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The Honorable James R. Bowlin, Mayor the Honorable City Council of the City of Wildwood, Missouri Ryan S

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The Honorable James R. Bowlin, Mayor the Honorable City Council of the City of Wildwood, Missouri Ryan S Cc: The Honorable James R. Bowlin, Mayor The Honorable City Council of the City of Wildwood, Missouri Ryan S. Thomas, P.E., City Administrator John A. Young, City Attorney Kathy Arnett, Assistant Director of Planning and Parks (2.) History of Wildwood 1860-1919 (2018 chapter) In the prior chapter, some of the key factors leading to the Civil War were discussed. Among them were the Missouri Compromise of 1820, the McIntosh Incident in 1836, the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 which led to “the Bleeding Kansas” border war, and the Dred Scott case which was finally decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1856. Two books were published during this turbulent pre-war period that reflected the conflicts that were brewing. One was a work of fiction: Uncle Tom’s Cabin or a Life Among the Lowly by Harriet Beecher Stowe published in 1852. It was an anti-slavery novel and helped fuel the abolitionist movement in the 1850s. It was a widely popular and with 300,000 books sold in the United States in its first year. The second book was nonfiction: Twelve Years a Slave was the memoir of Solomon Northup. Northup was a free born black man from New York state who was kidnapped in Washington, D.C. and sold into slavery. He was in bondage for 12 years until family in New York secretly received information about his location and situation and arranged for his release with the assistance of officials of the State of New York. His memoir details the slave markets, the details of sugar and cotton production and the treatment of slaves on major plantations. This memoir, published in 1853, gave factual support to the story told in Stowe’s novel. These two books reflected and enhanced the ideological conflicts that le d to the Civil War. <<<<<Begin: Sidebar>>>>> Ulysses S. Grant was born in Ohio to an anti-slave family. He graduated from West Point Military Academy and fought in the Mexican-American war. As we touched upon in the last chapter, Grant and his wife lived with his in-laws at the White Haven Plantation in the “Gravois” area (present-day location is next to Grant’s Farm). It was at White Haven that Grant was exposed to the workings of a plantation and that its economy ran on slave labor. He witnessed the restriction of liberties first-hand. It was here in the St. Louis area, that laid the groundwork for Grant’s treatment of slaves and freed slaves throughout the Civil War and Reconstruction. <<<<<End: Sidebar>>>>> Railroads The railroads were the life-blood of commerce and expanding the inhabitation of the country. They were also strategically vital to both sides of the Civil War to move men and material from one battle site to another. The Union had a distinct advantage over the South in this regard. The North had 2.3 times the miles of track than the South did in 1861 at the beginning of the war. The Union forces also had access to resources to repair and rebuild and the South’s resources were greatly restricted by the Union blockades. It became a vital strategic asset for an armed force to keep track, supply centers and road junctions under its control. 1 The Pacific Railroad from St. Louis to Jefferson City was completed in Fall 1855. On November 1, 1855, on its inaugural run to Jefferson City, the dignitary-filled train plunged into Gasconade River. That bridge was rebuilt in 4 months. The line was complete from St. Louis to Kansas City in September 1865. The Civil War raids greatly damaged Missouri’s railways to the extent, plus Missouri’s geography, that it affected St. Louis not being the choice for the route of the transcontinental railroad which opened in 1869. A profile map of the located line of the Labadie and Creve Coeur Branch of the Missouri Pacific Railway, was filed with the county clerk…The profile shows the location of the proposed branch in St. Louis county, from the Franklin county boundary to a junction with the Laclede & Creve Coeur Railroad, at the lake. It runs through the lands of Howell & Link, Bailey, Tyler, Ridgley, Nickerson, Rickard, Schulze, Coleman, Koewing, Bayer, Kroenung, Kram, Becker, Hesse, Lewis, Kessler, Payne, Devinney, Bates, Walton, Obart, Kuhlmann, Talbott heirs, Braun and Stevens. Watchman, February 12, 1886 Slavery In This Area Missouri was a divided state regarding the issue of slavery. Many non-slaveowners supported slavery as an “accepted system of labor” prior to the Civil War and during the war some slave owners joined in the Union Army’s anti-slavery fight. The latter is evidenced by the example of Frederick Steines. In 1850 Frederick Steines, a German immigrant, was a resident of Boles Township and had a farm in nearby Franklin County. Steines owned two slaves and hired out a third slave, Malinda, from the John C. Coleman estate in neighboring Meramec Township. During the war, however, Steines served in the Union Army as a member of the Missouri Home Guard. Most Missouri slave owners lived in the central part of the state in a region known as “Little Dixie.” In 1860, there were 1,156 slave owners and 4,340 slaves living in St. Louis County. Approximately 300 of these slaves were in Meramec Township and 412 were in nearby Bonhomme Township. [“150th Anniversary of End of Civil War,” WHS 2015 Calendar, January.] <<<insert photo of slave kettle>>> WHS museum collection Slave Kettle: iron kettle, circa early to mid-19th century This kettle was purchased by Joseph Schaedler at a farm auction on one of the Coleman farms in the mid-1900s. The kettle was later purchased by the Wildwood Historical Society at Ervin Schaedler’s farm auction. Oral stories passed down tell us that this kettle was used by local slaves for cooking Kettles such as this were typically set up in the yard. The handles on the side were designed to raise it over a large fire. Early ownership of this kettle has been attributed to both the Link and Coleman families from the Wild Horse Creek Valley. The kettle shown here is said to have been used by Link’s slaves to make apple butter. 2 The Link family were descendants of Absolom Link (1775-1841) who served as a Mounted Rifleman in the Territorial Militia during the War of 1812. The Link family acquired land throughout the region, including portions of William Bell’s Spanish Survey #909. Both Robert G. Coleman and Alexander McElhinney acquired property from the Link Estate. Neighbor against Neighbor <<<insert Close-up 1857 St. Louis Co map>>> Slave owners and non-owners lived side by side throughout St. Louis County. On this 1857 topographical map of St. Louis County by Gustavas Waagner details information about landowners and the locations of their homes. In the Wild Horse Creek Valley is the Pleasant’s residence. The Pleasants were slave-owners from Virginia. Maria Pleasant’s son, Robert G. Coleman, served in the Confederate States Army and after the war became a physician in the community. Many of the Pleasants’ neighbors were Germans who served in the Missouri Home Guard and kept a watchful eye on their neighbors. Locals Henry Hencken and Dietrich Hencken both served in Company E of the Missouri Home Guard’s Pacific Battalion. <<< insert 1860 Census page>>> Census records provide a great deal of insight, listing household members, profession, place of birth and value of estate. The 1860 census shown here includes the names James Pleasants and Dietrich Hencken. [“150th Anniversary of End of Civil War,” WHS 2015 Calendar, February.] Overview Civil War in Missouri The American Civil War was fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The causes of the war were many and complex, but the central conflict was over slavery and its expansion into new states. During the war, Missouri was a border state whose citizens supported both the north and south. Most Missouri men served in some capacity during the war. Many joined the Confederate States Troops, but most pledged their allegiance to the Union. More than 110,000 Missourians fought in the Union Army and nearly 40,000 joined Confederate units. Over 1,260 civil war battles and armed skirmishes took place throughout Missouri. St. Louis was under Federal Marshall Law for most of the war while bands of Confederate soldiers roamed the countryside, as evidenced by the Rebel Camp on the nearby Meramec River in 1862 explained later in this chapter. <<<insert battle map of Union Army Campaign of 1864>>> The Union had several military organizations in the state during the war including the Missouri Home Guard, the Missouri Militia and the Missouri Volunteers. After the war Union Army veterans established a fraternal organization of former Union soldiers called the Grand Army of the Republic of which many Missourians became members. 3 The Confederate States Army was supported by troops in the Missouri State Guard, a militia led by former Missouri governor, General Sterling Price. General Price’s unsuccessful raid through Missouri in 1864 was the final effort of the Confederate western campaign. [“The American Civil War in Missouri” Poster, WHS, © 2015] The Missouri Home Guard The Missouri Home Guard was a Union military unit of several thousand men authorized by General Nathaniel Lyon. They were called to active Civil War duty following the attack on Fort Sumter in April of 1861. The initial Home Guard troops received no pay, were given no uniforms and few weapons, and served for three months. Home Guardsmen and the Enrolled Missouri Militia were tasked with defending their community and protecting local citizens.
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