Business and Culture

TEXTS FOR TRANSLATION STUDIES

Selected by Shi Baohui School of Foreign Languages Beijing Forestry University March 2008

Part Three: Business and Culture

1. Texts for Business [2-12] 1) 乐料 [2] 2) 深圳大礼品 [2] 3) 塑料品容器厂 [4] 4) 中仁堂团出 [4] 5) 伍思德 [6] 6) 海尔团术中心 [10] 7) 林业大学史沿 [12]

2. Texts for Tourism [13-39] 8) 海园 [13] 9) 园简 [14] 10) 和园简 [16] 11) 山园 [18] 12) 岭史 [20] 13) 故宫博物总 [24] 14) 山 [32] 15) 杭西湖 [34] 16) 苏园林 [36]

3. Texts for Culture [40-57] 17) 中文 [40] 18) 中 [42] 19) 论语 [43] 20) 画蛇 [49] 21) 嗟来之 [51] 22) 明代回小 [52]

3. Exercises [58-61]

可口可乐饮料公司

乐料是 1982 在美乐, 广东省品出团建的一个立算自盈的中型品生企业, 向家纳税累 1.7 亿该美本德等家引的料生线和属备, 一条生线仅生乐, 发展在的 4 条生线生乐碧芬橙芬苹果以料津美乐等品, 拥一批生术人才和场业伍, 调汽水机和柜等备, 直接服广东省内 3000 多个网点 1993 该港商立了中“广东乐料品”, 广大消者供更多的料品

深圳大光礼品有限公司

该是一家中的综性经济体内家业生经类中

档礼品精品旅游纪念品系用品之企业规模宏大术力厚机械备生原料品自行生

大礼品物美将竭诚您供的品的服大标志的保证信

誉的保证地址深圳中心大厦 14 层 B 电话62513306251329 电3170 真6201947 处地址崇文店 0512 电话65122211292

2 Coca-Cola Beverage Company

Coca-Cola Beverage Company is a financially independent medium-sized beverage making enterprise founded in 1982 by Guangdong Foodstuff Import and Export (Group) Corporation with the help of American Coca-Cola Company. Its accumulative tax turnover to the state is now RMB170 million. The company, having successively introduced advanced beverage production lines and accessories from the United States, Japan, and Germany, has developed from the original one Coca-Cola production line to the present four lines capable of making Coca Cola, Sprite, Fanta orange juice, Fanta apple juice, and Jinmeile, a Chinese national quality beverage at the same time. The company also possesses its own team of engineers, technicians, and professional marketing personnel, with delivery vehicles, soda fountains, freezers, and other sales facilities which provide direct service to over 3,000 sales units both inside and outside Guangdong Province. In 1993, the company and its Hong Kong partner started a joint venture—Guangdong Coca-Cola Beverage Co. Ltd.—to provide its consumers with more quality beverages.

Shenzhen Taikong Gift Co. Ltd.

This is a jointly-ventured comprehensive economic entity, and the first domestic enterprise which specializes in producing and dealing with different kinds of highgrade and intermediate choice of gifts and souvenirs, tourist souvenirs and serial appliances for guestrooms in hotels. The Company is broad in scale, and is equipped with solid technical forces. Machines and raw materials are imported, while products are designed and produced by local forces. The Company provides satisfying gifts and souvenirs in appropriate prices. The Company will whole-heartedly provide high quality products and service. Our symbol will guarantee the quality and our prestige. Add: B 14/F, International Trade Centre Bldg., Shenzhen Tel: 6251330, 6251329 Cable: 3170 Shenzhen Fax: 6201947 Beijing Office Add: Room 0512, Chongwenmen Hotel, Beijing Tel: 65122211—292

3 宝兴塑料食品容器厂

塑料品容器厂是中企业该厂 1988 引西德全套聚料生线, 生 1.25 PET 料坯, 多种料使用品, 并得到美乐认盛装乐系品该厂生能力 1700 个, 工业总值 1500 多又引了 0.6 矿水 PET 料生线, 式投

中国北京同仁堂集团公司进出口分公司

中仁堂团出是中仁堂团直属全民制企业自经立算自盈的企业法人仁堂是老声誉的一家堂它建 1669 多的史制药宗炮炙虽繁必省人工品味虽必减物力制

品以方特料乘工艺精湛疗效显著而中仁堂商标家商标在德家他十多个家和地注到特别保中仁堂团出要经中仁堂团属企业自品相术的出业经生原料机械备术的业开展

经生来一补业经批准的他商品的出业目前经类药品千余种中药机械十余种药品行全十多个家和地出居全行之本热诚朋前来谈建立种形式的经济系

地址中中 15 电话67620827 真67635193 电7654 BMMC 编100075

4 Baoxing Plastic Food Container Factory

Baoxing Plastic Food Container Factory is a Sino-foreign joint venture. In 1988, the factory introduced a complete production line from West Germany to manufacture quality 1.25 liter PET polyester beverage bottles and semi-finished bottles suitable for (holding) different kinds of beverages. Because of their reliability, the bottles are approved by the American Coca-Cola Company for Coca-Cola serial products. The factory’s annual production capacity is 17 million bottles, which brings in a gross value of industrial output of over RMB15 million. The production line introduced recently to manufacture 0.6 liter PET mineral water bottles is now officially in production. Orders are welcome.

China Beijing Tong Ren Tang Holdings Corporation Import & Export Company

China Beijing Tong Ren Tang Holdings Corporation Import & Export Company is a state owned enterprise directly under China Beijing Tong Ren Tang Holdings Corporation. It runs by its own and assumes independent accounting and sole responsibility for its profits and losses. Established in 1669, Tong Ren Tang is the most long-standing and prestigious pharmaceutical factory in Beijing, with a history of over 300 years. It follows the principle of “making the best medicines, irrespective of the cost or materials and time consumed”. Tong Ren Tang’s medicines are famous for unique prescriptions, superior medicinal materials, excellent technology and successful curative effect in the world. The trademark Tong Ren Tang is well-known in the country. Registered in the countries of Madrid Agreement as well as in more than forty other countries and regions, it is under strict protection. The scope of business includes: Export of products and technologies from the enterprises under China Beijing Tong Ren Tang Holdings Corporation. Import of raw and processed materials, machinery, equipment and technologies needed in production. Engaged in joint ventures, cooperative production, compensation trade, processing with customer’s materials, imported materials and assembling with customer’s parts. Import and export of other commodities approved by MOFTEC. Now the Company deals in over 3,000 kinds of Chinese medicines and 10 kinds of machinery for manufacturing Chinese medicines. The medicines sell well in China and in more than 40 other countries and regions. The export value of traditional Chinese medicines is the largest in China. We warmly welcome friends from all over the world to do business with us and establish relations in various forms of economic cooperation.

Add: 15 Nansanhuan Zhonglu, Fengtai District, Beijing 100075, China Tel: 0086-10-67620827 Fax: 0086-10-67635193 Cable: 7654 BMMC

5 伍思德公司

1) 业函

亲爱的生

们知是一家著的性快企业在崇声誉做

的快目共睹的发展吸引着多的投商消者做目前世界

经济发展活的家——中在吸引世界来多的团前来们相信

机好将永临富战略眼的开者中是人多综力断增强

的发展中家是一个极端注文的家任何文内函的感

的无论是中的是的品均能在中特别是在益发展的大中城生

大的规模效益代的中城崇尚牌品快捷方便卫生的快品符中

断的消要因肯德必胜等美快在中得了

场并在断地扩大规模

着中场经济的断开类企业大涌入使得中要城的发

展性的以地发展战略的企业供了来广的

场商业契机

任何在中得的企业懂得要想在中获得发展中人去了解中

才是准确捷的方式因中的情中人自清楚

们——伍思德(Wisdom)愿意您希望入中场的朋们供们

直接效的咨询

们的简参

们十感并期着方的真诚恭来函询并来中

投建立企业

Dear Sir/Madam,

Beijing Wisdom Food and Packaging Market Research Co. Ltd. is here to provide the most direct and efficient assistance and consultation for those who are hoping to open the Chinese market.

We have learned that your company is an internationally renowned fast food chain. As a leading international fast food company, it has attracted numerous investors and customers.

China is developing fast in economy and national strength. Being the most populous nation, it is attracting more and more multinational corporations to set up joint ventures. Meanwhile, it is also most interested in the ‘Food Culture’, and any culture-oriented, tasteful food, Chinese or foreign, will be able to produce great economic benefits in this country, especially in its large and medium-sized cities. The Urban Chinese worship good food and fast, convenient, healthy fast food will just meet the demand of their consumption. Therefore, McDonald, KFC, and Pizza Hut have made big achievements on the Chinese market, constantly expanding their chain enterprises.

With China’s development of market economy, and the pouring in of various foreign investments, its large cities are increasingly internationalized, which provides extensive markets and commercial opportunities for those international corporations that are especially interested in developing their business in the Asian-Pacific Region.

All businesses that have been successful in China understand that to expand their business in this country they must attempt to learn about this country through the Chinese people themselves.

That is the most reliable, accurate and accessible source because it is the Chinese who know most about themselves. And that is why we are here to assist.

We believe that opportunities and fortunes will always belong to those who are far-sighted and pioneering. For details of the Wisdom, please see the attached leaflet.

Thank you for your attention and we are looking forward to further cooperation. In case of any queries, please do not hesitate to contact us. Our aim is to help you invest and establish joint ventures in China.

7 2) 简

伍思德(Wisdom)品包装场研任是品包装行业咨询的

业本以咨询业中法律并全照经济活的惯例以

立的工担的业信

本接中品工业的伍思德秉一崇的敬业精神在品

包装域内极开断

宗在品包装域内绍企业入中场促中品包装

场续稳调的发展

业围

1. 企业入中场行战略咨询

2. 中场的场调查投境调查场研

3. 在的类业开发活

n 在业代

o 商团类研讨谈谈

p 来参展的展业代

q 供策划方案

r 户伴

翱翔律师将在法律们支法律保

地址

编码

电话

真

联系人

Beijing Wisdom Food and Packaging Market Research Co. Ltd.

Beijing Wisdom Food and Packaging Market Research Co. Ltd. is a professional company to provide consultations in the food and packaging industry. It is specialized in information services and strictly follows the Chinese law and international conventions in economic activities. It takes an independent, impartial and objective attitude in all its work and observes the terms of all contracted businesses. The Wisdom is under the leadership of the Chinese Food Industry Association. It features professionalism and work ethics and makes every effort to contribute to the field of food and packaging. Mission: To introduce superior international food and packaging businesses into the Chinese market and facilitate the sustained, stable and balanced development of the food and packaging market in China. Scope: 1. Assisting international companies to enter the Chinese market with strategic consultations; 2. Undertaking market research and research in investment environment; 3. Assisting international companies in various businesses and development activities in China. 9 Providing business representatives for international companies; 9 Hosting business delegations organized by international companies for seminars, negotiations and workshops; 9 Providing exhibition representatives for products of international companies in China; 9 Developing marketing strategy plans; 9 Assisting clients to find business partners The Beijing Aoxiang Lawyer’s Office is responsible for assistance in legal matters.

Correspondence: Tel.: Fax.: Contact:

9 海尔集团公司技术中心

海尔团术中心是经家经税总局海总署联确认的批家企业(团)术中心, 是海尔团术新的管, 该中心海尔团科研开发果了大工在 96 的基础, 97 继续开发新品 150 个, 中 80％投入内场, 20％企业的术储备利 515 , 了均 1个工开发一个新品, 一个工 2 利的新力 1998 5 26 , 海尔团担的家术新目“系家电的研开发”了家一术地用在电箱调器滚()洗衣机等家电品, 术水到了水, 标志着中家电的术水又到了一个新的水海尔团研制开发的保品节能无节能无电箱是家在一种品使用种代方案满世界地要的品, 该品无 CFC 代节能等特点, 比节能水 0.07Wh/24h/100L, 比欧洲 A 指标节能 20 ％以强科研机构的强强联, 势补中科学研建立“工程塑料工程研中心”, 海尔团渐使企业科研开发的体, 生力的体, 科研益的体自立个以来, 研制得 26 科研果, 中 2 到世界水, 用到家电品, 得显著的经济效益 98 5 , 海尔团原广电科立了“海尔广科数术开发 ”, 以本纽带行科企联的科研开发体, 既促了科研果效的生力, 又了科业, 增强了海尔团在数方的科研开发能力, 使海尔团在该域的术水处全水, 促了数彩电的研制开发业的发展 98 6 大学美第大业开发商 C-MOLD , 建了“海尔”

术中心任: 瑞敏术中心副任: 杨杜林电话: (0532)8938093 真: (0532)8938555 E-mail: [email protected]

10 The Technological Center

The Technological Center of Haier Group Company is recognized by the State Economic and Trade Commission, the Taxation Head Office, and the General Administration of Customs of the P.R.C. as one of the first state-class enterprise technological centers in China. As the department of technological innovation and administration, the Technological Center has done much work in development, research, and putting research achievements into practice. In 1997 it developed 150 new products, 80% of which have been put onto the market at home and abroad. The others are kept as technical reserve. In the same year it achieved 515 patents. It has the strength of developing one new product and applying two patents on every working day. * The Research and Development of Household Appliances of the Converter Series, a state-class technological project undertaken by the Haier Group, passed the experts’ examination on May 26, 1998. The technology is successfully applied to the household appliances, including the refrigerator, air-conditioner, and front-loading/top-loading washing machines. In terms of commercialization, the domestic household appliances have come up to a new stage and reached international standing. * Haier Group has devoted itself to the development of the series of environment-friendly products and has been the first to launch the energy-efficient and CFC-free products in China. Its energy-efficient and CFC-free refrigerator features three CFC-substitution solutions to meet the different requirements of various regions of the world. These products are 0.07kwh/24h/100L, lower than the highest international energy-efficient standard and lower than the European Class A

11 北京林业大学历史沿革

林业大学原林学建 1952 是新中立初期的大学之一史溯到清代师大学堂科林学目和直等业学堂林科并算 100 的史 1952 据全系调整的署教育和林业决业大学和河学校的森林系并建林学临校址在妙峰山大峰1953 在海淀肖庄校址式建校1960 被全点校 1969 全校宁等地一改林业学 1979 经批准复校学校入一个新的史期1985 林业教育发展的形势经批准校改林业大学到 1992 学校建经初规模以森林生物科学基础林业源境学科特色科工科文科管学科的多科性林业大学 1992 春小志巡讲话发表以学校紧紧把握代发展的脉搏犹一艘的入了中等教育大发展的滚滚洪流之中在教育原林业家林业局府的学校结自的特点和势一解思想念奋斗奋发强全深改得了煌业将学校建内水多科性研型知大学奠了的基础入了发展腾段

Beijing Forestry University: History

The University (BFU) was founded in 1952 as Beijing Forestry College to be one of the eight specialized colleges established shortly after the founding of the People’s Republic of China. Its history, however, can be traced back to the Qing Dynasty over 100 years ago, with its precedents in Jingshi Daxuetang (the Metropolitan University) and Zhili Agricultural School. In line with the Chinese Government’s scheme for academic restructuring in 1952, the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Forestry decided to establish Beijing Forestry College, by merging the Forestry Departments of Beijing Agricultural University and Hebei Agricultural Institute. Its provisional location was then at Dajue and Xiufeng Temples at the foot of Miaofeng Mountain in Beijing. In 1953, the college was formally set up on its present site at Xiaozhuang, Haidian District, and was later designated as a national key university in 1960. In 1969 the College was moved to Yunnan province in southern China and settled in turns at Lijiang, Xiaguan and Anning, with its name changed to Yunnan Forestry College for a period. With the approval of the State Council, Beijing Forestry College moved back to Beijing in 1979, embarking on a journey for unprecedented development. In order to meet the new demands of forestry education, the College was renamed Beijing Forestry University under the approval of the Ministry of Forestry in 1985. By 1992, BFU had developed itself into a reasonably-scaled and multi-disciplinary university, which features forest biology, forest resources and environmental studies, together with an extensive coverage of courses in the field of sciences, engineering, liberal arts and management. Following the speeches and talks delivered by Deng Xiaoping during his inspection tour to southern China in early 1992, BFU seized the opportunity to get itself involved in the sweeping development of China’s higher education. Under the leadership of the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Forestry (now the State Forestry Administration) and Beijing Municipal Government, it made all efforts in carrying out a series of dramatic reforms and witnessed impressive achievements, paving the way for developing BFU into a multi-disciplinary, research-oriented university that is outstanding in China and renowned in the world. (Tr. Shi Baohui)

北海公园 About the Park

海园的中心是园 Beihai Park located in central Beijing, 悠久保整的家园林之一千的史 is one of the oldest and most authentically 海园林的开发始代代又在 perserved imperial gardens in China. It has 代初的基础大十九1179 建规模宏的宁宫宁宫沿袭家 a history of 1000 years. 园林一山的规制并将汴 Beihai has existed throughout the 岳御园中的湖石移置琼岛 1267 世祖忽必烈以宁宫琼岛 Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. 中心建大琼岛在的湖被 Most of the buildings now standing were 划入城寿山液永乐十 1420 明朝式寿山 constructed during Emperor Qianlong's 液紫禁城西的御苑西苑明 regin in the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911 代向开水形海的局清朝袭明代的西苑乾期海行大规模 A.D.). 的改建奠了的规模和局 Beihai was opened to the public in 1925 海园开1949 新中立党和府 1925 and in 1961 it was one of the first 海园的保极视以修葺 1961 被第一批全园点文物 important cultural sites placed under 保 protection by the State Council. The park 海是中史园林的艺术杰全园占地 69 中水 39 要琼 occupies an area of 69 hectares including a 岛东岸岸琼岛树木 39-hectare lake. In the garden, pavilions 苍殿栉比楼落塔耸立山巅园的标志湖柳 and towers nestle amid the beautiful 着濠画斋心斋王殿快 scenery of lakes and hills,grass and trees. 堂九壁小西等多著点海园林博方园林的宏 Carrying on the traditions of garden 气势和家园林婉多姿的并 landscaping of ancient China Beihai is a 蓄帝王宫苑的富堂宗教的庄肃穆气千而又浑然一体是中园林艺 gem of garden art. 术的瑰

http://www.beihaipark.com.cn/about/index.htm http://www.beihaipark.com.cn/en/about/ index.htm

13 天坛公园简介

是明清代帝“祭”“祈”的场东域呈圆形

方形寓意“圆地方”周墙把全内总 273

要建中内

内以墙“祈”用春祈祷中心建是祈殿

“圜丘”用“冬”祭中心建是一大的圆形石“圜丘“之以

一 360 米出地的甬——桥相共形一条 1200 米的建

线大柏林

西内建“斋宫”是祀前帝斋的居西“神乐署”掌管祭祀

乐舞的教和演奏内要建祈殿乾殿圜丘斋宫无梁殿廊

寿等回壁石七石等胜

始建明永乐十(1420)又经明嘉清乾等朝增建改建建宏壮

境庄肃穆新中立家的文物投入大的行保和修

沧桑的以深刻的文内涵宏的建东方老文明的写照

明清建艺之大是中建珍品是世界大的祭建群1961

“全点文物保”1998 被联教科文确认“世界

文”

(http://www.tiantanpark.com/cn/)

14 The Temple of Heaven

The Temple of Heaven was the place where the Emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties would worship Heaven and pray for bumper crops. The northern part of the outer surrounding wall is semi-circular in shape while the southern part square, a pattern symbolic of the ancient belief that Heaven was round and the earth square. The double surrounding wall separates the temple into two parts—the inner and outer temples with the main structures in the inner one, covering a space of 273 hectares in all. The inner temple is also partitioned by a wall into two groups of buildings. The north structure is the Altar of Praying for Bumper Crops with the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests as the principal building used to pray in spring for a bumper harvest in the year. The south structure is the Circular Mound Altar used to worship Heaven at the winter solstice where the principal construction is a large round marble terrace named the Circular Mound. The two altars, connected by a 360-metre-long raised walk called the Red Step Bridge, are arranged in a line forming a north-south axis 1,200 metres long, and flanked by century-old cypresses in a spacious area. To the inner south of the West Celestial Gate is the Abstinence Hall where the feudal emperors observed abstention before the rituals. In the western part of the outer temple is located the Divine Music Office, which was in charge of the teaching and performance of the ritual music. In the Temple of Heaven are situated such main buildings as the Hall of Prayer for Good harvests, the Hall of Heavenly Emperor, the Circular Mound, the Imperial Vault of Heaven, the Abstinence Hall, the Beamless Hall, the Long Corridor, the Longevity Pavilion in a double ring shape as well as the Echo Wall, the Three Echo Stones, and the Seven Meteoric Stones. Built first in 1420(the 18th year of Emperor Yongle’s reign of the Ming Dynasty), and then expanded and reconstructed during the Ming Emperor Jiajing’s reign and Qing Emperor Qianlong’s reign, the Temple o0f Heaven is a grand and magnificent masterpiece of architecture with a formal and solemn environment. Since the founding of New China, the government has allotted a great sum of money to protect and restore the cultural monuments there. The Temple of Heaven with its long history, deep cultural content and magnificent architectural style mirrors the ancient culture of the Orient. A masterpiece of the Ming and Qing architectural art and a precious example of China’s ancient architecture, the Temple of Heaven is the largest architectural group for worshipping Heaven in the world. In 1961, it was listed by the State Council as “one of the key monuments under the state protection”. In 1998, it was recognized by the UNESCO as “one of the human heritages of the world”.

(http://www.tiantanpark.com/en/)

15 颐和园简介

和园山水清幽色的西原清园始建 1750 值中一个封建盛世——乾盛世期1860 的第战中清园被英法联烧毁1886 清府挪用海等款修并改和园慈禧晚的之地和园晚清统治者在紫禁城之要的治和活中心是中代史的要证多大史的发生地1898 帝在和园仁寿殿接新思想家询法法失被期幽禁在园中的玉澜堂1900 联侵入和园洗1902 清府又修清朝和园中统治者的要居地慈禧和在坐朝听发谔]接…… 1924 和园开园和园是中代史的要证！和园统园艺术之大借周围的山水境含中家园林的恢弘富气势又满自然之体了虽人自开的园准寿山昆明湖构基本框架占地 2.97 方水占之园中点建物余大小落 20 余处3000 余建 70000 多方米树木 1600 余株中廊石苏街十七孔桥谐园大等家喻户晓的代表性建园中要点大个域以庄威的仁寿殿代表的治活是清朝期慈禧内治活的要场以乐寿堂玉澜堂芸等庭代表的生活是慈禧居的地方以廊沿线山西的广大域是供帝们澄志娱乐的苑园游寿山的中线碧煌的排殿建群自湖岸的玉牌楼经排宫排殿德殿山的智慧海廊复殿层叠穿琐气势磅礴巍峨耸的层山湖统全园蜿蜒曲的西堤犹一条翠绿的带带横汉堤桥婀娜多姿形异烟的昆明湖中宏大的十七孔桥虹偃倒水涵虚堂藻堂治岛屿而立寓意着神话中的海仙山看耕画桑拂画乾帝在看耕活画极水情前湖一水相的苏街幌临店肆熙攘仿置多前的家买街谐园曲水复廊谐在昆明湖湖畔岸著的石惟妙惟肖的牛春的知春等点建多以来和园管处以文建园宗用一种精神种意识个一流的企业文统职工深入挖掘文内涵大力和园的保管和研工以借境山形水系文物建植被和园的心保内容建立了整的和园保管体系特别是改开以来和园快了建和保的投入恢复了大洲苏街明楼澹宁堂耕等极参周境改续和园的史人文境恢复了文的整性和原真性建了内园林系统内的文昌博物 1961 3 4 和园被第一批全点文物保1998 12 2 和园以厚的史文淀美的自然境的保管工被联教科文入世界录誉世界几大文明之一的力来和园获得了批全文明旅游示点全精神文明建批家 AAAA 等多荣誉2000 利标准的 ISO9000 和 14000 境管体系认证使和园的管保研了规科学法制的管

(http://www.summerpalace-china.com/)

16 The Summer Palace: A Brief Introduction

The Summer Palace landscape, dominated mainly by Longevity Hill and Kunming Lake, covers an area of 2.9 square kilometers, three quarters of which is under water. Its 70,000 square meters of building space features a variety of palaces, gardens and other ancient-style architectural structures. Well known for its large and priceless collection of cultural relics, it was among the first group of historical and cultural heritage sites in China to be placed under special state protection.

The Summer Palace, originally named Qingyi Yuan or the Garden of Clear Ripples, was first constructed in 1750. It was razed to the ground by the Anglo-French Allied Forces in 1860. The Government of the Qing Dynasty started to rebuild it in 1886 with funds that it had misappropriated from the Imperial Navy and other sources. Renamed two years later as Yihe Yuan or the Garden of Health and Harmony, it was supposed to serve as a summer resort for the Empress Dowager Cixi. Known also as the Summer Palace, it was ravaged by the Allied Forces of the Eight Powers that invaded China in 1900. The damage was repairedin 1902. Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the Summer Palace has undergone several major renovations. Its major attractions such as the Four Great Regions, Suzhou Street, the Pavilion of Bright Scenery, the Hall of Serenity, the Wenchang Galleries and the Plowing and Weaving Scenery Area have been successively restored.

The Summer Palace is a monument to classical Chinese architecture, in terms of both garden design and construction. Borrowing scenes from surrounding landscapes, it radiates not only the grandeur of an imperial garden but also the beauty of nature in a seamless combination that best illustrates the guiding principle of traditional Chinese garden design: “The works of men should match the works of Heaven”. In December 1998, UNESCO included the Summer Palace on its World Heritage List with the following comments:

1) The Summer Palace in Beijing is an outstanding expression of the creative art of Chinese landscape garden design, incorporating the works of humankind and nature in a harmonious whole;

2) The Summer Palace epitomizes the philosophy and practice of Chinese garden design, which played a key role in the development of this cultural form throughout the east;

3) The imperial Chinese garden, illustrated by the Summer Palace, is a potent symbol of one of the major world civilizations.

(http://en.summerpalace-china.com/)

17 香山公园

山园西小西山山脉东城 20 占地 160 是一著

的家园林特色的大型山林园

山园始建大十1186 800 多史明清在

建离宫别家游幸之清乾十在建楼殿廊共

噪城的十围墙并园西山园英法联和

联的焚掠1956 开人民园经半个世纪的建中的

十大园之一

山园文物富珍楼山林之燕之一西

山晴明清代建的碧内仅的木

罗汉堂接世班禅的行宫宗大昭之庙特色的庭

心斋世纪人毛泽东和中共中央居和的地方——清别墅

世纪人中山生灵柩暂厝地——碧塔

山园地势崛峻峰峦叠翠沛林峰炉峰俗愁海 557 米园

内类树木 26 余株仅树木就 5800

18 The Fragrant Hills Park

The Fragrant Hills Park, about 30 kilometres northwest of Beijing, is one of the most favourite resorts in the city’s outskirts. As the most beautiful sight in autumn Beijing, the park has won its fame all over the world with its maple leaves. The park has a long history of over 800 years. In 1186, in the Jin Dynasty, the Fragrant Hills Temple was built, and later during the Yuan and Ming dynasties several constructions were added to it. During the reign of Qianlong in the Qing period, it was extended to a larger royal garden and given the beautiful name “Garden of Tranquility and Pleasure”. In the 10th year of the Qianlong Era of the Qing Dynasty, Jingyi Garden was set up here which consists of 28 scenic sports and was known as the famous “three hills and five parks” in the suburbs of the city. But the park was looted and burned down by the Eight-Allied Invasion Powers in the early 20th century. In 1956 the Garden first opened to the public. After nearly half a century’s construction, the park has been successfully restored its elegance and beauty. It is now worldwide noted as one of the 10 best parks in Beijing. There is plenty to see in the park. Some well-noted spots include: Zhaomiao (Bright Temple), which was built in 1780 as a residence for the Sixth Panchen Lama. Right behind the Temple is a seven-storey, glazed-tile octagonal pagoda. Bronze bells hanging from the eaves tinkle in breeze. Next to it lies the Studio of Viewing Heart and Spectacles Lake. A small bridge over the lake divides the lake into two parts, resembling a pair of glasses, hence the name. To the south part, you may see Baisongting (The Lacebark Pine Pavilion), the Jade Flower Villa, the Ruins of Xiangshan (Fragrant Hills), Xianglufeng (Incense Burner Peak), Shuangqing Villa—a temporary residence of central leaders before they moved to Zhongnanhai, and Diamond Throne Pagoda (Jinggang Baozuo Ta), an ever resting place of Sun Yat-sen, founder of the Chinese Republic. Fragrant Hills are densily covered by ancient trees. Thus, spring arrives late in the area and summer days are always pleasantly cool. The main peak of Xiangshan Park, Worried Ghost Peak had an elevation of 557 meters. Clouds and mist often engulf its precipitously angled cliffs, which give the two large stone excrescences of the peak a resemblance to incense burners. Nearly 260,000 trees were planted in the park, over 5,800 were years-growing trees, taking account 1/4 of the total number of ancient trees in Beijing. The green coverage is approximated to 98%. According to the report from the local meteorologic bureau, the park is one of those places where the concentration of negative oxyanion was the highest. The Fragrant Hills boasts of its beautiful landscape and tourists through out the four seasons. The most beautiful sight here is the maple leaves. They grow on the smoke trees and turn red after frosts in late autumn. Then all the hills are attired in these maple leaves which seem to reach the rosy clouds in the sky. There are also groves of apricots, pears, peaches and lilacs adding their fragrance, and the more solemn evergreens, whose contribution to the local beauty is unrestricted by seasonal changes. The park was selected one of the 16 most beautiful scenaries in New Beijing. Tourists can take either a Cable Car or Chairlift to the summit (Incense Burner Peak). Also Fragrant Hills Hotel in the park offering Standard Accommodations and Food. Other scenic spots, like Summer Palace, Beijing Plant Garden and the Temple of the Sleeping Buddha (Wo Fo Si) are all within walking distance. http://www.bj-xiangshan.com.cn/doce/gyjs.htm

19 八达岭历史

岭西 60 处东经 116°65’纬 40°25’是峰峦叠嶂的山中的一个山明代话“故岭是山者” 岭代诗人的诗晚到岭乃和出岭代“”是相而言在昌县境内到中是一条 40 的峡峡中城的著“居”条峡因得“ 沟”岭沟端处峰峙一中开居临形势极要自岭视居建瓴窥“人居之在城而在岭”之岭山的特地形代家必之地一向以把岭战略要地溯到春秋战据史和来文物工者查证明岭一带在战期城而墙向明城大体一汉居城水经注“居在居界故垒石址崇墉峻壁……水山界……”因家认汉置居址在岭“居”之何而来？是秦始城徙一批民和徒到山妫小盆地居徒居处汉帝将妫置居县仿庆水经注的址地形地和山水流势岭的地境相一千前的在岭一带修城据书世祖本纪氏真君七446 在城大以修城“畿塞围”东山岭一带西河岸来到王朝保555 又修城西大经山东去把城到了海岭城在明朝新修明祖朱璋深知城墙在的要了帝“墙”备战府县城朱璋大将徐胜等率在方制塞修城紧屯以余势力侵 1403 明王朝第帝明祖朱棣1420 他把城到朱棣决心统一中御亲大深入蒙原到在苏联境内的嫩河 1488 以才开始行大而全的修城工程经 270 的岁共 18 大规模的修工程建一墙东宁省的绿西甘肃省嘉峪以西的便是们常的在能看到的城明城全 14600 多经方七个省自治无论工程术水和的密程是以前的城无法比拟的在意义以们看到的城始建春秋战结秦始期善明王朝明代城是一的一墙而是修“层层”的纵深御体系点地修了多城墙宁夏西山西河等地修了城复线山西置的城复线就条多在要的要地修多城和多短的墙的十山 28 石墙谓“土”

20 The History of Badaling Great Wall

The Badaling Great Wall locates the northwest of the Beijing, its position is longitude 116 degrees 65 cents east and latitude 40 degrees 25 cents north, it's a pass of Jundu mountain. It extends in all directions which is the reason it be called Badaling. The name of Badaling, can be read in the oldest poem "Visit Badaling in the Night" that wrote by Jin dynasty poet LiuYing and "Come out Badaling". In the Yuan Dynasty, it was called as "North mountain pass", which is comparative to the "South mountain pass". The South mountain pass locates in the Changping county, between them is a gorge which extends 20 kilomitres and be called "Juyong Gate", this gorge is called "GuanGou". The Badaling Great Wall locates on the ridge of the northern part of the GuanGou. Here, Two peaks face to face, there is a alley between them two, it's a very strategic place. Look down the JuYong Gate from the Badaling, it looks like a well. The ancients said "The risk of The JuYong Gate is not the Guan city, but the Badaling". Because of the importance of the Badaling, it has being the place that the military fight against for. The Badaling became the martial strongpoint from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. According to the "Shi Ji" and the work of the archaeologists, we can prove that there is The Great Wall in the Warring States Period in the Badaling. It also consistent with what we can see today. The "Shui Jing Zhu" of North Wei records:"JuYong Gate locates in the JuYong place, there a vertical gorge in the south of it ……" So, the experts Badaling is just the Guan Zhi. The name of "JuYong" comes from a story, Long time ago, the Qin Shi Huang force a group of farmers build The Great Wall, and these farmers dwelled in a country, later the country was named Ju Yong country by the Han Wu Di. 1500 years ago, North Wei built a strap of Great Wall in the Badaling. According to the "Wei Shu Shi Zhu Ben Ji", in the 446 year, at Datong, the emperor built the Great Wall whose name is "Sai Wei", The eastern part be in the Badaling and the western part be in bank of The Yellow River. Since to the 555 year, the Great was extended to the sea. The Badaling Great Wall was rebuilt in the Ming Dynasty. The Ming Tai Zhu Zhuyuan Zhang understood the importance of the Great Wall, after his ascending the throng, he repaired or rebuilt the Great Wall. Zhuyuan Zhang commanded the general XuDa and FengSheng lead the army to guard on the Great Wall to guard against the force of the Yuan. 1403 year, the 3th emperor of Ming Dynasty ZhuLi ascent the throng. 1420 year, he move the capital from the Nanjing to Beijing. He decided to unify the whole China. 1488 year, he began the vast project of building the Great Wall. Pass through 270 years, The Great Wall was linked one chain. It begins from the Yalu River and end on the Bulongji in the Ganshu province, that is The Great Wall we now refer to. The Ming Great Wall extends more then 7300 kilomitres, passages 7 provinces,citys and municipalitys. Its level of project and recovery extent are both best with the old Great Wall. Now we can say,The Great Wall was built in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period; linked in the Qin Dynasty; perfected in the Ming Dynasty. The Ming Great Wall, is no longer a simple high wall, but a rigorous recovery system. Ningxia, Shanxi, Shangxi, Heibei all have the parts of the Great Wall. Many Guan citys and short walls were built in this important place,for instance Yanmen Gate etc.

21 岭是史许多大的证第一帝王秦始东临碣石之岭大咸而肖巡幸祖入代帝每和之明朝帝王清代子亲……岭是必经之地到代亲族文人岭的诗文更是数胜数留诗的是唐代诗人他诗中写到“水群山共”在民族戈的岁岭更是演一幕幕恢宏的史剧而中的千的史侯朝代更的经的去城十文十代了岭城以新的使它像一的史 碑矗立在山之巅着中民族文明和智慧的彩出中民族屈挠的大品和精神它联系族人民海胞人的纽带它是人类珍的文新中立1952 担任副总文教育员任的沫志修复岭城接内游人清代以来岭城渐荒废城西“”的城毁半东“居 ”城摇摇欲城城墙的墙墙垛墙敌楼等是断壁垣出修复的决立行尔又行多修缮 1961 确岭城和城墙全点文物保1984 在小志“爱中修城”的倡老更换新修复敌楼 19 城墙全 3741 米使游总到 1.9 米1986 岭被评新十之一1987 联接城“世界文”1991 8 岭城的精在故宫博物接了联教科文发的人类文证书1991 12 在珠海行的中旅游胜地十佳评活揭晓大全点 94 个回收效票 48 岭因点著以 37 的多票数中旅游胜地十佳之岭城中誉满全球它是城向游人开的地段“到城好汉”岭接中游人一亿千克撒尔戈尔巴乔伊莎希思等 372 脑和多的世界人物登岭游种情况在世界胜点中属罕岭城来者留了深刻的和无的回味岭城城的精以老而的姿接慕而沓来的游人登城的人莫

(http://www.badaling.gov.cn/Docc/ls_zw.htm)

22 The Badaling is the testimony of the fatal historical events. The first emperor Qinshihuang came back to Xianyang, Xiao queen mother went on a tour of inspection, Yuantaizhu enter the Chian etc. The poems and articles are without number. The great historical dramas about the disputes between nations are also without number. Now these things have been become the history. Age endow The Great Wall with the new meaning and mission. It is a historical monument, which stands tall and upright in mountains, materialize the Chinese civilization and sapiential. It has become the bridge between us and foreign people.It is the Oriental culture inheritance belongs to the whole human being. After the People's Republic of China coming into existence, 1952 year, Guomoruo associate premier suggested rehab the Great Wall to welcome the visitor that come from domestic and fremdness. Since the Qing Dynasty, the Badaling Great Wall has been becoming deserted. The city towers to west of Guan city had been destroied severity, the body of the city wall, buttress, wall, fight building etc had been destroied severity too. After the State Department decided to repair it, The Great Wall had been rehabilitated several times. 1961 year, the State Department confirmed the Badaling Great Wall was the significant cultural relic unit to be protected in China. 1984 year, Dengxiaoping called people "Loving our China, repairing our Great Wall". Now The Great Wall is becoming more and more beautiful and gallant. 1986 years, the Great Wall was choosed one scene of the sixteen scenes in Beijing. 1987 year, the U.N. accept it as the "Oriental culture inheritance of the whole world". 1991 year, 1992 year, etc. The Badaling Great Wall resound in the whole world, it is the first part which open to tourist of the Great Wall. Heretofore. It has welcome tourists more than 130000000. Nixon, Riken, Sarchel, Mikhail Gorbachev, Yilizabor etc, 372 mugwumps visited the Great Wall. The Badaling Great Wall is the soul of the whole Great Wall, it is welcoming the tourist come from the whole world. The man who has visited The Great Wall are all acclaimed as the peak of perfection.

(http://badaling.gov.cn/english/history/history03.htm)

23 故宫博物院总说

故宫博物是在明清代宫收藏的基础建立来的中综性博物

中心前山东王府街西临中海1961 经

批准故宫被全第一批点文物保1987 故宫被联教科文

入世界文录

依照中代学紫微垣极中乃帝居人是以

故宫又紫禁城明代第帝朱棣在帝决开始宫殿

明永乐十1420 落1911 翻了中的封建帝制--清王朝

1924 帝溥仪被出宫禁在前余中共 24 帝在生活居和

全行统治

紫禁城 10m 的城墙和 52m 的城河城 961m东西 753m

占地 780,000 ㎡城墙城一中的和的神供参

者游出入城内宫殿建局沿中线向东西展开红墙瓦画梁碧

煌殿楼落壮朝暾曛中仿人仙境城之半以和中

和保和大殿中心以文英殿是帝行朝的地方前朝

半以乾清泰坤宁宫东西宫和御花园中心东奉极等殿

西心殿花慈宁宫等是帝和们居行祭祀和宗教活以处

常的地方寝前宫殿建总 163,000 ㎡整宫殿建

局秩序然砖瓦循着封建等礼制出帝王无的威在封建

帝制代的人民群是能它一的

24 The Palace Museum: A General Survey

The Palace Museum, historically and artistically one of the most comprehensive in China, was established on the foundation of a palace of two dynasties, the Ming and the Qing, and their collection of treasures. Designated by the State Council as being among China’s foremost protected monuments in 1961, the Palace Museum was also named as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1987. Situated at the heart of Beijing, the Palace Museum is approached through Tiananmen; immediately behind it is Prospect Hill, while on the east and west are Wangfujing and Zhongnanhai. It is a location endowed with cosmic significance by ancient China’s astronomers. Correlating the emperor’s abode, which they considered the pivot of the terrestrial world, with the Pole Star (Ziweiyuan), which they believed to be at the centre of the heavens, they called the palace Zijincheng. Zijincheng was built in 1420 by the third Ming emperor Yongle who, upon usurping the throne, had decided to move his capital north to Beijing. In 1911 the last feudal dynasty, the Qing, fell to the republican revolutionaries. The last emperor, Puyi, continued to live in the palace after his abdication until expelled in 1924. Twenty-four emperors lived and ruled from this palace during this 500-year span. The Forbidden City is surrounded by 10-metre high walls and a 52-metre wide moat. Measuring 961 metres from north to south and 753 metres from east to west, it covers an area of 720,000 square metres. Each of the four sides is pierced by a gate, the Meridian Gate on the south and the Gate of Spiritual Valour on the north being used as the entrance and exit by tourists today. Once inside, visitors will see the layers of halls and palaces spreading out on either side of an invisible central axis. It is a magnificent sight, the buildings’ glowing yellow roofs against vermilion walls, not to mention their painted ridges and carved beams, all contributing to the sumptuous effect. Known as the Outer Court, the southern portion of the Forbidden City centres on the halls of Supreme Harmony, Central Harmony and Preserving Harmony. These are flanked by the halls of Literary Glory and Military Eminence. It was here that the emperor held court and conducted his grand audiences. Mirroring this arrangement is the Inner Court at the northern end of the Forbidden City, with the Palace of Heavenly Purity, the Hall of Union and the Palace of Earthly Tranquillity straddling the central axis, surrounded by the Six Palaces of the East and West and the Imperial Garden to the north. Other major buildings include the halls for Worshipping Ancestors and of Imperial Splendour on the east, and the Hall of Mental Cultivation, the Pavilion of the Rain of Flowers and the Palace of Benevolent Tranquillity on the west. These contain not only the residences of the emperor and his empress, consorts and concubines but also the venues for religious rites and administrative activities. In total, the buildings of the two courts account for an area of some 163,000 square metres. These were laid out very precisely in accordance with a feudal code of architectural hierarchy which designated specific features for reflecting the paramount authority and status of the emperor. No ordinary mortal would have been allowed or even dared to come within close proximity of these buildings.

25 宫殿本全收但按照拟的清条帝

溥仪被允许暂居宫禁寝的府决将热河德行宫和盛

沈故宫的文物移故宫的前朝 1914 立了物溥仪居

宫内一直亡清余势力勾结复以修补等目宫中窃大

文物引了社界的注1924 玉祥发将溥仪出宫禁

立清善员接管了故宫宫内文物行清点又经一的紧筹备

1925 10 10 在乾清前广场行了盛大的建礼并电全故宫博物

式立开的第一人们以一睹神秘的宫藏快内人

巷之堵塞大的大新

经初清点清代宫留来的文物据 1925 开出的十清善

员点查告一书一一十七余包括代彝玉器唐明之

法书画漆器器竹木牙角匏宗教像以大的帝

嫔服衣料和家等等谓翠珠玉奇珍异富聚之

大书籍文献档案故宫博物物书文献别人力

继续文物行整并就宫内开展种编出多种刊物开料

行工开展得声色人文荟萃极一之盛

第世界大战全爆发前本帝义了中东土形

势急了保故宫文物战火毁灭或被本帝义掠故宫博物决文

物敌之策 1933 2 5 宫内要文物被装 13,427 箱又 64 包批

抵海又建立文物并立了故宫博物1937

七·七卢沟桥爆发战全展开文物又沿徙

别省的巴县峨和乐山直到战胜利处文物复中庆

1947 回在中人民解将渡之自 1948 1949 初民

党府中挑出 2,972 箱文物士林溪建立新开

展出余的大批文物在 1949 以续回故宫博物一余箱但 2,221

箱封托博物代保管

26 After the republican revolution, this Palace as a whole would have been sequestered by the Nationalist government were it not for the “Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Qing House” which allowed Puyi to live on in the Inner Court after his abdication. Meanwhile, all the imperial treasures from palaces in Rehe (today’s Chengde) and Mukden (today’s Shenyang) were moved to the Forbidden City for public display in an Antiquities Museum established at the Outer Court in 1914. While confined to the Inner Court, Puyi continuously used such vestiges of influence as still remained to plot his own restoration. He also systematically stole or pawned a huge number of cultural relics under the pretext of granting them as rewards to his courtiers and minions or taking them out for repair. In 1924, during a coup launched by the warlord Feng Yuxiang, Puyi was expelled from the Forbidden City and the management of the palace fell to the charge of a committee set up to deal with the concerns of the deposed imperial family. The committee began a sorting and counting of the imperial treasures. A year of intense preparations later, its members arranged a grand ceremony on 10 October 1925 in front of the Palace of Heavenly Purity to mark the inception of the Palace Museum. News of the opening flashed across the nation, and such was the scramble of visitors on the first day that traffic jams around Beijing brought the city almost to a standstill. According to a 28-volume inventory published in 1925, the treasure trove left by the Qing numbered more than 1,170,000 items including sacrificial vessels and ancient jade artefacts from the earliest dynasties; paintings and calligraphy from the Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties; porcelain from the Song and Yuan; a variety of enamelware and lacquerware; gold and silver ornaments; relics in bamboo, wood, horn and gourd shells; religious statues in gold and bronze; as well as numerous imperial robes and ornaments; textiles; and furniture. In addition, there were countless books, literary works and ancient records. All these were divided into separate collections of antiquities, library materials and historical documents and placed under teams of staff to sort and collate. Exhibition halls were opened to display some of the treasures, while writers and editors worked away at publishing in book or journal form all the new areas of research and academic inquiry that the establishment of the museum had ushered in. The Palace Museum was soon a hive of activity. Shortly before the outbreak of World War II, the Japanese, having annexed territory in China’s northeast, proceeded to march on Beijing. With this looming crisis, the museum authorities decided to evacuate its collection rather than let it fall into enemy hands or risk destruction in battle. For four frantic months between February and May 1933, the most important pieces in the collection were packed into 13,427 crates and 64 bundles and sent to Shanghai in five batches. From there they were dispatched to Nanjing where a depository was built and a branch of the Palace Museum established. On 7 July 1937 shots fired around Marco Polo Bridge west of Beijing heralded the eruption of the Sino-Japanese War. Within a year, the Japanese had penetrated to most of eastern China. Now the treasures stored in Nanjing had to be moved again, this time by three routes to Sichuan, where they were secreted in three locations, Baxian, Emei and Leshan. Only at the end of the war were they consolidated in Chongqing, whence they were returned to Nanjing in 1947. By then the Nationalists were considerably weakened, and with the imminent takeover by the Communist armies of areas south of the Yangtze, they began their retreat to Taiwan. Between the end of 1948 and the dawn of 1949, the Nationalists picked relics to fill 2,972 crates for shipping across the Strait. A rival Palace Museum was set up in Taipei to display these antiquities. Most of what were left were gradually returned to Beijing, although to this day 2,221 crates remain in safe-keeping in the store in Nanjing.

27 在场十余的惨烈的战期故宫博物的工人员畏职文物数虽没一丢失和损伤故宫人员的精神歌

又是因场战使故宫的文物处异地份祖统文之珍藏是一个整体而

尤紫禁城建离人们相信一将得以璧

中人民共和立故宫博物的职工以崭新的精神投入工草疏

河清圾50 代初宫内清出去的的圾 250,000 立方米自容焕然一新故宫博物制了着保点修缮全规划施的建

修方经几十的力许多破渗漏瀕临倒塌的大小殿堂楼得到了修复和油

愈显碧煌内处大宫殿装了施又以投建了火监系

统和压消水管网使老的宫殿建得到了更效的保特别是改开

在人民府的大力支彻整治了绕故宫的子河更好地凸了城的

在文物工方十代的点是故宫博物藏的清宫文物新清点登

行别类和建档纠了去确之处并增补了漏的文物例

物堆中发了用草帘裹着的牙修复漱芳斋发在地的唐代卢棱

的尊者像等十余的工总清出清宫藏文物七十一余

家调向社和接人捐等方式新入藏文物十余

之多大幅地填补了清宫藏文物代类别的缺和石器代的彩商

周代的器玉器汉代的俑朝代的石像唐代的彩等而新入藏的

代法书画尤大宗世注目晋代机复帖王珣伯帖恺之洛神

卷代展子虔游春卷唐代滉牛卷杜牧好好诗卷代

中熙夜宴卷代李临偃牧卷熙窠石端清

明河卷等均是人瑰工数十懈场以回

代十咏卷代城詠诗明代沈周仿望富春山居卷清代

石涛卷等尤前是溥仪以溥杰宫中出而流民的

复藏

保好批数大的物瑰十代原行了大规模的修整了虫的种施九十代又建立了新的文物入藏文物十余

新恒温恒火并用代术自制保文物全无虞自 1950

开始建了文物修复工厂1980 扩建文物保科学术继利用统工艺术和引自然科学新果损的文物行修复数十来本累修复

文物十一余

28 During this tumultuous decade of war and revolution, not one item of the treasures was lost or damaged even though the sheer volume involved was so enormous. This was largely due to the dedicated energy of the Palace Museum staff, whose achievement in preserving these treasures was nothing short of heroic. But it was also as a result of this long period of upheaval that the treasures have been dispersed. Yet the rationale for keeping the collection together, representative as it is of the motherland’s traditional culture, seems so incontestable that most people believe the treasures will be re-united one day. In the early 1950s, shortly after the establishment of the People’s Republic, the Palace Museum staff worked with a new will and enthusiasm to return the Forbidden City to its former glory. Where previously the dirty and dilapidated halls and courts lay under weeds and piles of rubbish, some 250,000 cubic metres of accumulated debris were now cleared out, giving the place a sparkling fresh look. A policy of comprehensive rehabilitation was also launched, and in time the crumbling palace buildings, repaired and redecorated, looked resplendent once more. All the tall buildings were equipped with lightning conductors, while modern systems of fire protection and security were installed. It has been a priority with the People’s Government, particularly since the beginning of the reform era in the early 1980s, to keep the surrounding moat dredged and clean. As for the collection of antiquities, a systematic inventory was completed during the 1950s and 1960s, redressing the legacy of inaccurate cataloguing of former times. The collection was moreover augmented, for example by the salvage of a number of precious artefacts from a jumble of apparently worthless objects. After more than a decade of painstaking effort, some 710,000 relics from the Qing palace were retrieved. At the same time, through national allocations, requisitions and private donations, more than 220,000 additional pieces of cultural significance were added, making up for such omissions from the original Qing collection as coloured earthenware from the Stone Age, bronzes and jades from the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, pottery tomb figurines from the Han Dynasty, stone sculpture from the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and tri-colour glazed pottery from the Tang Dynasty. The ancient paintings, scrolls and calligraphy added to the collection were particularly spectacular. These included, from the Jin Dynasty, Lu Ji’s “Ping fu tie”, Wang Xun’s “Bo yuan tie” and Gu Kai Zhi’s “Luo shen fu tu juan”; from the Sui Dynasty, Zhan Zi Qian’s “You chun tu juan”; from the Tang Dynasty, Han Huang’s “Wu niu tu juan”, Du Mu’s “Zhang hao hao shi juan”; from the Five Dynasties, Gu Hong Zhong’s “Han xi zai ye yan tu juan”; from the Song Dynasty, Li Gong Lin’s “Lin wei yan mu fang tu juan”, Guo Xi’s “Ke shi ping yuan tu”, Zhang Ze Duan’s “Qing ming shang he tu juan” and so on-all gems of art without exception. Unremitting though this attempt at recovery has been, however, there have been further exertions in recent years to acquire such works as Zhang Xian’s “Shi yong tu juan” (Song Dynasty), Nai Xian’s “Cheng nan yong gu shi” (Yuan Dynasty), Shen Zhou’s “Fang huang gong wang fu chun shan ju tu juan” (Ming Dynasty), Shi Tao’s “Gao hu yu ke tu” (Qing Dynasty). The first two were in fact spirited out of the palace by Puyi on the excuse of bestowing them on his brother Pu Jie; they fell into the hands of others and are only now returned to their rightful place in the Palace Museum collection. From the 1950s onwards, the museum’s existing storehouses were completely overhauled to provide a damp-proof and insect-proof environment for the treasures. In the 1990s a new storehouse with a capacity for over 600,000 items was built, equipped with controls for maintaining a constant temperature and humidity, as well as safeguards against fire and theft. A workshop was established in the 1950s and extended in the 1980s to encompass a scientific and technological restoration department. These not only carried forward the traditions of craftsmanship, but also drew upon the discoveries of natural science to facilitate the restoration of damaged relics which have numbered as many as 110,000 pieces in the last decade.

29 了使藏瑰和广大在展方了保和复原大殿宫和

西宫等处的原状之又期开了工艺书画珍表等

供参者开临展种性展来的书画真伪比展

真仿品比窑址料展清代宫包装艺术展十入藏文物精品展

等是广社界的展引内博物和的收藏文物展

满广大群的要故宫博物小型文物展到省博物展出并到

种形式的展特别是改开以来类展愈繁展的家英美

法前苏联德奥地利西班牙澳大利本新等到之处无引

地的极大使异的人民得以了解中民族悠久的史和灿的民族文艺

术促世界人民的好系和文流出了的献

十几来故宫博物均每接中 600-800 人而着旅游业

的发展的人数增无减人们紫禁城的盛衰

了直接向之故宫博物编出种书画和期刊物向社

界广泛绍故宫的宫殿建和文物收藏出的大型故宫博物藏代画

故宫藏紫禁城宫殿清代宫生活荟萃故宫博物

藏珍品文物全共 60 卷出 18 卷等等胜数期刊物故宫博物

刊紫禁城种

1997 了故宫博物深改开的要内机构又行了大

的改将原置的保管和研个行改立了器物书画

宫和展教新建了料信息中心故宫博物的信息工续投

入引代科学术开了故宫内的算机纤网系统和类管用数据

又利用联世界的联网建立了故宫博物的网站在展示在前的个网站将

使在异地的人们联网畅游神秘的宫殿一窥故宫奇瑰的建和琳满

目的文物收藏

建立一个全新意义的数故宫是梦想

——杨新

(http://www.dpm.org.cn/China/default.asp)

30 Besides its continuous refurbishment of the main courts and halls, the museum has opened galleries to display bronzes, porcelain, crafts, paintings and calligraphy, jewellery and clocks to expand the scope of its exhibitions. A number of thematic shows have been held in galleries devoted to temporary exhibitions; in recent years these have included such acclaimed ones as “A Comparison of Authentic and Counterfeit Paintings and Calligraphy”, “Genuine and Imitation Examples of Ancient Porcelain and Materials from Ancient Kilns”, “The Art of Packaging in the Qing Court” and “Selections from the Finest Acquisitions of the Last Fifty Years”. Moving exhibitions have also graced various provincial museums and museums abroad. In fact, since the beginning of the economic reform era, an increasing number of exhibitions have been mounted in countries such as Britain, the USA, France, the former Soviet Union, Germany, Austria, Spain, Australia, Japan and Singapore, among others. All of them have aroused great interest and admiration and played a key part in the promotion of international understanding and cultural exchange. Visitor numbers to the site itself has also risen along with the growth of tourism, in the last decade reaching an average of six to eight million a year. General interest is further stimulated by the Palace Museum’s range of publications touching on both the architecture of its buildings and its vast cultural holdings.Published works encompass Famous Historical Paintings in the Palace Museum Collection, Selected Porcelain from the Palace Museum Collection, National Treasures, Palaces of the Forbidden City, Daily Life in the Forbidden City, A Collection of National Treasures, and The Complete Palace Museum Collection (in 60 volumes, of which 18 have been published so far). There are also two periodicals, The Palace Museum and The Forbidden City. Moving with the times, the Palace Museum’s internal administration has been significantly reorganised since 1997. Where previously there were three departments covering conservation, exhibition and research, these have now been split up into the department of antiquities; the department of paintings and calligraphy; the palace department; and the exhibition, promotion and education department. With substantial investment, the latest technology was deployed by the newly established resources and information centre to set up the Palace Museum website. The website you are now browsing enables all, even those in distant lands, to enjoy a sightseeing tour of this mysterious palace and feast their eyes on its splendid treasures. The creation of a technologically state-of-the-art virtual Imperial Palace is no longer just a dream. By Yang Xin

(http://www.dpm.org.cn/english/default.asp)

31 黄山

山徽省, 是家点胜

山占地 154 方, 72 个要山峰自以来, 无数参游的旅被她的美

和惊奇吸引, 人“山”, “山来看岳”

山前山以峰, 别是莲花峰明和峰山山峰林立, 美多

姿

峰是峻的山峰, 处在“背”, 它是一块石岗, 20 米, 1

米纯石无土, 中央, 形背岗山强, 深渊, 扑来, 多

中之登大石刻: “登峰极”!

莲花峰海 1,873 米, 是山峰, 峰状莲花, 登峰, 直立地

明海 1,841 米, 是山第峰, 山, 视开, 幸之看到“”奇

—— 海之, 一内紫红的美显在周围, , 明因

得

子林始信峰和西海群峰是山山山峰中精彩的点子林好是帝的杰

, “然画”“奇”的石刻, “信, 到者方知”的联, “到子峰,

山”的评语始信峰小, 奇壁, , 脚群山西海群峰千姿,

渺, 壑幽深, 群仙游荡, 幻莫

山以奇怪石海温“”中

32 Huangshan Mountain

Huangshan Mountain, located in southern Anhui Province, is a major nationally registered scenic spot. Famed as the “No. 1 Mountain Under Heaven”, Huangshan has 72 peaks in an area of 154 square kilometers. Since ancient times, numerous visitors have been attracted by the mountain’s beauty and wonders. A popular saying goes: “Having seen Huangshan, you will never be interested in other mountains however famous they may be.” The southern face of the mountain has three major lofty peaks: Lianhua, Guangming and Tiandu, which add grandeur, while the northern face has numerous minor peaks, which add beauty. Tiandu Peak is the most perilous. Its most dangerous point, called “Jiyu Bei (back of the carp)”, is a rectangular protruding stone hillock in the shape of a carp’s back. The hillock is 20 meters long and one meter wide. Strong mountain breezes are constantly whipping the hillock, which has abysses on both sides. The hillock is sometimes shrouded in fog. On the top of the peak, visitors can see a stone carved with large characters: “You have reached a perfect state of being”. Lianhua Peak, 1,873 meters above sea level, is the highest peak of Huangshan Mountain. The peak is shaped like a lotus flower. On reaching the summit, one may feel a sense of achievement in having scaled such a height. Guangming Peak, 1,841 meters above sea level, is the second highest peak. Its flat and vast top provides a wide view, and you may be lucky enough to see the wonder of a corona light, a beautiful ring of purple and red light, refracted around the sun, above the sea of clouds. From this light the peak got its name, Guangming (“brightness”). Shizi, Shixin and Xihai are the best among the peaks on the northern face of the mountain. On Shizi Peak, a masterpiece made as of by God, there are many carved stone inscriptions such as “natural wonders” and “marvels everywhere”. There are many famous couplets and quotations, with two of them reading “seeing is believing” and “no one can fully appreciate Huangshan without coming to Shizi”. Shixin Peak is a place of unique beauty, with mysterious pines, floating clouds on three sides of the peak and in the valley, and attractive hilltops below the peak. “Shixin” means that one is “finally convinced” of the mountain’s beauty when standing on the peak. The summits, valleys and clouds give one a feeling of being in a fairyland when he stands among Xihai Peaks. Huangshan Mountain is also famous for its “four marvels” — the fantastic pines, grotesque rocks, sea of clouds and hot springs. 注: 原译文问题较多, 这里的译文是经过外国专家修改的。

33 杭州西湖

杭是全点旅游城和史文城杭史悠久胜多是大故之一在千以前们的祖就在了以特的渚文秦朝 2020 多的史杭素堂苏杭的美在 13 世纪意大利旅行家·罗把杭世界美和繁的城便管杭的行划小西湖大西湖和小杭大杭之小西湖 5.7 方包括周围共 49 方大西湖包括湖塘富春新和千岛湖西湖小杭指在的城

430 方120 人大杭包括属七个县 1600 方 530 多人杭以美的西湖著西湖 5.66 方均深 1.5 米胜等西湖原塘相的浅海出处泥水淤塞了内湖第一条堤 821 唐代居1090 前9601127诗人苏东 10371101任杭知开浚西湖又沿岸一堤条堤——堤和苏堤— —然在并将湖个 1130 以西湖地了帝的地清代16441911又西湖以扩建奠了目前的规模西湖岛大的是西的山湖秋就是岛一园林的岛玲的曲的小桥人的假山以种花草树木据一唐代修建的子是著诗人居喜爱的地方每他痛之就要来息湖的明

因个地方就湖秋了是西湖的第大岛它是许多形堤的人以湖中之湖的在岛的湖石塔之以个地方是因每中秋节晚杭居民喜爱到来他们在每塔的洞点蜡烛然用封洞

塔周的水出明一的倒影构一幅神奇的画断桥是西湖人的色之一每显得美之断桥确副因桥并没断个多种解中之一是桥截断了堤民故

蛇中的娘娘和许仙在相欲把西湖比西子淡妆浓抹总相西湖确像西施姑娘一美

34 The West Lake of Hangzhou

Hangzhou is one of China’s major scenic wonders as well as a famous cultural city with a long history. One of the six renowned ancient capitals in China, Hangzhou teems with scenic spots and historical sites. It was here that about four or five thousand years ago our ancestors created the “Liangzhu civilization” characterized by a kind of black porcelain. Hangzhou has been a city since the Qin dynasty some 2,200 years ago. A popular Chinese saying goes, “There’s paradise in Heaven and Suzhou and Hangzhou on earth.” That’s how the ancients described the beauty of these two famous cities of East China. In the 13th century, Italian traveler Marco Polo also described Hangzhou as the most beautiful and prosperous town in the world. For the convenience of administration, Hangzhou is subdivided into “Small West Lake” and “Big West Lake”, and “Small Hangzhou” and “Big Hangzhou”. “Small West Lake” is composed of the 5.6 square-kilometre West Lake and its surrounding areas, totaling 49 square kilometres in area. “Big West Lake” encompasses three rivers and two lakes, namely, the Qiantang River, the Fuchun River, the Xin’an River, Qiandao Lake and West Lake. “Small Hangzhou” refers to the urban district of Hangzhou which has an area of 430 square kilometres and a population of 1.2 million. And “Big Hangzhou” comprises seven rural counties around the city, with a total area of 16,000 square kilometres and a population of 5.3 million. Hangzhou is famous for its West Lake, an area of striking beauty. Covering 5.66 square kilometres, the West Lake is about 1.5 metres deep on an average, and has such places of interest as Three Pools Mirroring the Moon. Originally a shallow bay adjoining the Qiantang River, it was gradually transformed into an inland lake by the silting-up of the outlet. The first dike was built by Bai Juyi (772846 A.D. ) in 821 A.D. during the Tang dynasty. About 1090 A.D., the poet Su Dongpo (10371101) who served as the prefect of Hangzhou during the Northern Song dynasty (9601127), had the lake bottom dredged and a second dike built along the western margin. These two dikes—the Bai and the Su—still stand today, and serve to divide the lake into five parts. After 1130 A.D., the West Lake area became the residence of the southern Song emperors. During the Qing dynasty (16441911) the lake was expanded to its present proportions. There are four islands on the West Lake, the largest of which is Gu Shan (Solitary Hill), in the northwest. Autumn Moon over the Calm Lake is the name given to a park on Gu Shan with delicate pavilions, zigzag bridges, fascinating rocks, and various kinds of trees and flowers. It is said that a pavilion built in the Tang dynasty used to be the favorite place for the famous poet Bai Juyi. After drinking a bit too much, he would take a rest here, watching the moon over the calm lake. For this legend, the place was named Autumn Moon over the Calm Lake. Three Pools Mirroring the Moon is the second largest island in the Lake. It is really a series of circular embankments, creating the impression of a “lake within lakes”. There are three stone dagobas south of the island. It is so called because on the night of the Moon Festival the inhabitants of Hangzhou love to come here. They would light a candle, put it into each of the holes in the bodies of the stone dagobas and seal the holes with white paper, Moon-like reflections appear on the water around the dagobas creating a magical picture. The Remaining Snow on the Broken Bridge is one of the most attractive spots of the West Lake. It’s extremely beautiful when the bridge is covered with stray. Its name is a misnomer as the bridge is not broken at all. One of the many explanations for its name is based on the fact that the Bai dike ends by the bridge. Here Goddess Bai and Xu Xian met each other is the folk story “The Story of the White Serpent”. “The West Lake is comparable with the girl Xi Zi, always charming with either light or heavy make-up.” Indeed it looks beautiful as the girl Xi Shi.

(Trs. Wu Yangcai & Wu Yangman)

35 苏州古典园林

苏是一 2500 余史的文城地处游的湖之滨自然条和地

境十自前 514 建城一直是地的特别是明清以来工

商繁荣人文荟萃中经济文中心尤是建画曲工艺美术和文学

等方水家出

在的自然条地境和浓的文氛围中苏生了诗画的园林

数之多艺术之精文内涵之仅而誉满中是统文中

的瑰

苏园林的史溯前 6 世纪吴王的苑家园林的是东

晋(4 世纪)的疆园16 世纪 18 世纪苏园到全盛期家园林城内

据园林余处保好的尚数十处

苏园林用中特的园手法在城宅旁的叠山水

植花木构建出满诗情画意的文人写意山水园林满自然意的城

山林在内了人自然和谐相处的境表出人崇尚自然回自然的愿

望们园林的山水花木中园林的点能看到园者崇自然的文

心

苏园林是中园林史的证是中园艺术的是中园林论研的要

本中是世界园之母苏园林是中园林的杰出代表一人留的富经

一代代人的力保经人的精心管多值人们益深刻地认识

1997 12 4 联教科文员第 21 届批准以拙园留园

网师园山庄型例证的苏园林入世界录1998 12 经中

人民共和批准沧子林艺圃耦园思园世界——苏

园林的增补式呈联教科文

苏园林管局编苏园林海联书店 2000 出

36 The Classical Gardens of Suzhou

With favorable natural and geographic conditions and a history of more than 2,500 years, Suzhou is a historic and cultural city situated in the Lower Yangtze basin by the side of Lake Tai. Founded in 514 B.C. Suzhou has been an important metropolis in the area south of the Lower Yangtze. Ever since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Suzhou, noted for its well-known scholars, great artists, outstanding architects, prominent playwrights and literary men, has beheld the prosperity of its industries and commerce, becoming the economic and cultural center of China. Under these advantageous circumstances, the classical gardens of Suzhou came into being. Famous at home and abroad, they are poetic, picturesque, numerous, exquisite and rich in literary connotations, and represent themselves as a brilliant gem of Chinese cultural heritage. The earliest gardens of Suzhou, which belonged to the King of Wu, can be traced far back to the 6th century B.C. The Pijiang Garden was recorded as the earliest privately-owned garden dating from the 4th century Eastern Jin Dynasty. Historical records show that the classical gardens of Suzhou reached their apogee in a period of time from the 16th to the 18th century and more than 200 gardens were built in the city of Suzhou and its environs. Dozens of them have survived to the present day and are kept in a good state of preservation. Laid out within a limited area by the house, a classical garden of Suzhou is a microcosm of the world made of the basic elements of water, rocks, vegetation and various kinds of buildings. Like the freehand brushwork in traditional Chinese painting, it is the creation of “urban scenery” or an amicable environment that brings man into harmony with nature. The Chinese ancients held Mother Nature in reverence and had a desire to return to her arms. Today, we can discover these cultural mentalities by observing the landscapes, waterscapes, vegetation and inscriptions of the existing gardens. The classical gardens of Suzhou, bearing unambiguous evidence of the evolution of Chinese gardens, are excellent examples of Chinese landscape gardening and important models for garden theoretical researches. “Chinese gardens are the mother of gardens on earth and Suzhou gardens are the brilliant representatives of Chinese gardens.” Viewed in broad perspectives, people are becoming aware of the value of these treasures handed down from the past generations to the present with protective measures and great care. On Dec. 4, 1997, the 21st session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee was unanimous in support of the decision of inscribing on the World Heritage List the classical gardens of Suzhou with the Humble Administrator’s Garden, the Lingering Garden, the Master-of-Nets Garden and the Mountain Villa with Embracing Beauty as the finest specimens. In Dec. 1998, the State Council of the People’s Republic of China approved of putting the Canglang Pavilion, the Lion Forest Garden, the Garden of Cultivation, the Couple’s Garden Retreat and the Retreat & Reflection Garden on A Supplementary List of the Classical Gardens of Suzhou—the World Heritage and officially submitted it to United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

(Tr. Dong Xiaoming)

37 沧浪亭

沧地处苏城是苏老的园林占地 1.1 代是广王璙戚中吴节使佑的渐废庆1044 文人苏舜流寓吴中氏址爽僻水回以得并在感孟子一书中沧之水清以缨沧之水以之歌沧自沧翁沧自潜心读书发奋歌诗中以欧修的联清明本无水山情犹

人们咏沧之常藉藉人 1048 苏舜园屡壮敏熙仲得半扩大花园建大又在山堂土发水一洞山地大石

代广王藏益扩展山相一园之胜东沧自以经明清代废初丘山木苍老森保出代园林的局虽没碧煌画梁朴厚的滋味苏舜诗人的份相园内以山建山置地形绕以廊以榭借水弥数十亩的水河流自西向东绕而出流

经圆周的一半在河岸花岗石围栏数十档种植碧桃柳树荫置石凳在河岸沿水岸叠石块罗汉像盎然临水山石嶙峋山林彷山余脉伸到水是代园林的艺术特点用临水的建群融园内一体墙围绕自丘壑的封式苏园林别特色是一泓清水绕园入园林河而望芳榭廊倒影浮影水人人以到园入园

中的感

忠编著苏园林艺术中林业出社 2001 出

38 The Surging Waves Pavilion

The Surging Waves Pavilion, located at the south of Suzhou city and occupying an area of 1.1 hm2, is the oldest of existing gardens in Suzhou. During the Five Dynasties period (907-960), it was once the garden of Military Official Sun Chengyou, and was abandoned a hundred years later. In 1044, Scholar Su Shunqin was banished to Suzhou and bought the garden. He then built a pavilion at its northern side, naming it ‘the Surging Waves Pavilion’. He called himself ‘the Old Man of Surging Waves’ and wrote an essay on the pavilion. After his death in 1048, the garden was sold and resold several times until Zhang Zhuangmin and Gong Xizhong bought it in two halves. After the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279) and all through the Yuan (1271-1368), Ming and Qing dynasties, it rose and fell many times with the owners and is now no longer what it was in the beginning. The only trace of the early Song lies in the mountains and the old trees, which still reflects the style and arrangement of the Song gardens. The simple style is in accordance with Su Shunqin as a poet in retreat. The garden is centered round the mountains, with the buildings, walkways and pavilions all built according to the terrain of the mountains. The large lake is used as a foreground of the garden and half of its circumference is a river that flows from west to east to leave it in the south. On the northern bank of the river, there are fences made of granite. Flowering peach and willows are grown, with stone benches under the shade. On the southern bank, there are 500 stones, representing 500 arahats and adding a sense of quaintness to it. Grotesque rocks by the river shadow the mountain forest behind them, as if the mountain ranges flow into the riverside, which is typical of the gardens of the Song dynasty. The groups of buildings by the river merge the inner and outer parts of the garden: this is different from the walled-in Suzhou classical gardens. It is distinct in that a clear river surrounds the garden and the scenery begins to formulate before one enters the garden. Seen from the other side of the river, the old terraces, houses and pavilions flow like waves, making it still more interesting by their reflections in the water waves. Meeting the guests beyond the river creates a feeling of entering the garden even from outside.

(Tr. Shi Baohui)