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9241571500-Eng.Pdf (‎460.1Kb) Environmental Health Criteria 150 Benzene Please note that the layout and pagination of this web version are not identical with the printed version. Benzene (EHC 150, 1993) INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA 150 BENZENE This report contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, or the World Health Organization. Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization First draft prepared by Dr E.E. McConnell, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA World Health Orgnization Geneva, 1993 The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) is a joint venture of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization. The main objective of the IPCS is to carry out and disseminate evaluations of the effects of chemicals on human health and the quality of the environment. Supporting activities include the development of epidemiological, experimental laboratory, and risk-assessment methods that could produce internationally comparable results, and the development of manpower in the field of toxicology. Other activities carried out by the IPCS include the development of know-how for coping with chemical accidents, coordination of laboratory testing and epidemiological studies, and promotion of research on the mechanisms of the biological action of chemicals. WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Benzene. (Environmental health criteria ; 150) 1.Benzene - adverse effects 2.Benzene - toxicity Page 1 of 102 Benzene (EHC 150, 1993) 3.Environmental exposure I.Series ISBN 92 4 157150 0 (NLM Classification: QV 633) ISSN 0250-863X The World Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. Applications and enquiries should be addressed to the Office of Publications, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, which will be glad to provide the latest information on any changes made to the text, plans for new editions, and reprints and translations already available. (c) World Health Organization 1993 Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. CONTENTS ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA FOR BENZENE 1. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 1.1 Identity, physical and chemical properties, analytical methods 1.2 Sources of human exposure 1.3 Environmental transport, distribution and transformation 1.4 Environmental levels and human exposure 1.5 Kinetics and metabolism 1.6 Effects on laboratory mammals and in vitro test systems 1.6.1 Systemic toxicity 1.6.2 Genotoxicity and carcinogenicity 1.6.3 Reproductive toxicity, embryotoxicity and teratogenicity 1.6.4 Immunotoxicity 1.7 Effects on humans 1.8 Conclusions 2. IDENTITY, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, ANALYTICAL METHODS 2.1 Identity Page 2 of 102 Benzene (EHC 150, 1993) 2.2 Physical and chemical properties 2.3 Conversion factors 2.4 Analytical methods 2.4.1 Environmental samples 2.4.2 Biological materials 3. SOURCES OF HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE 3.1 Natural occurrence 3.2 Anthropogenic sources 3.2.1 Production levels and processes 3.2.2 Uses 4. ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT, DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSFORMATION 4.1 Transport and distribution between media 4.2 Environmental degradation 4.2.1 Abiotic degradation 4.2.2 Biodegradation 4.2.3 Bioconcentration 5. ENVIRONMENTAL LEVELS AND HUMAN EXPOSURE 5.1 Environmental levels 5.1.1 Air 5.1.2 Water 5.1.3 Soil and sediments 5.1.4 Food 5.2 General population exposure 5.3 Occupational exposure during manufacture, formulation or use 6. KINETICS AND METABOLISM IN LABORATORY ANIMALS AND HUMANS 6.1 Absorption 6.1.1 Air 6.1.2 Oral 6.1.3 Dermal 6.2 Distribution 6.2.1 Inhalation exposure 6.2.2 Oral and dermal exposures 6.3 Metabolic transformation 6.4 Elimination and excretion 6.4.1 Inhalation exposure 6.4.2 Oral exposure 6.4.3 Dermal exposure 6.5 Retention and turnover 6.6 Reaction with body components 6.7 Modelling of pharmacokinetic data for benzene 7. EFFECTS ON LABORATORY MAMMALS AND IN VITRO TEST SYSTEMS 7.1 Single exposure 7.2 Short-term and long-term exposures 7.3 Skin and eye irritation 7.4 Reproductive toxicity, embryotoxicity and teratogenicity 7.5 Mutagenicity and related end-points 7.5.1 In vitro studies Page 3 of 102 Benzene (EHC 150, 1993) 7.5.2 In vivo studies 7.6 Carcinogenicity 7.6.1 Inhalation studies 7.6.2 Oral and subcutaneous studies 7.7 Special studies 7.7.1 Immunotoxicity 7.7.2 Neurotoxicity 7.8 Factors modifying toxicity 7.9 Mechanism of toxicity 8. EFFECTS ON HUMANS 8.1 General population and occupational exposure 8.1.1 Acute toxicity 8.1.2 Effects of short- and long-term exposures 8.1.2.1 Bone marrow depression; aplastic anaemia 8.1.2.2 Immunological effects 8.1.2.3 Chromosomal effects 8.1.2.4 Carcinogenic effects 9. EVALUATION OF HUMAN HEALTH RISKS 9.1 General population 9.2 Occupational exposure 9.3 Toxic effects 9.3.1 Short-term and long-term exposures; organ toxicity 9.3.1.1 Haematotoxicity; bone marrow depression 9.3.1.2 Mechanism of action and metabolism 9.3.1.3 Immunotoxicity 9.3.2 Genotoxicity and carcinogenic effects 9.3.2.1 Mechanism of carcinogenicity 9.3.2.2 Human carcinogenesis 9.4 Other toxicological end-points 9.5 Conclusions 10. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PROTECTION OF HUMAN HEALTH 11. FURTHER RESEARCH 12. PREVIOUS EVALUATIONS BY INTERNATIONAL BODIES REFERENCES RESUME ET CONCLUSIONS RESUMEN Y CONCLUSIONES WHO TASK GROUP ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA FOR BENZENE Members Dr D. Anderson, BIBRA (British Industrial Biological Research Association), Toxicology International, Carshalton, Surrey, United Kingdom (Vice-Chairman) Dr H.A. Greim, Institute of Toxicology, Association for Radiation and Environmental Research, Neuherberg, Germany (Chairman) Dr R.F. Henderson, Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute, Lovelace Page 4 of 102 Benzene (EHC 150, 1993) Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico Dr R. Hertel, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology, Hanover, Germany (now at the Bundesgesundheitsamt, Berlin) Professor A.-A.M. Kamal, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt Dr S. Parodi, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy Dr R.A. Rinsky, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Dr R. Snyder, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA Dr G.M.H. Swaen, Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Limburg, Maastricht, The Netherlands Dr S.-N. Yin, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Beijing, China Observers Dr M. Bird, Exxon Biomedical Sciences, East Millstone, New Jersey, USA Dr J. Gamble, Exxon Biomedical Sciences, East Millstone, New Jersey, USA Dr J. Kielhorn, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology, Hanover, Germany Dr K. Levsen, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology, Hanover, Germany Dr G. Raabe, Mobil Research, Princeton, New Jersey, USA Secretariat Dr G.C. Becking, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Interregional Research Unit, World Health Organization, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA (Secretary) Dr M. Kogevinas, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France Dr E.E. McConnell, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA (Rapporteur) NOTE TO READERS OF THE CRITERIA MONOGRAPHS Every effort has been made to present information in the criteria monographs as accurately as possible without unduly delaying their publication. In the interest of all users of the Environmental Health Criteria monographs, readers are kindly requested to communicate any errors that may have occurred to the Director of the International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, in order that they may be included in corrigenda. * * * A detailed data profile and a legal file can be obtained from the International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals, Case Postale 356, 1219 Châtelaine, Geneva, Switzerland (Telephone No. 9799111). * * * Page 5 of 102 Benzene (EHC 150, 1993) This publication was made possible by grant number 5 U01 ES02617-14 from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, USA. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA FOR BENZENE A WHO Task Group on Environmental Health Criteria for Benzene met at the Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Aerosol Research, Hanover, Germany, from 2 to 6 December 1991, the meeting being sponsored by the German Ministry of the Environment. Dr R.F. Hertel welcomed
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