KENYA DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES 2020
ABBY KEEP, SOPHIE SILVA, EMMA SLOAN, SYDNEY SAMPSON
Table of Contents
Introduction ...... 3
Health ...... 5
Housing ...... 14
Education ...... 18
Environment . ...... 22
Water ...... 32
Agriculture ...... 36
Trade . ...... 39
Tourism ...... 43
Sources ...... 48
2
Introduction
The Republic of Kenya is home to tower in mountains, blue lakes, and rolling hills. Its people are academics, artists, athletes, and leaders. With the right investment, Kenya can realize its bottomless potential. The wellbeing of our citizens is the priority of the Kenyan government and is enshrined in our national development plan, Kenya Vision 2030.
Kenya Vision 2030 has been designed as a blue-print to create a nation held to a global standard of competitiveness and prosperity by the year 2030. Set out by the Grand
Coalition Government in 2008, the goal to "transform Kenya into a newly industrializing, middle-income country providing a high quality of life to all its citizens by 2030 in a clean and secure environment.”1 To clearly emphasize each goal the pillars of this plan have been set out to be:
● Economic and Macro: aiming to achieve an average economic growth rate
of 10% per annum and sustaining the same until 2030.
● Social: seeks to engender just, cohesive and equitable social development in
a clean and secure environment.
1 Kenya Vision 2030
3
● Political: aiming to realize an issue-based, people-centered, result-oriented
and accountable democratic system.
These objectives are firmly held in the foundations of macroeconomic stability;
infrastructural development; Science, Technology and Innovation (STI); and
Reforms; Human Resources Development; and Security and Public Sector Reforms.2
The progress of Kenya continues to be successful with the implementation of our
Medium-Term Plan (MTP). First, implementing these goals in 2008-2012, with the feedback, criticism and evaluation given by stakeholders, this has given Kenya the right preparation going into the 2012-2017 goals. Keeping in mind the progress we have made and then looking into the future, we are able to present the improvements needed to create opportunities for the next generation, stimulate economic growth, and improve the overall quality of life.
2 Kenya Vision 2030
4
Health Kenya has made significant steps in improving the healthcare of its citizens.
In the past decade there has been a decrease in HIV-related deaths by 55% and
around a 30% decrease in new infections3. We have also seen maternal mortality
rates decrease by almost half in that same time frame (Figure 1). These two examples
show how much progress we have been able to make in the past few years. As we
head into 2020, we want to keep up this momentum and further address the
problems that are plaguing Kenya’s health care system. Poor quality of care and the
high levels and occurrences of preventable and treatable disease are symptoms of
a larger problem within Kenya’s healthcare system. Our lack of proper
infrastructure and low rates of insured citizens have resulted in a stagnation in
progress to improving the quality of health of Kenyans. The constitution of Kenya
states that all citizens have the right to attain the highest standard of health4. To
achieve this goal Kenya needs to invest in better infrastructure to build up and
maintain a strong healthcare system.
3 “Kenya” 2018 4 Bartilu et al. 2016
5
5
Figure 1 - Maternal mortality ratio (modeled estimate, per 100,000 live births) – Kenya
There are three key elements that need to be discussed when looking at
Kenya’s healthcare system. It is important to look at how Kenya has responded to
the third Sustainable Development Goal, “Good health and well-being”. We must
evaluate the state of Kenya’s medical infrastructure, in order to properly address
the needs of the Kenyan medical community. Finally, we need to examine how the
novel coronavirus outbreak stands to overrun Kenya’s underdeveloped health
system, and how this could affect the future of said system.
(1) Sustainable Development Goal #3: Good health and well-being
In the past two decades Kenya has been able to significantly improve the
health of its population. Kenya’s cases of infectious and communicable diseases
have dropped at a significant rate. Likewise, we have also been able to improve the
5 “ Maternal Mortality Ratio (Modeled Estimate, Per 100,000 Live Births) - Kenya | Data” 2019
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health of mothers and children across the country. This impact is the result of
improving infrastructure and healthcare coverage in the country. These
improvements line up nicely with the United Nation’s third sustainable
development goal which seeks to “ensure healthy lives and promote well-being at
all ages”6. This goal focuses on reducing cases of communicable diseases such as
HIV/AIDS, infectious diseases like Malaria, and improving maternal and child
mortality rates. Over the past twenty years, the Kenyan government has worked
tirelessly to reduce the number of these cases. We can work to further lower these
numbers in the next decade with collaboration with NGOs and donor agencies.
The Kenyan government has worked tirelessly in the past twenty years to
reduce the cases of HIV; moreover, we have similarly worked to improve the quality
of life of those who are HIV positive. Since 2000 we have been able to reduce the
HIV cases from around 9% to 4.7% in 2018. This data correlates with the number of
people who are now receiving treatment for HIV, which increased from 41.6% in
2015 to 49.1%7. The Kenyan government with the help of aid donors and NGOs
have been able to reduce the cases of HIV/AIDS in Kenya as well as the rate of
transmission, especially from mother to child. The Kenyan Government’s
introduction of a generic antiretroviral drug in 2017 further helped to not only
reduce the number of future cases, but improve the quality of life of countless HIV
positive Kenyans. The drug, Dolutegravir, is a cheaper but just as effective version
as drugs in higher-income countries, and with it Kenya has been able to work to
6 “ Goal 3.: Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform” 2019 7 “Kenya” 2018
7
reduce HIV/AIDS8. Reducing HIV/AIDS and improving the lives of those infected is of
the the millenium development goals, and Kenya has been able to make great
strides in the effort. The introduction of a generic treatment to HIV as well as
preventative measures has allowed Kenya to make great progress in improving the
quality of lives of its people.
9
Figure 2 - CDC's Impact in 2018
Kenya has been vigilant in its fight against communicable and
noncommunicable diseases. Malaria has especially been a fight due to the
prevalence of the disease-carrying mosquitoes in Kenya. Nevertheless, progress
has been made through the partnering of the government and numerous charities,
NGOs, and donor agencies. Malaria decreased from 11% to 8% between 2011 and
8 “Kenya to Introduce Better Treatment For People Living With HIV - Unitaid” 9 “CDC’s Impact In 2018 - 2018 Annual Report - Center For Global Health” 2018
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2015 throughout the entire country, and the Lake Victoria region, which has the
highest number of cases in Kenya, saw an 11% decrease of Malaria cases10. The key
to keeping these numbers low to non-existent is expanding access to antimalarial
medication as well as ensuring that preventative methods are cost effective
available to everyone. In order to continue this progress, it is pertinent that the
Kenyan health services continue to be able to provide treatment and preventative
equipment to people.
Maternal health and mortality has been a top health priority by the Kenyan
government. We have worked to improve the quality of health of our mothers both
pre and postnatal. Most maternal deaths are related to complications from
childbirth, but there are a number of deaths that are due to complications from
malaria, hepatitis, and other diseases11. While we have been able to lower deaths
related to childbirth at a near exponential rate, as seen in Figure 1, there is still
more work to be done to protect the lives of expectant mothers. Access to
education and quality care can save thousands of lives. Expanding health care and
health insurance in order for more Kenyans to get reduced care costs that patients
incur at hospitals. This can help encourage more women to give birth at health
facilities under the care and supervision of trained doctors and nurses.
Furthermore, comprehensive and accessible family planning can have a large
impact on women’s health12. The best path forward to tackling the issue of
maternal health is implementing comprehensive maternal health programs that
10 “In Kenya the Path to Elimination of Malaria is Lined with Good Preventions” 2017 11 “Maternal and Child Health: Kenya” 2012 12 Addressing Maternal Health in Kenya – The Center for Global Health and Development (GHD), 2018
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inform women of all aspects of pregnancy, provides contraceptives, and includes
insurance that covers costs incurred in hospitals. The biggest problems facing
maternal health is a lack of medical infrastructure that can adequately support
expecting mothers.
(2) Healthcare Infrastructure & Insurance
Currently, the biggest impediments to ensuring adequate healthcare to all
Kenyans is the lack of good infrastructure. This has caused a myriad of problems
such as hospitals and health centers not having enough bed spaces per people in
their respective regions, a lack of centralized communication between healthcare
providers and emergency services, and a lack of trained professionals and
advanced medical equipment13. Our biggest concerns at the moment are improving
and creating proper infrastructure and providing affordable insurance to our
citizens. In terms of infrastructure we want to tear down and rebuild numerous
health facilities that are in near dilapidated conditions so we can safely address the
needs of our community. Furthermore, we must expand the bed capacities of these
hospitals and health centers. Data shows that Kenya’s bed capacity is 14 beds per
10,000 people whereas the world average is 39.3 beds per 10,000 people14.
expanding our bed capacity, we will be able to admit more people which in turn can
help us reduce mortality rates associated with disease, childbirth, and serious
injuries. A lack of bed space can have serious implications in epidemics and
pandemics, or environmental disasters.
13 Bartilu et al. 2016 14 “GHO | By Category | Hospital Bed Density - Dada by Country” 2020
10
Another serious infrastructure problem that we have is a lack of suitable
roads, especially in rural counties. This significantly impedes the rate at which
ambulances can access people in need of emergency services. This coupled with
the nonexistence of a central call center, a lack of emergency vehicles, and high
costs of ambulance use has resulted in a rarely used, ill-equipped emergency
service system15. The first step to improving this service is improving the roads to
health centers and hospitals. This will allow ambulances to respond to calls faster,
which would vastly improve the care that patients receive as they are able to be
cared for quicker. A central call center and communication system would further
help as dispatch callers would be able to get emergency services deployed faster as
well as better coordinate with hospitals. These emergency services are critical to
the health care of Kenyans and improving these services can have long lasting
effects.
In order for all of these infrastructure improvements to have a resounding
impact on the health and lives of Kenyans, it is essential that they have good health
insurance. The cost for medical treatment can be extremely expensive, especially
depending on the care needed, but having health insurance can lower those costs
exponentially. Currently, only around 25% of Kenyans are covered by health
insurance which means that the majority of Kenya’s 51.2 million citizens are
uninsured, paying for medical care out-of-pocket16. The Health Insurance Subsidy
Program, which was launched in 2014, aims to insure more Kenyans, especially our
15 Bartilu et al. 2016 16 Bartilu et al. 2016
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poorest17. The Kenyan government is looking to expand HISP to cover more
Kenyans, so that all Kenyan citizens will be able to receive superior health care as is
their constitutional right.
(3) Coronavirus Response
Improving Kenya’s infrastructure is critical in the time of this coronavirus
pandemic. While our medical system has been able to handle the outbreak so far,
our lack of adequate infrastructure may very well be our downfall. Our lack of bed
space in hospitals means that a surge in cases can easily overwhelm our system.
Similarly, a lack of proper medical equipment means a lack of Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE), meaning that we could see more cases of transmissions within
hospitals. In 2013, only about 2% of medical facilities were properly outfitted to
provide the necessary services when facing a communicable disease18. This not only
puts our medical community at risk, but the entirety of Kenya. This segways into
our next point, there is a severe lack of important equipment in our hospitals.
There is a shortage of ventilators, dialysis equipment, and other similar machines
that are needed to provide critical health care. In order to mitigate the effects of
the Covid-19 outbreak, it is essential that we improve our existing infrastructure
and acquire more advanced, life-saving medical equipment. This pandemic has the
ability to significantly set back the work we have done in Kenya’s health sector, and
we must ensure that this does not happen.
17 “Improving Health Care For Kenya’s Poor” 2014 18 Gathara 2020
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Priorities Our goals to improve and expand Kenya’s medical infrastructure can be
realized through coordination with nonprofit organizations and donor agencies,
with the cooperation of the Kenyan Government. Our objective is to bring quality
health care to the people of Kenya, which can be done through our combined
efforts.
● Improve Kenya’s medical infrastructure by building adequate and up-to-date
hospitals and health centers and ensuring that there is an adequate bed
capacity to support the community.
● Create a central communication and dispatch system so emergency
personnel can be accurately sent out to respond to distress calls.
● Work on upgrading roads so that emergency vehicles can respond to distress
calls in a timely fashion.
● Create a stockpile of advanced medical equipment and see it properly
distributed to hospitals and health centers across the country.
● Reducing mortality rates related to treatable diseases such as Malaria and
HIV, as well as reducing the rate of transmission through proper,
cost-effective treatment plans and the distribution of effective preventative
measures like insecticide infused bed nets.
● Work to ensure that all Kenyans are insured by healthcare and provide
cost-effective treatments and life saving procedures under these plans. This
13
includes family planning and comprehensive healthcare specifically focused
on maternal and women’s health.
Housing There is a lack of adequate housing for the majority of Kenyans. This is a
significant hurdle that the Government of Kenya is seeking to remedy. This
deficiency is a serious issue that has repercussions for the country’s entire
population. Currently a little over a quarter of Kenya’s population lives in an urban
area, and that number is growing every year at a rate of about 4.4.%19. With a
growing urban population it is essential that every Kenyan has the ability to
purchase and live in a home that has all the essential services. The Kenyan
constitution asserts that affordable housing is a right, and Kenya Vision 2030 states
that every citizen should have access to good housing with electricity, running
water, and sewage20. Access to a permanent settlement with these utilities can have
long lasting effects on the lives of citizens. By investing in housing we can work to
improve the living conditions of over a quarter Kenyans, and improve their
standards of living while also stimulating the economy through urban development
and mortgages.
19 “Kenya Needs 2 Million More Low-Income” 2017 20 “Kenya Needs 2 Million More Low-Income” 2017
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21
Figure 1 - Kibera Slum
At present only 39% of Kenyans live in quality housing, whereas the
remaining 61% of the urban population lives in slums22. The slums in the urban
centers of Kenya are gigantic and widespread. This poses many challenges,
especially health wise. There are millions of impoverished Kenyans living in close
contact with one another without access to running water, power, and proper
sewage. This creates an environment where infectious diseases, parasites, and
infections run rampant23. Poor housing along with an unclean living environment
have caused long lasting illnesses such as respiratory issues common in these
communities. Access to affordable housing can limit exposure to diseases and
parasites that cause serious harm. The Coronavirus pandemic for example, the
slums and conditions in which the inhabitants live is cause for extremely fast
21 Golla 2018 22 “Kenya Needs 2 Million More Low-Income” 2017 23 Van Noppen 2013
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community transmission, and with the already present diseases and health
problems could leave the areas with thousands of casualties. For these reasons, it is
imperative that we work to provide affordable homes with the necessary utilities to
provide a higher quality of life for all Kenyan citizens.
24
Figure 2 - New housing developments being built next to the Kibera slum
Kenya Vision 2030, which is the Kenyan government's plan to develop the
state, promises to build 200,000 new permanent residences a year, but has only
been able to produce around 50,000 leaving a housing deficiency25. We seek to
produce more settlements to make up for this deficiency by building more low-cost
buildings. It is essential that these housing units are affordable because a large
cause to the housing crisis is the high prices of current houses. Only around 2% of
24 “We Are Like Rubbish In This Country: Forced Evictions in Nairobi, Kenya” 2013 25 “Kenya” 2020
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permanent houses are affordable for low-income citizens26. There are a multitude
of benefits by providing low-cost housing for Kenya’s most vulnerable. Construction
of these housing developments provides jobs and brings in money; similarly,
low-cost mortgages will generate more money into the economy27. By providing
low-income housing more Kenyans will be able to afford to buy a house; moreover,
by offering low mortgage rates we can stimulate the housing market while
simultaneously ensuring that people are adequately housed. Quality housing at low
prices will allow our citizens to live in better conditions which improves their sense
of dignity. Affordable housing is a constitutional right for all Kenyans, and
homeownership will only increase the prosperity of every citizen.
Priorities ● Provide subsidized housing for low-income Kenyans. ● Build and provide 500,000 permanent and quality housing units by 2030. ● Work to reduce the growth of slums in urban areas and control the outbreak of infectious diseases. ● Increase homeownership among Kenyans. ● Improve the quality of life in the informal settlements in Kenya’s urban spaces while working on building new housing settlements. By increasing sanitation and cleaning up these areas, we can work to reduce the health problems that persist.
26 “Kenya” 2020 27 Van Noppen 2013
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Education Kenya is committed to the idea that every child has the right to access a
quality, universal education. Since 2003, when universal primary education was
incorporated into the constitution, student enrollment numbers have been steadily
increasing. Between the years 2003 and 2012, 7,000 new schools were constructed,
and over three million additional pupils have been enrolled. 28 Similarly, once
access to universal secondary education became officially considered a right for
every child in 2008, Kenya saw our enrollment increase by 24%. As this cohort of
children with unprecedented access to education moved onward toward University
level studies, the country also saw unprecedented university enrollment.
While Kenya has made great strides to meet the Millenium Development
Goal to achieve universal primary education, there is still much left to be done.
Kenya currently has the 45th highest illiteracy rate in the world.29 One reason
attributed to this is the student to teacher ratio. Increasing the number of teachers
in schools would allow classrooms to be less densely occupied, increase individual
instruction time, and allow for increased student participation in class. In 2015, the
pupil to teacher ratio was 30.65, while the global average that year was 22.9.30
Kenya needs assistance to provide more teachers, and therefore a higher standard
of education to our children. Considering that the percentage of children enrolling
28 Education in Kenya. WENR, 2018. 29 Literacy Rates by Country. World Population Review, 2020. 30 Pupil-Teacher Ratio. The World Bank.
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in primary and secondary school is on an upward trend, the demand for more
teachers is only going to grow.
Prior to the coronavirus outbreak, Kenya
had made significant progress toward gender
equality for primary school enrollment, but the
global pandemic threatens to set back years of
progress. Schools in Kenya are currently shut down at a nation-wide level, leaving
over 17 million students out of school.31 Instructed learning has moved online, but
rural and poor families struggle. Many in rural areas do not have access to a
computer or the internet. COVID-19 has abruptly ended these children’s access to
education. Girls are disproportionately affected by this as well. Since many children
31 How School Closures during COVID-19 Further Marginalize Vulnerable Children in Kenya. Brookings, 2020.
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relied on school lunch programs to eat, families are likely to prioritize providing
food over education, and girls are more likely to be made to help their parents with
farm work, instead of spending the time learning. In addition, it is quite likely that
many families will not send their children back to school once they reopen. We are
expecting to see a sharp increase in dropout rates over the next few years,
particularly among girls.32 Should the global pandemic continue for a considerable
period of time, it would place millions of children’s education in jeopardy, and leave
many rural children behind their urban classmates.
Ensuring that students can come back to school once the pandemic is over is
going to be costly, especially given the economic hardships that many have faced
since the country went into lockdown. In order to provide universal education, the
government spends approximately seventeen billion dollars annually.33 It is likely
that education will be subject to extreme budget cuts in light of the pandemics’
damage to the economy, and it is unlikely that we will be able to offer the same
quality of education. Access to education is vital for fighting poverty and lessening
wealth inequality, and it is vital that every child continues to have free access to
quality basic education.
32 Kenya Emergency Appeal. ReliefWeb, 2020. 33 Kenya Country Profile. UNICEF, 2020.
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Figure 1: Literacy Rates in Kenya 34
Figure 2: Enrollment percentages in primary education, by gender 35
34 Kenya Literacy Rate. Knoema, 2019. 35 Transitional Enrollment Trends within Different Education Levels in Kenya. Journal of Education and Practice, 2015.
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Priorities Moving forward, our top priorities for the education sector are as follows:
● Improve access to radio education, particularly in rural areas. Radio
education allows children to continue to learn remotely, and helps
lessen the burden that rural children face in trying to keep up with
their urban-based peers.
● Prepare schools for a safe, health, and sanitary reopening. This
includes lessening the classroom density, and equipping schools with
the necessary sanitation products.
● Providing support for educators as they transition to remote teaching,
as well as recruiting new teachers for the smaller, socially-distant
classrooms upon reopening.
These priorities can be met through the combined efforts of the Kenyan
government, local nonprofit organizations, and donor organizations. With global
collaboration, we can ensure that the rights of every Kenyan children are met and
every child can access a high quality education.
Environment
Kenya — located in Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean and placed in
between Somalia and Tanzania — is known for its diverse scenic landscapes and
rich biodiversity. In order to maintain global competitiveness, the necessity to
maintain Kenya’s beautiful environment and natural resources is more important
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than ever. The natural resources that derive from Kenya’s land are responsible for a
vast majority of economic profit and accounts for the livelihoods of the
approximately 54,000,000 individuals who reside in this country. However, the
rapid shift in climate, access to resources and change in normal conditions puts
Kenya on the brink of danger. The reliance on natural resources for socioeconomic
gain, among other prominent qualities of living, places Kenya’s economy in a
vulnerable spot. The degradation of Kenya’s indigenous resources is causing severe
losses in many sectors throughout the government and a consistent threat to the
lives of the people living in Kenya.
The country of Kenya has an incredibly wide range of different ecosystems to
keep the environment functioning properly. Forests, mountains, arid and semi-arid
spaces, wetlands and coastal areas are the principal areas in which Kenya keeps up
their sustainable economic, social and general human development. The services
that are given to the people of Kenya are the natural resources that come with the
land. Providing the regulation of water flow from mountains and forests, or
administering wood for fuel creates the basic necessities for human survival at the
Kenyans disposal. The creation of wealth derives from the natural sectors of Kenya
—agriculture, fisheries, livestock, water, energy, forestry, trade, tourism and
industry. With the
constant developments of cities and and the modernization of the standard of
living, the local and national economy of Kenya could eventually falter.
23
The leading environment issues that Kenya is facing according to the Kenyan
National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) include: deforestation,
desertification, waste disposal problems, water scarcity, loss of biodiversity, general
pollution from industry, food insecurity and poaching. External factors degrading
the quality in which Kenya is able to function in its best standard consists of natural
wildlife crime, urbanization through city structures and overall population
expansion. With shortage of supplies and rapid economic loss, it is inevitably
forcing farming lands and cultivation fields to spill over into semi-arid and drought
prone marginal lands of the east and north36, creating a disparity in productivity of
Kenya’s most valued method of economic gain — farming and agriculture. This
redirects focus to Kenya’s most needed environmental help to: improving air and
water quality, adapting cleaner sanitation methods, decreasing deforestation and
decertification, creating a sense of adaptability with climate change in rural areas
and a further comprehension of sustainable development goals.
a.) Air & Water Quality
Air pollution stems from human made resources that seem to make human life
easier. Vehicles, industry work, the burning of waste and fuel. The effects of
outdoor pollution have direct causation with those effects of indoor pollution. The
cause of disease from bad air quality can be deadly for various different
communities all throughout the country.
36 Darkoh, M. B. K. “KENYA'S ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT.”
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The lower levels of water accessibility in Kenya affect the degree of health and
safety for civilians. The seasonal changes the water levels and often leaves people
of Kenya without the basic means of living. The essential access to clean drinking
water for all Kenyans could change the lives of so many in a positive light. The
implementation of clean water and better air quality is essential for the survival of
the communities of Kenya.
Image Source: UNEP, average total suspended particulates (TPS) over a section of Nairobi
Image Source: UNEP, severe pollution in natural water sources
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b.) Deforestation, Desertification & Biodiversity
With the quick expansion of urban cities throughout Kenya, the building of city
infrastructure and the construction of roads have not stopped at the thought of
saving the varying ecosystems present in the country of Kenya. The immediate
losses when continuing the expansion of cities are within the forests, mountains
and other natural areas — causing in a devastating loss of plant and animal lives.
The establishment of ‘protected green spaces’ throughout both rural and urbanized
areas of Kenya help promote the preservation of biodiversity, the filtering of air
pollutants, and act as a water catchments in the outskirts of cities37. The installation
of these protected areas have promoted safety and protection of many of Kenya’s
valued natural resources. People like Wangari Maathai, creator of the Green Belt
Movement, where the integration of communities, espeically women in these
communities, across Kenya come together to protect these valued areas. The
benefits of these green spaces are quite substantial so the implementation of more
throughout the untouched natural land is essential for the continued survival of
Kenya’s biodiverse plant and animal communities.
37 UNEP. “Chapter 5: Nairobi and Its Environment.”
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Image Source: Green Belt Movement - Goldman Environmental Prize Winner
c.) Urbanization, Sanitation & Pollution
Kenyan cities like Nairobi continue to rapidly urbanize and modernize — this
positive action comes at the risk of severe environmental degradation. The direct
correlation with rapid population growth and Kenyan government inabilities to
keep up with waste management, adequate sanitation and sewage disposal is
putting Kenyan civilians at risk. The improper management of garbage and sewage
increases the chances of water pollution, disease, poverty and general
environmental degradation38. Oftentimes, the mixing of industrial and domestic
sewage systems lead to the degradation of both quality of the water and the
amount accessible for Kenyan civilians. Wastewater is one of the biggest threats to
public health in Kenya, it promotes “increased nutrient levels leading to algal
blooms and depleted dissolved oxygen resulting in destruction of aquatic habitats”
38 UNEP. “Chapter 5: Nairobi and Its Environment.”
27
39. The management of waste is essential in producing a healthy, functioning society
that can upkeep with the inevitability of global competition.
40
Projected population growth in Kenya; Source: UNEP
d.) Climate Change
The differing climate seen throughout Kenya makes for an ever-changing degree of
life. With the tropical level weather along the coast and arid temperatures
throughout the interior, the change in climate is bound to affect the normalcy of
living and working in the differing areas. The transitions into a low emission
economy is essential in the further planning of Kenya’s development. The
continued vulnerability that Kenya has with the change in climate puts the country
on the verge of “projected incremental changes associated with air and sea
temperature, precipitation and sea level, together with changes in the frequency
39 “National Environmental Policy.” Republic of Kenya , 2013.
40 UNEP. “Chapter 5: Nairobi and Its Environment.”
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and severity of extreme events will have profound social, economic and ecological
implications”41. This change in climate throughout the environment will affect the
degree to which civilians produce agriculture, sustain the water supply and protect
their natural resource areas. This inevitable global change is affecting Kenya in a
variety of ways and so the governments communities of Kenya must collaborate in
order to accomplish the new set of economic and environmental goals.
The overall survival of Kenyan communities rests in the collaboration of the
environment and the causation of socioeconomic well-being. As Kenya has grown
as a country, urbanization and expansion have taken over many cities. In many
ways this is a positive development within social and political society, however, this
is development at the expense of nature. The degree in which these expansions are
sprawling outwards into forested and agricultural land are causing natural losses.
The basic needs of the people in cities like Nairobi, are introducing a decrease in
necessary resources for survival. Being a diverse land for plant and animal
populations, the shared resources between civilians and animals is causing
disturbances is moral policies and good governance from the Kenyan government.
A joint effort between government organizations, Kenyan civilians and donor
organizations, environmental issues may be able to change, but with the common
inadequacy and weak implementation of environmental policies, the environmental
sector of Kenya could be put in continuous danger.
e.) Sustainable Development Goals
41 “National Environmental Policy.” Republic of Kenya , 2013.
29
The achievements that Kenya has implemented into the communities have made
progress throughout the years. Designing a long term blue print Vision 203042has
enabled the Kenyan community to set out goals and create Medium Term Plans
(MTP) in order to ultimately achieve the greater goals set out.
Achievements to date include:
● “Elaborating how SDGs targets align with the national planning
frameworks.
● Government and partners use targeted awareness creation and
sensitization strategies through focus group discussions, sensitization
forums, workshops and discussion panels.
● Kenya follows “whole of government” and “whole of society” approach
and has institutionalized stakeholder engagement in implementation,
monitoring and awareness through their umbrella bodies.
● Kenya through Water Sector Trust Fund was awarded prestigious 2019
United Nations Public Service Awards for Up-scaling Basic Sanitation
for the Urban Poor programme under the “Delivering Inclusive and
Equitable Services to Leave No one Behind” category being the only
institution from Africa.”43
42 Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform, UN 43 Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform, UN
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The constant need for global improvement is necessary for the expansion of
growth. Kenya’s formation of a sustainable environmental framework is the next
step in which Kenya can improve. Implementing collaboration and cooperation
amongst different stakeholders of Kenya’s environment will refocus environmental
goals to benefit all facets of life within Kenya. These collaborative efforts must be
present in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) —- stated above — of not only
just Kenya, but the rest of the globe as well. Implementing plans and actions of how
to fix Kenya’s environmental issues, will improve the degree in which Kenya is able
to partake and keep up with global competition. With the help of generous donors
and collaborating with various different powers across the world, the idea of
environmental improvement can be reached.
Priorities
● Meet the obligations of Kenya’s agreed upon environmental policies, while
“enhancing the contribution of natural resources and the environment to
poverty reduction and sustainable socio-economic development.”44
● Create a general environmentally safe space for all inhabitants of Kenya.
● Mainstream ideas of the Sustainable Development Goals in performance
contracting, actions plans and sub-national County Integrated Development
Plans45
44 UNDP Sustainable Development Goals 2020 45 2020 VNR MAIN MESSAGES FOR KENYA
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Water
Image Source: UNICEF
In alignment with Kenya Vision 2030 and the Sustainable Development Goals, the
Republic of Kenya intends to ensure universal (100%) access to water and sanitation by the year 2030. With ramifications for public health, agriculture, the economy, the environment, and more, much hinges on Kenya’s ability to improve its water supply.
At present, overall access to sanitation and hygiene infrastructure and clean water is poor. Out of the total population of 51.39 million people, only 29% (14.9 million) use at least basic sanitation services, and 38% (19.5 million) uses unimproved
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sanitation facilities.46 As for water access, 59% (30.3 million) of the population uses limited drinking water services and 12% (6.2 million) of the population uses unimproved drinking water sources (from ponds, shallow wells, and rivers).47
Access to potable water and to sanitation is notably worse in rural areas. West
Pokot, Vihiga, and Taita Taveta Counties (all predominantly rural) recorded the lowest water coverage, at 11%, 16%, and 18%, respectively.48 The same trend exists for sanitation and hygiene infrastructure. This is because rural areas tend to be seen as less commercially viable, and they are subjected to less research and data-collection.49 As part of Kenya Vision 2030, Kenya is recommitting to helping people in rural areas gain wider access to water for domestic, sanitation, and irrigation purposes.
People in urban areas tend to have access to water which is of poor quality, often due to pollution. Poor water quality can cause disease like diarrhea (a major killer of children under five), dysentery, typhoid, and cholera.50
In addition to structural problems, water is a scarce resource in Kenya. The country has been in a state of drought since 2017, which has had adverse effects on water security, agricultural yields, food security, and household income. Several studies have concluded that rainfall in Sub-Saharan Africa has declined in recent years,
46 Kenya Country Profile. UNICEF, 2020. 47 Kenya Country Profile. UNICEF, 2020. 48 WASREB, I mpact: a performance report of Kenya’s water services sector - 2017/18 ( Nairobi: Water Services Regulatory Board, 2017/18): 64. 49 Ibid., 71. 50
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probably due to climate change. As the effects of climate change continue to unfold, water scarcity will likely increase.51 Through effective water management,
Kenya can ensure resilience for its citizens for years to come. To increase the amount of water available, the government will construct two dams with a total storage capacity of 2.4 billion cubic meters along the Rivers Nzoia and Nyando.52
In rural areas, Kenya intends to take several corrective actions leading up to 2030.
First, Kenya will construct or rehabilitate 150 water schemes in rural areas each year. Secondly, Kenya will drill approximately 70 boreholes annually in areas lacking acceptable amounts o f surface water. Finally, Kenya will build 160 small-scale dams in arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs).53 The development of ASALs is critical, as they make up
89% of the country and account for 38% of Kenya’s population.54 To this end, the government will 24 dams with a total storage capacity of 2 billion cubic meters in ASAL areas. These dams will supply ASAL areas with water for domestic, livestock and irrigation purposes. These areas include: Bunyunyu, Munyu, Londiani, Itare, Upper Narok,
Chemesusu, Kiserian, Yatta, Kitui, Mwingi Thwake, Rare, Thiba, Umma, Rumuruti, Badasa,
Archers’ Post, Awasi, Kora, Ndarugu, Mwachi, Ruiru A, Siyoi and Nyahururu.55
In urban areas, the government is dedicated to improving the supply, cost, and quality of water. The government intends to carry out a study on the introduction of a flat rate for
51 UNESCO, The United Nations world water development report 2020: water and climate change, (Paris: The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2020): 132. 52 “Economic and Macro Pillar,” Kenya Vision 2030, accessed May 18, 2020, http://vision2030.go.ke/economic-pillar/. 53 “Economic and Macro Pillar,” Kenya Vision 2030, accessed May 18, 2020, http://vision2030.go.ke/economic-pillar/. 54 Ministry of ASALS, “About ASALs,” accessed May 18, 2020, h ttp://www.asals.go.ke/asal-info/. 55 “Economic and Macro Pillar,” Kenya Vision 2030, accessed May 18, 2020, http://vision2030.go.ke/economic-pillar/.
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water charges, depending on the region, in order to make water affordable. Second, Kenya will improve water supplies in major urban centers like Nairobi, Mombasa Kisumu,
Nakaru, and their “satellite towns.” Third, the government will strengthen the Water
Services Regulation Board (WASREB), a regulatory state corporation which protects the rights of consumers, and ensures the delivery of affordable, clean water on an equitable basis. Fourth, the government will expand water supply in the new port of
Lamu. Finally, the government will expand water supply and sanitation in 15 medium-sized towns, including: Chuka, Maua, Chogoria, Homabay, Runyenjes,
Murang’a, Naivasha, Narok, Ol kalao, Maralal, Moyale, Machakos, Wote, Kitui,
Mavoko, Matuu, Wajir, Lamu, Hola, Moi’s Bridge, Matunda, Malava, Nyahururu,
Kajiado, Kirinyaga, Marsabit and Nanyuki.56
The country will also undergo a Waste Management Strategy which will include a public-private partnership. This strategy will be enacted first in Nairobi, and then modeled in other cities and towns. This partnership will improve sanitation and hygiene services, and thus public health.
Priorities
● 100 billion Ksh ($9.3 million USD) investment in WASH infrastructure in order
to improve access to and quality of water.57
56 “Economic and Macro Pillar,” Kenya Vision 2030, accessed May 18, 2020, http://vision2030.go.ke/economic-pillar/. 57 WASREB, Impact: a performance report of Kenya’s water services sector - 2017/18 ( Nairobi: Water Services Regulatory Board, 2017/18): 54.
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Agriculture
Image Source: World Bank Group
Kenya’s agricultural sector represents 33% of gross domestic product (GDP), making it the foundation of the economy. Through linkages to other sectors, like manufacturing, agriculture contributes an additional 27% to GDP. Agriculture employs 40% of Kenya’s total population, and 70% of the rural population.58
Importantly, women do the majority of agricultural work. As health, employment, income, and gender are closely related to agriculture, there are opportunities to improve overall quality of life through strategic interventions. Wider availability of
58 Agricultural Sector Transformation and Growth Strategy: Towards Sustainable Agricultural Transformation and Food Security in Kenya, 2019-2029 (Nairobi: Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Fisheries, 2019): 19.
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nutritious food will also help the 30% of Kenyan households who are food insecure.
59
One major challenge to Kenya’s agricultural sector is its dry sub-Saharan climate.
Only 7% of Kenya is arable, and most of the land is rain-fed.60 The majority of the country is located in arid or semi-arid lands (ASALs) which receive little rainfall. In the coming years, climate change will reduce annual rainfall. With irrigation, larger tracts of land can be made viable for crop and livestock farming, which represent the largest shares of the sector (80% and 15%, respectively).61 As six out of every seven water catchments will be under stress by 2030, there are strong connections between the agriculture and water sectors.62 Responsible water planning is necessary to ensure the sustainability of agricultural networks.
Moreover, the government intends to build local fertilizer plants which will allow small-scale farmers to purchase fertilizer at a reduced cost. The expected result is that farmers will make greater use of fertilizer, enriching their lands. The combination of irrigation and fertilizer will lead to greater outputs of maize, potatoes, rice, beans, and other crops; higher incomes for farmers; and improved food security.63
59 Ibid., 27. 60 Ibid., 20. 61 Ibid., 20. 62 Ibid., 21. 63 “Economic and Macro Pillar,” Kenya Vision 2030, accessed May 18, 2020, http://vision2030.go.ke/economic-pillar/.
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Additionally, fish farming (currently representing 2% of agricultural output) will be expanded throughout ASALs, creating new opportunities there. There is a major economic opportunity in aquaculture, as the sector is underdeveloped and Kenyans import fish to bridge the gap.64 Fish are also an excellent source of protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals, and thus increased consumption may have public health benefits as well. One major challenge to development of the sector is a lack of expertise on bacterial and fungal fish diseases and parasites.65 As the production of fish farming expands, so does the movement of fish across borders, and thus exposure to “unknown health histories.”66
Four economic zones will be established to increase market access to Kenyan meat and leather products. This includes local, regional, and international markets. The first zone will be established at the Coast, covering the counties of Kwale,
Mombasa, Kilifi, Tana River, Lamu and parts of Taita-Taveta outside the Tsavo
National Park. The other three zones will be established in the Laikipia-Isiolo complex and Uasin Gishu and Garissa Counties.67
Priorities
● Investment in expanded irrigation networks
● Expanded fish farming infrastructure
64 Mary A. Opiyo, et al., “A review of aquaculture production and health management practices of farmed fish in Kenya,” International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine 6, no. 2 (2018): 142. 65 Ibid., 141. 66 Ibid., 142. 67 “Economic and Macro Pillar,” Kenya Vision 2030, accessed May 18, 2020, http://vision2030.go.ke/economic-pillar/.
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● Investment in fertilizer plants
Trade
Kenya has a strong commitment to local, regional and international trade in
the efforts to drive their economy further. Participating in globalization trends has
procured a relatively steady economic and investment flow. With former reforms
set in place by the Kenyan government, there has been a considerable amount of
economic growth, with an average rate of 5%68. Kenya has one of the most
diversified and advanced economies within all of Africa. Key components of the
economy include: agriculture, manufacturing, real estate and services. Agriculture
takes up at least 30% of Kenya’s GDP (Gross Domestic Product), while
manufacturing is increasing productivity making it take up 10% of total GDP69. The
liberal economy of Kenya makes trade and investment more attractive to create
economic recovery and better commercial opportunities.
The improvement of fiscal and monetary management is starting to revitalize
the Kenyan economy. The regulations that Kenya has enacted are more willing to
promote the security of environmental stability for private sector monetary
investments. Within the Kenyan Constitution, the Companies Act states that,
“private enterprises, both foreign and domestic, can freely establish, acquire, and
dispose of business enterprises” therefore, Kenya provides “protection against
68 Kenya Investment Authority, 2020 69 KenInvest, 2020
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expropriation of private property.” The interest in business and trade in Kenya is to
focus majorly on the key aspects of business that keep Kenya’s economy afloat.
Procedures in which Kenya embarks in trade, at the domestic and foreign
level, includes the intervention of National Trade Facilitation Committee (NTFC).
This organization along with The Ministry of Industry, Trade and Cooperatives
created the Information for Trade in Kenya Portal also known as the
InfoTradeKenya Portal. This online platform is a facility to produce a seamless
process as a “single entry point for parties involved in international trade and
transport logistics to lodge documents electronically, for processing, approvals and
to make payments electronically for fees, levies, duties and taxes due to the
Government, on goods imported or exported in the country.”70 This method has
been able to simplify the business processes and facilitation of effective
management.
According to KenInvest71 the main benefits of the InfoTradeKenya Portal include:
1. Provide current, potential and other stakeholders with total transparency on
rules and procedures pertaining to import and export formalities through
detailed, practical and up to date description of steps to go through, as seen
from the user’s point of view.
2. Facilitate the simplification of procedures by enabling easy identification of
unnecessary steps and requirements.
3. Reduce the cost, time and effort spent in search of trade information.
70 KenTrade, 2020 71 KenInvest, 2020
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4. Promote public-private dialogue through a shared understanding of rules
and procedures.
Kenya is a member of Trade and Investment Framework Agreements (TIFA)
with the East African Community (EAC) and the Common Market for Eastern and
Southern Africa (COMESA)72, to be in partnership with the United States and
establish efforts in developing better trade and investment opportunities. Kenya is
the United States 98th largest trading partner as of 2018, and to keep this
relationship alive, Kenya must keep their agriculture initiatives focused. As reported
by the Office of the United States Trade Representatives — top trade imports from
Kenya to the U.S. included: “woven apparel ($240 million), knit apparel ($153
million), edible fruit & nuts (cocoa, brazil, cashew) ($74 million), special other
(returns) ($55 million), and coffee, tea & spice (coffee) ($50 million).”73 The balance
of this partnership in trade must continue to progress in order to keep up with
global competitiveness.
Figure below:74
72 United States Trade Representative, 2020
73 United States Trade Representative, 2020 74 African Growth Opportunity Act, 2019.
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Image Source: African Growth Opportunity Act, 2019.
The AGOA — African Growth and Opportunity Act — is focusing to integrate
the direction and structure of Kenya’s future goals in trade with the United States
since 2000. The constant integration of the United States’ administration and the
Kenyan government, as well as the effected business operations, leads Kenya in a
positive direction. As shown above (Figure 1), the continuation of this allied
partnership between the United States and Kenya, exemplifies a balance among
this certain collaboration. Kenya is focused on keeping this consistency of the
partnership set in stone for the future years. However, it is imperative that the
relationship stay steady in the years to come. With help from donor agencies and
the aid coming from outside resources, the chance of stability of the Kenyan
economy is much greater than that of Kenya standing alone.
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Priorities
● Strengthen overall access to markets and Kenyan products
● Deepen the relationship of trade and investment ties with collaborative countries75
Tourism Kenya is home to a thriving tourism industry, that can generally be separated
into three categories: beach tourism, safari tourism, and business tourism. The
tourism industry is estimated to provide approximately 10% of Kenya’s GDP, and is
the economy’s third largest sector, and provides over 1.5 million jobs.76 Safari
tourism comprises the bulk of tourism revenue, and brought in 491,611 million
Kenyan Shillings to the economy in 2017. With the industry indefinitely shut down
due to coronavirus, this has left millions of people stripped of their livelihoods.
Given the current safety hazards associated with travel, it is unlikely that the
tourism industry will recover within the next few years. This has the potential to put
75 U.S.-Kenya Trade and Investment Relationship, 2020 76 Standing Out From the Herd: An Economic Assessment of Tourism in Kenya The World Bank, 2017.
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restaurants, hotels, and tour companies out of business, increase unemployment,
and devastate the economy. The pain of this will largely fall to rural people, who
were already facing the worst locust outbreak in decades.
On average, safari tourism generates the largest amount of revenue per
tourist, and in 2017, it brought in 491,611 million Kenyan Shillings to the economy.
In addition, money generated from safari tourism brings in the largest financial
benefits to Kenyans across most demographics, including the rural poor. One cause
of this may be that safari tourism is often located with greater proximity to rural
communities than various other types of tourism. Promoting this form of tourism
would make greater strides to promote the Keyan economy and alleviate poverty in
rural areas. In order to ensure that this sector it is sustainable, and available for
future generations, work must be done to protect natural habitats and the animals
within. An over abundance of tourism has been shown to lead to environmental
degradation and discourage future tourism to the area. Congestion and
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overcrowding will eventually lead to worsened natural habitats and a declining
quantity of tourists.
Kenya has seen severe wildlife loss in recent years. As the tourism industry is
heavily dependent on wildlife, this is a troubling trend. In all counties in Kenya,
wildlife have been in significant decline since 1977. 77 In West Pokot, the most
severely affected county, there has been a 99% decrease in wildlife. Further loss of
endangered wildlife would lead to significant damage to the tourism industry and
result in the loss of jobs for millions of Kenyans. Endangered animals at increased
risk of poachers due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Conservation workers worry that
as people recently unemployed people become more desperate for meat and
income, they will turn to poaching endangered species. 78 Within the first week of
the nation wide lockdown, the country saw an upward spike in rhino poachings.
Animal conservation parks depend on tourism revenue to protect the animals, with
this income stream gone, rangers are struggling to continue to provide quality care
for these animals. Not only does this scenario have serious ecological
consequences, but it jeopardizes the future of safari tourism. If animals protected
on the conservations parks go extinct, it could mean permanent devastating
negative consequences for Kenya’s tourism industry, as well as the environment.
77 When Good Conservation Becomes Good Economics : Kenya’s Vanishing Herds. The World Bank, 2019. 78 Poaching Threats Loom as Wildlife Safaris Put on Hold Due to COVID-19. National Geographic, 2020.
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In March, we set aside 500 million shillings (aprox 4.7 million USD) to lessen
the burden on the hard-hit tourism industry.79 This money will go toward marketing
and event planning once crowds can safely gather. The intent behind these funds
are to ensure than after COVID-19 is over, Kenya is still seen as a desirable tourist
destination. However, this does little to help the people who worked in the tourism
sector who have suddenly lost their source of income. Money is needed to ensure
that until a vaccine is available, tourism workers still have the means to provide for
their families.
Priorities The Kenyan government’s goals for our tourism sector include:
79 Kenya Sets Aside Sh 500m to Save Tourism. Daily Nation, 2020.
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● Preserving the natural habitat of our endangered wildlife, including
defending our animals from poachers, and preventing further
deforestation.
● Investing in safari tourism, promoting eco-tourism, and improving
existing structures so that the tourism industry can be sustainable
● Developing a media campaign to promote Kenya as a desirable,
sanitary, and safe tourist destination, particularly as more countries
continue to ease lockdown restrictions.
47
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