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Grammar Summary Grammar summary Below you will find a brief summary of the main grammar points covered in this course. WORD Link verbs are not needed with adjectives as they are in English. For ECONOMY example, Wo hen mango I am very busy. Personal pronouns are often left out if it is obvious from the context to whom the question or statement refers. For example, Shenti hi'io rna? (rather than Ni shenti hilo rna?) How is your health? VERBS Verbs do not conjugate: wo yao, ta yao, tamen yao I (s )he, they want PERSONAL wo I wo de my PRONOUNS ni/nin you ni/nin de your ta he/she/it ta de his/her/its women we women de our nimen you (plural) nimen de your (plural) tamen they tamen de their QUESTIONS The easiest way to form a question is to add rna to the end of a AND statement. For example, ANSWERS Ni qu guo Qingdao. You have been to Qingdao. Ni qu guo Qingdao rna? Have you ever been to Qingdao? Another simple way of forming a question is to put together the positive and negative forms of the verb, that is to repeat the verb and insert bu: Neng bu neng? Can you or can't you? In response to questions where there is no question word, an easy way to answer 'yes' is to repeat the verb/adjective, or if answering 'no', to say bu plus the verb/adjective ('yes' and 'no' do not translate directly into Mandarin). For example, Ni chi rna? Are you eating? Chi. I am eating. Bu chi. I am not eating. The exception is when the verb is you 'to have'. You is negated with mei, not bu. For example, Ni you nU'er rna? Do you have a daughter? You. Yes. Meiyou. No. When a question contains a question word, the answer can follow the structure of the question: Ji wei? Liu wei. How many people? Six people. BREAKTHROUGH CHINESE 207 Sentences containing the following question words do not require rna, since these words themselves imply a question is being asked: shenme? what? ji? how many? zenmeyang? how? nar? where? For example, Nijiao shenme? What are you called? Ni zenmeyang? How are you? 'MEASURE There must be a word separating a number and a noun for a sentence WORDS'! to make grammatical sense. For example, CLASSIFIERS yi bei pijiu a glass of beer yi zhang fiipiao a receipt san kou ren three people (members of the family) yi jian mian'ao a jacket yi tiao qunzi a skirt (It is not correct to say yi pijiu, yi fapiao, etc.) DE De after a verb and before a noun, makes the verb function as an adjective. For example, ni ding de fangjian your 'booked' room ni wen de canting your 'asked about' restaurant Similarly, de links a noun with a preceding phrase that describes it: Shangwii qi dian yi ke de feiji? The flight at 7.15 a.m.? WO jio zuo xingqi er de (feiji). I'll just take the Tuesday flight. yi zhang dao HangzhOu de huoche piao a rail ticket to Hangzhou LE Le is used: (i) to indicate a change of situation: Bo yao Ie. I don't want it any more (I did before)'. (ii) in exclamations: Tai hao Ie! Very good. (iii) to form the past tense (see below) WORD 'Who', 'when', 'where', 'what' ORDER A sentence generally follows the following structure: subject + time when + place where + verb + object Tamen jintian zai jia chi fan. (lit. They today at home eat.) Women mingtian zai Tian'anmen Guangchang deng ni. (lit. We tomorrow at Tian'anmen Square wait for you.) Emphasis For emphasis, the object may be stated before the comment or question relating to it. Yao [wo] zenme chi? (lit. Medicine how eat?) 208 BREAKTHROUGH CHINESE Similarly, phrases containing the main information may come at the start for emphasis: Fa chminzhen, [nI] keyl qu shangwiI zhongxin. (lit. Send a fax, can go business centre.) Directions wang/xiang 'towards' comes first, then the word indicating the direction, then the verb: Wang dong zou. (lit. Towards the east go.) Li Li '( distance) away from' comes at the beginning: Li zher bU yuanjiu you. (lit. away from here not far there is [one].) Li, shang Li 'inside' and shang 'on' always go immediately after the word to which they refer. This is the reverse of English: NI yao zai kafei Ii jia nai rna? (lit. You want coffee inside add milk?) Qlng ni zai zhipiao shang qian yixia mingzi. (lit. Please you cheque on sign briefly name.) Gii, gen Gei 'for' and gen 'with' go immediately after the subject: Na [nI] gei wo hii yi bei bliilandi ba. (lit. In that case for me bring a brandy.) WO gei nin cha. (lit. I for you check.) Qlng [nI] gen wo dao zhe bianr lai. Please come with me to this side Qing/qing wen Qlng 'please' and qlng wen 'may I ask' always come at the beginning: Qlng wen, nin yao shenme ylnliao? (lit. May I ask, you want what drinks?) Qlng shao deng. (lit. Please a moment wait.) Dates Dates are always written in the order 'year', 'month', then 'date'. Yi jill ba san nian, wU yue Wll Mo. (lit. 1983, May 5th) WO de shengri shi san yue shi qi Mo. My birthday is March 17th. Question words These go before the words to which they relate: Women ji dian chi fan? (lit. We what time eat?) Ta wei shenme qu Zhongguo? (lit. He why goes China?) VERB The words wan and dao can modify the meaning of a verb. Wan 'COMPLEMENTS' following a verb adds the sense of completion of the action: kiin wan Gugong (lit. finish seeing Gugong) Tian'anmen zhuan wan Ie having finished wandering around Tian'anmen When a verb is followed by dao attainment of the action is suggested: Kan dao get to see kiin dao Ie Beijing shi de quanmao having got to see the panoramic view of Beijing city BREAKTHROUGH CHINESE 209 FUTURE (i) When talking about something you are going to do, use yao: wo yao qu Zhonguo. I am going to go to China. (I want to go to China.) (ii) Words such as mingtian 'tomorrow',jintian wan shang 'tonight', mingnian 'next year' and wU yue 'in May', denoting exactly when the action will take place, indicate the future. Wo wU yue qu Shanghai. I am going to Shanghai in May. (iii) ZhUnbei 'intend'/'prepare', dasuan 'plan', jihua 'plan' and xia yi bu 'next move' also all set the scene as in the future: WO zhlmbei qu Guangzhou. I intend to go to Guangzhou. WO xia yi bu xiang ziji zuo xie shengyi. For my next move, I would like to do some business on my own. Ni dasuan chi xican rna? Are you planning to eat Western food? Women jihua qu Meiguo. We are planning to go to America. xiang/yiio (iv) WO xiang means 'I would like.' Yao is more definite than xiang: WO xiang mai zhe jian sichou mian'ao. I would like to buy this padded silk jacket. WO yao mai zhe jian sichou mian'ao. I want to buy this padded silk jacket. The first sentence expresses a wish, and the second a firm intention. When a question uses yao, if the response is negative, it uses xiang. For example: Ni yao chi xican rna? Are you going to eat Western food? Wi) bu xiang chi. I would not like to. (vi) Putting yao before the verb and Ie at the end of the sentence indicates something is about to happen. WO yao jiehfm Ie. I am about to get married. PAST • Words which indicate when something happened are important: Women kiln dianshi. We watch TV. Women zuotian kan dianshi Ie. Yesterday we watched TV. Le • If an accomplished fact or completed action is described, Ie is used. Le goes directly after the verb when: (i) a number, or words indicating an amount, describe the noun: Tamen chi Ie hen duo fan. They ate lots of food. (ii) an adjective precedes the noun: Ta chi Ie feichang hao de dongxi. S/he ate some extremely nice things. (iii) a specific item is referred to: Mama gei ni mai Ie sMnme IiwiI? Mum for you bought what presents? (iv) events are listed or a sequence of actions described: Women mai Ie dongxi, chi Ie fan, kan Ie dianshi, ranhOujiu shuijiao Ie. We bought things, ate, watched TV, then went to bed. Note: In the final phrase of a list, Ie goes at the end, as above. 210 BREAKTHROUGH CHINESE • When none of the above conditions apply, Ie goes at the end: Women kin dianshi Ie. We watched TV. mii / miiyou • To make a sentence about something which happened in the past negative, use mei you (shortened to mei) before the verb, and drop Ie: Ta mei qi chuang. He didn't get up. Tamen zuotian mei zou. They didn't leave yesterday. Wei shenme mei shang xue? Why haven't you gone to school? To ask whether or not, Nimen kin dianshi Ie mei you? or, Nimen kin mei kin dianshi? Did you watch TV or not? • Where verbs are duplicated, Ie goes between the two: Women kin Ie kin dianshi. We watched a bit of Tv. BREAKTHROUGH CHINESE 211 Vocabulary airen spouse da majiang to play fan meal, rice ba indicates suggestion mahjong fandian restaurant, hotel ba eight da pai to play cards fang to put ba shi eighty da pingpangqiu to play fang jia to have a holiday / ba yue August table tennis day off baicai Chinese leaves da piike to play cards fangjian room b3i1andi brandy dai huiqu to take back fapiao receipt b8n half dai ta qu..
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