DOCSLIB.ORG

Antonine Plague 7, 195, 197, 201–217 Demographic Effect 195 in Egypt 204–206 Antoniniani 247, 251, 252, 256, 286–288

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Antonine Plague 7, 195, 197, 201–217 Demographic Effect 195 in Egypt 204–206 Antoniniani 247, 251, 252, 256, 286–288 INDEX Abolition of memory 85 n. 27, 268, Antonine Plague 7, 195, 197, 201–217 267 demographic effect 195 Abrittus 106 in Egypt 204–206 Abrochia 205–206 Antoniniani 247, 251, 252, 256, Accessibility 271 286–288, 300, 303–306 Acclamation 323 n. 29, 328 Antoninus Pius 26, 199, 298, 369 as Imperator 64, 329 Apamea (Syria) 99, 100, 101, 102, formulas 332 103, 106 Account money 250 Aphrodisias 35 Achaia 27, 113, 124 Appianus 157 Ad edictum praetoris 265 Apollodorus of Damascus 146 Adaeratio 227, 228 Apollonius of Tyana 397, 399 Adulis 242 Appointment policy 112 Aemilius Aemilianus 116 Aqueducts 186 Aemulatio, aristocratic 69, 70, 72 Arabia 264, 269 Aerarium 224 Area Palatina 329 Africa 5, 26–27, 48–49, 57–60, 106, Arenas 186 108, 114–116, 118, 120, 122–124, Argenteus 257 222–225, 231, 272 Arius 417 Ager Gallicus 166 Army pay 250 Ager per mensura extremitatem Arrien de Nicomédie 102, 103 comprehensus 230 Ascension to the throne 327–336 Ager publicus 157 Asia Minor 27, 113, 122–123, 133, Aggregate income 185 137, 148 n. 42, 203, 220–224, 227, Aggregate production 197 253 Agricola, life of 106 Assaria 253 Agricultural change 197 Assayers 246–247 Agricultural decline 197 Asses 253 Agrippina 89 n. 35 Assidui 158, 161, 162 Aila 235 Athens 371, 399, 402, 406 Ala Contariorum 101 inhabitants of 406, 408 Alamans 104 Atmospheric metal pollution 189 Alani 102 Attalus 156 Albano 103 Atticus, A. 106 Alexander of Aphrodisias 408, 409 Attius Suburanus, Sex. 68 Alexandria 236, 371, 408 Augustae 267, 302 Allectus 53, 54, 55 Augustus 23, 67, 70, 71, 162, 164, Ammianus Marcellinus 145–147, 149 262, 263, 298 Ampli cator 272 Res Gestae 78–80 Anatolia, inhabitants of 107 Aula 331 Animal bones assemblages 191 Aurei 248, 249, 250, 254 in Roman Italy 192 Aurelianianus 256 in the provinces 191 Aurelianus 17, 51, 73, 107, 108, Annales 184 118–119, 122, 295 n. 11, 249, Antiochia (Syria) 34, 134, 136, 256–257 295 n. 11, 303, 306, 307 n. 59, currency reform 256 308, 371 Aurelius Theokritos 320, 322 440 index Aurelius Victor 98 Caledonians 49, 55 Aureus 252, 253, 256, 257 Campania 158 Avidius Cassius, C. (suff. 166?) 125, Candidatus 115 127, 132–134, 136, 138 Cappadocia 102 Caracalla 45, 46, 48, 49, 99, 100, 101, Baebius Massa 75 114–115, 122, 265, 266, 267, 312, Bagnall, R. 205 315–326, 333, 367, 369, 371 Balbinus 287, 433 Carausius 53, 54 Balkans 99, 101 Carinus 52, 118, 303, 305, 433 Ballista (artillery) 141, 145, 148, 149, Carus 118, 303, 305, 433 150 Cassius Longinus, L. 155 Ballista (praef. praet. of Castrum 329 Valerianus) 107 Cato 160 Bank 250 Censors 163–164, 168, 170, 172–174, Bank money 245 179, 222 Bankers 247, 253–255 Census 162, 172–174, 178–179, 181, Basilica Nova 73, 74 215 Bataves 104, 370 \ gures 162–165, 168–170, 178, 181, Berenike 234 215 Bichapour 106 \ gures, augustan 172, 174, 179 Bildung, see also education 400, 402, decentralized 173–174 405, 408, 410 Ceremony 328 Black Death 185, 201, 205–207 Cheiroballistra 141, 142, 143, 144, Black Sea 432, 436 145, 150 Bolsena 272 Cheques 245 Bona castrensia 368 China 184 Bona paganica 368 Christian texts 12, 13, 419–420 Bonosus 52 Christianity 199, 359 Bourgeoisie 184 Chronological resolution 193 Bremenium 266 Chronology of archaeological Brenner, B. 198 \ nds 190 Bretagne 107–108 Cicero 414 Bretagnes 107 Cimbric war 156 Britannia 46–48, 51–52 Citizenship 198, 370–371 division of 46 Civilis princeps 263, 264, 272 Brittones 49 Civitates decumanae 226 Brown, P. 183 Civium capita 180 Building activity 26, 38, 53, 189, Claudius 89 n. 35, 292, 330 212–214 Claudius Gothicus 262, 272, 433 Bullion 245, 246, 254 Claudius Pulcher, Ap. 155, 164 Burgundians 48, 51 Climate 195, 196 Clodius Albinus 114, 263, 280 Caesar (as name) 68, 70 Clysma 238 Caesar 23, 37, 62, 68, 70, 80, 86, 271, Codex Justinianus 369, 371, 374, 376 292, 297–306, 308 Codex Théodisianus 269 Caesonii 111 Codices Gregorianus and Caesonius Bassus 119 Hermogenianus 358 Caesonius Macer Ru nianus, C. Coin hoards 284 112 Coin types 285 Caesonius Lucillus Macer Coinage 17, 32, 34–38, 40–41, 49–50, Ru\ nianus, L. 115 52, 54, 196, 227, 229, 245–257, 276, Caesonius Ovinius Manlius 280–309, 433 Ru\ nianus Bassus, L. 117 martelage 266, 270 Caledonia 45 Coloni 198.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Roman Army in the Third Century Ad Lukas De Blois My Issue In
    INTEGRATION OR DISINTEGRATION? THE ROMAN ARMY IN THE THIRD CENTURY A.D. Lukas de Blois My issue in this paper is: what was the main trend within the Roman military forces in the third century ad? Integration, or disintegration into regional entities? This paper is not about cultural integration of ethnic groups in multicultural parts of the Roman Empire, such as the city of Rome, thriving commercial centres, and border regions to which the armies had brought people from various parts of the Empire, and where multicultural military personnel lived together with indigenous groups, craftsmen from different origins, and immigrants from commercially active regions, either in canabae adjacent to castra stativa, or in garrison towns, as in the Eastern parts of the Empire. In variatio upon an issue raised by Frederick Naerebout in another paper published in this volume, I might ask myself in what sense an army, which in the third century ad was progressively composed of ethnically and culturally different units, kept functioning as an integrated entity, or in actual practice disintegrated into rivalling, particularistic regional forces whose actual or potential competition for money and supplies con- stantly threatened peace and stability in the Empire, particularly in times of dangerous external wars, when the need for supplies increased. The discussion should start with Septimius Severus. After his victories over Pescennius Niger, some tribes in northern Mesopotamia, and Albinus in Gaul, Severus had to replenish the ranks of his armies, for example at the Danube frontiers, which had yielded many men to Severus’ field armies and his new praetorian guard.
    [Show full text]
  • A Reconstruction of the Greek–Roman Repeating Catapult
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Archivio della ricerca - Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II Mechanism and Machine Theory 45 (2010) 36–45 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Mechanism and Machine Theory journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mechmt A reconstruction of the Greek–Roman repeating catapult Cesare Rossi *, Flavio Russo Department of Mechanical Engineering for Energetics (DIME), University of Naples ‘‘Federico II”, Via Claudio, 21, 80125 Naples, Italy article info abstract Article history: An ‘‘automatic” repeating weapon used by the Roman army is presented. Firstly a short Received 21 February 2009 description is shown of the working principle of the torsion motor that powered the Received in revised form 17 July 2009 Greek–Roman catapults. This is followed by the description of the reconstructions of these Accepted 29 July 2009 ancient weapons made by those scientists who studied repeating catapults. The authors Available online 4 September 2009 then propose their own reconstruction. The latter differs from the previous ones because it proposes a different working cycle that is almost automatic and much safer for the oper- Keywords: ators. The authors based their reconstruction of the weapon starting from the work of pre- History of Engineering vious scientists and on their own translation of the original text (in ancient Greek) by Ancient automatic weapons Mechanism reconstruction Philon of Byzantium. Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Among the designers of automata and automatic devices in ancient times Heron of Alexandria (10 B.C.–70 A.D.) was probably the best known.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC – AD 476)
    Impact of Empire 6 IMEM-6-deBlois_CS2.indd i 5-4-2007 8:35:52 Impact of Empire Editorial Board of the series Impact of Empire (= Management Team of the Network Impact of Empire) Lukas de Blois, Angelos Chaniotis Ségolène Demougin, Olivier Hekster, Gerda de Kleijn Luuk de Ligt, Elio Lo Cascio, Michael Peachin John Rich, and Christian Witschel Executive Secretariat of the Series and the Network Lukas de Blois, Olivier Hekster Gerda de Kleijn and John Rich Radboud University of Nijmegen, Erasmusplein 1, P.O. Box 9103, 6500 HD Nijmegen, The Netherlands E-mail addresses: O.Hekster@let.ru.nl and G.deKleijn@let.ru.nl Academic Board of the International Network Impact of Empire geza alföldy – stéphane benoist – anthony birley christer bruun – john drinkwater – werner eck – peter funke andrea giardina – johannes hahn – fik meijer – onno van nijf marie-thérèse raepsaet-charlier – john richardson bert van der spek – richard talbert – willem zwalve VOLUME 6 IMEM-6-deBlois_CS2.indd ii 5-4-2007 8:35:52 The Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC – AD 476) Economic, Social, Political, Religious and Cultural Aspects Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Roman Empire, 200 B.C. – A.D. 476) Capri, March 29 – April 2, 2005 Edited by Lukas de Blois & Elio Lo Cascio With the Aid of Olivier Hekster & Gerda de Kleijn LEIDEN • BOSTON 2007 This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC 4.0 License, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
    [Show full text]
  • The Xanten-Wardt and Carlisle Catapult Finds
    The Xanten-Wardt Roman torsion catapult and catapult parts from Carlisle Alan Wilkins The Xanten-Wardt frame from a Roman torsion bolt-shooting catapult of the 1st century AD was discovered in 1999 in a gravel quarry in north west Germany at 51˚ 40ˈ N, 6˚ 27ˈ E. The site was once an arm of the Rhine, but is now the Südsee, a water-sport lake NNE of the Xanten Archaeological Park. The sumptuous official report on the find has now been published by Verlag Philipp von Zabern as Xanten Berichte Band 18: Die Frühkaiserzeitliche Manuballista Aus Xanten-Wardt. This exciting discovery has added far more to our understanding of these machines than previous finds of catapult frame parts from Ampurias, Caminreal and elsewhere. Not only has the metal plating survived, but for the first time the wood of the frame and the front end of the slider and stock have been preserved. The iron and bronze plating includes the battle shields for the spring-cord, organic material from which has been identified by electron microscope as sinew rope. The four bronze washers and washer-bars are there, with one complete washer pin and two broken ones. Fig. 1 The Xanten-Wardt frame after conservation (Maarten Dolmans) Most of the Xanten-Wardt report is rightly devoted to the details of the long and painstaking recovery of the machine from its coffin of solidified sand, grit and pebbles. X- rays and CT scans were used to locate the buried parts, in order to guide the delicate task of removing the concretion.
    [Show full text]
  • Reading Death in Ancient Rome
    Reading Death in Ancient Rome Reading Death in Ancient Rome Mario Erasmo The Ohio State University Press • Columbus Copyright © 2008 by The Ohio State University. All rights reserved. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Erasmo, Mario. Reading death in ancient Rome / Mario Erasmo. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8142-1092-5 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8142-1092-9 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Death in literature. 2. Funeral rites and ceremonies—Rome. 3. Mourning cus- toms—Rome. 4. Latin literature—History and criticism. I. Title. PA6029.D43E73 2008 870.9'3548—dc22 2008002873 This book is available in the following editions: Cloth (ISBN 978-0-8142-1092-5) CD-ROM (978-0-8142-9172-6) Cover design by DesignSmith Type set in Adobe Garamond Pro by Juliet Williams Printed by Thomson-Shore, Inc. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. ANSI 39.48-1992. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents List of Figures vii Preface and Acknowledgments ix INTRODUCTION Reading Death CHAPTER 1 Playing Dead CHAPTER 2 Staging Death CHAPTER 3 Disposing the Dead 5 CHAPTER 4 Disposing the Dead? CHAPTER 5 Animating the Dead 5 CONCLUSION 205 Notes 29 Works Cited 24 Index 25 List of Figures 1. Funerary altar of Cornelia Glyce. Vatican Museums. Rome. 2. Sarcophagus of Scipio Barbatus. Vatican Museums. Rome. 7 3. Sarcophagus of Scipio Barbatus (background). Vatican Museums. Rome. 68 4. Epitaph of Rufus.
    [Show full text]
  • Military Engineering 5-6 Syllabus
    Fairfax Collegiate 703 481-3080 · www.FairfaxCollegiate.com Military Engineering 5-6 Syllabus Course Goals 1 Physics Concepts and Applications Students learn the basics of physics, including Newton’s laws and projectile motion. They will apply this knowledge through the construction of miniature catapult structures and subsequent analysis of their functions. 2 History of Engineering Design Students learn about the progression of military and ballistics technology starting in the ancient era up until the end of the Middle Ages. Students will identify the context that these engineering breakthroughs arose from, and recognize the evolution of this technology as part of the engineering design process. 3 Design, Fabrication, and Testing Students work in small teams to build and test their projects, including identifying issues and troubleshooting as they arise. Students will demonstrate their understanding of this process through the design, prototyping, testing, and execution of an original catapult design. Course Topics 1 Ancient Era Siege Weapons 1.1 Brief History of Siege Warfare 1.2 Basic Physics 2 The Birth of Siege Warfare 2.1 Ancient Greece 2.2 Projectile Motion 3 Viking Siege! 3.1 History of the Vikings 3.2 Building with Triangles 4 Alexander the Great and Torsion Catapults Fairfax Collegiate · Have Fun and Learn! · For Rising Grades 3 to 12 4.1 The Conquests of Alexander the Great 4.2 The Torsion Spring and Lithobolos 5 The Romans 6 Julius Caesar 7 The Crusades 8 The Middle Ages 9 Castle Siege Course Schedule Day 1 Introduction and Ice Breaker Students learn about the course, their instructor, and each other.
    [Show full text]
  • Romans on Parade: Representations of Romanness in the Triumph
    ROMANS ON PARADE: REPRESENTATIONS OF ROMANNESS IN THE TRIUMPH DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfullment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Amber D. Lunsford, B.A., M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2004 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Erik Gunderson, Adviser Professor William Batstone Adviser Professor Victoria Wohl Department of Greek and Latin Copyright by Amber Dawn Lunsford 2004 ABSTRACT We find in the Roman triumph one of the most dazzling examples of the theme of spectacle in Roman culture. The triumph, though, was much more than a parade thrown in honor of a conquering general. Nearly every aspect of this tribute has the feel of theatricality. Even the fact that it was not voluntarily bestowed upon a general has characteristics of a spectacle. One must work to present oneself as worthy of a triumph in order to gain one; military victories alone are not enough. Looking at the machinations behind being granted a triumph may possibly lead to a better understanding of how important self-representation was to the Romans. The triumph itself is, quite obviously, a spectacle. However, within the triumph, smaller and more intricate spectacles are staged. The Roman audience, the captured people and spoils, and the triumphant general himself are all intermeshed into a complex web of spectacle and spectator. Not only is the triumph itself a spectacle of a victorious general, but it also contains sub-spectacles, which, when analyzed, may give us clues as to how the Romans looked upon non-Romans and, in turn, how they saw themselves in relation to others.
    [Show full text]
  • A Multidisciplinary Re-Evaluation of the Fabrication and Operation of the 4Th Century CE Roman Artillery Engine Known As the Onager
    Paper ID #13049 A Multidisciplinary Re-evaluation of the Fabrication and Operation of the 4th Century CE Roman Artillery Engine known as the Onager Dr. Willard W. Neel, Virginia Military Institute Willard Wayne Neel, Ph.D., PE, Professor in the Mechanical Engineering Department at the Virginia Military Institute. He has degrees in physics and mechanical engineering from the University of South Florida and N.C. State University, respectively. Besides teaching for the past forty six years he is interested in ancient and medieval technology. Col. Jon-Michael Hardin P.E., Virginia Military Institute Page 26.70.1 Page c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 A Multidisciplinary Re-evaluation of the Fabrication and Operation of the 4th Century CE Roman Artillery Engine known as the Onager. Introduction Multidisciplinary projects provide unique opportunities to foster critical thinking in undergraduate engineering students and to allow them the opportunity to determine and use applicable engineering analysis methods. In addition, multidisciplinary projects which combine engineering analysis and a study of technological history are an interesting way to increase student interest in the engineering design process. To motivate and reinforce the targeted engineering skill sets/learning outcomes of critical thinking and the ability to determine and apply applicable engineering analysis techniques at the University of X, a small engineering school in the south, a multi-disciplinary student project, called the “Onager Project”, was developed. For this interdisciplinary project a team of three undergraduate mechanical engineering seniors investigated the extant historical technical information concerning the 4th Century CE Roman siege weapon known as the Onager and then determined and applied appropriate modern engineering analysis, design, and testing methods to recreate an Onager design that satisfied the constraints documented or implied by the historical documents.
    [Show full text]
  • Throwing Engines Versus Gunpowder Artillery in Siege Activities in the Middle Ages – an Example of the Kingdoms of Poland and Bohemia
    FASCICULI ARCHAEOLOGIAE HISTORICAE FASC. XXXIII, PL ISSN 0860-0007 DOI 10.23858/FAH33.2020.007 PIOTR STRZYŻ* THROWING ENGINES VERSUS GUNPOWDER ARTILLERY IN SIEGE ACTIVITIES IN THE MIDDLE AGES – AN EXAMPLE OF THE KINGDOMS OF POLAND AND BOHEMIA Abstract: The invention of gunpowder and its use in projectile throwing is rightly regarded as one of the greatest, if not the greatest, inno- vations in the history of war technology. However, the first artillery, which we have some mention of in Europe in 1326, had to compete for a long time with various types of throwing engines used in military operations, especially sieges, successfully since ancient times. It was no different in Central Europe, where throwing engines were still used in siege in the 4th quarter of the 15th century. The article analyses written and archaeological sources confirming the simultaneous use of throwing engines and gunpowder artillery in the Kingdom of Poland and the Kingdom of Bohemia until the end of the 15th century. Keywords: Central Europe, Kingdom of Poland, Kingdom of Bohemia, Middle Ages, artillery, throwing engines Received: 01.06.2020 Revised: 02.07.2020 Accepted: 05.07.2020 Citation: Strzyż P. 2020. Throwing Engines versus Gunpowder Artillery in Siege Activities in the Middle Ages – An Example of the King- doms of Poland and Bohemia. “Fasciculi Archaeologiae Historicae” 33, 103-123, DOI 10.23858/FAH33.2020.007 Introduction development in Central European countries. The King- In 1505 an atypical event in Prague was recorded dom of Poland under the rule of Casimir III and the in Staré letopisy české: “In this year, on Monday after Kingdom of Bohemia under the Luxemburg dynasty, St.
    [Show full text]
  • National Roman Civilization Exam (NRCE) Study Guide – Novice Level
    National Roman Civilization Exam (NRCE) Study Guide – Novice Level By Connor Harrison and José Molina This study guide is meant to be good approximation of the material needed to know for the NRCE exam. It is not meant to be fully comprehensive, but should cover most things that could be asked on the exam for Roman History and Roman Life. This guide is adapted from Connor Harrison’s Roman History Notes and José Molina’s Roman Life Notes. Please note that Ancient Geography, although asked on the NRCE, is not yet included in this version of the study guide. Ancient Geography includes, but is not limited to, directions to and from ancient locations, modern names of ancient cities (and vice versa), and names and destinations of ancient Roman roads. 1 Roman History By Connor Harrison MONARCHY (753-510 B.C.) 7 KINGS - Romulus o Lineage . Mother was Rhea Silvia, father was Mars (the God) Romulus and his brother Remus were thrown into the Tiber River, recovered by a she-wolf, and raised by the shepard Faustulus The wife of Faustulus was Acca Larentia o Romulus and Remus . Romulus had a brother, Remus . There was a dispute over where the city would be settled, so Romulus settled the Palatine hill, Remus settled the Aventine hill . According to one account, Romulus is said to have seen 12 vultures while Remus was said to have seen 6, meaning Romulus had superior augury and had say over where the city should be . Remus leaps over the walls on Romulus’ hill and is killed by Romulus.
    [Show full text]
  • 5. the Bolt-Shooter: Accuracy, Range and Effects
    5. The bolt-shooter: accuracy, range and effects Dramatic archaeological evidence comes from the Claudian invasion of Britain which began in AD 43, during which the future emperor Vespasian commanding the Second Legion fought thirty battles, defeated two tribes and captured more than twenty hill-forts and the Isle of Wight. Archaeologists believe that they have located evidence of his artillery in action at two hill forts in Dorset. 1. Artillery victim at Maiden Castle Iron bolt head from a Roman catapult lodged in the spine of a Briton buried at Maiden Castle, Dorset (Wheeler 1943, Plate LVIIIA and page 352, Skeleton P7A “adult male, aged 20-30 years”). The bolt appears to have travelled uphill and entered around his belly-button. The 10-11mm internal diameter of the socket is too small for a three-span bolt-shooter (and for a thrusting spear) and was probably shot from a Xanten-Wardt size of catapult (section xx below). The large numbers of socketed bolt heads found on the Hod Hill site since the 19th century and now in the British Museum have been recorded and analysed by Professor Bill Manning (Manning 1985). A large percentage of them have this small diameter of socket, as have the heads recorded from Vindolanda by Robin Birley, and those from many other sites; a bolt head of this size has been found in the current excavations at Ham Hill, Dorset. Compare this leaf-shaped blade with a similar one from Hod Hill in figure 15 right and the comments in the caption there. (Skeleton now in the Dorset County Museum, Dorchester.
    [Show full text]
  • Gladius Xxiii (2003)
    Gladius XXIII, 2003, pp. 111-140 THE INSWINGING THEORY POR AITOR IRIARTE Dedicated to the memory of John Anstee ABSTRACT - RESUMEN Did bow-arms in ancient Greco-Roman palintone shooting machines swing by the outside or by the inside of the frame?. Unfortunately, and in spite of the widespread belief, this question has no definite answer yet. Avail- able archaeological, textual and pictorial evidence has been assembled together and discussed in this paper, so that readers will be able to draw their own conclusions. ¿Se movían los brazos de arco en las piezas artilleras palíntonas del período Greco-Romano por el exterior o por el interior del bastidor? Lamentablemente, y a pesar de la creencia general, todavía no disponemos de una respuesta clara para esa pregunta. En este artículo ha sido reunida y comentada toda la información arqueológica, literaria e iconográfica a mi alcance, de modo que quien lo lea pueda sacar sus propias conclusiones al respecto. KEY WORDS - PALABRAS CLAVE Artillery. Greco-Roman. Palintones. Bow-arms. Outswinging. Inswinging. Artillería. Greco-Romana. Palíntonos. Brazos de arco. Externos. Internos. INTRODUCTION Surely one of the most vivid areas of discussion on the study of Greco-Roman artillery today is that concerning the position of the bow-arms in the palintones. Well, maybe to call it ‘vivid’ is not fairly accurate, because scholars defending the ‘official’ theory, instead of de- scending to the battlefield of open-minded scientific discussion, have comfortably barricaded themselves behind the shield of ‘oh, twaddle!’. I was not very far from that position just a few years ago, but now I believe that things are not so settled as many people may think, and time has come to put together all available evidence about the matter, with the hope of spar- kling at least a serious discussion on it.
    [Show full text]