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Kandelia Candel (L.) Druce, a True Native Species in the Philippines

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Kandelia Candel (L.) Druce, a True Native Species in the Philippines Philippine Journal of Science 150 (5): 1121-1129, October 2021 ISSN 0031 - 7683 Date Received: 08 May 2020 Kandelia candel (L.) Druce, a True Native Species in the Philippines Pastor L. Malabrigo Jr.1,2,4, Gerald T. Eduarte3,4, Laarni D. Malabrigo4, Ericson E. Coracero5 1Department of Forest Biological Sciences, College of Forestry and Natural Resources 2Museum of Natural History; 3Graduate School University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna 4031 Philippines 4Pro-Seeds Development Association Inc. Batong Malake, Los Baños, Laguna 4031 Philippines 5Department of Forestry and Environmental Sciences Aurora State College of Technology (Baler Campus), Aurora, Philippines Kandelia candel (L.) Druce is a true mangrove species under the family Rhizophoraceae. It is distributed throughout southeast Asia to south China, the Ryukyu Island and southern Japan, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. In the Philippines, its only known area of occurrence is the province of Aurora, the central easternmost coast of Luzon island. However, there has been a long-standing debate on the presence of natural populations of Kandelia candel in the Philippines. Adding to the confusion, a number of molecular studies reported that the Kandelia populations from north of the South China Sea (SCS) are a genetically different species – Kandelia obovata – making the genus non-monotypic. Some mangrove biologists hypothesized that Kandelia populations in Aurora might have been introduced to the province by some fishermen from Taiwan. On the other hand, some papers suggest that Kandelia populations in the Philippines were shaped by the founders from the populations in Southern SCS. A recent population inventory conducted by the authors, complemented by taxonomic characterization, strongly suggests that Kandelia candel is native in the province of Aurora, Philippines. Keywords: Kandelia candel, Kandelia obovata, Rhizophoraceae INTRODUCTION Kong (Giang et al. 2006). As compared to other mangrove species, K. candel has limited global distribution and Kandelia candel is a true mangrove species that is throughout its distributional range, the species was known to produce viviparous propagules (denoting the considered to be nowhere abundant (Tomlinson 1986). special ability of seeds to germinate inside the fruit while still attached to the parent tree) that are buoyant In the Philippines, it is surprising that the species and presumably capable of long-distance dispersal distribution is restricted in the province of Aurora, the (Chiang et al. 2001). The known distribution of Kandelia central easternmost coast, despite its viviparous nature. candel includes the Ganges delta, western India, Burma Rotaquio et al. (2006) in their study of the mangroves (Myanmar) through southeast Asia to south China, the of Aurora observed that K. candel populations are Ryukyu Island and southern Japan, Taiwan, and Hong present only in small stands along the muddy river of *Corresponding Author: [email protected] the municipalities of Baler and Casiguran. Given this 1121 Philippine Journal of Science Malabrigo et al.: Kandelia candel (L.) Druce, a True Vol. 150 No. 5, October 2021 Native Species in the Philippines very restricted distribution and small population sizes, This paper presents the results of the population the species is categorized as critically endangered in the distribution study, including a 100% population inventory Philippine red list for plants (DENR 2017). of K. candel in the province of Aurora. It provides new information on the spatial distribution, dominance, and Despite a number of publications (Primavera 2000; stand structure of the species population, which could Primavera et al. 2004; Rotaquio et al. 2006, 2007; Garcia give a better understanding of the naturality of the species et al. 2013) documenting the occurrence of the population in the Philippines. A taxonomic characterization and of the species in the country, the presence of natural nomenclature review of the species was also conducted to populations of Kandelia candel in the Philippines is still complement the findings of the population survey. unrecognized in the international scientific community (Chiang et al. 2001; Rotaquio et al. 2007). The paper of Hou (1958), which claimed no natural populations of K. candel in the Philippines, became the baseline reference MATERIALS AND METHODS that was transferred from generation to generation and still being adopted by other contemporary mangrove ecologists, i.e. Sheue et al. (2003), Chiang et al. (2001), Maxwell Population Inventory et al. (1997). Sheue et al. (2003) even hypothesized that A 100% inventory of all mature individuals was conducted Kandelia populations in Aurora might have been introduced from 12–14 Jul 2019, in known populations of Kandelia to the province by some fishermen from Taiwan. On the candel in Aurora, particularly in the municipalities of other hand, both papers of Tomlinson (1986) and Huang Baler and Casiguran (Figure 1). Matured individuals and Chen (2000) – as cited by Chiang et al. (2001) – state considered in this study were those with a diameter of that during summer, the propagules of K. candel are ≥ 3 cm measured at 1 ft above ground (diameter at foot dispersed from the Indian Ocean to the SCS and then height or dfh) or 10 cm above the highest buttress. Based through the Bashi Strait (the strait between Taiwan and on earlier observations, K. candel is a precocious species the Philippines) into the Pacific. It, therefore, indicates that that start bearing flowers and fruits as early as it reaches 3 Kandelia populations in the Philippines were shaped by the cm dfh. The use of dfh instead of diameter at breast height founders from the populations in southern SCS and should, or dbh is extremely rational since K. candel could start therefore, retain the name K. candel. Unfortunately, except flowering before reaching the height of 1.3 m. Total height for the mangrove diversity assessment study in Aurora by and dfh were measured to account for the stand structure Rotaquio et al. (2006), there has been no population study and dominance of the species. GPS coordinates of each on Kandelia candel in the country. individual were also noted to aid in the construction of an interactive distribution map for future assessment and Kandelia has long been recognized as a monotypic genus, monitoring studies. with Kandelia candel as the only species. Yet in 2003, Sheue et al. found significant morphological as well as genetic differentiation between the Kandelia populations Taxonomic Characterization from the northern part of SCS (NSCS) and populations Following the key characters used by Sheue et al. (2003) from the southern part of SCS (SSCS). They proposed that in comparing Kandelia candel vs. Kandelia obovata, the populations in each side of SCS be recognized as two specimens of Philippine Kandelia were collected and distinct species. They reported a new species, Kandelia characterized. A total of 20 herbarium specimens were obovata, and further suggested that the name be adopted deposited, 10 each at LBC and CAHUP (Malabrigo for the populations from the NSCS. This treatment was 590–597, Coracero 001–002). For the leaf characters (leaf further supported by more recent molecular studies (Giang shape/dimension and number of lateral veins), 300 leaf et al. 2006; Kado et al. 2006). Unfortunately, not one of samples collected from 30 individual trees (10 each) were these studies contains Philippine materials. observed and measured. Thirty (30) individual flowers in bloom from 10 individual trees were sampled and In 2006, the study of Rotaquio et al. reported significant characterized. Three hundred (300) matured fruits from 10 morphological differences between Kandelia populations fruiting trees were measured to determine the length of the from Aurora, Philippines with either the NSCS or SSCS hypocotyl. And lastly, the height measurement from the populations. It seems to suggest that Philippine Kandelia 100% inventory was used as the basis for the maximum is neither K. candel nor K. obovata. However, it should height of the tree. Samples were collected in such a way be cautiously noted that the morphological characters that both subpopulations in Zabali and Castillo were used by Rotaquio et al. are measurements (length and equally represented. Results of taxonomic characterization width) of leaves and fruits. These characters are expected were then compared with the two known species to to vary within species living in different geographical determine the identity of the Philippine Kandelia. environments. 1122 Philippine Journal of Science Malabrigo et al.: Kandelia candel (L.) Druce, a True Vol. 150 No. 5, October 2021 Native Species in the Philippines Figure 1. Locations of Kandelia candel populations in the Province of Aurora, Philippines. RESULTS species) along the Casiguran river through a government reforestation project. The project contractor confirmed that the seedlings came from the four matured individuals Population in Casiguran, Aurora and were planted 3 yr ago. Accordingly, compared to other Available literature (Rotaquio et al. 2006, 2007; Pelser et al. mangrove species (Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata, 2011 onwards) consistently mentioned the municipalities R. stylosa, Avicennia marina) used/planted, K. candel of Baler and Casiguran as the native habitat of K. candel in had the highest mortality and the slowest growth. The the Philippines. A recent population survey in the province average height of the surviving K. candel seedlings
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