protection bureau, YWRB = Yunnan Water Resource Bureau, IA = implementing agency, YPDOT = project management office, PRC = People’s Republic of China, WRB = water resource bureau, YEPB = Yunnan Environmental Protection Bureau, YPHB = Yunnan Provincial Highway Bureau,

Notes: 1. Detailed internal monitoring program during the construction and operation phases will be prepared at the beginning of project implementation by YPDOT, IA and EMSs. 2. In addition to regular compliance monitoring, other unannounced monitoring will be carried out to determine compliance. Source: Environmental impact assessment report. Appendix 1 223

Table A1.3: Environmental Monitoring Program

Phase and Environmental Implementing Review Aspect Location Parameters Frequency Institutes Agency 1. Construction Water Mangshi River, Ruilijiang pH, COD, SS, Twice a year Commissioned YPDOT, River for two to qualified YEPB construction environmental seasons; twice monitoring a day agency Noise Villages of Nahui, LAeq Quarterly Environmental YPDOT, Mangchang, Feihong, (increase as supervisor YEPB Mangli, Mangliang, needed), 1 commissioned to Yungang, Nongmolei, days each qualified Leiyin time, twice a environmental day (daytime monitoring and nighttime) agency plus random sampling Air Villages of Feihong, TSP Quarterly but Commissioned Local Mangliang, Leiyin, and can be to qualified County/City Ruilijiang-Dayingjiang increased as environmental EPBs Scenic Area needed monitoring 7 days each agency time, 12 hrs continually each day 2. Operation Water Mangshi Service Area pH, COD, oil Once a year Commissioned YPHB, and Ruili Service Area SS, grease 1 days each to qualified YEPB time environmental Twice a day monitoring agency Noise Villages of Mangsai, LAeq Once a year Commissioned YPHB, Nangai, Yingmen, 2 days each to qualified YEPB Caixiang, Zhegao, time environmental Nanjian, Laozhai, Twice a day monitoring Nanmen, Xiangnong, agency Henong, Nongmolei COD = chemical oxygen demand, pH = Measure of Acidity/Alkalinity, SS = suspended solid, TSP = total suspended particle, YEPB = Yunnan Environmental Protection Bureau, YPHB = Yunnan Provincial Highway Bureau, YPDOT = Yunnan Provincial Department of Transportation. Sources: Environmental impact assessment report and technical assistance consultants.

Table A1.4 Institutional Strengthening and Training

Strengthening Agencies Strengthening plans Timing activities Capacity building The PMO, IA Institutional organization, During project preparation and implementation development of responsibilities for each position. Monitoring Contractors, IA Procurement of related During project preparation and implementation 224 Appendix 1

Strengthening Agencies Strengthening plans Timing activities and the PMO monitoring instruments and equipment Training Attendees Contents Times Period Number Cost Total (days) of (CNY/ costs persons person/ (CNY day 1,000) Environmental The PMO, (i) Environmental laws and 1 2 40/each 300 24 laws, regulations IA/Operators, regulations, time and policies Contractors (ii) Environmental policies and plans, (iii) Basic Environmental management, (iv) Environmental emergence response EMP The PMO, (i)Responsibility and duties for 1 5 40 300 60 implementation IA/Operators, the project construction, Contractors management and environmental protection. (ii) Task of environmental protection in the project construction. (iii)Key environmental protection contents etc. in project construction, (iv)Various environmental reporting (v)EMP improvement and corrective actions (vi)Environmental monitoring and report (vii) Biodiversity protection (viii) Cultural property protection (ix) Site supervision methodology, procedures etc. Crisis handling IA/operators, (i)setting up crisis handling unit, 1 2 27 300 16 contractors (ii)crisis handling methods Environmental The Engineering technologies, 1 2 27 300 16 technologies and PMO,IA/Opera pollution control equipment equipment tors and selection and procurement, contractors Environmental YPHB/operato (i)Operation and 1 2 40 300 24 facility operation rs, contractors maintenance of environmental and maintenance installations, (ii)Safety operation regulations, (iii)Equipment management and emergency response procedures Environmental IA/operators, Monitoring and inspection 1 4 40 300 60 monitoring and Contractors methods, data collection and inspection processing, interpretation of data, reporting system Total 200 NOTE: EMP = environmental management plan, IA = implementing agency, PMO = project management office, YPHB = Yunnan Provincial Highway Bureau Source: EIA report, project preparatory technical assistance. Appendix 1 225

Table A1.5: Estimated Environmental Mitigation Capital Costs

Cost Location/ Items Mitigation measures (CNY Remarks No. 1,000) Subgrade protection and Throughout drainage system alignment Besides the engineering Bridge site Bridge sites measures with environmental protection erosion 12 borrow Borrow pits and spoil prevention pits and 13 sites rehabilitation 61,486 function, the spoil sites estimated cost for Work camp, access road Work camps additional erosion rehabilitation/greening control measures Soil erosion prevention is CNY Construction measures for temporary —— 61.49million. period land use areas Ecological environment monitoring and —— 300 Predicted supervision Ecology Relocate the protected trees to Mengxiu Rare Plant Protection Botanic Totally 19 Garden of Ruili City trees will be 800 Predicted Fence and put protection relocated board on the ancient trees nearby Roadside greening and landscape 23,645 CNY150,000/km Environmental protection for road section —— 2,000 Predicted of Tongbiguan Nature Reserve Section Tunnels of Water monitoring at tunnel sites and Shuangpo compensation for the local villager in case Yakou, 1,400 Preserved affected Santaishan, and Mangsa Constructio Noise prevention and － 600 Estimated n period control measures Early and Height: 3m to 4m Noise Noise barrier 22places 24,595 middle Length: 9,730 m stage of Sound proof window 4places 472 59 households operation Resettlement due to noise 2places 176 22 households Temporary septic tank in 28sets 280 CNY10,000/ tank construction camps Sediment tank for large 160places 3,200 CNY20,000 / tank bridge construction sites Sediment tank for tunnel 16places 1,000 Predicted construction sites Constructio Water Two tanks with n period capacity of 20m3 Runoff collection and for accident spill treatment system for 1 place 100 Rain runoff Ruilijiang Bridge collection pipe: 1,240 m Drinking water supply Two wells and 1place 200 system for Fapo village piping system 226 Appendix 1

Cost Location/ Items Mitigation measures (CNY Remarks No. 1,000) Septic tank of toll station, tunnel management 10 sets 300 CNY30,000 / tank station Domestic sewage biological treatment facility 2 sets 800 CNY 400,000 /set for service areas Biological treatment equipment of domestic 2 places 200 CNY100,000 /set sewage in management Operation center Water period Anti-collision pier and speed limit and caution —— 600 Estimated sign Compiling of emergency action plan for handling —— 200 Estimated dangerous materials transportation accidents Accidents emergency rescue equipment and 2 sets 400 CNY200,000 /set apparatus sprinkler (6000L） 28 vehicles 2,800 CNY100,000/car Constructio Watering during dry CNY2,000//car/ n period 24 months 4,032 Air season day Operation Smoke filter 12 sets 360 CNY30,000 /set period The garbage can is used for centralized Solid wastes 14 places 200 Estimated collection Cultural relic Cultural relic survey at three sites —— 3,342 I protection identified before ground breaking EIA EIA preparation —— 1,200 Environmental Design period —— 800 Estimated design Construction Environmental supervision during Environmental supervision 4 years 7,696 construction period supervision monitoring Independent Independent environmental supervision Environmental environmental 6 months 400 after detail design and during construction supervision monitoring Environmental quality monitoring during Environmental 4 years 500 Project construction quality environmental Environmental quality monitoring during monitoring —— 75 monitoring plan trial operation period Environmental check Including monitoring, report preparation － 1,000 Estimated &acceptance and review meeting costs on completion Total —— —— 146,643 ——

Appendix 1 227

Table A1.6: Estimated Annual Environmental Protection Cost Item Cost (CNY’000) Equipment operation, maintenance and depreciation 300 Greening costs 158 Wages of environmental protection employees 100 Technical transformation 100 Staff training 20 Contingency 68 Total 746 228 Appendix 1

Table 1.7: Public Consultation Plan

Organizer Approach Times Subject Attendees A. Project Preparation PMO, EIA Public Once Environmental quality Residents, preparation meeting status; project enterprises, NGOs institute, PPTA Questionnaire Once information; major and other consultants impacts and benefits; stakeholders within PMO, PPTA Social survey Once mitigation measures; construction and consultants public attitudes, service area; comments, and specialists from recommendations various sectors PMO, PPTA Survey on As required Comments on Persons affected by consultants resettlement by relevant resettlement, resettlement and resettlement improvement of living relocation plan conditions, livelihoods, and poverty reduction; comments and suggestions B. Construction Phase IA, PMO Public At least Adjusting of mitigation Residents adjacent consultation once measures, if to components, and site visits necessary; representatives of construction impact; social sectors comments and suggestions IA, PMO Expert As needed, Comments and Experts of various workshop or based on suggestions on sectors, media press public mitigation measures, conference consultation public opinions IA, PMO Survey on As required Comments on Persons affected by resettlement by relevant resettlement, resettlement and resettlement improvement of living relocation plan conditions, livelihoods, and poverty reduction; comments and suggestions C. Operation Phase YPHB Public Once in the Effects of mitigation Residents adjacent consultation first 2 years measures, impacts of to the project roads and site visits operation, comments and other component and suggestions sites, representatives of residents and representatives of social sectors YPHB Expert As needed, Comments and Experts of various workshop or based on suggestions on sectors, media press public operational impacts, conference consultation public opinions EIA = environmental impact assessment, IA = implementing agency, NGO = non-government organization, PMO = project management office, PPTA = project preparatory technical assistance, YPHB = Yunnan Provincial Highway Bureau. Sources: environmental impact assessments and project preparatory technical assistance. Appendix 1 229

Table A1.8: Reporting Plan

Report From To Frequency of Reporting Construction Internal Weekly internal Environmental Chief of Weekly supervision, supervision responsible contractors contracted by IA reports by person pointed by contractors contractors Monthly Environmental IA Monthly supervision supervisor on reports by behalf of IA environmental supervisors to be contracted by IA Quarterly Environmental IA, YPDOT Quarterly environmental supervisor on inspection reports behalf of IA based on monthly reports Environmental Spot-check Local county or Local county or Randomly quality monitoring monitoring and municipal municipal and inspection inspection report environmental environmental monitoring center protection bureau, IA Quarterly external Local county or municipal Quarterly environmental municipal environmental monitoring and environmental protection bureau, inspection reports monitoring center IA, project management office, YPDOT Independent Prepare Independent YPDOT Semi-annually supervision semi-annual environmental monitoring environmental supervisor report for the ADB on behalf of YPDOT based on construction compliance monitoring reports and environmental quality monitoring reports Reports to ADB Semi-annual YPDOT ADB, YEPB Semi-annually progress reports based on internal and external reports Test Operation Project Environmental A certified IA, YEPB, MEP, Within 3 months acceptance acceptance monitoring ADB after project reports after institute completion, or no project completion contracted by IA later than 1 year with permission Operation Internal monitoring Routine IA Local county or Quarterly during environmental municipal first 2 years monitoring reports environmental protection bureau, project management office, YPDOT

230 Appendix 1

External Environmental Local county or Local county or Twice yearly monitoring and compliance municipal municipal during the first 2 inspection reports environmental environmental years monitoring center protection bureau, project management office, YPDOT Reports to ADB Semiannual IA, YPDOT YEPB, ADB Twice yearly reports based on during the first 2 internal and years external monitoring inspection reports during operation ADB = Asian Development Bank, EMC=environmental monitoring center, IA = implementing agency, YEPB = Yunnan Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau, YPDOT = Yunnan Provincial Department of Transportation Sources: Project preparatory technical assistance consultants based on EIA report Appendix 2 231

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT REVIEW FRAMEWORK FOR ROAD REHABILITATION AND MAINTENANCE

A. Introduction

1. Yunnan’s road network maintenance needs will increase significantly in the next 5–10 years. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) will finance road rehabilitation and Maintenance works under the Project. Given the nature and small scale of the proposed civil works under the Local Road Rehabilitation/Maintenance (LRM) component and the Gender and Development (GAD) Rural Road Maintenance Component the Project, a formal environmental assessment report was not considered necessary. However, as in most cases construction activities are going to be undertaken in rural areas there are likely to be some concerns relating to inconveniences or nuisances to surrounding areas during construction will require careful construction planning and management. Therefore, the Environmental Assessment and Review Framework (EARF) for the local road rehabilitation and maintenance and GAD funded under this project have been prepared and shall be implemented by the concerned implementing agencies. B. Description of the Project 2. The selected project road sections include 4 national highways (490.54 kilometers [km]) and 3 provincial highways (115 km). The maintenance works will be carried out by the highway maintenance divisions in the 9 prefectures concerned under a system of competitive bidding. The physical rehabilitation works will be pavement crack sealing, pothole filling, and surface course overlay.

Table 1 Proposed local road rehabilitation and maintenance projects Class (km) Nature of Maintenance S.N. Highway Total I II III IV Total Major Medium Total 605.54 7.00 104.50 422.24 71.80 605.54 579.54 26.00 I National Highway 490.54 5.00 51.50 422.24 11.80 490.54 470.54 20.00 1 G214 45.80 0.00 0.00 45.80 0.00 45.80 45.80 0.00 2 G320 313.64 5.00 20.00 288.64 0.00 313.64 293.64 20.00 3 G323 46.80 0.00 1.50 33.50 11.80 46.80 46.80 0.00 4 G326 84.30 0.00 30.00 54.30 0.00 84.30 84.30 0.00 II Provincial Highway 115.00 2.00 53.00 0.00 60.00 115.00 109.00 6.00 1 Kun-Lu Highway (G108) 25.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 0.00 25.00 25.00 0.00 2 Yang-Geng Highway (S313) 60.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 0.00 3 Da-Li Highway (S221) 30.00 2.00 28.00 0.00 0.00 30.00 24.00 6.0

3. Gender and Development (GAD) Rural Road Maintenance Component in the Project to focus on developing and piloting a more professionalized system of rural road maintenance. Activities will focus on developing and testing suitable procedures for organizing, training and contracting the women ethnic minority groups, and identifying sustainable financing mechanisms. The necessary guidelines and capacity for the implementation of the subsequent rural road maintenance component will also be developed as part of the GAD funded pilot implementation.

232 Appendix 2

C. Country’s Environmental Assessment and Review Procedures

4. The County Communications Bureau will carry out environmental assessment in accordance with the People’s Republic of China’s (PRC’s) environmental assessment laws and regulations. The current Environmental Impact Assessment Law1 (EIAL), promulgated in 2003, regulates environmental assessment and its procedures. As required by the EIAL and the construction project environmental inspection administration order, the Environmental Impact Assessment Technical Guideline 2 is provided by the Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP). this includes (i) the assessment procedure after screening, (ii) an outline environmental assessment report model table of contents, (iii) an environmental impact assessment report (EIAR) model table of contents, (iv) analysis method for construction activities, (v) environmental investigation and survey method, (vi) impact estimation method, and (vii) impact evaluation method. This provides recommended detailed environmental impact estimation methods such as mathematical models for pollutant concentrations.

5. Screening. According to the EIAL (article 16), project environment reports are classified into three levels depending on their environmental impact magnitude: (i) an EIAR for projects with significant environmental impacts, (ii) an environmental impact registration table (EIRT) for projects with some environmental impacts, and (iii) an environment registration table (ERT) for projects with minor or no environmental impacts. An EIAR is a full set of environmental impact assessment report. An EIRT is an environmental assessment report with fewer requirements. Both the EIAR and EIRT should be prepared by qualified consultants. The MEP administers environmental consultants’ licenses. For ERTs, the project owner can fill the project information without qualified consultants.

6. The MEP provides a table for projects’ environmental classification.3 Project owners have prime responsibility to determine the classification and prepare the EIAR, EIRT, or ERT. The MEP or local environment department approves the project owner’s classification on the basis of submitted environmental documents. All road rehabilitation sections will only need ERTs unless they have potential impacts on environmentally sensitive areas such as a nature reserve.

7. Report approval. A project’s environment report should be approved during the feasibility study period. Provincial environmental protection departments can approve all subcomponent environment reports under the Project. For a subproject that may impact on nature reserves, the provincial environmental departments should seek the MEP’s opinion on the report before approval.

8. Public consultation. Public consultations are carried out on several occasions under the PRC environmental assessment system. The opinions of local governments and community representatives are studied on several occasions during EIAR preparation. The public’s view of the project is studied through interviews or distribution of questionnaires.

1 Promulgated on 1 October 2008. 2 HJ/T 2.1-03, promulgated on 20 October 2003. 3 Ministry of Environmental Protection. 2008. Construction Projects’ Environmental Classification Table. Beijing. Appendix 2 233

D. Specific Procedures to be used for Subcomponents under the Project

1. Institutional Arrangement

9. The Yunnan Provincial Highway Bureau (YPHB) will implement the local road maintenance and rehabilitation component through its Highway Maintenance and Administration General Divisions (HMAGD) in nine prefectures. DPCB will be responsible for the implementation of the GAD component. HMAGDs will prepare the ERTs for the road maintenance component and Dehong Prefecture Communication Bureau (DPCB) will prepare ERTs for GAD components. An environmental management plan will be prepared in the ERTs. Civil works will be carried out by civil works contractors. The contracts’ technical specifications will include environmental protection measures described in the environmental management plan and their cost will be included in the contract. This will ensure that the civil works contractors carry out all environmental protection measures. The project management office (PMO) will supervise the civil works, hiring construction supervision consultants.

Table 2 Subproject Roles and EARF Responsibilities

Institution Role in REDP Responsibility in EARF PMO of Coordination and oversight LRM and Ensure EARF is applied and keep YPDOT GAD components documentation for ADB review YPHB Oversight of procurement, construction Ensure EARF is applied and reported to and contract management of the LRM YPDOT component HMAGD Procurement, construction and contract Preparation of EARF for LRM components management of the LRM component and ensure sub-projects meet environmental design criteria; ensure that environmental specifications are included in bidding: documents and contracts DPCB Construction and contract management Preparation of EARF for GAD component of GAD component Contractors Execute works, adhere to environmental Execute works, adhere to environmental specifications for construction specifications for construction

2. Criteria of Subproject Selection

10. The following selection criteria will be applied for the final selection of the subprojects:

(i) road section selection will be based on road conditions and needs assessment; (ii) socioeconomic impacts will be considered and road sections that connect to villages and townships that are poor and remotely located will be given high priority; (iii) high-traffic volume branch roads that connect to major highways will be preferred as better road conditions will help reduce congestion and thereby reduce pollution; and (iv) road sections near environmentally sensitive areas will be carefully considered and mitigation measures will be taken to minimize the adverse environmental impacts during repair and maintenance of these sections. PRC environmental protection laws and regulations must be strictly followed.

234 Appendix 2

3. Environmental Assessment and Review Procedure

11. Under the provincial highway bureau’s supervision, HMAGD will carry out environmental screening for each road section. If the screening identifies any potentially significant environmental impacts related to the rehabilitation, an EIAR or EART for the section will be prepared and approved before the works commence. For road sections without a significant environmental impact, an ERT should be prepared and approved according to PRC regulations, and be reported to ADB. Potential environmental impacts can be considered significant if one of the following four conditions applies.

(i) If any endangered species are found in the environmental impact area, an EIAR or EART for the species and ecosystem is required. (ii) If any protected area, such as nature reserve or water reserve, exists in the environmental impact area, an EIAR or EART for the reserve is required. (iii) If large-scale earthworks are required near rivers of class I or II water quality standards, an EIAR or EART for the earthworks is required. (iv) If large-scale earthworks are required near any other sensitive sites such as hospitals, schools, or residential areas, an EIAR or EART for the sensitive sites is required.

12. For EIAR preparation, public consultations will be carried out on at least two occasions: during the early stage of EIAR preparation and after draft EIAR completion. For EIRTs, public consultations will be carried out at least once, after the draft is completed. The county communications and education bureaus will carry out public consultations. The EIAR or EIRT will be available for consultation by project-affected people in the county government offices.

13. In the EIAR or EIRT, a site-specific environmental management plan will be formulated and its implementation will be monitored. YPDOT will hire environmental supervision consultants as part of construction supervision. The consultants will visit construction sites and will monitor construction quality and environmental impacts. The consultants will submit semiannual environmental reports to the Executing Agency and the reports will be forwarded to ADB.

E. Environmental Due Diligence and Public Disclosure to Ensure Compliance with ADB’s Environment Policy

14. YPHB, the Executing Agency, should ensure that ADB is given access to undertake environmental due diligence for all LRMs, if needed. However, YPHB has the responsibility for undertaking environmental due diligence and monitoring of the implementation of environmental mitigation measures for LRMs and DPCB for GAD component. The due diligence as well as monitoring of the implementation of the environmental management plan needs to be documented systematically.

15. Before the starting of rehabilitation works for LRMs, the checklist should fill up through the transect walk exercise, the YPHB has to ensure that consultation with the affected people and their concerns are recorded. Aside from consultations, all environmental assessment documents are subject to public disclosure. These documents should be made available to the public, if requested. In this context the following system will be adopted:

Appendix 2 235

F. Confirmation

16. The environmental assessment and review framework and the Environmental Assessment and Review Procedure are adequately prepared in the context of ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement and environmental assessment requirements.

G. Staffing Requirement and Budget

17. EIAR preparation requires 4 months and a total of 12–16 person-months of qualified national consulting services. Consulting services will cost CNY100,000–CNY200,000 depending on the subproject’s scale. The preparation period for EIRTs is about 2 months and the consulting services will cost about CNY40,000. YPDOT will provide budget for the consulting services. Civil works technical specifications will include environmental protection measures identified during the environmental assessment procedure. Detailed design consultants will prepare the technical specifications with no additional cost for environmental protection clauses. The PMO will also hire construction supervision consultants for the construction quality and environmental protection.

18. During the 3-year project implementation period, ADB will carry out an annual review mission, including an environmental review. If an additional environmental specialist is required for the mission for 4 days, about $2,600 additional budget will be required per mission.

H. Four -Step Procedures to be followed in EARF

19. The EARF comprises the following simple four -step procedures in undertaking LRMs and GAD components. These four steps involve (i) conducting a site environmental screening to ensure that no sensitive issues regarding environmental and social impacts are not present in the road alignment; (ii) checking local road design to ensure that minimum environmental components are properly addressed: (iii) applying environmental rules for contractors to minimize impacts and nuisances to communities during construction; and (iv) providing training on local road maintenance to HMAGDs, municipalities and counties. They are described in Annex 1. 236 Appendix 2

Annex 1: EARF Four -Step Procedures

Step 1: Environmental Screening to Identify any Key Environmental Safeguard Issues

1. As the first step prior to construction/renovation, the YPHB complete a simple Road Site Checklist to determine possible environmental impacts/nuisances for every local road included in the program. This checklist will identify any outstanding issues regarding environmental or social impacts and identify checklist specific actions or mitigation measures to be included in the design or to be included as part of environmental specifications for contractors. The Checklist is included in Annex 2.

Step 2: Applying Checklist for Environmentally Design Criteria

2. The second step in the environmental safeguards procedures for the local roads would is completion of a checklist of some specific design criteria to be adopted in the process of rehabilitation and maintenance of local roads. These design criteria include ensuring (i) appropriate lateral and cross drainage systems; (ii) adequate design of culverts and river/stream crossings; (iii) appropriate management of any erosion or instability problems along the road; (iv) inclusion of adequate signs along the road; (v) greening and other landscaping measures are adequate. It is not expected that all of these design criteria would be adopted in each case, but the effort should be to adapt as many as possible in the engineering design of the proposed roads. This checklist should be completed by the engineering design institution. A sample of the Checklist on Environmentally Friendly Design Criteria is provided in Annex 3.

Step 3: Preparation of Standardized Environmental Specifications for Contractors

3. After completing the site and environment-friendly design criteria screening using the checklists in annex 2 and 3, the third step in the EARF would be the development of simple environmental specifications for construction as in annex 4. As the small-scale construction activities envisaged might cause impacts and nuisance to nearby surroundings, they need to be avoided or mitigated through application of good engineering practices and strict environmental safeguards measures including waste management techniques especially for construction dust and debris, noise control, site management, traffic safety controls, provision of clean water and sanitation facilities etc.

4. Annex 4 presents a complete set of environmental specifications for contractors of local road rehabilitation/maintenance in Yunnan. These specifications must be adapted and complemented according to the findings and recommendations of Steps I and 2 of the EARF. Contractors working on civil works under the Road rehabilitation/maintenance component of the project will adhere to this as part of the bidding specifications and the Contractor's Work Plan. All these measures should be included in bidding document and contractor's work plan as part of the specifications for construction that will be followed by contractors to address any potential environmental safeguard concerns during construction.

Step 4: training on Local road Maintenance for HMAGDs, Municipalities and Counties

5. Once the local road rehabilitation and maintenance is completed, and the road is handed over to HMAGDs or local governments, YPHB will carry out training of HMAGDs, local officers on local road maintenance. The training can be designed following the Technical Manual for Maintenance teams. Appendix 2 237

Annex 2: Local roads Screening Criteria Worksheet

1. This worksheet is designed to help project safeguard specialists assess potential environmental and social risks and impacts associated with project activities on a particular site. The findings can inform the EA Category determination, guide early project design, and contribute to the type and scale of EA work undertaken. This worksheet can also be provided as a tool for the consultant conducting the EA.

Criteria Yes/No Description Proposed Mitigations or Enhancements Location Inside or close to a National Park (existing or planned), reserve, or area of high cultural value? Are there vulnerable or endangered species (terrestrial or aquatic) in the area? Are there natural habitats/ancient trees in the alignment? If there are natural habitats, are they agile, unique, limited in size? Are there wetlands, areas of saturated soils (permanent or temporary), or evidence of ponding (cracks, high clay content in soils, dead vegetation, water marks)? Is the site already degraded (low groundwater, poor soil quality)? Are there steep slopes? Do people live close to the right of way? Are there existing land uses (ranching, farming)? Is there existing site access (roads)? Is the site vulnerable to natural hazards (in floodplain, seismic, wind? Are there economic activities along the right of way (vendors)? Are there known archaeological, historical or other cultural property? Do indigenous peoples live on or near the site? Physical Impacts Are large excavation works planned? Will a large volume of soil be taken from off-site (quarries and borrow pits)? Will the project generate an increase in solid wastes or machine wastes (oil, etc)? Water Resource Impacts Could it result in a modification of groundwater levels by altering flows, paving surfaces or increasing water extraction? Could it affect groundwater quality? Could it affect quality (through sediment, wastewater, storm discharge or solid waste) of nearby surface waters (lake, rivers, streams, irrigation canals)? Will it affect water quantity in nearby water bodies (lake, 238 Appendix 2 river, and stream)? Are there nearby potable water sources that need to be protected? Ecosystem Impacts Could it affect natural habitats or areas of high ecological value? Could it affect natural characteristics of adjacent or nearby sites? Could it affect wildlife or natural vegetation? Ancient trees? Drainage Impacts Will storm water drainage affect existing drainage patterns? Will it cause standing water, which could cause public health risks? Will erosion result in sediment discharge of nearby water bodies? Will surface drainage patterns be affected in borrow pits and quarries? Will infiltration patterns be affected? Socio-economic impacts Will the project entail resettlement of population? Will the project affect indigenous people? Will it limit access to natural resources to local populations? Will it have an impact on land use? Cultivation patterns Are there any schools close to the right of way? Will it cause any health impacts? Will it disturb nearby communities during construction? Will there be any traffic safety issues during construction Could cultural resources be affected? Could it affect nearby properties?

Appendix 2 239

Annex 3: Sample of Format for Checklist on Environmentally Friendly Design Criteria General Information Name of Project Name of local road Name of engineer/technical officer Person(s) who conducted the studies Date of Site Study Completed The date on which the on site studies were completed Information Source Name and contact of person(s) contacted Proposed Output Improvements to Design Design Criteria YES NO Unknown Recommendation 1. Are all drains properly designed? 2. Have all culverts been checked for appropriate dimensions to handle design flows? 3. Have all erosion and instability problems been identified and measures designed to address these issues? 4. Does the project include adequate landscaping greening measures? 5. Does the project include all signs for hotspots, rural areas, school crossings, etc.? 6. Does the project include exploitation of new quarries and appropriate design for this exploitation has been identified? 7. Does the project include stabilization of slopes using vegetative measures (where required) Others (describe) Note: the checklist should be provided to the institution in charge of project design.

240 Appendix 2

Annex 4: Environmental Specifications for Contractors

1. The purpose of this document is to present a simplified EMP to be followed by Contractors in the maintenance, and rehabilitation of local roads in Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China.

2. The project will include specific language in the construction and engineering supervision contracts which will address the need to implement and enforce aspects such as: (i) proper disposal of construction wastes and earth cuts in either landfills or sites approved by the environmental agency; (ii) the collection and proper disposal of all spent oils and strict prohibitions regarding oil changes of machinery and equipment in the premises; (iii) control of dust, noise and other nuisances during construction; (iv) traffic safety during construction specially in the already overcrowded entrance to the Complex; (v) the need to inform neighbors about construction schedules; (vi) the need for adequate sanitary facilities for workers during the construction period and proper disposal of collected wastes in accordance with the sanitation authorities; (vii) the need to ensure that all landscape items are finalized before final acceptance of the building; and (viii) all landscape re-vegetation will be done with native species.

Construction supervisor (this needs to be defined)

3. The YPHB will be or appoint a construction supervisor who will represent the YPHB in all matters related to the project and will be responsible for overall coordination of implementation of these specifications. The Supervisor will have extensive experience (at least five years experience) in environmental management, supervision and monitoring of road projects, and be familiar with The People's Republic of China environmental legislatives requirements.

4. The Supervisor will have the following responsibilities: z Ensure that the specifications are implemented in compliance with relevant Chinese legislation; z Ensure that the necessary environmental authorizations and permits are obtained; z Assist the Contractor(s) in finding environmentally responsible solutions to problems z Review the implementation of mitigation and other environmental protection measures during maintenance, rehabilitation, including incorporation of environmental requirements into rehabilitation contracts, enforce other environmental management programs and conduct inspection of the maintenance/rehabilitation sites; z Consult and/or communicate to the local communities, project affected people, regulatory agencies, and other stakeholders during the project to ensure them the full knowledge of the project progress, potential issues and mitigation actions, as well as to listen and respond to their concerns, suggestions and demands for environmental and community protection; z Order the removal of personnel and/or equipment not complying with EMP specifications; z Issue fines for transgressions of site rules and penalties for contravention of these specifications

The Contractor and Sub-Contractors

5. The Contractor, his sub-contractor and employees shall adhere to firstly try to minimize the impact that may result of the project activities and secondly, the mitigation measures set down in these specifications to prevent harm and nuisances on local communities and to minimize the negative impacts to the environment.

Appendix 2 241

6. The duties of the Contractor and his Sub-Contractors include but not limited to: z The duties of the Contractor and his Sub-Contractors include but not limited to: z Work within the scope of contractual requirements and other tender conditions; z Organize representatives of the maintenance/rehabilitation team to participate In the joint site inspections undertaken by the Supervisor; z Carry out any corrective actions instructed by the Supervisor; z Provide and update information to the Supervisor regarding works activities which may contribute, or be continuing to the generation of adverse environmental conditions; z In case of non-compliances/discrepancies, carry out investigation and submit proposals on mitigation measures, and implement remedial measures to reduce environmental impact; z Stop maintenance/rehabilitation activities which generate adverse impacts upon receiving instructions from the Supervisor. Propose and carry out corrective actions and implement alternative rehabilitation method, if required, in order to minimize the environmental impacts;

MAINTENANCE/REHABILITATION ACTIVITIES

7. The following information is intended solely as broad guidance to be used in conjunction with local and national regulations. These specifications must be complemented with the results of the environmental screening and environmental design checklists of steps 1 and 2 of the EARF. They can also be extended or simplified even further according to these findings. Before initiation of maintenance and rehabilitation activities, the Contractor shall present the Supervisor with a Maintenance/Rehabilitation Plan which explicitly states how he plans to abide by these specifications. After approval of such Plan by the Supervisor, rehabilitation activities can proceed.

Workforce and Site Installation

Workforce

8. There are potential of the local available labor from the villages along the road that could participate in the project implementation activities. Priority shall be set by the Contactor(s) and sub-Contractor(s) to hire the local labor for the works. The Contractor shall take the following steps to maximize to use of the local labor: z Announcement for the position that local labor could participate in the works to every township and villages along the road; z Provide work safety training to those local labors upon their hiring.

Code of Conduct

9. A Code of Conduct shall be established to outline the importance of appropriate behavior, drug and alcohol abuse, and compliance with relevant laws and regulations. Each employee shall be informed of The Code of Conduct and bound by it while in the employment of the Client or its Contractors. The Code of Conduct shall be available to local communities at the project information centers or other place easily accessible to the communities.

10. The Code of Conduct shall address the following measures (but not limited to them): z All of the workforce shall abide by the laws and regulations of the People's Republic of China; z Illegal substances, weapons and firearms shall be prohibited; z Pornographic material and gambling shall be prohibited; z Fighting (physical or verbal) shall be prohibited; 242 Appendix 2 z Creating nuisances and disturbances in or near communities shall be prohibited; z Disrespecting local customs and traditions shall be prohibited; z Smoking shall only be allowed in designated areas; z Maintenance of appropriate standards of dress and personal hygiene;

11. Failure to comply with the Code of Conduct, or the rules, regulations, and procedures implemented at the construction camp will result in disciplinary actions.

Prohibitions

12. The following activities shall be prohibited on or near the project site. z Cutting of trees for any reason outside the approved maintenance/rehabilitation area; z Hunting, fishing, wildlife capture, or plant collection; z Buying of wild animals for food; z Feeding of wild animals; z Use of unapproved toxic materials, including lead-based paints, asbestos, etc.; z Disturbance to anything with architectural or historical value z Building of fires; z Use of firearms (except authorized security guards); z Use of alcohol by workers in office hours; z Washing cars or machinery in streams or creeks; z Doing maintenance (change of oils and filters) of cars and equipment outside authorized areas: z Disposing trash in unauthorized places; z Driving in an unsafe manner in local roads; z Having caged wild animals (especially birds) in camps; z Working without safety equipment (including boots and helmets); z Creating nuisances and disturbances in or near communities; z The use of rivers and streams for washing clothes; z Indiscriminate disposal of rubbish or rehabilitation wastes or rubble; z Littering the site; z Spillage of potential pollutants, such as petroleum products; z Collection of firewood; z Poaching of any description; z Explosive and chemical fishing; z Latrine outside the designated facilities; and z Burning of wastes and/or cleared vegetation.

13. Any maintenance/rehabilitation workers, office staff, Contractor's employees, the Client's employees or any other person related to the project found violating theses prohibitions will be subject to disciplinary actions that can range from a simple reprimand to termination of his/her employment depending on the seriousness of the violation.

Camp and Site Facilities (if proposed by Contractor)

14. The Following general measures shall be considered for camp and site facilities: z The construction, layout and extent of the construction site and its components, i.e. all offices, accommodation facilities, testing facilities / laboratories, batching areas, storage & stockpiling areas, workshops, vehicle washing areas and all other areas/facilities required for completion of the project shall be planned, designed and managed in such a manner that environmental impacts are minimized; Appendix 2 243 z The Contractor shall establish worker's camps, offices, workshops, testing facilities, stockpiling areas, staff accommodation etc. in a manner that does not adversely affect the environment. z The construction area shall be kept to a minimum; z Site offices, camps, depots, asphalt plants, mixing stations, and workshops shall be located in appropriate areas as agreed by local village and approved by the SUPERVISOR and not within 500 meters (m) of existing residential settlements and not within 1,000 m for asphalt plants; z Site offices, camps, depots and particularly storage areas for diesel fuel and bitumen and asphalt plants shall not be located within 500 m of watercourses, and be operated so that no pollutants enter watercourses, either overland or through groundwater seepage, especially during periods of rain. This will require lubricants to be recycled and a ditch to be constructed around the area with an approved settling pond/oil trap at the outlet; z Areas for the storage of fuel or lubricants and for a maintenance workshop shall be fenced and have a compacted/impervious floor to prevent the escape of accidental spillage of fuel and or lubricants from the site. Surface water drainage from fenced areas shall be discharged through purpose designed and constructed oil traps. Empty fuel or oil drums may not be stored on site. z Fuel wood shall not be used as a means of heating during the processing or preparation of any materials forming part of the Works; z The Contractor shall restrict all his activities, materials, equipment and personnel to the areas specified. Entry into restricted areas by any person, vehicle or equipment without the Supervisor's permission can result in penalties; z Potable water safe for human consumption shall be provided for at camps, site offices, and other working areas; z Camp areas shall be located to allow effective natural drainage; z A method shall be established for storing and disposing of all solid wastes generated by the labor camp and/or base camp. If applicable, kitchen wastes shall be disposed into soak pits; z Solid wastes generated in the labor site shall be reused if recyclable or disposed off in land fill sites approved by local authorities; z If water is stored on site, drinking water and multipurpose water storage facilities shall be clearly distinguished and demarcated.

First Aid Facilities z Medical and first aid facilities shall be provided at each camp area or at construction sites. First aid box shall be provided at every construction campsite and under the charge of a responsible person who shall always be readily available during working hours of the work place. He/she shall be adequately trained in administering first aid-treatment. Formal arrangement shall be prescribed to make motor transport available to carry injured person or person suddenly taken ill to the nearest hospital;

Sanitary Facilities z In every camp/construction site separate and adequate lavatory facilities (toilets and washing areas) shall be provided for the use of male and female workers. Toilet facilities should also be provided with adequate supplies running water, soap, and toilet paper. Such facilities shall be conveniently accessible and shall be kept in clean and hygienic conditions; z Chemical toilets, etc. must be provided at all construction camp areas where there will be a concentration of labor. Toilet paper must be provided; z A temporary septic tank system shall be installed for the disposal of domestic wastes and excreta without causing pollution of nearby watercourses. Wastewater should not be disposed into water bodies without treatment.

244 Appendix 2

Eating areas z If none is available, the Contractor shall provide adequate temporary shade within the maintenance/rehabilitation areas to ensure that site personnel do not move off site to eat; z The Contractor shall provide adequate refuse bins at all eating areas to the satisfaction of the Supervisor.

Security

15. Some security measures shall be put into place to ensure the safe and secure running of the site facilities and its residents. Some of these security measures include: z Adequate, day-time night-time lighting shall be provided; z A perimeter security fence at least 2 m in height constructed from appropriate materials; z Provision and installation in all buildings of firefighting equipment and portable fires extinguishers.

Maintenance/Rehabilitation Impact Management Plan

Erosion and Sedimentation

16. In order to minimize negative impacts in the project area, the following activities shall be carried out by the Contractor: z The Contractor shall implement erosion and sedimentation control measures to the satisfaction of the Supervisor; z The Contractor shall protect all areas susceptible to erosion by installing necessary temporary and permanent drainage works as soon as possible and by taking any other measures necessary to prevent storm water from concentrating in streams and scouring slopes, banks, etc. z Areas of the site not disturbed by rehabilitation activities shall be maintained in their existing conditions; z Conserve topsoil with its leaf litter and organic matter, and reapply this material to local disturbed areas to promote the growth of local native vegetation; z Apply local, native grass seed and mulch to barren erosive soil areas or closed construction surfaces; z Apply erosion control measures before the rainy season begins preferably immediately following rehabilitation; z Install sediment control structures where needed to slow or redirect runoff and trap sediment until vegetation is established. Sediment control structures include windrows of logging slash, rock berms, sediment catchment basins, straw bales, brush fences, and silt fences; z In areas where maintenance/rehabilitation activities have been completed and where no further disturbance would take place, re-vegetation should commence as soon as possible; z Spray water as needed on dirt roads, cuts, fill material and stockpiled soil to reduce wind-induced erosion; z Traffic and movement over stabilized areas shall be restricted and controlled, and damage to stabilized areas shall be repaired and maintained to the satisfaction of the Supervisor.

Earthworks, Cut and Fill Slopes z All earthworks shall be properly controlled, especially during the rainy season; z The Contractor shall maintain stable cut and fill slopes at all times and cause the least possible disturbance to areas outside the prescribed limits of the works; Appendix 2 245 z In order to protect any cut or fill slopes from erosion, in accordance with the drawings, cut off drains and toe-drains shall be provided at the top and bottom of slopes and be planted with grass or other plant cover. Cut off drains should be provided above high cuts to minimize water runoff and slope erosion; z Any excavated cut or unsuitable material shall be disposed of in designated disposal areas as agreed to by the Supervisor. z Disposal sites should not be located where they can cause future slides, interfere with agricultural land or any other properties, or cause soil from the dump to be washed into any watercourse. Drains may need to be dug within and around the tips, as directed by the Engineer

Stockpiles and Borrow Pits

17. In general terms, the Contractor shall: z Identify and demarcate locations for stockpiles and borrow pits, ensuring that they are 15 m away from critical areas such as steep slopes, erosion-prone soils, cultivated lands, and areas that drain directly into sensitive water bodies (used for drinking water or aquaculture). Location of borrow pits shall be approved by the Supervisor. z Limit extraction of material to approved and demarcated borrow pits. z Stockpile topsoil when first opening the borrow pit. After all usable borrow has been removed, the previously stockpiled topsoil should be spread back over the borrow area and graded to a smooth, uniform surface, sloped to drain. On steep slopes, benches or terraces may have to be specified to help control erosion. z Excess overburden should be stabilized and re-vegetated. Where appropriate, organic debris and overburden should be spread over the disturbed site to promote re-vegetation. Natural revegetation is preferred to the extent practicable. z Existing drainage channels in areas affected by the operation should be kept free of overburden. z The Contractor shall ensure that all borrow pits used are left in a trim and tidy condition with stable side slopes, re-establishment of vegetation, restoration of natural water courses, avoidance of flooding of the excavated areas wherever possible so no stagnant water bodies are created which could breed mosquitoes. z When the borrow pits cannot be refilled or reasonably drained, the Contractor shall consult with the local community to determine their preference for reuse such as fish farming or other community purposes; z No foreign material generated/deposited during construction shall remain on site. Areas affected by stockpiling shall be reinstated to the satisfaction of the Supervisor.

Disposal of Debris

18. The Contractor shall carry out the following activities: z Establish and enforce daily site clean-up procedures, including maintenance of adequate disposal facilities for debris; z Debris generated due to the dismantling of existing structures shall be suitably reused, to the extent feasible, in the proposed rehabilitation program (e.g. as fill materials for embankments). The disposal of remaining debris shall be carried out only at sites identified and approved by the Supervisor. The contractor should ensure that these sites (a) are not located within designated forest or cultivated areas; (b) do not impact natural drainage courses; and (c) do not impact endangered/rare flora. Under no circumstances shall the contractor dispose of any material in environmentally sensitive areas. z In the event any debris or silt from the sites is deposited on adjacent land, the Contractor shall immediately remove such, debris or silt and restore the affected area to its original state to the satisfaction of the Supervisor. 246 Appendix 2 z Water courses shall be cleared of debris and drains and culverts checked for clear flow paths; z Include provisions for incorporating the most appropriate stabilization techniques for each disposal site and determine that the selected spoil disposal sites do not cause unwanted surface drainage; z Assess risk of any potential impact regarding leaching of spoil material on surface water; z Once the job is completed, all rehabilitation -generated debris should be removed from the site

Demolition of Existing Infrastructures

19. The following measures shall be implemented in order to protect workers and the public from falling debris and flying objects: z Set aside a designated and restricted waste drop or discharge zones, and/or a chute for safe movement of wastes from upper to lower levels; z Conduct sawing, cutting, grinding, sanding, chipping or chiseling with proper guards and anchoring as applicable; z Maintain clear traffic ways to avoid driving of heavy equipment over loose scrap; z Provide all workers with safety glasses with side shields, face shields, hard hats, and safety shoes.

Bridge demolition and construction z The Contractor shall submit a bridge demolition and construction method statement to the SUPERVISOR for approval, detailing the location of the temporary bypasses, spill prevention measures, and sedimentation control measures, surface water flow diversion, reinstatement, etc; z After bridge construction, the works area, stream diversion, settlement pond areas and temporary bypasses shall be reinstated to the satisfaction of the Supervisor.

Dust Control z The Contractor shall ensure that the generation of dust is minimized and shall implement a dust control program to maintain a safe working environment, minimize nuisance for surrounding residential areas / dwellings and protect damage to natural vegetation, crops, etc; z Construction vehicles shall comply with speed limits and haul distances shall be minimized; z Material loads shall be suitably covered and secured during transportation; z Exposed soil and material stockpiles shall be protected against wind erosion and the location of stockpiles shall take into consideration the prevailing wind directions and locations of sensitive receptors; z The Contractor shall implement dust suppression measures (e.g. water spray vehicles, covering of material stockpiles, etc.) if and when required.

Noise Control z The Contractor shall be responsible for compliance with the relevant legislation with respect to noise; z The Contractor shall try to keep noise generating activities to a minimum; z The Contractor shall restrict all operations that result in undue noise disturbance to local communities and/or dwellings (e.g. blasting, crushing, etc.) to daylight hours on weekdays or as agreed with the Supervisor; Appendix 2 247 z The Contractor shall warn any local communities and/In sensitive areas (including residential neighborhoods, hospitals, rest homes, schools, etc.) more strict measures may need to be implemented to prevent undesirable noise levels; z In sensitive areas (including residential neighborhoods, hospitals, rest homes, schools, etc.) more strict measures may need to be implemented to prevent undesirable noise levels; z To the extent possible, nighttime operations shall be kept to a minimum and banned near sensitive receptors; z No blasting shall be allowed during nighttime unless prior approval is obtained from the government authority and the Supervisor; z The Contractor shall maintain the construction equipment in its best operating conditions and lowest noise levels possible.

Clearing and Re-Vegetation Management Plan

Vegetation Clearing z No vegetation clearing shall take place without written approval by the Supervisor. Vegetation shall not be disturbed in those areas not submitted for non objection; z Before vegetation clearing takes place in any rehabilitation area, search and rescue and seed collection shall be undertaken; z Before clearing of vegetation, the Contractor shall ensure that all litter and non-organic material is removed from the area to be cleared; z Vegetation clearing shall take place in a phase manner in order to retain vegetation cover for as long as possible; z All indigenous plant material removed from cleared areas shall be stockpiled for mulching. All remaining vegetation shall be removed and disposed of at an approved landfill site. z The Contractor shall remove topsoil from all areas where topsoil will be impacted on by rehabilitation activities, including temporary activities such as storage and stockpiling, etc; z Stripped topsoil shall be stockpiled in areas agreed with the Supervisor for later use in revegetation and shall be adequately protected. z The application of chemicals for vegetation clearing shall be minimized. To the extent possible, non-residual chemicals shall be selected and with negligible adverse effects on human health; z Herbicides use in the project shall be shown to be effective against the target vegetation species, have minimum effect on the natural environment, and be demonstrated to be safe for inhabitants and domestic animals in the treated areas, as well for personnel applying them. The use of herbicides shall be approved by the Supervisor.

Re-Vegetation and site restoration z Revegetation shall start at the earliest opportunity. Appropriate local native species of vegetation shall be selected for the compensatory planting and restoration of the natural landforms; z Restoration of cleared areas such as borrow pits no longer in use, disposal areas, site facilities, stockpiles areas, working platforms and any areas temporarily occupied during construction of the project works shall be accomplished using landscaping, adequate drainage and re-vegetation; z Spoil heaps and excavated slopes shall be re-profiled to stable batters, and grassed to prevent erosion; z Restoration and re-vegetation shall be carried out timely for the exposed slopes/soils and finished areas shall be reinstated in order to achieve the stability of slopes and maintain soil integrity; z All affected areas shall be landscaped and any necessary remedial works shall be undertaken without delay, including grassing and reforestation; 248 Appendix 2 z Soil contaminated with chemicals or hazardous substances shall be removed and transported and buried in waste disposal areas.

Waste Management Plan

20. Waste management on site shall be strictly controlled and monitored. Only approved waste disposal methods shall be allowed. The Contractor shall ensure that all site personnel are instructed in the proper disposal of all waste.

Solid waste z The Contractor shall submit a method statement detailing a solid waste control system (storage, provision of bins, site clean-up schedule, bin clean-out schedule, etc.) to the Supervisor for approval. z The Contractor shall ensure that all facilities are maintained in a neat and tidy condition and the site shall be kept free of litter; z Measures shall be taken to reduce the potential for litter and negligent behavior with regard to the disposal of all refuse. At all places of work, the Contractor shall provide litter bins, containers and refuse collection facilities for later disposal; z Solid waste may be temporarily stored on site in a designated area approved by the Supervisor prior to collection and disposal through a licensed waste collector; z Waste storage containers shall be covered, tip-proof, weatherproof and scavenger proof. The waste storage area shall be fenced off to prevent wind-blown litter; z No burning, on-site burying or dumping of waste shall occur; z All solid waste shall be disposed of offsite at an approved landfill site. The Contractor shall supply the Supervisor with certificates of disposal; z Random disposal of solid waste in scenery areas shall be strictly prohibited; z During rehabilitation, inert construction materials I excavated soil shall be reused on site as much as possible and minimize the volume requiring disposal; z The Contractor shall identity and demarcate disposal areas clearly indicating the specific materials that can be deposited in each; z Recyclable materials such as wooden plates for trench works, steel, scaffolding material, site holding, packaging material, etc shall be collected and separated on-site from other waste sources. Collected recyclable material shall be re-used for other projects or sold to waste collector for recycling.

Domestic waste z The Contractor shall provide refuse bins, all with lids, for all buildings and construction sites. Refuse shall be collected and removed from all facilities at least twice per week. Domestic waste shall be transported to the approved refuse disposal site in covered containers or trucks.

Wastewater z The Contractor shall submit a method statement to the Supervisor detailing how wastewater would be collected from all wastewater generating areas, as well as storage and disposal methods. If the Contractor intends to carry out any on-site wastewater treatment, this should also be included; z Water from kitchens, showers, laboratories, sinks etc. shall be discharged into a conservancy tank for removal from the site; Appendix 2 249 z Runoff from fuel depots / workshops / machinery washing areas and concrete batching areas shall be collected into a conservancy tank and disposed off at a site approved by the Supervisor; z Domestic sewage from site office and toilets shall either be collected by a licensed waste collector or treated by on-site treatment facilities. Discharge of treated wastewater must comply with the discharge limit according to the legislation; z Chemical toilets can be provided on site for construction workers. Domestic sewage collected from the site office and chemical toilets shall be cleaned up on regular basis. Only licensed waste collectors shall be employed for this disposal; z At completion of rehabilitation works, soak pits and septic tanks shall be covered and effectively sealed off.

Hazardous and Chemical waste z All hazardous and chemical waste (including bitumen, etc.) shall be disposed of at an approved hazardous landfill site and in accordance with local legislative requirements. The Contractor shall provide disposal certificates to the Supervisor; z The removal of asbestos-containing materials or other toxic substances shall be performed and disposed of by specially trained workers; z Used oil and grease shall be removed from site and sold to an approved used oil recycling company; z Under no circumstances shall the spoiling of tar or bituminous products be allowed on the site, over embankments, in borrow pits or any burying; z Unused or rejected tar or bituminous products shall be returned to the supplier's production plant; z Used oil, lubricants, cleaning materials, etc. from the maintenance of vehicles and machinery shall be collected in holding tanks and sent back to the supplier or removed from site by a specialist oil recycling company for disposal at an approved hazardous waste site. z Inform the SUPERVISOR of any accidental spill or incident; z Initiate a remedial action following any spill or incident; z Provide a report explaining the reasons for the spill or incident, remedial action taken, consequences/damage from the spill, and proposed corrective actions.

Materials Handling, Use and Storage Management Plan

General

21. The Contractor shall submit a method statement detailing cement storage, concrete batching areas and methods, method of transport of cement and concrete, storage and disposal of used cement bags, etc. for each concrete batching operation.

22. Environmental considerations shall be taken into account in the location of any material storage areas.

Transportation z The Contractor shall ensure that all suppliers and their delivery drivers are aware of procedures and restrictions (e.g. restricted areas); z Material shall be appropriately secured to ensure safe passage between destinations during transportation; z Loads shall have appropriate cover to prevent them spilling from the vehicle during transit; z The Contractor shall be responsible for any clean-up resulting from the failure by his employees or suppliers to property secure transported materials.

250 Appendix 2

Hazardous and Chemical Substances

23. The Contractor shall provide a method statement detailing the hazardous substances I material that are to be used during construction, as well as the storage, handling, and disposal procedures for each substance I material and emergency procedures in the event of misuse or spillage that might negatively affect people or the environment.

24. In general terms, the following activities shall be carried out: z All hazardous material I substances (e.g. petrochemicals, oils, etc.) shall be stored on site only under controlled conditions; z All hazardous material I substances shall be stored in a secured, appointed area that is fenced and has restricted entry. All storage shall take place using suitable containers to the approval of the SUPERVISOR; z Hazard signs indicating the nature of the stored materials shall be displayed on the storage facility or containment structure; z Fuel shall be stored in a steel tank supplied and maintained by the fuel suppliers. The tank shall be located in a secure, demarcated area.

Surfacing Materials z Over spray of bitumen products outside of the road surface and onto roadside vegetation shall be prevented using a method approved by the Supervisor z When heating of bitumen products, the Contractor shall take appropriate fire control measures; Stone chip I gravel excess shall not be left on road I paved area verges. This shall be swept/raked into piles and removed to an area approved by the Supervisor; z Water quality from runoff from any fresh bitumen surfaces shall be monitored by the Supervisor and remedial actions taken where necessary.

Cement and Concrete Batching z Concrete mixing directly on the ground shall not be allowed and shall take place on impermeable surfaces to the satisfaction of the Supervisor; z All runoff from batching areas shall be strictly controlled, and cement-contaminated water shall be collected, stored and disposed of at a site approved by the Supervisor; z Unused cement bags shall be stored out of the rain where runoff won't affect it; z Used (empty) cement bags shall be collected and stored in weatherproof containers to prevent windblown cement dust and water contamination. Used cement bags shall not be used for any other purpose and shall be disposed of on a regular basis via the solid waste management system (see Waste Management Plan); z All excess concrete shall be removed from site on completion of concrete works and disposed of. Washing of the excess into the ground is not allowed. All excess aggregate shall also be removed.

Ecological Considerations

Protection of Natural Vegetation z The Contractor shall be responsible for informing all employees about the need to prevent any harmful effects on natural vegetation on or around the rehabilitation site as a result of their activities; z Clearing of natural vegetation shall be kept to a minimum. z The removal, damage and disturbance of natural vegetation without the written approval of the Supervisor are prohibited; Appendix 2 251 z The use of herbicides shall be approved by the Supervisor; z Regularly check the work site boundaries to ensure that they are not exceeded and that no damage occurs to surrounding areas; z Prohibit and prevent open fires during maintenance/rehabilitation and provide temporary fire-fighting equipment in the work areas, particularly close to forest areas; z Ancient trees are protected by Chinese legislation and may not be cut, disturbed, damaged, destroyed and their products may not be possessed, collected, removed, transported, exported, donated, purchased or sold except under license granted a delegated authority.

Protection of Fauna z The Contractor shall ensure that no hunting, trapping, shooting, poisoning or otherwise disturbance of any fauna takes place; z The feeding of any wild animals shall be prohibited. z The use of pesticides shall be approved by the SUPERVISOR; z No domestic pets or livestock shall be permitted on site.

Safety during Construction

Construction Site Safety

25. The Contractor's responsibilities include the protection of every person and nearby property from construction accidents. The Contractor shall be responsible for complying with all national and local safety requirements and any other measures necessary to avoid accidents, including the following: z Provide personal protective equipment and clothing (goggles, gloves, respirators, dust masks, hard hats, steel-toed boots, etc.,) for construction workers and enforce their use; z During heavy rains or emergencies of any kind, suspend all work; z Brace electrical and mechanical equipment to withstand seismic events during the construction. z Present details regarding maximum permissible vehicular speed on each section of road; z Establish safe sight distance in both construction areas and construction camp sites; z Place signs around the rehabilitation areas to facilitate traffic movement, provide directions to various components of the works, and provide safety advice and warning. All signs shall be in English and Chinese language and be constructed according to Chinese specifications;

Measures on blasting z The Contractor shall take necessary precautions to prevent damage to special features and the general environment; z Environmental damage caused by blasting / drilling shall be repaired at the Contractor's expense to the satisfaction of the Supervisor; z The Contractor shall notify any occupants / owners of surrounding land at least one week prior to blasting and shall address any concerns that they may have to the satisfaction of the Supervisor; z For the transportation, storage, process, package on site, connect, blasting and the disposal of the blasting, the procedure shall be in accordance with the Blasting Safety Regulations of the (GB6722-1986).

252 Appendix 2

Fire Control z The Contractor shall submit a fire control and fire emergency method statement to the Supervisor for approval. The method statement shall detail the procedures to be followed in the event of fire; z The contractor shall take all reasonable steps to avoid increasing the risk of fire through activities on site; z The contractor shall ensure that basic fire-fighting equipment is available at all camp areas and facilities; z The contractor shall appoint a fire officer who shall be responsible for ensuring immediate and appropriate action in the event of a fire; z The contractor shall ensure that all site personnel are aware of the procedure to be followed in the event of a fire; z Any work that requires the use of fire may only take place at a designated area approved by the Supervisor and must be supervised at all times. Fire-fighting equipment shall be available.

Traffic Management z Estimate maximum concentration of traffic (number of vehicles/hour); z Use selected routes to the project site, as agreed with the Supervisor, and appropriately sized vehicles suitable to the class of roads in the area, and restrict loads to prevent damage to local roads and bridges used for transportation purposes; z Maintain adequate traffic control measures throughout the duration of the Contract and such measures shall be subject to prior approval of the Supervisor; z Carefully and clearly mark pedestrian-safe access routes; z If school children are in the vicinity, include traffic safety personnel to direct traffic during school hours; z Maintain a supply for traffic signs (including paint, easel, sign material, etc.), road marking, and guard rails to maintain pedestrian safety during construction;

Environmental Emergency Procedures z The possibility exists for environmental emergencies of an unforeseen nature to occur during the course of the construction and operational phases of the project; z By definition, the nature of such emergencies cannot be known. Therefore, the Contractor shall respond on a case-by-case basis to such emergencies and shall initiate event-specific measures in terms of notifications and reactions; z The Contractor shall prepare a report on the incident detailing the accident, clean-up actions taken, any pollution problems and suggested measures to prevent similar accidents from happening again in future. The incident report shall then be submitted to the Supervisor for review and keep in the records.

Protection of Heritage and Cultural Property z If any archaeological or paleontological artifacts or remains are uncovered during maintenance/rehabilitation activities, work in the vicinity of the find shall cease immediately. The Contractor shall immediately notify the SUPERVISOR who shall contact the Provincial Culture Department; z The Contractor will be required to abide by the specifications as set out by the authorities or the heritage specialist appointed to investigate the find; z The Contractor may not, without a permit issues by the relevant heritage resources authority, destroy, damage, excavate, alter, deface or otherwise disturb archaeological material. Appendix 3

List of Tables Table A3-1. Major Highway Components and Technical Indicators Table A3-2. Location of Ecology Sampling Quadrat Table A3-3. Amount of Earthwork and Balance Table A3-4. List of National Level Protected Plants within the Assessment Area Table A3-5. List of Yunnan Provincial Level Protected Plants within the Assessment Area Table A3-6. List of Ancient and Rare Trees within the Assessment Area Table A3-7. List of Yunnan Endemic Plant Species within the Assessment Area Table A3-8. List of China Endemic Plant Species within the Assessment Area Table A3-9. List of Main Medical Plants within Assessment Area Table A3-10. List of Timber within the Assessment Area Table A3-11. List of Edible Plant Species within the Assessment Area Table A3-12. List of Plants Species Suitable for Greening of Gardening Table A3-13. Directory of amphibian in Assessment Area Table A3-14. Directory of Reptile in Assessment Area Table A3-15. Directory of Mammal Species in Assessment Area Table A3-16. Directory of Bird Species within the Assessment Area Table A3-17. Directory of Fishes in within the Assessment Area Table A3-18. List of Noise Sensitive Areas

List of Maps Map A3-1. Alignment Map of Longling to Ruili Expressway/Highway Map A3-2. Relationship of Expressway and Longling County Mater Plan Map A3-3. Relationship of Expressway and Luxi City Mater Plan Map A3-4. Relationship of Highway and Ruili City Mater Plan Map A3-5. Relationship of Expressway and Former Ruilijiang Nature Reserve Map A3-6. Alternative Alignments of the Former Ruilijiang Nature Reserve Section Map A3-7. Terrestrial Biological Survey and Quadrats Location Map A3-8. Distribution of Vegetation Type Map A3-9. Distribution of Protected Animals Map A3-10. Land Use Map in the Assessment Area Map A3-11. Distribution of Environmental Sensitive Areas in the Assessment Area

Photos

Table A3-1. Major Highway Components and Technical Indicators

1. General overview Project Lateral 12th Hangzhou-Ruili Section and Longling (Yongshanka)- Ruili (Nongdao) Section of National Highway System Construction sites Longling county of Baoshan city, Luxi city and Ruili city of Dehong Prefecture in Yunnan Province The total investment CNY 10.94 billion. CNY 69.4 million per kilometer on average The project construction period October, 2010-October, 2014, construction period of four years. Project land use The proposed highway occupies land 923.73ha, including permanently land taken of 805.06ha and temporarily land taken of 118.67 ha Construction scale The total length of the route is 158km

2. Main technical indicators Project K00～K134 K134～K158 Terrain Type Mountainous areas Mountainous areas Highway grade highway class II highway Design speed 80 km/h 80 km/h roadbed width 24.5m 12.0m roadway width 4X3.75m 2X4.50m ultimate minimum radius of horizontal curve 250m 250m maximum longitudinal gradient 5% 5% design load Highway class I Highway-class II designed flood frequency Extra large bridge1/300, Large, medium and small bridges, culverts and small drainage structures 1/100 3. Main construction quantity Occupied Permanently occupied land 805.06 Interchange overpass 9 land(ha) Temporarily occupied land 118.67 Separated overpass 27 Earth and Excavated volume 1487.00 channel culverts 91 stone volume filling volume 1703.29 culverts 166 of the project Borrowed volume 412.00 Automobile, pedestrian bridge 27 (10 thousand Discarding volume 195.71 Drainage and protective 66.30 3 m ) construction (10 thousand m3) Bridges Grand bridge 615/1 slope protected by seeding 93.25 grass(ha) Large bridge 48465/159 connecting line(km) 25.7 Middle bridge 4900/62 toll booth 9 Small bridge and culverts 4080/136 Integrated Service Area 2 Total 58060/358 highway management center 2 Tunnel 8100/8 Removed High voltage wires (pole/km) 23/1.8 Borrow pits 12 electricity line, electrical lines(pole/km) 139/6.95 Spoil sites 13 Telecommuni Telecommunication wires 156/7.8 Removed 36900.0 36900.0 cation wires (pole/km) buildings( and Fiber Cable wires (pole/km) 18/0.9 m2) 23600.0 23600.0 optic cable Fiber-optic cable (pole/km) 16/0.8 47100.0 47100.0

Table A3-2. Location of Ecology Sampling Quadrat

Altitude Slope face Gradi Area No Vegetation form Location Stake GPS Slope position (m) direction ent (m2) Semi-humid evergreen K0+340, 80m at road right N24°40′21.1″, 1 Huangcaoba 1850 NW Upslope 35° 15*15 broad-leaved forest side E98°46′4.6″ K4+800, 700m at road N24°39′32.6″, 2 Yunnan pine forest Dahebian 1570 SW Middle part 25° 15*15 right side E98°43′38.5″ K6+300, 50m at road left N24°39′04.1″, 3 Alnus nepalensis forest Laohubang 1560 WNW Middle part 20° 15*15 side E98°43′12.8″ K8+150, 10m at road left N24°37′42.2″, Middle-lower 4 Warm-heat shrub Tiechang River 1540 SW 35° 10*10 side E98°42′21.7″ part Cunninghamia lanceolata K14+620, 60m at road N24°35′3.3″, Middle-lower 5 Jiancaopo 1560 ESE 25° 15*15 forest (man-made forest) right side E98°40′13.5″ part Semi-humid evergreen Shuangpo (Erguan K16+450, 120m at road N24°34′7.1″, 6 1624 W Hill top 25° 20*20 broad-leaved forest Reservoir) right side E98°40′27.0″ K18+300, 700m at road N24°33′26.5″, 7 Alnus nepalensis forest Opposite to Yiqiutian 1575 ESE Middle part 30° 20*20 right side E98°40′15.5″ Monsoon evergreen K20+400, 300m at road N24°33′16.6″, 8 Zhangjinshan 1425 SW Middle part 20° 20*20 broad-leaved forest right side E98°39′41.6″ K30+400, 300m at road N24°30′58.9″, 9 Montane rain forest Xinqiao 1015 S Gully bottom 35° 20*20 right side E98°36′43.8″ Monsoon evergreen K50+700, 100m at road N24°23′49.9″, 10 Yunmen 872 S Lower part 15° 20*20 broad-leaved forest right side E98°27′57.0″ K57+900, 50m at road left N24°21′27.5″, 11 Pinus khasys forest Feihong 933 NW Middle part 12° 20*20 side E98°24′54.5″ Hot shrub (castanopsis K58+900, 60m at road left N24°20′56.4″, 12 calathiformis, phyllanthus —— 989 NNW Middle part 25° 10×10 side E98°24′10.3″ emblica) German oak and betula KK69+400, 400m at road N24°18′21.9″, 13 —— 868 SW Middle part 20° 20*20 alnoides forest left side E98°19′14.7″ K65+350, 300m at road N24°19′29.1″, 14 Montane rain forest Santaishan 951 S Gully bottom 25° 20*20 right side E98°20′57.2″ K78+750, 80m at road N24°16′6.3″, 15 Pinus khasys forest Nanjian 841 ESE Upper part 28° 20*20 right side E98°14′28.5″ Mixed broadleaf-conifer K75+780, 70m at road N24°07′21.2″, 16 Caixiang Village 818 E Middle part 30° 20*20 forest right side E98°15′31.8″ Monsoon evergreen K85+400, 120m at road N24°13′21.2″, 17 Nongnong 818 ENE Middle part 20° 20*20 broad-leaved forest right side E98°11′30.9″

Altitude Slope face Gradi Area No Vegetation form Location Stake GPS Slope position (m) direction ent (m2) Secondary monsoon rain K99+300, 200m at road N24°8′40.6″, 18 Nanzha 868 NNW Middle part 25° 20*20 forest left side E98°5′58.2″ Secondary monsoon rain Entrance of Moli AK111+800, 80m at road N24°06′6.9″, 19 800 E Under par 30° 20*20 forest waterfall scenic area left side E97°59′34.7″ Secondary seasonal rain AK112+150, 60m at road N24°05′42.7″, 40~5 20 Longjiang River side 830 SE Middle part 20*20 forest left side E97°59′17.4″ 0° Secondary monsoon rain N24°05'5.7", 21 Ruili River side AK112+990, under bridge 791 N Under par 50° 20*20 forest E97°58'59.3" Sample area of secondary AK113+700, 50m at road N24°04'41.4" 22 deciduous broad-leaved Ruili River side 820 W Under par 45° 20*20 left side E97°58'37.2" forest Bamboo forest (man-made K136+450, 700m at road N23°58′59.8″, 23 forest beside stockaded Guangyun 800 Flat Hill top 15° 20*20 left side E97°48′15.9″ village) Bamboo forest (man-made K141+050, 800m at road N23°58′0.7″, 24 forest beside stockaded Banyang 795 W Under par 10° 20*20 right side E97°46′1.3″ village) Secondary monsoon K150+100, 80m at road N23°55′9.4″, 10~2 25 evergreen broad-leaved Leiniao (Hayundong) 770 Small hill Hill top 20*20 right side E97°41′21.1″ 0° forest Xinping wasteland K126+100, 80m at road N24°02′0.3″, 26 Jiele (Xinping) 800 ESE Upper part 25° 20*20 secondary forest right side E97°52′53.3″ Secondary monsoon rain K120+900, 50m at road N24°02′54″,E 27 Kuilin 848 S Under par 20° 20*20 forest right side 97°55′47″ Wasteland secondary K116+450,170m at road N24°03′58.3″, 28 Mengga 785 S Lower part 30° 20*20 forest right side E97°58′12.0″ AK115+220, 200m at road N24°04′24.1″, 29 Monsoon rain forest Ruili River side 780 WNW River valley 40° 20*20 left side E97°58′34.7″ BK116+300, 100m at road N24°03′14.2″, Lower part 30 Man-made bamboo forest Nongpian 767 SW 15° 20*20 left side E97°59′1.3″ (embankment) BK117+700, 400m at road N24°04′58.5″, 31 Heat thin shrub & grass Hunban (stone pit) 952 S Valley bottom 40° 20*20 right side E98°0′41.9″ BK105+700, 50m at road N24°07′4.3″, 25~3 32 Seasonal rain forest Huihuan 987 NWW Middle part 20*20 left side E98°02′55.5″ 0° Cassia siamea forest K135+600, 50m at road N23°59'21.1", 33 Guangyun 789 Flat Lower part 2~5° 20*20 (man-made forest) right side E97°48'20.6" Secondary monsoon rain Entrance of Mangsa K103+770, 200m at road N24°7′21.7″, Middle-lower 34 1040 ENE 30° 20*20 forest tunnel right side E98°3′45.1″ part

Altitude Slope face Gradi Area No Vegetation form Location Stake GPS Slope position (m) direction ent (m2) Betula alnoides and pinus K107+100, 350m at road N24°5′31.8″, 35 Exit of Mangsa tunnel 1033 N Downslope 35° 20*20 khasys forest left side E98°3′28.9″ Rubber tree forest K99+070, 200m at road N24°8′49.5″, 36 Nanzha 790 Flat Lower part 2~5° (man-made forest) right side E98°5′56.3″ Rubber tree and coffee tree K99+000, 300m at road N24°8′54.0″, 37 At the back of Nanzha 816 Flat Lower part 2~5° forest (man-made forest) right side E98°6′2.0″ Teak forest (man-made K107+900, 100m at road N24°5′24.2″, 38 Mangsa 1040 Flat Lower part 2~5° forest) left side E98°2′51.4″

Table A3-3. Amount of Earthwork and Balance

Road Section Length Cut Fill Reuse Amount Waste for reuse Borrow Amount Waste to Spoil Amount 3 3 (m) (10,000m ) (10,000m ) 10,000m3 10,000m3 10,000m3 Borrow pit10,000m3 Spoil site K0+000～K5+800 5800 59.46 39.49 19.97 1# K5+800～K10+000 4200 40.04 25.57 14.47 2# K10+000～K12+750 2750 27.30 14.51 12.79 Longling interchange 900 5.68 18.47 12.79 (K12+750～K13+650) K13+650～K16＋000 2350 27.06 61.02 12.60 21.36 1# Shuangpoyakou tunnel 900 12.60 12.60 (K16＋000～K16＋900) K16＋900～K17＋900 1000 12.21 8.86 3.35 3# Yiqiutian tunnel 450 6.30 6.30 3# (K17＋900～K18＋350) K18＋350～K21＋400 3050 36.25 24.87 11.38 4# K21＋400～K24＋150 2750 26.56 22.25 4.31 5# Ma’anshan Qiutian tunnel K24＋150～K28＋750 4600 36.92 30.66 6.26 6# Mukang No.1 tunnel 200 2.80 2.80 6# (K28＋750～K28＋950) K28＋950～K29＋300 350 3.41 1.64 1.77 7#

Road Section Length Cut Fill Reuse Amount Waste for reuse Borrow Amount Waste to Spoil Amount 3 3 (m) (10,000m ) (10,000m ) 10,000m3 10,000m3 10,000m3 Borrow pit10,000m3 Spoil site Mukang No.2 tunnel 200 2.80 2.80 7# (K29＋300～K29＋500) K29＋500～K29＋950 450 2.10 1.57 0.53 7# Mukang No.3 tunnel 350 4.90 4.90 8# (K29＋950～K30＋300) K30＋300～K31＋500 1200 10.25 6.12 4.13 8# K31＋500～K35＋000 3800 43.50 19.45 24.05 K35＋000～K38＋800 3500 18.56 46.12 24.05 3.51 2# Mangshi interchange 1000 13.21 38.45 25.24 2# (K38+800～K39+800) K39+800～K46+000 6200 13.54 68.82 55.28 3# Mangbie interchange 1000 5.42 26.58 21.16 4# (K46+000～K47+000)

K47+000～K51+100 4100 15.17 41.56 26.39 4#

K51+100～K58+500 7400 37.38 85.02 47.64 5# K58+500～K59+200 700 5.60 5.60 K59+200～K60+000 800 25.41 21.23 3.54 7.72 9# Santaishan tunnel 9# 2450 34.30 6.87 27.43 (K60＋000～K62＋450) 10#

K62＋450～K63+083 633 21.31 16.55 3.33 8.09 10#

K62+900～K68+250 5350 49.32 35.68 13.64

K68+250～K72+650 4400 28.57 42.21 13.64

K72+650～K77+700 5050 52.25 47.41 4.84 Zhefang interchange 1000 13.70 18.54 4.84 (K77+700～K78+700) K78+700～K85+400 6700 53.25 42.56 10.69 K85+400～K86+000 600 12.24 22.93 10.69

Road Section Length Cut Fill Reuse Amount Waste for reuse Borrow Amount Waste to Spoil Amount 3 3 (m) (10,000m ) (10,000m ) 10,000m3 10,000m3 10,000m3 Borrow pit10,000m3 Spoil site

Zhexiang Interchange 1020 4.54 22.56 18.02 6# (K86+000～K87+020)

K87+020～K90+500 3480 15.65 45.29 29.64 7# K90+500～K92+000 1500 17.64 39.54 21.90 K92+000～K97+950 5950 63.41 30.85 32.56 Wanding No.2 interchange 50 10.25 20.91 10.66 (K97+950～K98+000) Wanding No.2 interchange 656 14.54 12.56 1.98 11# (K98+000～K98+656) K98+656～K103+770 5114 52.48 52.58 5.79 5.69 11# Mangsa tunnel 11# 3130 43.82 15.71 28.11 (K103+770～K106+900) 12#

K106+900～K116+433 9533 97.56 92.48 9.92 15.00

K116+500～K118+700 2200 18.20 18.20 K118+700～K121+100 2400 35.10 35.10 K121+100～K125+300 4200 29.84 61.00 31.16 8# Yundang interchange 1000 18.63 18.63 (K125+300～K126+300) K126+300～K131+000 4700 61.01 50.76 10.25 Ruili interchange 1200 5.40 15.65 10.25 (K131+000～K132+200) K132+200～K134+700 2500 38.86 20.14 18.72 13#

K134+700～K139+949 5249 88.90 88.90

K139+900～K145+000 5100 40.45 73.65 33.20 9# K145+000～K149+900 4900 30.77 67.29 36.52 10# K149+900～K154+150 4250 27.98 72.26 44.28 11# Nongdao interchange 900 5.04 16.00 10.96 12# (K154+150～K155+050)

Road Section Length Cut Fill Reuse Amount Waste for reuse Borrow Amount Waste to Spoil Amount 3 3 (m) (10,000m ) (10,000m ) 10,000m3 10,000m3 10,000m3 Borrow pit10,000m3 Spoil site K155+050～K157+712 2662 7.56 15.20 7.64 12# Total 157876 1487.00 1703.29 144.00 144.00 412.00 195.71

Table A3-4. List of National Level Protected Plants in the Assessment Area

Chinese Latin name Number Location Latitude and longitude Cut/fill height Distance to the road center Distance to the edge name (m) of ROW (m) 红椿 Toona ciliata 4 K50+650 N24°23′49.9″, E98°27′57.0″ -3 40m at road right side 15 3 K55+150 N24°22′21.2″, E98°25′42.5″ -1 50m at road right side 27 1 K57+850 N24°21′27.5″, E98°24′54.3″ -3 20m at road right side Within the ROW 4 K57+900 N24°21′27.2″, E98°24′53.9″ -3 25m at road left side Within the ROW 2 K57+900 N24°21′27.5″, E98°24′54.0″ -3 90m at road left side 65 1 K57+900 N24°21′27.2″, E98°24′54.5″ -3 20m at road right side Within the ROW 2 K72+950 N24°17′52.2″, E98°17′15.1″ Bridge 25m at road right side 12 1 K72+950 N24°17′52.2″, E98°17′15.1″ Bridge 25m at road right side 12 28 K75+750 N24°17′21.2″, E98°15′31.8″ Bridge 50m-160m at road left side 37-147 5 K78+700 N24°16′6.3″, E98°14′28.5″ 3 90m at road right side 70 8 K78+800 N24°16′6.0″, E98°14′28.4″ -6 50m at road left side 23 6 K79+000 N24°16′5.8″, E98°14′27.9″ 10 20m at road right side Within the ROW 16 K85+350 N24°13′21.2 ″, E98°11′30.9″ 10 150m at road right side 120 10 K99+300 N24°8′40.6″, E98°5′58.2″ 1 200m at road left side 183 9 K120+800 N24°02′54″, E97°55′47″ 1 90m at road right side 73 8 K126+150 N24°02′0.3″, E97°52′53.3″ -8 60m at road right side 32 2 K150+180 N23°55′9.4″, E97°41′21.1″ Bridge 70m at road right side 57 合果木 Paramichelia 1 K85+350 N24°13′21.2″, E98°11′30.9″ 10 150m at road right side 120 baillonii 2 K126+150 N24°02′0.3″, E97°52′53.3″ -8 80m at road right side 52 2 K150+150 N23°55′9.3″, E97°41′21.1″ Bridge 70m at road right side 57

Chinese Latin name Number Location Latitude and longitude Cut/fill height Distance to the road center Distance to the edge name (m) of ROW (m) 千果榄仁 Terminalia 5 K25+000 N24°32′22.2″, E98°38′3.5″ -15 200m at road left side 166 myriocarpa

Table A3-5. List of Yunnan Provincial Level Protected Plants within the Assessment Area

Chinese Latin name Number Location Latitude and longitude Cut/fill height Distance to Distance to name (m) the road center the edge of ROW (m) Cerasus cerasoides 8 K4+700 N24°39′26.8″, E98°44′57.1″ -10 85m at road right side 55 冬樱花

6 K16+600 N24°34′7.7″, E98°40′28.6″ Tunnel 120m at road right side —— Carallia brachiata 3 K29+000 N24°30′57.3″, E98°36′56.0″ -10 30m at road left side Within the ROW 大叶竹

节树

Aesculus 4 K65+350 N24°19′37.5″, E98°21′6.4″ -15 25m at road left side Within the ROW 澜沧七 lantsangensis

叶树

Millettia pachycarpa 10 K20+400 N24°33′16.6″, E98°39′41.6″ 2 220m at road right side 202 厚果鸡

血藤

Table A3-6. List of Ancient and Rare Trees within the Assessment Area

No. Position Location Tree species Tree age Latitude and longitude Cut/fill Distance to height (m) red line (m) 1 K29+960 Dongkan 50m at road right side Ficus altissima 100years E98°36′46.2″, N24°31′0.3″ Tunnel —— 2 K39+080 Hulaxiang 80m at road left side Ficus altissima 100years E98°32′50.0″, N24°27′46.3″ -8 52 3 K40+400 Mangnai 100m at road left side Ficus altissima 140years E98°32′12.6″, N24°27′22.7″ 3 80 4 K40+820 Mangsai 40m at road right side Ficus altissima 150years E98°31′55.2″, N24°27′19.2″ 6 16 5 K40+820 Mangsai 100m at road left side Ficus altissima 150years E98°31′58.2″, N24°27′14.8″ 6 76 6 K40+830 Mangsai 140m at road left side Ficus altissima 170years E98°31′57.7″, N24°27′13.4″ 6 116 7 K40+950 Mangsai 120m at road right side Ficus altissima 150years E98°31′49.5″, N24°27′16.9″ 8 93 8 K45+920 Mangbie 80m at road left side Ficus benjamina 200years E98°29′34.6″, N24°25′34.4″ -1 57 9 K46+750 Nangai 10m at road left side Ficus altissima 110years E98°29′12.5″, N24°25′16.5″ 5 Within ROW 10 K46+860 Nangai 60m at road left side Ficus altissima 200years E98°29′9.2″, N24°25′12.1″ 7 34 11 K47+800 Nanjing 100m at road right side Ficus altissima 200years E98°29′1.6″, N24°25′10.6″ 5 77 12 K47+880 Nanjing 100m at road right side Ficus altissima 100years E98°28′59.4″, N24°25′8.0″ 5 77 13 K47+910 Nanjing 100m at road right side Ficus benjamina 150years E98°28′58.4″, N24°25′7.1″ -2 76 14 K47+970 Nanjing 100m at road right side Ficus benjamina 110years E98°28′57.2″, N24°25′5.0″ -2 76 15 K48+060 Nanjing 100m at road right side Ficus altissima 100years E98°28′54.1″, N24°25′1.7″ 3 80 16 K48+120 Nanjing 100m at road right side Ficus altissima 150years E98°28′52.6″, N24°24′59.3″ 10 50 17 K48+240 Nanjing 100m at road right side Ficus altissima 100years E98°28′49.2″, N24°24′55.3″ 5 77 18 K48+260 Nanjing 100m at road right side Ficus altissima 100years E98°28′49.0″, N24°24′54.8″ 5 77 19 K48+280 Nanjing 90m at road right side Ficus altissima 100years E98°28′48.2″, N24°24′54.2″ 2 72 20 K48+410 Nanjing 90m at road right side Ficus altissima 100years E98°28′44.5″, N24°24′50.4″ 5 67

No. Position Location Tree species Tree age Latitude and longitude Cut/fill Distance to height (m) red line (m) 21 K49+880 Yingmen 150m at road left side Ficus religiosa 100years E98°28′21.7″, N24°24′14.6″ -5 124 22 K49+890 Yingmen 180m at road left side Ficus microcarpa 100years E98°28′21.7″, N24°24′13.5″ -5 154 23 K49+960 Yingmen 180m at road left side Mesua ferrea 300years E98°28′19.1″, N24°24′10.9″ -5 154 24 K50+350 Yingmen 120m at road left side Ficus virens var. 100years E98°28′9.5″, N24°24′3.2″ 4 99 sublanceolata 25 K55+950 Feihong 30m at road right side Ficus altissima 100years E98°25′30.5″, N24°21′57.5″ Bridge 18 26 K55+960 Feihong 30m at road right side Ficus benjamina 100years E98°25′29.8″, N24°21′57.1″ Bridge 18 27 K56+260 Feihong 30m at road right side Ficus altissima 100years E98°25′20.7″, N24°21′48.8″ Bridge 18 28 K56+300 Feihong 40m at road right side Ficus altissima 100years E98°25′19.8″, N24°21′48.1″ Bridge 28 29 K56+340 Feihong 70m at road right side Ficus altissima 100years E98°25′18.3″, N24°21′47.7″ 6 46 30 K56+480 Feihong 70m at road right side Ficus altissima 100years E98°25′16.2″, N24°21′46.1″ Bridge 58 31 K56+510 Feihong 80m at road right side Ficus altissima 100years E98°25′15.8″, N24°21′45.9″ Bridge 68 32 K57+280 — 150m at road right side Ficus altissima 100years E98°24′55.6″, N24°21′31.5″ 8 123 33 K57+350 — 250m at road right side Ficus altissima 100years E98°24′50.1″, N24°21′31.3″ 8 223 34 K74+590 Bangha 30m at road right side Ficus altissima 100years E98°16′22.2″, N24°17′45.0″ Bridge 18 35 K74+600 Bangha 30m at road left side Ficus altissima 100years E98°16′21.4″, N24°17′41.9″ Bridge 18 36 K74+700 Bangha 220m at road left side, in village Ficus altissima 100years E98°16′9.0″, N24°17′31.8″ Bridge 208 37 K74+710 Bangha 220m at road left side, in village Ficus altissima 100years E98°16′7.7″, N24°17′31.5″ Bridge 208 38 K74+720 Bangha 220m at road left side, in village Ficus altissima 100years E98°16′6.9″, N24°17′31.4″ Bridge 208 39 K77+450 Nongme 300m at road right side, on hill top Ficus altissima 150years E98°15′1.4″, N24°16′39.6″ -6 273 40 K81+230 Yunmen 300m at road left side, in village Ficus altissima 100years E98°13′31.9″, N24°15′12.4″ -3 275 41 K81+300 Yunmen 120m at road left side, in village Ficus altissima 150years E98°13′25.4″, N24°15′13.3″ 7 94 42 K84+690 Diesha 50m at road left side Ficus altissima 100years E98°12′3.9″, N24°13′55.7″ -2 26

No. Position Location Tree species Tree age Latitude and longitude Cut/fill Distance to height (m) red line (m) 43 K84+690 Diesha 60m at road left side Ficus altissima 100years E98°12′5.0″, N24°13′55.3″ -2 36 44 K84+900 Diesha 120m at road left side Ficus altissima 200years E98°12′0.6″, N24°11′49.2″ -9 91 45 K88+040 Laxiang 38m at road left side Ficus altissima 100years E98°10′47.5″, N24°12′27.1″ 2 20 46 K88+050 Laxiang 18m at road left side Ficus altissima 200years E98°10′46.6″, N24°12′26.4″ 2 Within ROW 47 K88+050 Laxiang 35m at road left side Ficus altissima 100years E98°10′47.0″, N24°12′26.0″ 2 17 48 K122+240 Mangliang 270m at road left side Ficus altissima 100years E97°55′6.0″, N24°2′49.8″ 1.5 252 49 K122+250 Mangliang 260m at road left side Ficus altissima 100years E97°55′5.0″, N24°2′49.7″ 2 242 50 K122+380 Mangliang 200m at road left side Ficus altissima 100years E97°54′59.8″, N24°2′50.0″ 2 182 51 K122+400 Mangliang 200m at road left side Ficus altissima 100years E97°54′58.6″, N24°2′49.9″ 2 182 52 K122+440 Mangliang 200m at road left side Ficus altissima 100years E97°54′57.2″, N24°2′49.6″ 3 180 53 K122+920 Mangliang 200m at road left side Ficus altissima 150years E97°54′43.8″, N24°2′45.4″ 4 179 54 K125+630 Nanmen 100m at road left side Ficus altissima 100years E97°53′14.3″, N24°2′15.2″ 5 77 55 K134+310 Jiedonglv 40m at road left side Ficus altissima 200years E97°49′11.1″, N24°0′31.8″ -5 14 56 K134+320 Jiedonglv 80m at road left side Ficus altissima 100years E97°49′11.5″, N24°0′31.0″ -5 54 57 K138+030 Xiangnong 120m at road left side Ficus altissima 100years E97°47′35.4″, N23°58′36.3″ 1 103 58 K139+710 Nanduan 50m at road left side Ficus altissima 100years E97°47′15.7″, N23°58′23.2″ 2.5 31 59 K139+720 Nanduan 18m at road left side Ficus altissima 150years E97°47′14.5″, N23°58′23.1″ 2.5 Within ROW 60 K148+980 Hayunlei 180m at road left side Ficus altissima 150years E97°42′1.6″, N23°55′34.2″ 5 157 61 K150+600 Leiwu 80m at road left side Ficus altissima 100years E97°41′15.3″, N23°55′8.9″ Bridge 68 62 K150+610 Leiwu 100m at road left side Ficus altissima 150years E97°41′15.3″, N23°55′7.8″ Bridge 88 63 K150+650 Leiwu 100m at road left side Ficus altissima 100years E97°41′14.6″, N23°55′6.3″ Bridge 88 64 K150+720 Leiwu 160m at road left side Ficus altissima 150years E97°41′10.8″, N23°55′2.6″ Bridge 148 65 K150+730 Leiwu 160m at road left side Ficus altissima 150years E97°41′10.3″, N23°55′1.8″ Bridge 148

No. Position Location Tree species Tree age Latitude and longitude Cut/fill Distance to height (m) red line (m) 66 K152+000 — 120m at road left side Ficus altissima 100years E97°40′39.8″, N23°54′36.9″ -15 86 67 K153+640 Nongmolei 200m at road left side Ficus altissima 100years E97°39′43.4″, N23°54′21.7″ Bridge 188 68 K154+050 — 50m at road right side Ficus altissima 100years E97°39′31.3″, N23°54′23.8″ Bridge 38 69 K156+890 Leiyin 50m at road right side Ficus altissima 100years E97°38′39.4″, N23°53′42.5″ 5 27 Within the ROW: 3 trees Not within the ROW, but within the 50m-scope from the road red line: 19 trees Not within the ROW, but within 52m～275m from the road redline: 47 trees

Table A3-7. List of Yunnan Endemic Plant Species within the Assessment Area

Chinese name Latin name Quantity 野龙竹 Dendrocalamus semiscandens Large number 思茅水锦树 Wendlandia augustinii Large number 盈江砂仁 Amomum yingjiangense Large number 银柴 Aporusa octandra Large number 矮孩儿草 Rungia mina Large number 滇边蒲桃 Syzygium forrestii Comparatively large number 白大花千斤藤 Ipomoea soluta var. alba Comparatively large number 黄檀 Dalbergia hupeana Comparatively large number 荽味砂仁 Amomum coriandriodorum Comparatively large number 普文楠 Phoebe puwenensis Comparatively large number 百灵草 Marsdenia longipes Comparatively large number 绒毛石韦 Pyrrosia subfurfuracea Comparatively large number 刚毛锦香草 Phyllagathis hispida Comparatively small number 四瓣寄生 Helixanthera scoriarum Comparatively small number 云南臀果木 Pygeum henryi Comparatively small number 毛龙竹 Dendrocalamus tomentosus Comparatively small number 畹町姜 Zingiber wangdingense Comparatively small number 少苞买麻藤 Gnetum brunonianum Small number 近穗状冠唇花 Microtoena subspicata Comparatively small number 瑞丽紫金牛 Ardisia shweliensis Comparatively small number 思茅松 Pinus khasya Comparatively small number 瑞丽鹅掌柴 Schefflera shewliensis Comparatively small number 瑞丽山龙眼 Helicia shweliensis Comparatively small number 玉兰叶木姜子 Litsea magnoliifolia Comparatively small number 腋球苎麻 Boe hmeria glomerulifera Comparatively small number 异序虎尾草 Chloris anomala Comparatively small number 云南连蕊茶 Camellia forrestii Comparatively small number 舟柄茶 Stewartia pteropetiolata Comparatively small number 长肩毛玉山竹 Yushania vigens Comparatively small number 柔毛山矾 Symplocos pilosa Comparatively small number 红褐鳞毛蕨 Dryopteris rubrobrunnea Comparatively small number 思茅豆腐柴 Premna szemaoensis Comparatively small number 巢蕨 Neottopteris nidus Comparatively small number 阔瓣鸢尾兰 Oberonia latipetala Comparatively small number 灌丛润楠 Machilus dumicola Comparatively small number 滇南杜鹃 Rhododendron hancockii Comparatively small number 三色凤尾蕨 Pteris aspericaulis Comparatively small number 陇川秋海棠 Begonia forrestii Comparatively small number 狗牙花 Tabermaemontana divaricata Comparatively small number 苞护豆 Phylacium coccineus Comparatively small number 瑞丽黄芩 Scutellaria shwelinsis Comparatively small number 紫轴凤尾蕨 Pteris aspericaulis Comparatively small number 瑞丽凤仙花 Impatiens ruiliensis Small number 瑞丽润楠 Machilus shweliensis Small number 澜沧七叶树 Aesculus lantsangensis Small number 云南厚壳桂 Cryptocarya yunnanensis Small number 腺叶杜英 Elaeocarpus japonicus Small number 多花素馨 Jasminum polyanthum Small number

Chinese name Latin name Quantity 丝线吊芙蓉 Rhododendron moulmainense Small number 粉叶猕猴桃 Actinidia glauco-callosa Small number 近光滑小蘖 Berberis sublevis Small number 须药藤 Stelmacrypton khasianum Small number 滇南杜英 Elaeocarpus austro-yunnanensis Small number 黄毛银背藤 Argyreia velutina Small number 大叶苹婆 Sterculia kingtungensis Small number 细毛樟 Cinnamomum tenuipilum Small number 思茅黄肉楠 Actinodaphne henryi Small number 密果耳蕨 Polystichum pycnopterum Small number 显孔崖爬藤 Tetrastigma lenticellatum Small number 悬果南蛇藤 Celastrus dependens Small number 景洪崖爬藤 Tetrastigma jinghongense Small number 柱穗醉鱼草 Buddleja cylindrostachya Small number 大果人面子 Dracontomelum macrocarpum Small number

Note：The quantity refers to the quantity of distribution within the region of the assessment

Table A3-8. List of China Endemic Plant Species within the Assessment Area

Chinese name Latin name Quantity

红球姜 Zingiber zerumbet Large number

长根金星蕨 Parathelypteris beddomei Large number

怒江柃 Eurya tsai Large number

拔毒散 Sida szechuanensis Large number

偏翅唐松草 Thalictrum delavayi Large number

鸡骨柴 Elsholtzia fraticosa var frcoticosa Large number

小叶女贞 Ligustrum quihoui Large number

云南松 Pinus yunnanensis Large number

淡黄香茶菜 Rabdosia flavid Large number

西南沿阶草 Ophiopogon mairei Large number

斑鸠菊 Vernonia esculenta Large number

Chinese name Latin name Quantity

翠云草 Selaginella uncinata Large number

多叶花椒 Zanthoxylum multijugum Large number

五节芒 Miscanthus floridulus Comparatively large number

苞叶马兜铃 Aristolochia chlamydophylla Comparatively large number

长叶马兜铃 Aristolochia championii Comparatively large number

野拨子 Elsholtzia rugulosa Comparatively large number

昆明山海棠 Tripterygium hypoglaucum Comparatively large number

铁冬青 Ilex rotunda Comparatively large number

香叶树 Lindera communis. Comparatively large number

瑞丽叉花草 Diflugossa scoriarum Comparatively large number

糙叶千里光 Senecio asperifolius Comparatively large number

滇四角柃 Eurya paratetragonoclada Comparatively large number

金叶子 Craibiodendron yunnanense Comparatively large number

无柄金丝桃 Hypericum angustinii Comparatively large number

翅子藤 Loesenerialla merrilliana Comparatively large number

尾叶紫金牛 Ardisia caudata Comparatively large number

地檀香 Gaultheria forrestii Comparatively large number

硬枝野荞麦 Fagopyrum urophyllum Comparatively large number

银木荷 Schima argentea Comparatively large number

云南木樨榄 Olea yunnanensis Comparatively large number

Chinese name Latin name Quantity

峨眉蔷薇 Rosa omeiensis Comparatively large number

云南樱桃 Cerasus yunnanensis Comparatively large number

黄葛树 Ficus virens Ait. var. sublanceolata Comparatively large number

密花豆 Pycncarrhena suberrectus Comparatively large number

云贵厚壳树 Ehretia dunniana Comparatively large number

缘毛合叶豆 Smithia ciliata Comparatively small number

卵叶马兜铃 Aristolochia ovalifolias Comparatively small number

短梗菝葜 Smilax scobinicaulis Comparatively small number

鸡矢藤 Paederia scandens Comparatively small number

干花豆 Fordia cauliflora Comparatively small number

七叶龙胆 Gentiana aret husae var. delicatula Comparatively small number

野紫苏 Perilla frutescens var. acuta Comparatively small number

无刺菝葜 Smilax mairei Comparatively small number

披针叶胡颓子 Elaeagnus lanceolata Comparatively small number

马兰 Kalimeris indica Comparatively small number

Clerodendrum serratum var. 三台花 Comparatively small number amplexifolium

凸背鳞毛蕨 Dryopteris basisora Comparatively small number

芽胞耳蕨 Polystichum subattenuatum Comparatively small number

云南莎草 Cyperus duclouxii Comparatively small number

狭叶凤尾蕨 Pteris henryi Comparatively small number

Chinese name Latin name Quantity

勾儿茶 Berchemia sinica Comparatively small number

灰叶堇菜 Viola delavayi Comparatively small number

孔药花 Porandra ramosa Comparatively small number

酸味秋海棠 Begonia acetosella Comparatively small number

川滇蔷薇 Rosa soulieana Comparatively small number

小鞍叶羊蹄甲 Bauhinia brachycarpa var. microphylla Comparatively small number

毛狭叶岩爬藤 Tetrastigma serrulatum var. puberulum Comparatively small number

参薯 Dioscorea alata Comparatively small number

蒙自崖爬藤 Tetrastigma henryi Comparatively small number

剌葵 Phoenix hancean Comparatively small number

西南悬勾子 Rubus assamensis Comparatively small number

黎檬 Citrus limonia Comparatively small number

小蜡 Ligustrum sinense Comparatively small number

老鸦胡 Callicarpa giraldii Comparatively small number

云南鸡矢藤 Paederia yunnanensis Comparatively small number

厚皮香 Ternstroemia gymnanthera Comparatively small number

玉叶金花 Mussaenda esquirolii Comparatively small number

山红豆花 Apios carnea Comparatively small number

食用莲座蕨 Angiopter esculenta Comparatively small number

展枝玉叶金花 Mussaenda divaricata Comparatively small number

Chinese name Latin name Quantity

楤木 Aralia chinensis. Small number

粉苹婆 Sterculia euosma Small number

灰毛白鹤藤 Argyreia osyrensis var. cinerea Small number

朴树 Celtis sinensis Small number

蒙自合欢 Albizia bracteata Small number

白头树 Garuga forrestii Small number

大叶土密树 Bridelia fordii Small number

硬斗石栎 Lithocarpus hancei Small number

粗壮琼楠 Beilsc hmiedia robusta Small number

莲座玉凤花 Habenaria plurifoliata Small number

小叶鹅绒藤 Cynanchum anthonyanum Small number

马齿毛兰 Eria szetschuanica Small number

绣线菊 Spiraea japonica Small number

珍珠莲 Ficus sarmentosa var. henryi Small number

灰叶南蛇藤 Celastrus glaucophyllus Small number

长序苎麻 Boc hmeria dolichostachya Small number

大理柳 Salix daliensis Small number

Table A3-9. List of Main Medical Plants within Assessment Area

NO. Chinese Latin name Quantity Trait Ecological environment 1 余甘子 Phyllanthus emblica Large number Arbor Open forests on the lunar slope, secondary monsoon broad-leaved sempervirent forests, croplands open

fields, waysides, and shrubs

2 葛藤 Pueraria lobata Large number Liana Croplands, open fields, deserted slopes, waysides, and seasonal rainforests 3 海金沙 Lygodium japonicum Large number Herbaceous Open forests, dense forests liana 4 艾 Artemisia argyi var. Comparatively Herbaceous Deserted slopes, grasslands, argyi large number waysides 5 仙茅 Curculigo orchioides Comparatively Herbaceous Under open forests on slopes large number 6 千张纸 Oroxylum indicum Comparatively Arbor Xerothermic valleys, open forests large number 7 土茯苓 Smilax glabra Comparatively Climbing Waysides, in and at the verge of the large number shrubs forests 8 两面针 Zanthoxylum nitidum Comparatively Liana Broad-leaved sempervirent monsoon small number forests 9 刀豆 Canavalis gladiata Comparatively Liana Around and at the verge of the forests small number 10 红豆蔻 Alpinia galanga Comparatively Herbaceous Under the wet and shady forests small number 11 砂仁 Amomum villosum Comparatively Herbaceous In the wet and shady regions small number 12 黄花蒿 Artemisia annua Comparatively Herbaceous Grass slopes on the medium small number mountains 13 密花豆 Spatholobus Comparatively Liana Under the trees and in the shrubs suberectus small number 14 川楝 Melia toosanden Comparatively Arbor Waysides and in the open forests small number 15 车前 Plantago asiatica Comparatively Herbaceous In the dales and on ridges of fields small number 16 光叶牛膝 Achyranthes bidentata Small number Herbaceous Under firs, croplands, open country, stone mountains 17 蓖麻 Ricinus communis Small number shrubs Waysides, deserted slopes 18 滇黄精 Polygonatum Small number Herbaceous Broad-leaved sempervirent forests, at kingianum the verge of forests, the wet and shady parts of the slopes 19 干花豆 Fordia cauliflora Small number shrubs Forests of the oriental white oak and lithocarpus glaber 20 青葙 Celosia argentea Small number Herbaceous Open fields and open country 21 菟丝子 Cuscuta chinensis Small number parasitic Open forests on the lunar slope, Liana secondary monsoon broad-leaved sempervirent forests, croplands open fields, waysides, and shrubs 22 野紫苏 Perilla frutescens var. Small number Herbaceous Croplands, open fields, deserted acuta slopes, waysides, and seasonal rainforests

Table A3-10. List of Timber within the Assessment Area

No. Chinese Latin name Trait Quantity Ecological environment 1 云南松 Pinus Arbor Extremely large mingled forest yunnanensis number 2 思茅松 Pinus khasya Arbor Extremely large The Simao pine forests on the

No. Chinese Latin name Trait Quantity Ecological environment var. lanbianensis number lunar slopes 3 西南桦 Betula alnoides Deciduous Very large number Secondary forests, open forests arbor 4 旱冬瓜 Alnus nepalensis Deciduous Very large number Secondary forests, open forests arbor 5 *杉木 *Cunninghamia Cultivated Extremely large At the verge of villages lanceolata arbor number 6 红木荷 Schima wallichii Arbor Very large number Broad-leaved sempervirent monsoon forests 7 *八宝树 Duabanga Arbor Very large number In the open forests grandiflora 8 *台湾杉 *Taiwania Arbor Very large number Sporadically cultivated cryptomerioides 9 *滇石梓 *Gmelina Arbor Very large number Open forests on slopes, forests in arborea the valleys 10 *喜树 *Camptotheca Cultivated Very large number Cultivated at waysides acuminata arbor 11 *柚木 *Tectona grandis Cultivated Very large number Artificial forests arbor 12 *缅甸竹 *Bambusa Arbor Very large number Cultivated around the villages burmanica 13 *团花 Neolamarckia Arbor Very large number Seasonal rain forests cadamba 14 毛麻楝 Chukrasia Arbor Comparatively large Dense forests in the low valleys tabularis var. number velutina 15 红椿 Toona ciliata Deciduous Comparatively large In the forests in the valleys and at arbor number the rivers, at the villages 16 光叶桑 Morus macroura Arbor Comparatively large River valleys, monsoon number rainforests 17 硬斗石栎 Lithocarpus Arbor Comparatively large In the broad-leaved sempervirent hancei number forests 18 刺栲 Castanopsis Arbor Comparatively large In the broad-leaved sempervirent hystrix number forests 19 龙陵栲 Castanopsis Arbor Comparatively large broad-leaved sempervirent rockii number Monsoon forests, broad-leaved sempervirent forests 20 多穗石栎 Lithocarpus Arbor Comparatively large broad-leaved sempervirent polystachyus number Monsoon forests, 21 短刺栲 Castanopsis Arbor Comparatively large On the slopes and in the open echidnocarpa number forests 22 华南石栎 Lithocarpus Arbor Comparatively large In the forests in the valleys fenestratus number 23 腾冲栲 Castanopsis Arbor Comparatively large broad-leaved sempervirent waltii number Monsoon forests 24 木棉 Bombax Arbor Comparatively large Open forests, croplands, open malabaricum number country fields, waysides, seasonal rainforests 25 猫尾木 Dolichandrone Arbor Comparatively large At the verge of open forests, lunar cauda-felina number slopes 26 楹树 Albizia chinensis Arbor Comparatively large Waysides, at the verge of forests

No. Chinese Latin name Trait Quantity Ecological environment number 27 瑞丽润楠 Machilus Arbor Small number In the open forests, dense forests, shweliensis and broad-leaved sempervirent Monsoon forests on the medium moutains, 28 玉兰叶木 Litsea Arbor Small number broad-leaved sempervirent 姜子 magnoliifolia forests 29 印度木荷 Schima khasiana Arbor Small number broad-leaved sempervirent Dyer forests 30 细毛樟 Cinnamomum Arbor Small number In the shrubs, open forests and tenuipilum dense forests in the dales and valleys 31 银木荷 Schima argentea Sempervire Small number Mingled forests of broad-leaved nt arbor and coniferous forests 32 普文楠 Phoebe Arbor Small number Seasonal rainforests, mountain puwenensis rainforests, waysides 33 麻楝 Chukrasia Arbor Small number Seasonal rainforests, open tabularis forests, secondary forests 34 顶果木 Acrocarpus Big arbor Small number broad-leaved sempervirent fraxinifolius monsoon forests, rain forests in the valleys of low and medium mountains 35 蒙自合欢 Albizia bracteata Arbor Small number Secondary forests 36 南酸枣 Choerospondias Arbor Small number Mountain rainforests, axillaris broad-leaved sempervirent monsoon forests 37 大叶土密 Bridelia fordii Arbor Small number Mountain open forests 树 38 粗壮琼楠 Beilsc hmiedia Arbor Small number In the shrubs, open forests, and robusta dense forests 39 肉实树 Sarcosperma Arbor Small number broad-leaved sempervirent arboreum monsoon forests 40 印缅黄杞 Engelhardtia Arbor Small number broad-leaved sempervirent roxburghiana monsoon forests, waysides 41 紫椿 Toona Arbor Small number Mountain rain forests microcrapa broad-leaved sempervirent monsoon forests 42 印度栲 Castanopsis Arbor Small number In the broad-leaved sempivirent indica forests 43 粗穗石栎 Lithocarpus Arbor Small number In the open forests and dense elegans forests on mountains 44 麻栎 Quercus Arbor Small number Open forests on lunar slopes, acutissima waysides, earth-piled hills 45 柴桂 Cinnamomum Arbor Small number broad-leaved sempervirent tamala monsoon forests 46 羽叶楸 Stereospermum Deciduous Small number Valleys, open forests tetragonum arbor 47 重阳木 Bischofia Arbor Small number Forests in the valleys and dales javanica 48 红花木莲 Manglietia Arbor Small number Mountain broad-leaved forests insignis

No. Chinese Latin name Trait Quantity Ecological environment 49 灰毛牡荆 Vitex canescens Arbor Small number In mingled forests 50 千果榄仁 Terminalia Arbor Extremely small Seasonal rainforests, mountain myriocarpa number rainforests 51 合果木 Paramichelia Arbor Extremely small Broad-leaved sempervirent baillonii number monsoon forests, mountain rainforests 52 乌心楠 Phoebe tavoyana Arbor Extremely small Broad-leaved sempervirent number monsoon forests 53 绿樟 Meliosma shrubs Extremely small In the shrubs on slopes and in the squamulata number dense forests 54 大果人面 Dracontomelum Arbor Extremely small Seasonal rainforests, monsoon 子 macrocarpum number forests

Table A3-11. List of Edible Plant Species within the Assessment Area

No. Chinese Latin name Quantity Trait Application 1 余甘子 Phyllanthus emblica Large number Arbor Fruits for food 2 偏叶榕 Ficus semicordata Large number Arbor Fruits for food 3 番石榴 Psidium guajava Large number shrubs Fruits for food 4 乌饭 Vaccinium bracteatum Large number shrubs Fruits for food 梨叶悬钩 Rubus pirifolius Large number Vine-like Fruits for food 5 子 shrubs 掌叶柏纳 Brassaiopsis palmata Large number shrubs For food 6 参 参薯 Dioscorea alata Large number Herbaceo For food and medicine 7 us liana 大乌泡 Rubus multibracteatus Large number shrubs For food, the whole plant and 8 var. multibracteatus root for medicine 菜蕨 Pteridium aquilinum Large number Herbaceo For food, Roots and stems for 9 var. latiusculum us Medicine 龙葵 Solanum nigrum Large number Herbaceo For food and medicine 10 us *芒果 *Mangifera indica Comparatively Cultivated Fruits for food 11 large number arbor 毛杨梅 Myrica esculenta Comparatively Arbor Fruits for food 12 large number 密花胡颓 Elaeagnus conferta Comparatively shrubs Fruits for food 13 子 large number 大果榕 Ficus auriculata Comparatively Arbor Fruits for food 14 large number 刀豆 Canavalis gladiata Comparatively Liana Fresh pods for food 15 large number 连蕊藤 Parabaena sagittata Comparatively Herbaceo Fresh wild herbs 16 large number us liana 清明菜 Gnaphalium affine Comparatively Herbaceo For food 17 large number us

No. Chinese Latin name Quantity Trait Application 白簕 Acanthopanax Comparatively Vine-like For food, and the root, root 18 trifoliatus large number shrubs velamen and stems for medicine 多花野牡 Melastoma Comparatively Sub-shrub For food and herb for medicine 19 丹 polyanthum large number s 刺芫荽 Eryngium foetidum Comparatively Herbaceo Browses for food ,Medicine 20 large number us 西南悬勾 Rubus assamensis Comparatively Vine-like Fruits for food 21 子 small number shrubs 齿萼悬钩 Rubus calycinus Comparatively Vine-like Fruits for food 22 子 small number shrubs 红泡刺藤 Rubus niveus Comparatively Vine-like Fruits for food 23 small number shrubs 云南楤木 Aralia thomsonii Comparatively shrubs For food 24 small number 臭云实 Caesalpinia Comparatively Liana For food 25 mimosoides small number 翅果藤 Myriopteron extensum Comparatively Liana For food, the root and whole 26 small number plant for medicine 赤苍藤 Erythropalum Comparatively Liana For food and medicine 27 scandens small number 菜蕨 Pteridium aquilinum Comparatively Herbaceo For food, the root and stem for 28 var. latiusculum small number us medicine 剌葵 Phoenix hancean Comparatively shrubs For food and fancy 29 small number 蕺菜 Houttuynia cordata Comparatively Herbaceo For food, the whole plant for 30 small number us medicine 薄荷 Mentha haplocalyx Comparatively Herbaceo For food and medicine 31 small number us 黎檬 Citrus limonia Comparatively shrubs For food; aromatic oil from the 32 small number branches, leaves, skins 油葫芦 Pyrularia edulis Small number Small-arb Fruits for food 33 or 粉叶猕猴 Actinidia Small number Liana Fruits for food 34 桃 glauco-callosa 35 云树 Garcinia cowa Small number Arbor Fruits for food 36 苹果榕 Ficus oligodon Small number Arbor Fruits for food 食用莲座 Angiopter esculenta Small number Herbaceo For food 37 蕨 us 云贵厚壳 Ehretia dunniana Small number Arbor For food 38 树(帕哈) 柏那参 Brassaiopsis Small number Arbor For food 39 gloerulata 水芹菜 Oenanthe javanica Small number Herbaceo For food 40 us 41 *酸角 *Tamarindus indica Small number Arbor Fruits

Table A3-12. List of Plants Species Suitable for Greening of Gardening within the Assessment Area

No. Chinese Latin name Trait Quantity Ecological environment 1 姜花 Hedychium Herbaceous Large number Open forests, shrubs, verges of coronarium forests on the low and medium mounatians 2 假杜鹃 Barleria cristata shrubs Large number Shrubs in the xerothermatic valleys 3 分叉露兜树 Pandanus furcatus shrubs Large number In the broad-leaved sempervirent monsoon forests and rainforests in valleys 4 鱼尾葵 Caryota ochlandra shrubs Large number Seasonal rainforests Hance 5 肾苞草 Phaulopsis Herbaceous Comparatively Seasonal rainforests, monsoon oppositifolia large number rainforests 6 斑叶兰 Gooduera Herbaceous Comparatively broad-leaved sempervirent schlechtendaliana. large number monsoon forests 7 密花石豆兰 Bulbophyllum Epiphytic Comparatively broad-leaved sempervirent odoratissimum herbaceous large number forests 8 云南连蕊茶 Camellia forrestii shrubs Comparatively Open forests and dense forests large number on medium mountains 9 绣线梅 Neillia thyrsiflora shrubs Comparatively Mountain forests large number 10 丝线吊芙蓉 Rhododendron shrubs Comparatively Broad-leaved sempervirent moulmainense large number monsoon forests, secondary forests 11 显孔崖爬藤 Tetrastigma Liana Comparatively In the forests in dales and in lenticellatum large number shrubs 12 菩提树 Ficus religiosa Arbor Comparatively Near villages large number 13 鱼子兰 Chloranthus elatior Sub-shrubs Comparatively Open and dense forests large number 14 云南樱桃 Cerasus Arbor Comparatively Open forests and dense forests yunnanensi small number on medium mountains 15 瑞丽凤仙花 Impatiens ruiliensis Herbaceous Comparatively Dense forests in dales and small number valleys 16 酸味秋海棠 Begonia acetosella Herbaceous Comparatively Under the forests in valleys small number 17 蕙兰 Cymbidium faberi Herbaceous Comparatively Semi-humid forests small number 18 春兰 Cymbidium Herbaceous Comparatively Stony slopes, verges of forests, goeringi small number the photic zone in the forests 19 卵叶蜘蛛抱 Aspidistra typica Herbaceous Comparatively Shrubs on slopes 蛋 small number 20 伞花崖爬藤 Tetrastigma Herbaceous Comparatively Mountain slopes, at river banks macrocorymbum liana small number and in the forests 21 阔瓣鸢尾兰 Oberonia latipetala Epiphytic Comparatively Broad-leaved sempervirent herbaceous small number monsoon forests, Broad-leaved sempervirent forests 22 眼斑贝母兰 Coelogyne Epiphytic Comparatively Broad-leaved sempervirent

No. Chinese Latin name Trait Quantity Ecological environment corymbosa herbaceous small number forests 23 白柱万带兰 Vanda brunnea Epiphytic Comparatively Broad-leaved sempervirent herbaceous small number monsoon forests 24 蒙自崖爬藤 Tetrastigma henryi Herbaceous Comparatively In the forests in dales and at the liana small number waysides 25 细齿崖爬藤 Tetrastigma Herbaceous Comparatively In the forests in dales and in the napaulense liana small number shrubs on mountain slopes 26 *假连翘 Duranta repens shrubs Comparatively Cultivated green fence small number 27 滇南杜鹃 Rhododendron shrubs Comparatively In the shrubs on mountain slopes hancockii small number 28 绣线菊 Spiraea japonica shrubs Comparatively Shrubs on stone mountains small number 29 大野牡丹 Melastoma shrubs Comparatively Under open forests imbrietum small number 30 鳔冠花 Cystacanthus shrubs Comparatively Dense forests on medium paniculantu small number mountains 31 西垂茉莉 Clerodendrum shrubs Comparatively Broad-leaved sempervirent griffithianum small number monsoon forests 32 景洪崖爬藤 Tetrastigma Liana Comparatively Open forests, dense forests, and jinghongense small number broad-leaved sempervirent monsoon forests on low and medium mountains 33 七小叶崖爬 Tetrastigma Liana Comparatively Dense forests on medium 藤 delavayi small number mountains 34 小花藤 Micrechites Liana Comparatively Wet parts in the dense forests on polyantha small number mountains 35 山李子 Flacourtia montana Arbor Comparatively In the broad-leaved sempervirent small number forests in dales 36 火烧花 Mayodendron Arbor Comparatively Dense forests secondary forests igneum small number in low dales and valleys 37 云南香花藤 Aganosma Liana Comparatively Seasonal forests, mountain harmandiana small number rainforests 38 羽脉山牵牛 Thunbergia lutea Liana Comparatively River valleys, shrubs small number 39 川滇蔷薇 Rosa soulieana Small shrubs Comparatively Mountain slopes, verges of small number valleys and in the shrubs 40 多花素馨 Jasminum Small liana Comparatively Open forests, shrubs polyanthum small number 41 双籽素馨 Jasminum Small liana Comparatively Shrubs, verges of forests dispermum small number 42 陇川秋海棠 Begonia forrestii Herbaceous Small number Under the forests on medium mountains 43 艳山姜 Alpinia zerumbet Herbaceous Small number Broad-leaved sempervirent monsoon forests 44 毛狭叶岩爬 Tetrastigma Herbaceous Small number In the forests in dales 藤 serrulatum var. liana puberulum 45 藻百年 Exacum Herbaceous Small number Shrubs on low mountains, verges tetragonum liana of forests, deserted slopes

No. Chinese Latin name Trait Quantity Ecological environment 46 小鞍叶羊蹄 Bauhinia shrubs Small number shrubs 甲 brachycarpal var. microphylla 47 火焰花 Phlogacanthus shrubs Small number Seasonal rainforests, mountain curviflorus rainforests 48 黄葛树 Ficus virens var. Arbor Small number Open dry forests sublanceolata 49 直脉榕 Ficus orthoneura Arbor Small number Mountainous regions of limestone 50 珍珠莲 Ficus sarmentosa Liana Small number Dense forests, in the shrubs, river var. henryi beaches, seasonal rainforests 51 大果忍冬 Lonicera hilde Liana Small number Shrubs on medium mountains, verges of forests 52 垂叶榕 Ficus benjamina Arbor Small number Monsoon rainforests, riversides, valley sides 53 钝叶榕 Ficus curtipes Arbor Small number Seasonal rainforests 54 金毛榕 Ficus chrysocarpa Small-arbor Small number Seasonal rainforests, shrubs, verges of forests

Table A3-13. Directory of amphibian in evaluation area

Family name Species name Distribution area Quantity Protection class 一、无尾目 ANURA 1. 费氏短腿蟾 Oriental species ++ Not list Brachytarsophrys feae (一)蟾蜍科 2. 沙巴拟髭蟾 Oriental species ++ Not list Bufonidae Leptobrachium (L.) chapaensis 3. 掌突蟾 Oriental species ++ Not list Leptolalax p. Pelodytoides 4. 华西雨蛙指名亚种 Oriental species +++ Not list Hyla a. Annenctans 5. 无指盘臭蛙 Oriental species +++ Not list Rana grahami 6. 泽蛙 Widespread species +++ Not list Rana limnocharis (二)蛙科 7. 大绿蛙 Oriental species ++ Not list Ranidae Rana livida 8. 黑带蛙 Oriental species ++ Not list Rana nigrovittata 9. 虎纹蛙 Widespread species ++ National class II Rana rugulosa 10. 北小岩蛙 Oriental species + Not list Micrixalus borealis (三)树蛙科 11. 锯腿小树蛙 Oriental species ++ Not list Rhacophoridae Philautus cavirostris

12. 斑腿泛树蛙 Oriental species ++ Not list

Rhacophorus megacephalus 13. 无声囊泛树蛙 Oriental species ++ Not list Rhacophorus mutus 14. 云南小狭口蛙 Oriental species ++ Not list Calleulla yunnanensis (四)姬蛙科 15. 孟连细狭口蛙 Oriental species + Not list Microhyla Kaloptrynus menglienicus 16. 饰纹姬蛙 Oriental species ++ Not list Mirrohyla ormonis

Table A3-14. Directory of reptile in assessment area

Protection Family name Species name Distribution area Quantity class 一、蜥蜴目

LACERTIFORMES 1. 原尾蜥虎 (一)壁虎科 Gekkonidae Oriental species +++ Not list Hemidactylus bowringii 2. 白唇树蜥 Oriental species ++ Not list (二)鬣蜥科 Calotes mystaceus AGAMIDAE 3. 云南龙蜥 Oriental species +++ Not list Japalura yunnanaensis 4. 多线南蜥 Oriental species +++ Not list (三)石龙子科 Mabuya multifanus SCINCIDAE 5. 斑蜓蜥 Oriental species +++ Not list Sphenomorphus (四)蜥蜴科 6. 南草蜥 Oriental species +++ Not list LACERTIDAE Takydromus sexlineatus 二、蛇目

SERPENTIFORMES (五)、游蛇科 7. 横斑钝头蛇 Oriental species ++ Not list COLUBRIDAE Pareas macularius 8. 绿瘦蛇 Oriental species ++ Not list Ahaetulla prasina 9. 黑带游蛇 Oriental species +++ Not list Ahaetulla bitaeniata 10. 卡西游蛇 Oriental species ++ Not list Ahaetulla khasiensis 11. 八线游蛇 Oriental species ++ Not list Ahaetulla octolineata 12. 滇西蛇 Oriental species +++ Not list Atretium yunnanensis 13. 繁花林蛇 Oriental species +++ Not list Bioga cyanea 14. 八莫过树蛇 Dendrelaphis Oriental species +++ Not list p. Pictus 15. 紫灰锦蛇 Elaphe prophyracea Oriental species +++ Not list prophyracea

16. 绿锦蛇 Oriental species +++ Not list

Elaphe prasina

17. 三索锦蛇 Oriental species +++ Not list Elaphe radiata

18. 喜山小头蛇 Oriental species +++ Not list Oligodon albocinctus 19. 灰鼠蛇 Widespread species +++ Not list Ptyas korros 20. 滑鼠蛇 Widespread species ++ Not list Ptyas mucosus 21. 红脖颈槽蛇 Oriental species +++ Not list Rhabdophis subminiata

Table A3-15. Directory of mammal species in Assessment Area

Flora Data source eorestain Resource situation Protection class class Protection

Paratactic realm Paratactic realm Oriental realm Obtaining by by Obtaining Obtaining by by Obtaining by Obtaining Widespread Widespread observation observation information information interview interview In common Widespread Widespread species species Of western Of western Endemic Endemic Of south Of south species species species species Central

Species name area

I. 食虫目 INSECTIVORA (a) 猬科 Erinaceidac 1. 毛猬 Hylomys suillus Miller ● R √ 2. 刺猬 Erinaceus europaeus Linnaeus ○ R √ √ (b) 鼹科 Talpidae 3. 白尾鼹 Parascaptor leucura (Blyth) ○ C √ (c) 鼩鼱科 Soricidae 4. 褐长尾鼩鼱 Soriculus macrurus (Hodgson) ● C 5. 小臭鼩 Suncus etruscus (Savi) ○ C √ Ⅱ攀鼩目 SCANDENTLA (d) 树鼩科 Tupaiidae 6. Tupaiidae belangeri 中缅树鼩 ○ C √ √ (Wagner) Ⅲ翼手目 CHIROPTERA (e) 狐蝠科 Pteropodidae 7. Rhnolophus affinis 间型菊蝠 √ √ (Horsfield) R.a.himalayinus Anderson ○ C R.r.rouxi Timminck ○ C 8. 云南菊蝠 Rhinolophus yunnanensis ○ C √ √

Dobson (f) 蝙蝠科 Verspertilionidae 9. Pipistrellus pipistrellus 普通伏翼 ○ C (Temminck) Ⅳ鳞甲目 PHOLIDOTA (g) 鲮鲤科 Manidae 10. 穿山甲 Manis pentadactyla Linnaeus ○ R Ⅱ √ √ √ Ⅴ食肉目 CARNIVORA (h) 鼬科 Musteidae 11. 黄鼬 Mustela sibirica Pallas ○ C √ √ √ 12. 黄腹鼬 Mustela kathiah Hodgson ○ C √ √ 13. 青鼬 Martes flavigula (Boddaert) ○ C √ √ 14. 猪獾 Arctonyx collaris F.Vuvier ○ C √ √ 15. 狗獾 Meles meles (Linnaeus) ○ C √ 16. 小爪水獭 Aonyx cinerea Nliger ○ R √ (i) 灵猫科 Viverridae 17. 小灵猫 viverricula indica (Desmarest) ○ Xy Ⅱ √ (j) 猫科 Felidae ial level ial level Provinc

18. 豹猫 Felis bengalensis Kerr ○ R √ √ √

Ⅵ 偶蹄目 ARTIODACTYLA (k) 猪科 Suidae 19. 野猪 Sus scrofa Linnaeus ○ C √ √ Ⅶ 啮齿目 RODENTIA (l) 鼯鼠科 Petauristidae 20. 毛足飞鼠 Belomys pearsoni (Gray) ○ C √ 21. Petaurista alborufus 红白鼯鼠 ○ C √ √ Milne-Edwards 22. 白斑小鼯鼠 Petaurista elegans (Gray) ○ C √ 23. Hylopetes alboniger 黑白飞鼠 ● C √ √ (Hosgson) (m) 松鼠科 Sciuridae 24. Callosciurus erythraeus 赤腹松鼠 ○ C √ √ (Pallas) 25. 橙腹长吻松鼠 Dremomys lokriah ● C √ Hodgson (n) 竹鼠科 Rhizomyidae 26. 小竹鼠 Cannomys babius (Hodgson) √ √

缅甸亚种 C.b.castaneus (Blyth) ○ R

华南亚种 R.p.latouchci Thomas ● C

(o) 鼠科 Muridae 27. 云南攀鼠 Vandeleuria oleracea √ (Bennett)

滇西亚种 V.o.dumeticola (Hodgson) ○ R

28. 斑胸鼠 Rattus yunnanensis ● C √ √ (Anderson) 29. 大足鼠指名亚种 Rattus nittidus ○ M √ nitidus 30. 屋顶鼠 Rattusrattus Linnaeus ○ M √ √ 31. 社鼠 Rattus niviventer ○ M √ √ 32. 小家鼠 Mus musculus Linnaeus ○ C √ √ Note: ○ means none- endemic species; ●means endemic species; “R” means rare species; “C” means common species; “M “means rich species (many).

Table A3-16. Directory of Bird Species within the Assessment Area

Ecological environment distribution Flora

and vertical distribution resources of Current situation Data source Graded protection of state of state Graded protection

and monsoon forest of valley of valley forest monsoon and Oriental species Seasonal tropical rain forest forest rain tropical Seasonal Residence situation situation Residence And rivers and waters waters and And rivers Obtaining by observation observation by Obtaining Species of oriental realm realm oriental of Species bann yifrain information by Obtaining Widespread species species Widespread Monsoon evergreen evergreen Monsoon The eastern Himalayas Himalayas The eastern In Southwest mountain mountain In Southwest Palearctic Palearctic species Montane rain forest forest rain Montane And cultivated land land And cultivated Obtaining by interview interview by Obtaining broadleaved forest broadleaved Endemic species in Endemic species Endemic species in Southeast in Southeast Asia Inhabitant site site Inhabitant Widespread Widespread Species Streams

I.鹳形目 CICONIFORMES 一 鹭科 Ardeidae 1 Egretta garzetta ．白鹭 + R + +++ √ garzetta (Linnaeus) 2. Egretta intermedia 中白鹭 + R + ++ √ intermedia (Wagler) 3. Nycticorax nycticorax 夜鹭 S + ++ √ √ (Linnaeus) II.隼形目 FALCONIFORMES 二 鹰科 Accipitridae 4.鸢 Milvus migrans govinda + + W + Ⅱ ++ √ √ √ sykes 5.栗鸢 Haliastur indus Indus + + + R + Ⅱ ++ √ √ (Boddaert) 6.凤头鹰 Accipiter trivirgatus + + R + Ⅱ ++ √ indicus (Hodgson) 7.普通鵟 Buteo buteo japonicus Temmineck et + + W + Ⅱ +++ √ √ Schlegel 三 隼科 Falconidae

8.红隼 Falco tinnunculus + + + + R + Ⅱ +++ √ tinnunculus Linnaeus III. 鸡形目 GALLIFORMES 四 雉科 Phasianidae 9. Francolinus 鹧鸪 + + R + +++ √ √ pintadeanus (Scopoli) 10.白鹇 Lophura nycthemera + + + R + Ⅱ +++ √ √ rufipes (Oates) IV.鸽形目 COLUMBIFORMES 五 鸠鸽科 Columbidae 11. Columba 点斑林鸽 + R + +++ √ √ hodgsonii Vigors 12. Columba 灰林鸽 + R + ++ √ √ pulchricollis Blyth 13.斑尾鹃鸠 Macropygia + + + R + Ⅱ ++ √ √ unchall tusalia (Blyth) 14. Streptopelia 山斑鸠 + + R + +++ √ √ √ orientalis agricola (Tickell) V.鹦形目 PSITTACIFORMES 六 鹦鹉科 Psittacidae 15.绯胸鹦鹉 Psittacula + + + R + Ⅱ +++ √ √ alexandri fasciata (Muller) 16.灰头鹦鹉 Psittacula + R + Ⅱ +++ √ himalayana finschii (Hume) VI.鹃形目 CUCULIFORMES 七 杜鹃科 Cculidae 17. Cuculus sparverioides 鹰鹃 + S + +++ √ √ sparverioides Vigors 18. Cuculus 八声杜鹃 + + + + S + +++ √ √ √ merulinus querulous (Heine) 19.噪鹃 Eudynamys scolopacea chinensis Cabanis + + + + S + +++ √ et Heine 20. Phaenicophaeus 绿嘴地鹃 + + R + +++ √ √ tristis saliens (Mayr) 21.褐翅鸦鹃 Centropus + + R + Ⅱ +++ √ sinensis intermedius (Hume) VII. 鸮形目 STRIGIFORMES 八 草鸮科 Tytonidae 22.栗鸮 Phodilus badius + + R + Ⅱ ++ √ saturatus Robinson 九 鸱鸮科 Strigidae 23.领角鸮 Otus bakkamoena + + + R + Ⅱ ++ √ √ erythrocampe (Swinhoe) 24.领鸺鹠 Glaucidium brodiei + + R + Ⅱ ++ √ √ brodiei (Burton)

. Ⅷ 佛法僧目 CORACIIFORMES 十 翠鸟科 Alcedinidae 25. Alcedo atthis 普通翠鸟 + R + +++ √ √ bengalensis Gmelin 26.白胸翡翠 Halcyon smyrnensis perpulchra + R + +++ √ √ Madarasz 十一 佛法僧科 Coraciidae 27.棕胸佛法僧 Croacias benghalensis affinis + + + + R + +++ √ √ Moclelland Ⅸ.鴷形目 PICIFORMES 十二 须鴷科 Capitonidae 28. Megalaima 大拟啄木鸟 + R + +++ √ √ virnes virens (Boddaert) 29.斑头拟啄木鸟 Megalaima zeylanica hodgsoni + + R + ++ √ (Bonaparte) 30.赤胸拟啄木鸟 Megalaima haemacephala indica + + R + +++ √ √ (Latham) 十三 啄木鸟科 Picidae 31. Sasia ochracea 棕啄木鸟 + + + R + ++ √ reichenowi Hesse 32.黄冠缘啄木鸟 Picus chlorolophus chlorolophoides + + R + ++ √ √ (Gyldenstolpe)` 33. Gecinulus grantia 竹啄木鸟 + + + R + ++ √ grantia (McClelland) 34. Mulleripicus 大灰啄木鸟 + + R + ++ √ pulverulentus harterti Hesse 35. Dendrocopos 大斑啄木鸟 + + + R + +++ √ major mandarinus (Malherbe) 36. Dendrocopos 纹胸啄木鸟 + R + +++ √ atratus (Blyth) 37.星头啄木鸟 Dendrocopos canicapillus omissus + + + R + +++ √ √ Rothschild Ⅹ.雀形目 PASSERIFORMES 十四 鹡鸰科 Motacillidae 38. Dendronanthus 山鹡鸰 + M ++ √ indicus (Gmelin) 39. Motacilla cinerea 灰鹡鸰 + + M ++ √ robusta (Brehm) 40. Motacilla alba 白鹡鸰 + + R + +++ √ alboides Hodgson 41.田鹨 Anthus + M +++ √

novaeseelandiae rufulus Vieillot 42. Anthus hodgsoni 树鹨 + R + +++ √ hodgsoni Richmond

十五 山椒鸟科 Campephagidea 43. Tephrodornis gularis 林鵙 + + + R + +++ √ latouchei Kinnear 十六 鹎科 Pycnonotidae 44. Spizixos 凤头鹦嘴鹎 + + + R + ++++ √ canifrons Blyth 45. Pycnonotus 纵纹绿鹎 + + R + +++ √ striatus striatus (Blyth) 46.黄臀鹎 Pycnonotus xanthorrhous + R + +++ √ √ xanthorrhous Anderson 47. Pycnonotus 黑喉红臀鹎 + + + + R + +++ √ √ cafer stanfordi Deignan 十七 和平鸟科 Irenidae 48. Aegithina tiphia 黑翅雀鹎 + + R + +++ √ √ philipi Oustalet 十八 伯劳科 Laniidae 49. Lanius cristatus 红尾伯劳 + S + +++ √ cristatus Linnaeus 50.栗背伯劳 Lanius collurioides collurioides + R + +++ √ Lesson 51. Laius schach 棕背伯劳 + R + +++ √ tricolor Hodgson 52.灰背伯劳 Lanius tephronotus tephronotus + R + +++ √ (Vigors) 十九 卷尾科 Dicruridae 53. Dicrurus mac 黑卷尾 + + S + +++ √ rocercus cathoecus Swinhoe 54.灰卷尾 Dicrurus leucophaeus hopwoodi Stuart + + S + +++ √ Baker 二十 椋鸟科 Sturnidae 55.灰头椋鸟 Sturnus malabaricus nemoricolus + + + R + +++ √ (Jerdon) 56. Acridotheres tristis 家八哥 + R + +++ √ √ tristis (Linnaeus) 57.八哥 Acridotheres cristatellus cristatellus + R + +++ √ √ (Linnaeus) 58. Acridotheres 林八哥 + + R + ++ grandis Moore

二十一 鸦科 Corvidae 59. Cissa chinensis 蓝绿鹊 + + R + ++ √ chinensis (Boddaert) 60. Pica pica sericea 喜鹊 + R + +++ √ √ Gould 61. Dendrocitta 灰树鹊 + + + R + ++ √ formosae himalayensis (Blyth) 62. Corvus corone 小嘴乌鸦 + + W √ orientalis Eversmann 63. Corvus splendens 家鸦 + R + +++ √ insolens Hume 二十二 鹟科 Muscicapidae (1)鸫亚科 Turdinae 64. Copsychus saularis 鹊鸲 + + +++ √ erimelas Oberholser 65. Phoenicurus 黑喉红尾鸲 + ++ √ hodgsoni (Moore) 66. Phoenicurus 蓝额红尾鸲 + +++ √ frontalis Vigors 67. Saxicola ferrea 灰林即鸟 + R + ++++ √ ferrea G.R. Gray 68. Chaimarrornis 白顶溪鸲 + R + +++ √ leucocephalus (Vigors) 69. Monticola solitaria 蓝矶鸫 + R + ++ √ pandoo (Sykes) 70.紫啸鸫 Myiophoneus caeruleus temminckii + S + +++ √ G.R.Gray 71. Turdus rubrocanus 灰头鸫 W +++ √ gouldii (Verreaux) 72.白腹鸫 Turdus pallidus pallidus + W ++ √ Gmelin 73. Turdus naumanni 斑鸫 + + M +++ √ naumanni Temminck (2)画眉亚科 Timaliinae 74. Pellorneum 棕头幽鹛 + R + +++ √ ruficeps shanense Deignan 75.锈脸钩嘴鹛 Pomatorhinus erythrogenys odicus Bangs et + + R +++ √ Phillips 76. Pomatorhinus 棕颈钩嘴鹛 + + + + R + +++ √ ruficollis similis Rothschild 77. Pomatorhinus 棕头钩嘴鹛 + + + R + ++ √ √ ochraceiceps austeni Hume 78.白冠噪鹛 Garrulax leucolophus patkaicus + + + R + +++ √ Reichenow

79. Garrulax 黑喉噪鹛 + + + + R + +++ √ √ chinensis lochmius Deignan 80.白颊噪鹛 Garrulax sannio comis + R + ++++ √ √ Deignan 81. Garrulax milnei 赤尾噪鹛 R + +++ √ sharpei Rippon 82. Garrulax canorus 画鹛 + R + +++ √ √ canorus(linnaeus) 83. Liocichla 红翅薮鹛 + + R + ++ √ phoenicea ripponi (Oates) 84.红翅鵙鹛 Pteruthius flaviscapis yunnanensis + + + R + +++ √ Ticehurst 85. Pteruthius 栗喉鵙鹛 + R + ++ √ melanotis melanotis Hodgson 86. Pteruthius 淡绿鵙鹛 R + ++ √ √ xanthochlorus pallidus (David) 87. Paradoxornis 黄嘴鸦雀 + R + +++ √ √ flavirostris Gould 88.黑眉鸦雀 Paradoxornis atrosuperciliaris R + + √ √ atrosuperciliaris (Godwin-Austen) 89.棕头鸦雀 Paradoxornis webbianus brunneus + + + + R + ++++ √ (Anderson) 90. Paradoxornis 红头鸦雀 + + + R + ++ √ ruficeps ruficeps Blyth 91. Paradoxornis 灰头鸦雀 + + + R + ++ √ gularis laotianus (Delacour) (3)莺亚科 Sylviinae 92. Cettia pallidipes 淡脚树莺 + + + M ++ √ pallidipes (Blanford) 93. Phylloscopus 黄腹柳莺 + + + W ++ √ affinis (Tickell) 94.棕腹柳莺 Phylloscopus subaffinis subaffinis + + + W ++ √ (Ogilvie-Grant) 95. Phylloscopus 黄眉柳莺 + + + M +++ √ inornatus inornatus (Blyth) (4)鹟亚科 Muscicapinae 96. Ficedula 锈胸蓝姬鹟 + + S + +++ √ hodgsonii (Verreaux) 97. Niltava banyumas 山蓝仙鹟 + + + S + +++ √ whitei (Harington) 98. Rhipidura 白喉扇尾鹟 + + + R + +++ √ albicollis albicollis (Vieillot) 99.黄腹扇尾鹟 Rhipidura + + + R + +++ √

hypoxantha Blyth 二十三 山雀科 Paridae 100.大山雀 Parus major + + + + R + +++ √ √ 101. Parus 绿背山雀 + R + +++ √ monticolus 二十四 啄花鸟科 Dicaeidae 102. Dicaeum 黄腹啄花鸟 + + + R + ++ √ melanozanthum (Blyth) 103. Dicaeum 纯色啄花鸟 + + + R + +++ √ concolor olivaceum Walden 104. Dicaeum 红胸啄花鸟 + + + R + +++ √ ignipectus ignipectus (Blyth)

二十五 太阳鸟科 Nectariniidae 105.紫颊直嘴太阳鸟 Anthreptes singalensis + + + R + ++ √ koratensis (Kloss) 106.黄腰太阳鸟 Aethopyga siparaja + + + R + +++ √ √ viridicauda(Rothschild) 107. Aethopyga 蓝喉太阳鸟 + + + R + +++ √ √ gouldiae dabryii(Verreaux)

二十六 绣眼鸟科 R Zosteropidae 108. Zosterops 暗绿绣眼鸟 + + + + R + +++ √ japonica simplex Swinhoe 109. Zosterops 灰腹绣眼鸟 + + + R + +++ palpebrosa siamensis Blyth 二十七 文鸟科 Ploceidae 110. Passer montanus 树麻雀 + R + ++++ √ malaccensis Dubois 111. Passer rutilans 山麻雀 + + R + +++ √ intensior Rothschild 112. Lonchura striata 白腰文鸟 + R + ++++ √ subsquamicollis (Stuart Baker) 113.斑文鸟 Lonchura punctulata yunnanensis + R + ++++ √ Parkes 二十八 雀科 Fringillidae 114. 普通朱雀 + W + ++ √ Carpodacus erythrinus 115. Melophus lathami 凤头鹀 + R + ++++ √ lathami (J.E.Gray)

Table A3-17. Directory of Fishes in within the Assessment Area

Species Habitat Economic value

一 鲤形目 CYPRINIFORMES

(1)鲤科 Cyprinidae

雅罗亚科 Leuciscinae

Slow flow or still water. Inhabit Large sized edible fish, which 1.草鱼 C. idellus (C.et. V) at midwaters belongs to “four everybody fish”

Slow flow or still water. Inhabit Large sized edible fish, which 2.青鱼 M. piceus(Richardson) at subjacent waters belongs to “four everybody fish”

鲌亚科 Cultrinae

Slow flow or still water. Inhabit Small sized fish, which has a at midwaters and upper 3.拟鳘属 P. sp certain edible value waters.

鳑鲏亚科 Acheilognathinae

Slow flow or still water. Inhabit Small sized fish, which has low at midwaters and upper 4.彩石鳑鮍 R. lighto(wu) edible value waters. Slow flow or still water. Inhabit Small sized fish, which has low 5.斑尾小鲃 P. sophore(Hamilton) at midwaters. edible value

Slow flow or still water. Inhabit Small sized fish, which has low 6.异斑小鲃 P .ticto(Hamilton) at midwaters. edible value

Slow flow. Inhabit at midwaters Small sized fish, which has a 7.太平四须鲃 B. margarianus(Day) and subjacent waters. certain edible value

8.墨脱四须鲃 Slow flow. Inhabit at midwaters Small sized fish, which has a and subjacent waters. certain edible value B. hexagonolepis(Mcclelland) Slow flow. Inhabit at midwaters Small and medium fish, which 9.黄鳍结鱼 T.(Tor)Putitora(Hamilton) and subjacent waters. has a certain edible value

Slow flow. Inhabit at midwaters Small and medium fish, which 10.桥街结鱼 T,(Tor)qiaojensis wu and subjacent waters. has a certain edible value

鱼丹亚科 Danioninae

Slow flow or still water. Inhabit Small sized fish, which has very 11.半线鱼丹 D. interrupta(Day) at midwaters and upper waters low edible value

Slow flow or still water. Inhabit Small sized fish, which has very `12.长须鱼丹 D.apogon chu at midwaters and upper waters low edible value

野鲮亚科 Labeoninae

Running water or torrent. Middle sized fish, which has 13.云南野鲮 L.yunnanensis Chaudhuri Inhabit at subjacent waters lager edible value

Torrent. Inhabit at the bottom Small and medium fish, which 14.彩花缨鱼 C.latius(Hamilton) of waters has a certain edible value

Torrent. Inhabit at the bottom Small and medium fish, which 15.似鲮华鲮 S.Cirrhinoides wu et lin of waters has a certain edible value

16.桥街墨头鱼 G..giaojiensis wu et Torrent. Inhabit at the bottom Small and medium fish, which is of waters edible. yao Torrent. Inhabit at the bottom Small fish, which has a certain 17 G . orientalis Nichols 方墨头鱼 of waters edible value。

18.南方裂腹鱼 Slow flow or torrent. Inhabit at Middle sized fish, which has a subjacent waters certain edible value S.(Schizothorax)meridionalis Tsao

鲤亚科 Cyprininae

Slow flow or still water. Inhabit 19.鲤鱼 C.(Cyprinus)Caupio Middle sized cultivated fish, at the middle and subjacent which has economic value Lonnaeus waters Slow flow or still water. Inhabit Middle sized fish, which is at the middle and subjacent 20.鲫鱼 C.auratus auratus(linnaeus) edible. waters

(2)鳅科 Cobidae

条鳅亚科 Nemacheilinae

Running water. Inhabit at the Small sized fish, which does not 21.密纹南鳅 S.vinciguerrae(Hora) bottom of waters have large edible value.

Running water. Inhabit at the Small sized fish, which does not 22.多纹条鳅 N.polytaenia zha bottom of waters have large edible value.

Running water. Inhabit at the Small sized fish, which does not 23.盈江条鳅 N.Yingjiangensis zhu bottom of waters have large edible value.

Running water. Inhabit at the Small sized fish, which does not 24.鳞头鳅 L.birmanicus Rendhal bottom of waters have large edible value.

Running water. Inhabit at the Small sized fish, which has a 25.泥鳅 M.anguillicaudatus(Cantor) bottom of waters. certain edible value

二 鲇形目 SILURIFORMES

(3)鮡科 Sisoridae

Running water or torrent. Small sized fish, which does not 26. 三线纹胸鮡 Inhabit at the bottom of waters have large edible value.

Glyptothorax trilineatus Blyth Running water or torrent. Small sized fish, which does not 27.龙江纹胸鮡 Inhabit at the bottom of waters have large edible value.

Glyptothorax longjiangensis Running water or torrent. Small sized fish, which does not 28.长尾纹胸鮡 Inhabit at the bottom of waters have large edible value.

Glyptothorax longicauda Li Running water or torrent. Small sized fish, which does not 29.凿齿鮡 G.andersonii(Day) Inhabit at the bottom of waters have large edible value.

(4) 胡子鲇科 Clariidae

Water or still water. Inhabit at Small sized fish, which has a 30.胡子鲇 C.fuscus(Lacepede) the bottom of waters. certain edible value

三 鳉形目 CYPRIMODONTIFORMES

(5) 胎鳉科 Poeciliidae

Still water. Inhabit at surface Small sized fish, which has low 31.食蚊鱼 G.affinis (Baird et girard) waters. edible value

四 合鳃目 SYNBRANCHIFORMES

(6) 合鳃科 Synbranchidae

Running water or still water. Small sized fish, which is edible. 32.黄鳝 M.albus(Zuiew) Inhabit at the bottom of waters.

五 鲈形目 PERCIFORMES

(7) 鰕虎鱼科 Gobiidae

Slow flow or still water. Inhabit Small sized fish, which has very 33.黄肚鱼 G.giurinus(Rutter) at the bottom of waters. low edible value.

Slow flow or still water. Inhabit Small sized fish, which has very 34. 子陵栉鰕虎鱼 G.giurinus(Rutter) at the bottom of waters. low edible value.

(8) 鳢科 Channidae

Running water or still water. Small sized fish, which is edible. 35.宽额鳢 C.gachua(Hamilton) Inhabit at the middle and subjacent waters.

(9)丽鱼科 Cichlidae

Running water or still water. Small and medium fish, which is 36.罗非鱼 T.mossambica(Peters) Inhabit at middle waters. cultivated fish brought in.

Table A3-18. List of Noise Sensitive Areas

N Sensit Road towns stake dire Dist Altitude Hei Widt Affecte Description of Relationship of alignment and Alignment design Site photoes o ive secti hips ctio anc difference( ght h of d sensitive spot sensitive sport site on n e m) of one- househ and from cut side olds relationship road an red Cla Cl with the road cent Clas Clas d line ss as alignment er s 4a s 2 fill( (m) 4a s (m) m) 2 1 Name Start Longs K9+400 Righ 25 -12 -7 Bri 12 12 18 Residential ng point han - t of dg area village to K9+950 the e centralized Longli road near the ng mountain with wall-fenced courtyard. 30 household are within the assessment area with houses toward the road. Bridge is planned in front of the houses. 2 Ergua Longli Longs K15+90 Righ 70 / +6 -3 25 / 16 Households n ngto han 0 ～ t centralized at Mang the area with K16+00 shi brick houses 0 and wall fenced courtyard. 16 households are located within the 二关寨子 assessment area. Road subgrade is planned passing though the at east side or

N Sensit Road towns stake dire Dist Altitude Hei Widt Affecte Description of Relationship of alignment and Alignment design Site photoes o ive secti hips ctio anc difference( ght h of d sensitive spot sensitive sport site on n e m) of one- househ and from cut side olds relationship road an red Cla Cl with the road cent Clas Clas d line ss as alignment er s 4a s 2 fill( (m) 4a s (m) m) 2 back of the houses.

3 Palian Lingli Fengp K32+00 Left 50 +3 +1 -15 34 5 10 Brick houses 50.0m ng - ing 0 ～ centralized Mang and totally 15 K32+10 shi households 0 located within the assessment area. Road will pass through the side direction of the houses with bamboo trees in between.

N Sensit Road towns stake dire Dist Altitude Hei Widt Affecte Description of Relationship of alignment and Alignment design Site photoes o ive secti hips ctio anc difference( ght h of d sensitive spot sensitive sport site on n e m) of one- househ and from cut side olds relationship road an red Cla Cl with the road cent Clas Clas d line ss as alignment er s 4a s 2 fill( (m) 4a s (m) m) 2 4 Dongk Longli Fengp K32+80 Righ 30 +2 +5 +5 23 4 6 Brick houses an ng - ing 0 ～ t centralized Mang and totally 10 K33+00 shi households 0 located within the assessment area. Road is planned passing though at side direction of the houses with sugarcane field in between. Some of the housed will be relocated. 5 Nahua Longli Fengp K35+10 Left 90 / -4 +4 21 / 32 A big village i ng- ing 0 ～ with Mang centralized K35+50 shi households. 0 Houses are built with brick. Totally 32 households are within the assessment area. Road is planned passing though side direction of the houses with bamboo trees

N Sensit Road towns stake dire Dist Altitude Hei Widt Affecte Description of Relationship of alignment and Alignment design Site photoes o ive secti hips ctio anc difference( ght h of d sensitive spot sensitive sport site on n e m) of one- househ and from cut side olds relationship road an red Cla Cl with the road cent Clas Clas d line ss as alignment er s 4a s 2 fill( (m) 4a s (m) m) 2 and sugarcane field in between.

6 Mangc Longli Fengp K38+10 Left 100 / -5 +5 23 / 25 A big village hang ng- ing 0 ～ with Mang centralized K38+40 shi households. 0 Houses are built with brick. Totally 25 households are within the assessment area and some of them will be relocated. Road is planned passing though sugar cane field at back of the village. Between the houses and road is dry farmland.

N Sensit Road towns stake dire Dist Altitude Hei Widt Affecte Description of Relationship of alignment and Alignment design Site photoes o ive secti hips ctio anc difference( ght h of d sensitive spot sensitive sport site on n e m) of one- househ and from cut side olds relationship road an red Cla Cl with the road cent Clas Clas d line ss as alignment er s 4a s 2 fill( (m) 4a s (m) m) 2 7 Hulaxi Longli Fengp K38+85 Left 35 -3 -8 -5 26 5 10 Centralized ang ng- ing 0 ～ households Mang with brick K39+15 shi houses at side 0 direction of the road. 15 households are within the assessment area. K38+850-K38+ 950 will cause noise impact. 8 Mangn Mang Fengp K40+05 Left 35 -8 -8 +8 27 5 20 Centralized ai shi- ing 0 ～ households Mang with brick K40+30 规划中的大瑞铁 bie houses. 25 0 households 芒乃 are within the assessment area. Road alignment is planned passing though side direction of the houses with bamboo trees in between. The alignment of DaRui railway is planned 100m to the north.

N Sensit Road towns stake dire Dist Altitude Hei Widt Affecte Description of Relationship of alignment and Alignment design Site photoes o ive secti hips ctio anc difference( ght h of d sensitive spot sensitive sport site on n e m) of one- househ and from cut side olds relationship road an red Cla Cl with the road cent Clas Clas d line ss as alignment er s 4a s 2 fill( (m) 4a s (m) m) 2 9 Mangs Mang Fengp K40+90 Left 40 -9 -9 +9 29 12 26 Big village with ai shi- ing 0 ～ concentrated Mang households, K41+40 bie brick houses, 0 38 households are within the assessment area, some resettlement is needed. Road alignment is planned passing though back side of houses with bamboo trees in between 1 Mangz Mang Fengp K41+70 Left 35 -6 -6 +2 30 7 13 Big village with 0 hang shi- ing 0 ～ concentrated Mang households, K41+80 bie brick houses, 0 20 households are within the assessment area. Road alignment is planned passing though back side of houses with bamboo trees in between

N Sensit Road towns stake dire Dist Altitude Hei Widt Affecte Description of Relationship of alignment and Alignment design Site photoes o ive secti hips ctio anc difference( ght h of d sensitive spot sensitive sport site on n e m) of one- househ and from cut side olds relationship road an red Cla Cl with the road cent Clas Clas d line ss as alignment er s 4a s 2 fill( (m) 4a s (m) m) 2 1 Nayua Mang Fengp K42+40 30 -5 -5 +5 23 12 28 Big village with 1 n shi- ing 0 ～ Pas concentrated Mang s households, K42+90 bie thro brick houses, 0 ugh 40 households are within the assessment area. Road alignment is planned passing though the village. 1 Nanga Mang Fengp K46+70 Pas 35 -8 -8 +8 27 20 36 Big village with 2 i bie- ing 0 ～ s at left concentrated Luxi-Yingjiang Zhefa thro left 7 households, K47+10 Road ng ugh of rig brick houses, 0 the ht 70 households road are within the 7 at assessment right area, some of resettlement. the Road is road planned at side direction of the houses.

N Sensit Road towns stake dire Dist Altitude Hei Widt Affecte Description of Relationship of alignment and Alignment design Site photoes o ive secti hips ctio anc difference( ght h of d sensitive spot sensitive sport site on n e m) of one- househ and from cut side olds relationship road an red Cla Cl with the road cent Clas Clas d line ss as alignment er s 4a s 2 fill( (m) 4a s (m) m) 2 1 Nanjin Mang Santai K48+20 Left 65 / -9 +7 26 / 35 Big village with 3 g bie- shan 0 ～ concentrated Zhefa households, K48+60 ng brick houses, 0 35 households 南 景 are within the assessment area, some resettlement. Road is planned at 65 0 back side (north direction) of the houses. 1 Nanjin Mang Santai K48+36 Left 55 -9 +7 26 / / Toward the 4 g bie- shan 0 road, there is primar Zhefa one second y ng floor teaching school building with 6 classrooms, each classroom has two windows toward the road. The school has 4 classes, 94 students and 6 teachers. No student stays at school at night.

N Sensit Road towns stake dire Dist Altitude Hei Widt Affecte Description of Relationship of alignment and Alignment design Site photoes o ive secti hips ctio anc difference( ght h of d sensitive spot sensitive sport site on n e m) of one- househ and from cut side olds relationship road an red Cla Cl with the road cent Clas Clas d line ss as alignment er s 4a s 2 fill( (m) 4a s (m) m) 2 1 Yingm Mang Santai K49+90 Left 50 -5 -8 +5 23 10 30 Big village, 5 en bie- shan 0 ～ concentrated Zhefa residential K50+50 ng brick houses, 0 40households are within the assessment area. Road will pass through the mountail slope at northern side of the village. Houses are face to/side to the road 1 Feihon Mang Santai K56+40 Righ 80 -4 -4 Bri 12 10 25 Big village, 6 g bie- shan 0 ～ t dg concentrated 规划中的大瑞铁 Zhefa e brick houses, N K56+80 路 ng 35 household 0 within the assessment 国道 G320 area. Road pass through southern area 280m of NH320 by 510m bridge. 80.0m Village located at 15m to the north off NH320. Planned railway alignment located at 280m to the

N Sensit Road towns stake dire Dist Altitude Hei Widt Affecte Description of Relationship of alignment and Alignment design Site photoes o ive secti hips ctio anc difference( ght h of d sensitive spot sensitive sport site on n e m) of one- househ and from cut side olds relationship road an red Cla Cl with the road cent Clas Clas d line ss as alignment er s 4a s 2 fill( (m) 4a s (m) m) 2 north of the road.

1 Mangli Mang Zhefa K72+70 Left 75 / -12 Bri 12 / 20 Concentrated 7 bie- ng 0 ～ dg brick houses, Zhefa e 20 households N K72+90 ng within the 0 assessment area. Road crosses Mangshi River at eastside of the village and then pass though the mountain slope at north of the village. Houses are facing or side to the road.

N Sensit Road towns stake dire Dist Altitude Hei Widt Affecte Description of Relationship of alignment and Alignment design Site photoes o ive secti hips ctio anc difference( ght h of d sensitive spot sensitive sport site on n e m) of one- househ and from cut side olds relationship road an red Cla Cl with the road cent Clas Clas d line ss as alignment er s 4a s 2 fill( (m) 4a s (m) m) 2 1 Bangh Mang Zhefa K74+30 Left 15 -16 -16 Bri 12 8 22 Concentrated 8 a bie- ng 0 ～ dg brick houses, Zhefa e 30 K74+75 N ng househoulds 0 within the assessment area and thouse near K74+600-K74+ 750 will be affected. Houses are face to/ side to the road. 1 Caixia Mang Zhefa K75+50 Left 75 / -16 +3 20 / 22 Concentrated 9 ng bie- ng 0 ～ brick houses, Zhefa 22 households K75+70 ng within the 0 assessment area. Road pass through 15m high slope at north side of the village. Houses face to/side to the road.

N Sensit Road towns stake dire Dist Altitude Hei Widt Affecte Description of Relationship of alignment and Alignment design Site photoes o ive secti hips ctio anc difference( ght h of d sensitive spot sensitive sport site on n e m) of one- househ and from cut side olds relationship road an red Cla Cl with the road cent Clas Clas d line ss as alignment er s 4a s 2 fill( (m) 4a s (m) m) 2 2 Zhega Mang Zhefa K76+60 Left 45 -8 -8 +8 27 6 25 Concentrated 0 o bie- ng 0 ～ residential N Zhefa area with brick K77+00 ng houses, 31 0 households within assessment area, households near. K76+700-K76+ 900 section will be affected. Road locate at back or side direction of the houses. 2 Nanjia Zhefa Zhefa K79+00 Left 40 -7 -9 +5 23 8 20 Concentrated 1 n ng- ng 0 ～ brick housed Zhexi near the road, N K79+30 ang 28 households 0 within the assessment area. Road section K79+000-K79+ 150 will affect people nearby. Road locate at back or side of the houses. Bamboo trees are planted within the road and houses.

N Sensit Road towns stake dire Dist Altitude Hei Widt Affecte Description of Relationship of alignment and Alignment design Site photoes o ive secti hips ctio anc difference( ght h of d sensitive spot sensitive sport site on n e m) of one- househ and from cut side olds relationship road an red Cla Cl with the road cent Clas Clas d line ss as alignment er s 4a s 2 fill( (m) 4a s (m) m) 2 2 Xinzha Zhefa Zhang K80+00 Left 65 / -2 -5 26 / 25 Concentrated 2 i ng- fang 0 ～ brick houses, Zhexi 25 households K80+30 ang within the 0 assessment area. Road passes through back of the houses. Between road and houses planted bamboo trees 2 Laozh Zhefa Zhefa K80+50 Left 45 -6 -6 -4 25 8 24 Concentrated 3 ai ng- ng 0 ～ brick houses, Zhexi 32 households K80+65 ang within the 0 assessment area. Road passes through back of the houses. Between road and houses planted bamboo trees

N Sensit Road towns stake dire Dist Altitude Hei Widt Affecte Description of Relationship of alignment and Alignment design Site photoes o ive secti hips ctio anc difference( ght h of d sensitive spot sensitive sport site on n e m) of one- househ and from cut side olds relationship road an red Cla Cl with the road cent Clas Clas d line ss as alignment er s 4a s 2 fill( (m) 4a s (m) m) 2 2 Laozh Zhefa Zhefa K80+70 Left 120 -10 / / / / The school 4 ai ng- ng 0 has one 2-floor Primar Zhexi teaching y ang building with 6 School classrooms. There are 5 classes, 159 students and 6 teachers in the school, no students live 120.0 overnight at school. The teaching building faces to the road. Between the building and the road is an open area 2 Yunm Zhefa Zhefa K81+10 Left 30 +3 +2 -3 25 10 30 Concentrated 5 en ng- ng 0 ～ brick houses, Zhexi 40 households K81+45 ang within the 0 assessment area. Road 挖方位置 alignment located at north of the village. Between the road and village is planted bamboo trees. Side of the

N Sensit Road towns stake dire Dist Altitude Hei Widt Affecte Description of Relationship of alignment and Alignment design Site photoes o ive secti hips ctio anc difference( ght h of d sensitive spot sensitive sport site on n e m) of one- househ and from cut side olds relationship road an red Cla Cl with the road cent Clas Clas d line ss as alignment er s 4a s 2 fill( (m) 4a s (m) m) 2 houses toward the road.

2 Gongx Zhefa Zhefa K81+85 Left 65 / -5 +3 20 / 30 Concentrated 6 ia ng-Zh ng 0 ～ brick houses, exian 30 households K82+10 g within the 0 assessment area. Road alignment located at north of the village. Between the road and village is planted bamboo trees.

N Sensit Road towns stake dire Dist Altitude Hei Widt Affecte Description of Relationship of alignment and Alignment design Site photoes o ive secti hips ctio anc difference( ght h of d sensitive spot sensitive sport site on n e m) of one- househ and from cut side olds relationship road an red Cla Cl with the road cent Clas Clas d line ss as alignment er s 4a s 2 fill( (m) 4a s (m) m) 2 2 Diesh Zhefa Zhefa K84+70 Left 35 +5 +3 -5 26 10 20 Concentrated 7 a ng-Zh ng 0 ～ brick houses. exian Road K85+10 g alignment 挖方 挖方 0 located at north of the village. Between the road and village is planted bamboo trees 2 Nongn Zhefa Zhefa K85+20 Pas 30 Left: Left:- bri 12 lef left Concentrated 8 ong ng-Zh ng 0 ～ s -12 15 dg （ 1 （ households exian thro Right e with brick K85+45 30 g ugh : 5） houses. 55 0 -12 right ） households （ 1 rig within the ht assessment 0） （ area. Road alignment /） located at northwest of village by bridges. Side of houses toward the road

N Sensit Road towns stake dire Dist Altitude Hei Widt Affecte Description of Relationship of alignment and Alignment design Site photoes o ive secti hips ctio anc difference( ght h of d sensitive spot sensitive sport site on n e m) of one- househ and from cut side olds relationship road an red Cla Cl with the road cent Clas Clas d line ss as alignment er s 4a s 2 fill( (m) 4a s (m) m) 2 2 Laxian Zhexi Zhefa K87+90 Left 30 +3 +5 -1. 23 8 32 40 households 9 g ang- ng 0 ～ 5 within the Wand assessment K88+40 N ing area. Road 3.0 0 located at north of the village. Back/side of the houses toward the road

3 Nong Zhexi Zhefa K89+25 Pas 30 Left Left +1 17 Left Le Concentrated 0 meng ang- ng 0 ～ s （ -1 （ -1 （ 7 ft brick houses, Wand thro 32 households K89+35 （ ing ugh ） ） ） within 0 15 Right Right Righ assessment ） （ -1 （ -1 t area, some of （ 4 Ri them will be ） ） gh resettled.. ） t Road pass （ through the village. Side of 6） the houses toward road

N Sensit Road towns stake dire Dist Altitude Hei Widt Affecte Description of Relationship of alignment and Alignment design Site photoes o ive secti hips ctio anc difference( ght h of d sensitive spot sensitive sport site on n e m) of one- househ and from cut side olds relationship road an red Cla Cl with the road cent Clas Clas d line ss as alignment er s 4a s 2 fill( (m) 4a s (m) m) 2 3 Nanzh Zhexi Zhefa K98+90 Righ 75 / -40 Bri 12 / 20 Sparse 1 a ang- ng 0 ～ t dg households Wand e with brick K99+10 国道 320 ing houses. 20 0 households within assessment 265m area. Road passes through N320 线 mountain slope at south of the village. Side of the houses toward the road. Between road and houses are planted bamboo trees 3 Kanla Wand Meng K120+9 Left 30 -1 -3 +1 17 5 7 Brick houses 2 n ing-Y mao 00 ～ distributed unda sparsely, 12 K121+1 拆迁房屋 ng are within 00 75m assessment area, some resettlement. Road pass 坎 兰 through bottome of slop at north of the village. Side/back of the houses toward the road. Between

N Sensit Road towns stake dire Dist Altitude Hei Widt Affecte Description of Relationship of alignment and Alignment design Site photoes o ive secti hips ctio anc difference( ght h of d sensitive spot sensitive sport site on n e m) of one- househ and from cut side olds relationship road an red Cla Cl with the road cent Clas Clas d line ss as alignment er s 4a s 2 fill( (m) 4a s (m) m) 2 houses and road is open area.

3 Mangli Wand Meng K122+1 Left 55 / -2 +2 18 / 50 Big village, 3 ang ing-Y mao 00 ～ concentrated unda households K122+8 ng with brick 00 concrete houses. 50 households within assessment area. Road passes through sugar cane field at north of the village. Back of the housed toward road.

N Sensit Road towns stake dire Dist Altitude Hei Widt Affecte Description of Relationship of alignment and Alignment design Site photoes o ive secti hips ctio anc difference( ght h of d sensitive spot sensitive sport site on n e m) of one- househ and from cut side olds relationship road an red Cla Cl with the road cent Clas Clas d line ss as alignment er s 4a s 2 fill( (m) 4a s (m) m) 2 3 Jiele Wang Meng K124+1 Pas 30 left left +4 21 Left Le Big village with 4 ding- mao 00 ～ s （ -4 （ -4 （ 2 ft concentrated Yund thro brick-concrete K124+7 （ ang ugh ） ） 0） 1-2 floors 00 40 right right Righ houses. 90 ） （ -4 （ -4 t households （ 1 Ri within ） ） gh assessment 0） t area. Road （ passes through the 20 village cause ） some resettlement 3 Nanm Wand Meng K125+5 Pas 30 Left Left Bri 12 Left Le Concentrated 5 en ing-Y mao 00 ～ s （ -8 （ -8 dg （ 4 ft brick made 1-2 unda thro es floors houses. K125+8 （ ng ugh ） ） ） 52 households 00 15 Right Right Righ within ） （ -8 （ -8 t assessment （ 8 rig area. Road 8.0m ） ） ht passes ） （ through village by bridge 25 ）

N Sensit Road towns stake dire Dist Altitude Hei Widt Affecte Description of Relationship of alignment and Alignment design Site photoes o ive secti hips ctio anc difference( ght h of d sensitive spot sensitive sport site on n e m) of one- househ and from cut side olds relationship road an red Cla Cl with the road cent Clas Clas d line ss as alignment er s 4a s 2 fill( (m) 4a s (m) m) 2 3 Yunga Yund Meng K127+2 Pas 30 Left Left +2 18 Left Le Concentrated 6 ng ang-R mao 00 ～ s （ -2 （ -2 （ 7 ft brick made 1-2 uili thro floors houses. K127+5 （ ugh ） ） ） 40 households 00 20 Right Right Righ within ） （ -2 （ -2 t assessment （ 3 Ri area. Road ） ） gh passes ） t through the （ village 10 ） 3 Drug Yund Meng K130+0 Righ 160 +6 / / / / Road passes 7 addict ang-R mao 50 t through south rehabil uili slop area of itation the center. The center center has 200 s addictors and 76 instructors. Side of the dormitory (3 floors) towards the road.

县道（XNO2）

N Sensit Road towns stake dire Dist Altitude Hei Widt Affecte Description of Relationship of alignment and Alignment design Site photoes o ive secti hips ctio anc difference( ght h of d sensitive spot sensitive sport site on n e m) of one- househ and from cut side olds relationship road an red Cla Cl with the road cent Clas Clas d line ss as alignment er s 4a s 2 fill( (m) 4a s (m) m) 2 3 Xiang Ruili- Jiexia K137+4 Left 75 / -12 -4 25 / 35 Concentrated 8 nong Nong ng 00 ～ brick-concrete dao houses. 35 N K137+9 households in 00 the assessment 县道（XNO2） area. Road passes through the 调整后路线 slope area at north of village. Between houses and road are planted bamboo trees 3 Babie Ruili- Jiexia K138+1 Left 30 -4 -6 +4 20 12 20 Brick made 9 Nong ng 50 ～ houses dao concentrated N K138+5 县道（XNO2） 调整后路线 in the area, 32 县道（XNO2） 50 households within assessment area and some will be resettled. Alignment passes through bottom slop at north side of the village

N Sensit Road towns stake dire Dist Altitude Hei Widt Affecte Description of Relationship of alignment and Alignment design Site photoes o ive secti hips ctio anc difference( ght h of d sensitive spot sensitive sport site on n e m) of one- househ and from cut side olds relationship road an red Cla Cl with the road cent Clas Clas d line ss as alignment er s 4a s 2 fill( (m) 4a s (m) m) 2 4 Bando Ruili- Jiexia K148+8 Righ 45 -4 -2 +4 21 6 24 Small village 0 ng Nong ng 00 ～ t with dao concentrated K148+9 households of 50 which 30 within assessment area. Road pass though south side of the village. Houses face to/side to the road 4 Leiwu Ruili- Jiexia K150+3 Left 30 +4 +4 -4 25 10 35 Big village, 1 Nong ng 00 ～ concentrated dao households, K151+0 brick made 挖方 00 houses. 45 households within assessment area. Road passes through village. Houses face to/side to road.

N Sensit Road towns stake dire Dist Altitude Hei Widt Affecte Description of Relationship of alignment and Alignment design Site photoes o ive secti hips ctio anc difference( ght h of d sensitive spot sensitive sport site on n e m) of one- househ and from cut side olds relationship road an red Cla Cl with the road cent Clas Clas d line ss as alignment er s 4a s 2 fill( (m) 4a s (m) m) 2 4 Henon Ruili- Nongd K152+4 Left 35 -5 -5 +5 23 8 20 Concentrated 2 g Nong ao 00 ～ households, dao brick made K152+7 拆迁房屋 N houses, 28 00 households within

assessment 5.0m area, road pass slope at north of the village. Houses face to/side to the road 4 Nong Ruili- Nongd K153+5 Pas 30 Left Left Bri 12 Left Le Concentrated 3 molei Nong ao 00 ～ s （ -5 （ -5 dg （ 8 ft brick made dao thro e houses. 55 K153+8 （ ugh ） ） ） households 00 19 Right Right Righ within ） （ -5 （ -5 t assessment 5.0m （ 6 rig area. Road ） ） ht passes ） （ through village by bridge. 22 Houses face ） to/side to road.

N Sensit Road towns stake dire Dist Altitude Hei Widt Affecte Description of Relationship of alignment and Alignment design Site photoes o ive secti hips ctio anc difference( ght h of d sensitive spot sensitive sport site on n e m) of one- househ and from cut side olds relationship road an red Cla Cl with the road cent Clas Clas d line ss as alignment er s 4a s 2 fill( (m) 4a s (m) m) 2 4 Leiyin Ruili- Nongd K156+5 Righ 30 +3 / +4 21 10 / Big village with 4 Nong ao 00 ～ t concentrated dao households. K156+7 10 households 00 within assessment area near K156+500-K15 6+700. Road passes through dry land area at south of the village K156+7 Righ 30 -5 -5 +5 23 20 50 Big village with 00 ～ t concentrated households. K157+4 70 households 00 within assessment area near K156+700 ～ K157+400. Road passes through dry land area at south of the village.

N Sensit Road towns stake dire Dist Altitude Hei Widt Affecte Description of Relationship of alignment and Alignment design Site photoes o ive secti hips ctio anc difference( ght h of d sensitive spot sensitive sport site on n e m) of one- househ and from cut side olds relationship road an red Cla Cl with the road cent Clas Clas d line ss as alignment er s 4a s 2 fill( (m) 4a s (m) m) 2 4 Hope Ruili- Nongd K157+3 Righ 65 -5 / / / / The school 5 School Nong ao 50 t has one dao three-floors teaching building with 12 class rooms. The school has 180 students and 12 teachers. Nobody stay at school at night. Road passes through open area at back of the school. 1 Mangb Mang Fengp K46+50 Left 80 / -13 Bri 6 / 40 Big village with ie bie ing 0 dg concentrated interc e brick made 拟建公路 hang houses. e 40households conn within ecting assessment

road area. Road 13m passes through cash forest area at west of the 80m village. Houses face to/side to the road

N Sensit Road towns stake dire Dist Altitude Hei Widt Affecte Description of Relationship of alignment and Alignment design Site photoes o ive secti hips ctio anc difference( ght h of d sensitive spot sensitive sport site on n e m) of one- househ and from cut side olds relationship road an red Cla Cl with the road cent Clas Clas d line ss as alignment er s 4a s 2 fill( (m) 4a s (m) m) 2 2 Wandi Wand Wandi K112+2 Left 70 / -10 -5 14 / 35 Concentrated ng ing ng 00 brick-made Farm interc Econo houses. 35 拟建公路 hang mic households e Devel within conn opme assessment ecting nt area. Road

road Zone passes 10m through slop area at west of the village. 70m Houses face to/ side to road. 3 Xinpin Yund Meng K125+8 Righ 150 / -12 Bri 6 / 25 Sparsely g ang mao 00 t dg distributed interc e househoulds. 拟建公路 hang 25 within e assessment conn area. Road ecting locate at east

road of the village 14m by bridge. Houses face to/side to road 150m

N Sensit Road towns stake dire Dist Altitude Hei Widt Affecte Description of Relationship of alignment and Alignment design Site photoes o ive secti hips ctio anc difference( ght h of d sensitive spot sensitive sport site on n e m) of one- househ and from cut side olds relationship road an red Cla Cl with the road cent Clas Clas d line ss as alignment er s 4a s 2 fill( (m) 4a s (m) m) 2 4 Jingha Yund Meng K125+8 Left 150 / -14 Bri 6 / 20 Households n ang mao 00 dg sparsely 拟建公路 interc e distributed 25 hang within e assessment conn area. Road ecting alignment road located at west 14m of the village by bridge. Houses face 150m to/side to road. Note: (i) ‘right and left’ based on direction from Longling to Ruili; (ii) ‘-‘ in height diference row means sensitive site below the road; (iii) in cut and fill height row, “+’ means fill, ‘-‘ means cut.

Map A3-1 Alignment Map of the Longling-Ruili Expressway/Highway Project

K10+000 拟建公路

K11+500

K14+500

Map图4.6-1 A3-2 Relationship 拟建公路与龙陵县城市总体规划的位置关系 of Expressway and Longling County 比例尺：1:万 Master Plan

k33+500

K40+000

Map A3-3 Relationship of Expressway and Longling County Master Plan K116+000

K127+000 K128+550 K129+900

K125+900 K124+500 K128+000 K129+450 K131+700 K135+600

Map A3-4 Relationship of Expressway and Ruili City Master Plan

Map A3-5 Relationship of Expressway and Former Ruilijiang Nature Reserve

Ruilijiang R.

C

NR Core Zone B NR Experimental Zone Class I area of Scenic Spot

Class II area of Scenic Spot A Alternative A

Alternative B

Map A3-6 Alternative Alignments of the Former Ruilijiang Nature Reserve Section

Map 7 Terrestrial Biological Survey and Quadrats Location

Map 8 Distribution of Vegetation Type

Map 9 Distribution of Protected Animals

Map 10 Land Use Map in the Assessment Area Map 11 Distribution of Environmental Sensitive Areas in the Assessment Area

Photos Taken During EIA Preparation

Sample area 1- Secondary semi-humid evergreen Sample area 2- Longling Yunnan pine forest broad-leaved forest

Sample area 3- Alnus nepalensis forest Sample area 4- Warm-hot shrub lands

Sample area 5- Planted Cunninghamia lanceolata Sample area 6- Semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest forest

Sample area 7- Alnus nepalensis forest Sample area 8- Secondary monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest

Sample area 9- Secondary montane rain forest Sample area 10- Secondary monsoon evergreen community broad-leaved forest

Sample area 11- Pinus khasys, schima wallichii and Sample area 12- Castanopsis calathiformis and betula alnoides forest phyllanthus emblica shrub

Sample area 13- German oak and betula alnoides forest Sample area 14- Montane rain forest

Sample area 15- Pinus khasys forest community Sample area 16- Mixed broadleaf-conifer forest

Sample area 17- Secondary monsoon evergreen Sample area 18- Secondary monsoon rain forest broad-leaved forest

Sample area 19- Secondary monsoon rain forest Sample area 20- Secondary monsoon rain forest community

Sample area 21- Secondary monsoon rain forest Sample area 22- Secondary deciduous broad-leaved forest

Sample area 23- Planted bamboo forest Sample area 24- Planted bamboo forest

Sample area 25- Secondary monsoon evergreen Sample area 26- Xinping wasteland secondary forest broad-leaved forest community

Sample area 27- Secondary monsoon rain forest Sample area 28- Wasteland secondary forest

Sample area 29- Monsoon rain forest community Sample area 30- Planted bamboo forest

Sample area 31-Hot sparse shrub & grass Sample area 32- Seasonal rain forest (limestone mountain)

Sample area 33- Planted cassia siamea forest Sample area 34- Secondary monsoon rain forest

Sample area 35- Betula alnoides and pinus khasys Sample area 36- Rubber tree forest forest (deciduous broad-leaved forest)

Sample area 37- Rubber tree and coffee tree forest Sample area 38- Rubber tree forest

Carallia brachiata

Cerasus cerasoides Aesculus lantsangensis Protected Plants in the Assessment Area Ceraus ceraoides Carallia brachiata

Eight Ceraus ceraoides trees were found at right Three carallia brachiata were found at left side side and 85 meters away from the center of and 30 meters away from the center of K29+000 K4+700; and 6 at 120 meters right of K16+600

Millettia pachycarpa Aesculus lantsangensis

Ten Millettia pachycarpa were found at right side Four Aesculus lantsangensis were found at right and 200 meters away from the center of K20+400 side of and 25 meters away from the center of K29+000 Yunnan Provincial Level Protected Plants within the Assessment Area

Photo of Gnetum brunonianum, endemic species of Dehong Prefecture

Ancient Trees – Ficus Benjamina, 200 years old, National Class III protected species

Archeological Survey at Cunjiadi, Conducted by Archeological Survey at Jiedonglu Ancient City, Experts from Yunnan Archeological Research Conducted by Experts from Yunnan Institute in 2008 Archeological Research Institute in 2008

Entrance to the Shuangpoyakou tunnel Exit to the Yiqiutian tunnel

Entrance to the No.1 Mukang tunnel Entrance to the No.2 Mukang tunnel

Exit to the Santaishan Entrance to the Santaishan tunnel tunnel Exit to the Mangsa tunnel

Entrance to the Mangsa tunnel

Information Disclosure through posting notice on village walls

Interview with affected people Interview with affected people

Public Consultation Meeting Consultation with village committee

Information disclosure on local newspaper Information disclosure on Website Public Consultation