The Politics of Democratic Transition in Congo (Zaire): Implications of the Kabila "Revolution"
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Congo-Zaire's 1996-97 Civil War in the Context of Evolving Patterns of Military Conflict in Africa in the Era of Independence William G
Document generated on 09/29/2021 3:17 p.m. Journal of Conflict Studies Congo-Zaire's 1996-97 Civil War in the Context of Evolving Patterns of Military Conflict in Africa in the Era of Independence William G. Thom Volume 19, Number 2, Fall 1999 URI: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/jcs19_02art04 See table of contents Publisher(s) The University of New Brunswick ISSN 1198-8614 (print) 1715-5673 (digital) Explore this journal Cite this article Thom, W. G. (1999). Congo-Zaire's 1996-97 Civil War in the Context of Evolving Patterns of Military Conflict in Africa in the Era of Independence. Journal of Conflict Studies, 19(2), 93–123. All rights reserved © Centre for Conflict Studies, UNB, 1999 This document is protected by copyright law. Use of the services of Érudit (including reproduction) is subject to its terms and conditions, which can be viewed online. https://apropos.erudit.org/en/users/policy-on-use/ This article is disseminated and preserved by Érudit. Érudit is a non-profit inter-university consortium of the Université de Montréal, Université Laval, and the Université du Québec à Montréal. Its mission is to promote and disseminate research. https://www.erudit.org/en/ Congo-Zaire's 1996-97 Civil War in the Context of Evolving Patterns of Military Conflict in Africa in the Era of Independence by William G. Thom INTRODUCTION The overthrow of Zaire's President Mobutu Sese Seko, for 31 years a fixture of political dominance in central Africa, in an eight month military campaign, was a shocking development. To understand the downfall of Mobutu's Zaire, an appreciation of both the military realities and the regional political dynamics of the 1990s is required. -
International Human Rights
POLI 4040: International Human Rights Fall 2020 Monday & Wednesday, 3:00-4:20 Instructor: Christopher Sullivan Office: Stubbs 219 Email: [email protected] Office Hours: Mon 11am-2pm and by appointment. (Office hours held via Zoom.) A note on office hours – please email me ahead of time to let me know what you would like to discuss during office hours so that I can prepare to assist in the best way possible. Email “office hours”: 12:30-2, m-f I prefer to structure my engagement with email. If you need a prompt response, please reach me during these hours. Teaching Assistant: TBA Office Hours: as announced and by appointment Course Description: This course focuses on government-sponsored violations of human rights, such as civil liberties restrictions, torture, political killing, and genocide. The course begins with an attempt to define human rights violations. From there, we will explore issues related to the development of international human rights standards. We will attend to why human rights violations continue in both newly emergent states and advanced democracies. The final section of the course will focus on different efforts to curb human rights abuses, examining domestic and international institutions as well as the efforts of human rights NGOs. Required Books: • Risse, Thomas, Stephen C. Ropp, and Kathryn Sikkink, eds. The persistent power of human rights: from commitment to compliance. Cambridge University Press, 2013. 978-1107609365 1 • Hafner-Burton, Emilie. 2013. Making Human Rights a Reality. Princeton. Princeton University Press. 978-1400846283 • Philip Gourevitch. 1998 We Wish to Inform You that Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with our Families: Stories from Rwanda New York. -
Two Years Without Transition
July 1992 Vol. 4, No. 9 ZAIRE TWO YEARS WITHOUT TRANSITION "[The National Conference must produce] not only a new structure, but, especially, new leaders." Bishop Laurent Mosengwo, President of the National Sovereign Conference. "There will be no blockage or attempt to suspend [the National Conference], but a little reminder from time to time so that everyone respects the rules of the game . Overruling the chief serves no purpose. Getting on with him is called consensus." President Mobutu Sese Seko, June 20, 1992. Introduction................................................................................... .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2222 III The Enforced Political ImpasseImpasse.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................5............555 AAA Part One: The President's Unwilling Gift of DemocraDemocracy,cy, April 1990 to January 19921992..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................5555 -
The Rwandan Genocide: Combating Stereotypes And
The Rwandan Genocide: Combating Stereotypes and Understanding the Origins Nicola Skakel Senior Honors Thesis Department of History April 9th 2018 Defense Committee: Dr. Susan K. Kent, Department of History, Primary Advisor Dr. Matthew Gerber, Department of History, Honors Council Representative Dr. Paul Shankman, Department of Anthropology, Advisor 1 Introduction On the 7th of April 1994, the small east African country of Rwanda erupted into one of the most deadly and intimate genocides the modern world had ever witnessed. Whilst the western world stood by and watched in just 100 days over 800,000 Rwandans out of a total population of 7 million, were systematically murdered in the most brutal and violent of ways. Those who were targeted made up the country’s minority ethnic group the Tutsis, and moderates from the majority group, the Hutus. For many, the legacy of Rwanda is a monstrous example of extreme pent up ethnic tensions that has its roots in European colonialism. In contrast, I will argue that the events not just of 1994 but also the unrest that proceeded it, arose from a highly complex culmination of long-standing historical tensions between ethnic groups that long pre-dated colonialism. In conjunction, a set of short-term triggers including foreign intervention, civil war, famine, state terrorism and ultimately the assassination of President Habyarimana also contributed to the outburst of genocide in 1994. Whilst it would be easy to place sole responsibility on European colonists for implementing a policy of divide and rule and therefore exacerbating ethnic tensions, it seems to me that genocide is never that cut and dried: it can never be explained by one factor. -
Conférence Nationale Souveraine. Elle a Procédé À La Mise En Place Du Bureau PROVISOIRE
REPUBLIQUE DU ZAÏRE ***************************************************** RAPPORT DE LA COMMISSION SOCIALE ET CULTURELLE ****************************************************** PALAIS DU PEUPLE AOUT 1992 REPUBLIQUE DU ZAIRE CONFERENCE NATIONALE SOUVERAINE COMMISSION SOCIALE ET CULTURELLE RAPPORT FINAL DES TRAVAUX DE LA COMMISSION SOCIALE ET CULTURELLE I.S.A.M./GOMBE Août 1992 2 PLAN DU RAPPORT Préambule ………………………………………………………………………………5 CHAPITRE I : DES GENERALITES ………………………………………………..6 1. De la Composition de la Commission ……………………………………….6 2. De la Composition du Bureau de Commission ………………………….. .10 3. De la Composition des Bureaux des Sous-Commission …………………12 4. De la méthodologie du travail ……………………………………………….13 5. Du personnel d’appoint, des experts, des consultants …...15 6. Des difficultés rencontrées ………………………………………………….17 7. Des remerciements ………………………………………………………….18 CHAPITRE II : DES CONSTATS ET DES RECOMMANDATIONS …...19 I. Dans le domaine du travail et de la Prévoyance sociale ……………19 A. DES CONSTATS ………………………………………….19 B. DES RECOMMANDATIONS ……………………………. 34 II. Dans le domaine des questions sociales …………………………………...34 A. DES CONSTATS …………………………………………………………….51 B. DES RECOMMANDATIONS ……………………………………………….60 III. Dans le domaine de la jeunesse ……………………………………………..69 A. DES CONSTATS …………………………………………………………….70 B. DES RECOMMANDATIONS IV. Dans le domaine des Sports et Loisirs …………………………………….84 A. DES CONSTATS ……………………………………………………………84 B. DES RECOMMANDATIONS V. Dans le domaine Culturel et artistique …………………………………….. 85 DES CONSTATS -
ZAIRE Predicament and Prospects
ZAIRE Predicament and Prospects A Report to the Minority Rights Group (USA) by J. C. Willame et al. UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE CONTENTS Summary v Preface by Minority Rights Group (USA) ix Maps xii Abbreviations xiv Part I: Understanding the Unending Crisis in Zaire 1 Jean-Claude Willame 1 The Structure of Society 2 2 Economic Structures and Prospects 8 3 Political Structures and Prospects 14 4 Urgent Issues 19 Notes 21 iv Part II: Frameworks for Preventive Diplomacy 23 5 A Framework for Action to Arrest Further Violence in Zaire 24 Jean-Claude Willame 6 How Best to Provide International Economic Aid in Zaire 27 Hugues Leclercq 7 Violence in Zaire 31 Peter Rosenblum Appendix: Rwandan Refugees in Kivu, Zaire 37 Catharine Newbury Notes to Appendix 41 Chronology, 1960–96 42 About the Authors 49 About the Institute 51 v UNDERSTANDING THE UNENDING CRISIS IN ZAIRE Jean-Claude Willame To the astonishment of many observers, Zaire contin- ues to exist. Despite the implosion of key social, politi- cal, and economic structures since the beginning of the 1990s, Zairians have developed a set of informal SUMMARY arrangements that enables them to survive and pre- vents the societal explosion one would have expected. Belgian colonial rule created a society, but not a strong centralized state, out of a network of mobile and autonomous households. In the postcolonial period, attempts to establish the total unification of Zairian society through the cult of the Supreme Chief and acceptance of a party-state ran up against ethnic and mostly regional loyalties. In regions such as Shaba, Kasai, Kivu, and Kongo, these loyalties are still strong. -
United Nations E
UNITED NATIONS E Distr. Economic and Social GENERAL Council E/CN.4/1998/65 30 January 1998 ENGLISH Original: SPANISH COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS Fiftyfourth session Item 10 of the provisional agenda QUESTION OF THE VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS IN ANY PART OF THE WORLD, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO COLONIAL AND OTHER DEPENDENT COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES Report on the situation of human rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (former Zaire), submitted by the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Roberto Garretón, in accordance with Commission resolution 1997/58 CONTENTS Paragraphs Page Acronyms ............................... 4 Note ................................. 5 I. INTRODUCTION .................. 1 19 6 A. Mandate of the Special Rapporteur ..... 1 2 6 B. Activities of the Special Rapporteur ... 3 9 6 C. The Special Rapporteur and the authorities of the former Zaire and the Democratic Republic of the Congo ... 10 11 8 D. International obligations of the Democratic Republic of the Congo ..... 12 17 8 E. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo ..... 18 9 F. Cooperation with United Nations machinery . 19 9 GE.9810343 (E) E/CN.4/1998/65 page 2 CONTENTS (continued) Paragraphs Page II. THE WAR OF LIBERATION AND INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE ..................... 20 9 III. HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEMOCRACY ........... 21 72 10 A. The demise of an authoritarian regime ... 22 25 10 B. The installation of a new regime: authority in the so•called “liberated” territories . 26 31 11 C. The new power structure .......... 32 56 12 D. Transboundary nationality ......... 57 60 16 E. Promises of a new democratic order and the reality ............... -
April 2000 (Version 5)
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO ASSESSMENT April 2000 Country Information and Policy Unit CONTENTS I. SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 - 1.5 II. GEOGRAPHY A. Physical 2.1 B. Social and Economic 2.2 - 2.6 III. HISTORY The MobutuYears 3.1 - 3.10 The Kabila Regime 3.11 - 3.12 Rebellion in the East 3.13 - 3.19 IV. ORGANS OF THE STATE Constitution 4.1 - 4.2 The Judiciary 4.3 Security Forces 4.4 Prisons 4.5 Education 4.6 V. HUMAN RIGHTS A. GENERAL ASSESSMENT A.1 - A.2 B. SECURITY SITUATION B.1 C. SPECIFIC GROUPS AND SPECIFIC ISSUES Political Activity C.1 - C.5 Human Rights Groups C.6 Media/Journalists C.7 1 Use of Military Courts C.8 Arbitrary Arrest/Detention/Torture/Killings C.9 - C.10 People Associated with Mobutu's Regime C.11 - C.14 Ethnic Issues C.15 - C.18 Religion C.19 Children C.20 - C.22 Women C.23 Medical Facilities and Health Issues C.24 - C.28 ANNEX A: PROMINENT PEOPLE Pages 18-20 ANNEX B: CHRONOLOGY Pages 21-28 ANNEX C: GLOSSARY Pages 29-33 ANNEX D: DRC BULLETIN 5/99 Pages 34-41 ANNEX E: BIBLIOGRAPHY Pages 42-43 2 I. SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 This assessment has been produced by the Country Information and Policy Unit, Immigration and Nationality Directorate, Home Office, from information obtained from a variety of sources. 1.2 The assessment has been prepared for background purposes for those involved in the asylum determination process. The information it contains is not exhaustive, nor is it intended to catalogue all human rights violations. -
Security Sector Reform in the Congo
SECURITY SECTOR REFORM IN THE CONGO Africa Report N°104 – 13 February 2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 A. A DANGEROUS LEGACY........................................................................................................2 II. THE POLICE.................................................................................................................. 4 A. BACKGROUND.......................................................................................................................4 B. PLANS FOR REFORM..............................................................................................................5 C. THE ROLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY ..................................................................7 1. The European Union and Member States ..................................................................7 2. Angola........................................................................................................................9 3. South Africa.............................................................................................................10 4. The United Nations..................................................................................................10 D. THE STATE OF PLAY ...........................................................................................................10 E. -
Fair Trade Shopping, Books, Films, and Music Global Grassroots, Rwanda August 2012 Fair Trade Shopping
Fair Trade Shopping, Books, Films, and Music Global Grassroots, Rwanda August 2012 Fair Trade Shopping This Circle of Life bowl is woven from all natural sweet grass. This pattern is the most fundamental of Rwandan bowls. This design is often the first that girls learn sitting at the knees of the mothers and grandmothers. To the women of Solidarite this basket ‐ even more than any of the others ‐ symbolizes the coming together of generations of Rwandan women to provide for the needs of their families. Kindly note that each basket is a one‐of‐a‐kind work of art and variations will occur as each family's interpretation is different. All Solidarite bowls can be hung via the loop incorporated into the back of the bowl. Decorative and functional, the bowl is a joyous symbol of art alleviating poverty. $55 Solidarite is an association comprised of 375 women and men joined together by their commitment to fight HIV/AIDS and alleviate poverty in their community. Read more… This beautiful Laptop Bag offers vibrant, quilted, padded protection. The sturdy construction gives your laptop the security it needs and the vivid African fabrics give you the emotional boost you need! With sturdy zippered closure and double quilted handles, the bag measures 14"W x11"H x 2"D. $45 Made by the women of INEZA, a sewing and craft cooperative staffed by women undergoing treatment for HIV. “The women who make up our cooperative are paid weekly wages, receive transportation and food supplements, and of course, are provided with HIV care and treatment – and YOGA!” Read more… Back to Basics Necklace ‐ Single, striking rolled fabric bead strung on a simple, graceful, black woven cotton cord. -
Corruption Et Gouvernance En RDC Durant La Transition (2003-2006)
Corruption et gouvernance en RDC durant la Transition (2003-2006) Muzong Kodi Monographie 153 Novembre 2008 Table des matières Abréviations et acronymes . ii Remerciements . v A propos de l’auteur . .vi Chapitre 1 Introduction . 1 Chapitre 2 Une perspective historique sur la corruption en RDC . 5 Chapitre 3 La corruption durant la Transition (2003-2006). 29 Chapitre 4 La lutte anti-corruption durant la Transition : une analyse du cadre légal . 47 Chapitre 5 Les institutions chargées de la lutte anti-corruption durant la Transition . 61 Chapitre 6 Les initiatives anti-corruption durant la Transition . 81 Chapitre 7 La lutte contre la corruption durant la période post-électorale – 2007 et au-delà . 97 Chapitre 8 Conclusion . .103 Monographie 153 i Chapitre 9 Recommandations . 105 ii Institut D’études de Sécurité Abréviations et acronymes ABAKO Alliance des Bakongo ACIDH Action contre l’Impunité pour les Droits Humains AFDL Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo AMF American Minerals Fields Inc AMP Alliance de la Majorité Présidentielle ASADHO Association Africaine des Droits de l’Homme UA Union Africaine CIB Centre d’Information Bancaire CCIZ Centre du Commerce International du Zaïre CDC Convention des Démocrates Chrétiens CDG Contrat de Gouvernance CDH Centre pour la Défense des Droits de l’Homme et Droits Humanitaires CEEC Centre d’Evaluation, d’Expertise et de Certifi cation des Substances Minérales Précieuses et Semi-précieuses CELC Commission de l’Ethique et de la Lutte contre la Corruption CEPAS Centre d’Etudes -
Organigramme Des Gouvernements Successifs Au Zaïre
Gouvernements zaïro-congolais 1 Liste des Gouvernements du Zaïre-Congo de 1990 à 1997 List of Governments of Zaïre-Congo from 1990 to 1997 N.B. Les noms figurant en caractères gras désignent des personnalités ayant exercé des fonctions exécutives, diplomatiques, parlementaires ou politiques avant 1986 Gouvernement de Lunda Bululu (4 mai 1990) Premier ministre Lunda Bululu Vice-premier ministre (chargé de l’ administration du territoire) Engulu Bangapongo Bakokele Vice-premier ministre (chargé de l’ industrie et du commerce extérieur et de l’rartisanat) Nzanda Bwana Kalemba MINISTRES Affaires étrangères Mushobekwa Kalimba Wa Katana Défense nationale, Sécurité et Anciens combattants Amiral Mavua Mudima Justice Tshibangu Moyembe Droits et liberté du citoyen Okitakula Djambokota Information, arts et culture Ngongo Kamanda Relations avec le Parlement Banza Mukalayi Plan Ilunga Ilunkamba Coopération internationle Buketi Bukaya Finances Bombito Botomba Budget Mananga Ma Pholo Agriculture, animation et Développement communautaire Omyeme Pene Butu Affaires foncières, Mines et Énergie Mboso N’Kodia Bwanga Travaux publics, Urbanisme et Habitat Bangila Basia Transports et Communications Kimasi Matwiku Basaula Enseignement supérieur, universitaire et Recherche scientifique Akai Mugambe Enseignement primaire, secondaire et professionnel Koli Elombe Motokoa Santé publique et Affaires sociales Bosha Bokwete Environnement, Conservation de la nature, Tourisme et Habitat Diur Katond Travail et Prévoyance sociale Maduka Imyanga Condition féminine et Famille