THIS ISSUE TAMPEP is a network of EXPECTED RESULTS 1 Expected results community-based service „ A pan-European response to legal, health 2 The three main areas of providers and sex and social care needs of (migrant and mobile) activities sex workers in a framework of cooperation workers’ organisations between 26 partners and the implementation 2 Services provided through the of targeted prevention initiatives; development Network operating in 25 European of good practices and adaptable strategies in 3 The TAMPEP VIII Program countries an uniform approach towards transnational prostitution in Europe. 3 Sex work in Europe today: a The main objective of TAMPEP is to „ Strengthening the capacities of service short overview reduce the HIV vulnerability of migrant providers and community based organisations and mobile sex workers through the 14 The Swedish Model in Norway for effective interventions and strategies for development, exchange, promotion and HIV/STI prevention among sex workers and 16 The St. Pauli Protocol implementation of appropriate policies their clients; ensuring synergy of various sex 16 This&That and interventions across Europe, and workers projects in Europe, international specifically: agencies and related health and human rights 17 The TAMPEP Network 1. To consolidate and further develop networks.

targeted HIV/STI prevention measures, „ Comprehensive and updated assessment health promotion interventions for migrant of the prostitution scene through gathered TAMPEP International Foundation and mobile sex workers in Europe. qualitative and quantitative data within the Obiplein 4 network of 25 countries, a network which has 1094 RB Amsterdam 2. To examine and analyse the the role of a European Expertise Centre within The Netherlands situation of prostitution in Europe the newly enlarged Europe. Tel.: 0031 20 692 6912 based on mapping of the prostitution Fax: 0031 20 608 0083 „ Comprehensive and updated assessment scene and legal framework on migration, [email protected] of legal framework regarding migration, sex www.tampep.eu sex work and HIV policies and the work, including the impact of the identification risk factors and levels of criminalisation of clients, and HIV/STIs on vulnerability that determine the barriers to national and European levels, focusing on TAMPEP VIII access to prevention measures and care. legislation and policy that impacts either Newsletter 1 positively or negatively on sex workers ability May 2008 3. To facilitate the sharing of to access information and services, thereby knowledge, experience, and good affecting vulnerability to HIV and other health practices among service providers and TAMPEP inequalities. European Network on HIV/STI Prevention community-based organisations on pan- and Health Promotion among Migrant Sex European level. „ Exchange of experiences and skills within Workers the network and beyond through the 4. To consolidate and enhance the production of a European Good Practice Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, network of 25 countries in Europe by Manual with examples of comprehensive Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, strengthening their capacity for effective intervention strategies adaptable to various Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, interventions within a sub-regional and settings and countries. Luxemburg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, cross border cooperation model. „ Strengthening referral routes to health and Switzerland, United Kingdom. 5.To promote human rights and social care services for migrant and mobile sex workers through the development of a equality in public health policies and accessibility for migrant and mobile sex new Internet resource: a website with a directory of health and social care services workers, by developing and promoting a across 25 European countries accessible to With the Financial Support of the European holistic strategy underpinned by the Commission DG SANCO under the programme migrant sex workers and information for Health and Consumer Protection. principles of respect and inclusion of sex various stakeholders. Directorate C – workers. Public Health and „ Exchange of skills and experience in relation to cross border prostitution, mainly Risk Assessment within the new borders of the enlarged EU, at bi-lateral, regional and European level, thereby enhancing the capacity of health and social care service providers to respond to the needs of sex workers in this particular environment.

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examine the changes in the situation of The analysis of the prostitution in Europe, the legal and policy Services provided and frameworks and their effects on the information is done vulnerabilities of migrant sex workers. advocacy activities TAMPEP has been developing various in three steps strategies and instruments in this field in order Through their work with national and migrant to accomplish this through an analytical sex workers, their circle of acquaintances and On national level process that has enabled us to become an their customers, the TAMPEP Network offers The National Coordinators of the 25 active and wide-spread “observational body,” a variety of services. The counseling on legal countries will be responsible for the that can report on the trends within the and health issues and the prevention of HIV/ analysis of the situation of sex workers and prostitution and monitor the situation of STI are common activities among all partners, the sex industry in their countries, (migrant and mobile) sex workers in Europe while the majority also offers outreach, and considering any changes since 2005 on national and cross-border levels many of them offer medical screening. regarding laws on migration, prostitution The wide range of services provided through and trafficking in human beings, the public Interventions the Network reflect the complex character and health system and the access to it, the Based on the acquired knowledge of the needs of prostitution and shares common general migration flow, violence, the use of present situation of sex work in Europe, principles around prostitution, public health drugs, etc. This analysis will be done with TAMPEP develops holistic interventions and human rights. data collated mainly among NGOs and strategies, in the areas of health promotion, For sex workers Health Care Services in each country. HIV/STI prevention, legal and social - Medical screening (STI and HIV), PEP, framework, and human rights protection. The gynaecological care and psychological support. On regional level - HIV/AIDS/STI prevention services active in this field are empowered in - Epidemiological surveillance, data evaluation, The four Regional Coordinators will be their efforts to carry out special services for responsible for the analysis of the situation documentation, information (migrant and mobile) sex workers, are - Health promotion activities in order to decrease of sex workers and the sex industry from a supported while developing multi-sector health risks of women, men and transgender regional and cross-border perspective, activities and strengthened while identifying persons working in sex-business regardless of considering their specific geographical and priorities for policy, strategies and intervention their nationality, ethnic origin, age, sexual border situation, migration flow, and the techniques. orientation, religion or social background comparison of the laws on migration, and - Outreach work in various prostitution settings the sex industry in their countries, The methods for prevention activities, targeted directed (including internet and chat room considering any changes since 2005 for various prostitution settings and different contacts) towards a broad group of sex workers regarding laws on migration, prostitution national groups of sex workers (about 85 including migrants and ethnic minorities different nationalities), are recognised as a - Setting up and using referral network of various and trafficking in human beings, the public social and health care services health system and the access to replicable model of intervention and are perceived as an example of good practice. - Self esteem & empowerment building activities. prostitution and trafficking in human - Counselling on safer sex as well as on beings, the public health system and the The activities are carried out through: economical, legal, social and personal matters access to it, and their consequences for - a direct intervention methodology by way of - Promoting of and advocating for the human sex workers and health prevention. outreach with and for (migrant and mobile) rights of sex workers sex workers; - Drop in centres with multifaceted services On European level - the involvement of cultural mediators and - Social assistance - Vocational trainings, development of labour The European Coordinator will be peer educators; skills, language courses responsible for the analysis of the situation - the development and dissemination of - Police liaison to support sex workers, tackling of sex workers and the sex industry from a information material; violence, exploitation and abuse pan-European perspective, considering the - the production of tool kits, good practices - Hotline, telephone support for sex workers different national and regional situations, guidelines, and advocacy. - Support for women engaged in criminal justice and comparing the positive and/or negative system and support for (migrant) sex workers results regarding changes and new Advocacy after release from the prison developments. From a human right’s perspective, the focus of For clients TAMPEP Network is to advocate for the - HIV/STI prevention and counselling for clients reduction of the vulnerability of migrant sex - Collecting and distributing allegations about potentially dangerous clients. workers through lobbying for better working - Hotline, telephone support for clients The three main conditions, better and easier access to health General awareness & Capacity building and social care services and legal information, - General awareness on discrimination & violence areas of activity and promoting their human, labour and against women, sex workers and migrants migration right. - National and international (media) campaigns The methodology is based on three main - Creation, publication and dissemination of areas that are developed through local, guidelines, research, manuals, books, studies national and regional activities, guided Target groups of the For IDUs by the same principles and framework TAMPEP partners - Harm reduction activities & social rehabilitation but which is flexible enough to be - Social assistance, drug related advice adapted to the various realities within ƒ Female, male and transgender (migrant) - Development of social skills Europe, which includes different social, sex workers For victims of trafficking - Support for trafficked persons, running shelters political, economical, legal and public ƒ Sex workers’ clients - Assistance in repatriation & returning programme health structures. ƒ People from Roma communities For decision makers Mapping ƒ Men having sex with men - Make the knowledge available for decision makers and the staff at local councils In order to enhance HIV prevention for ƒ Migrant women and with (migrant and mobile) sex ƒ Trafficked women National and international networking - Cooperation and development of bi – and workers in Europe it is necessary to ƒ Youth multilateral exchange 3

Sex Work in

Europe today

AUSTRIA „ LEFÖ | Information, Education and Support for Migrant Women is a non-profit feminist migrant women’s organisation,

founded in 1985 BY migrant women FOR Vienna, March 2008 migrant women. Advocacy campaign done by the TAMPEP

The TAMPEP VIII members during the first General Meeting of TAMPEP 8. The Legal Programme has Framework

8 Work Packages WP 5 | Juridical and policy Sex Work - Since the EU enlargement, registration as sex workers is possible also for assessment citizens of “new” EU countries. More women A review and analysis of the legal conditions WP 1 | Coordination of the project from Hungary, Slovakia, Poland and the in Europe based on national assessments by The Coordination will be done through Czech Republic, as well as from Romania and the member organisations. The effects of the transnational activities in order to Bulgaria use this to “legalise” their status as consolidate and strengthen the TAMPEP relevant policy measures will be monitored on sex workers and in reaction to more and network, and monitor the project’s the national level. Each partner organisation stricter police controls. EU citizens who are development in order to ensure outcomes will collect data on their national policies and working in prostitution without the necessary which provide a European added value. laws regarding: registration do no longer face deportation. - migration They are now charged up to EUR 1.000 for - sex work WP 2 | Dissemination of the results administrative offence(s). The aim is to disseminate good practices - health (the rights and barriers to access guidelines, on local, national, European, services ) Migration - With 01.01.2006, a new and international level, through reports, immigration legislation came into effect that newsletters, a manual, and the TAMPEP WP 6 | The manual brought dramatic aggravations for non-EU website. As well as through consultations, Work Safe in Sex Work Migrants (working in prostitution): A new visa technical and policy advice for international C+D (travel and short-term stay visa, §24 Considering the long fieldwork experience of immigration police law) is regulating the sex agencies and national authorities, articles, all partner organisations, the Manual for and interviews. workers’ stay and work in the country. This Capacity Building will be developed to design short-term visa is granted under specific Good Practice examples in four areas: WP 3 | Evaluation of the project conditions for 3-6 months. The visa application - Outreach work has to be made in the country of origin. The The evaluation, which will include a - Peer education maximum duration of the visa is 6 months detailed work plan and guidelines, will - Campaigns for clients within a total of 12 months. This means that it monitor and evaluate the whole project. - Advocacy campaigns is not possible to work for a continuous period The indicators, both qualitative and of time. quantitative, will examine the process and the methodology, the results and products, The new regulations worsen the situation of the outcomes and the impact of the (non-EU) migrant sex workers. The women activities. themselves have no possibility to consolidate their stay/residence in the country or to continuously work and ensure their existence. WP 4 | The prostitution mapping WP 7 | www.services4sexworkers.eu They are forced to constant mobility and into - To carry out 25 national mappings, The aim is to create an online directory of greater dependence Their weaker legal status resulting in one European overview. services for sex workers. The services chosen makes them more exploitable and does not - To collect qualitative and quantitative will be only those with proven good practices give them any recognition of their work. data regarding national and migrant sex towards sex workers. workers’ population, nationalities, Also, the existence of (non-EU) migrant sex demographical data, forms of WP 8 | Regional Exchange and Cross workers who have been working and living in prostitution, mobility trends, living, Border Prostitution Austria for years with the (old) visa for “self- working and health conditions, risk The 25 partner countries will be divided in four employed without residency” is being ignored. behaviour and vulnerability. European regions: North, South, East and They are being illegalised. Women from e.g. - To observe and compare changes and Wets. Each group will be guided by a the Ukraine and the Dominican Republic (and trends among the four European Regional Coordinator. All partners will collect other Latin American countries) disappeared regions, especially with respect to the information about conditions of sex workers into other – less visible – areas of prostitution, new EU borders. located in cross border areas. Four critical into underground networks or moved to other

cross border areas will be analysed and a areas/regions.

needs assessment undertaken

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The general changes of the new minimize public nuisance. There is no federal Minor and forced prostitution is criminalised. immigration legislation (immigration and harmonization on this subject. There is a separate line in the tax law, citizenship laws) bring even more Trafficking - Since 1995 there is a law to regulating “companionship” with a patent tax. restrictions for migrants in general, e.g. protect the victims of human trafficking. This An additional article from the Law for Public regarding marriage with an Austrian law protects only the victims who denounce Order has been employed in fining sex citizen, consolidation of stay etc. Migrant their network; if the inquiry succeeds thanks to workers for “gaining money in an immoral sex workers are also affected by these the help of the victim, the victim can receive way”. constrictive measures. help to stay in our country or to go back to Currently there is a public discussion about Trafficking - Since May 2005, the concept hers. the issues related to the legalization of sex of the UN-Protocol (“Palermo-Protocol”) is Espace P noticed that the obligation to work. The tension and dimness about the new implemented in the Austrian national denounce their networks is a brake for the law caused many problems for sex workers legislation (penal code § 104a). This victims of international sexual exploitation to and for our work. means that trafficking is no longer reduced ask for justice because of reprisals in the Trafficking - The 9th section of the Penal Code to trafficking into prostitution but includes country of origin. Another brake for the victim of the Republic of Bulgaria concerns all areas of exploitation. Since March 2007, is to ask for justice if they are obliged to quit “Trafficking in Human Beings”, punishable by the National Action Plan regarding anti- prostitution to benefit from the protection law. up to ten years imprisonment and a fine of trafficking measures is in force. It was 15,000 BG Leva (about € 7.700). developed by the Task Force against The Prostitution Scene Migration- The Asylum and Migration Law trafficking. This working group consists of stipulates the conditions and regulations for representatives of each Ministry and LEFÖ In Belgium sex workers work on the streets, in granting special protection to foreigners on the and compiles a national overview of the bars, in the red light district windows, in territory of the Republic of Bulgaria as well as situation, presents recommendations private clubs and apartments, in Champagne their rights and obligations. The special towards the EU-convention against bar clubs, and through the Internet. protection that Bulgaria grants to foreigners trafficking and prepares the National Action Espace P estimates that there are 10.000 to within this law includes asylum, refugee Plan against Trafficking. 15.000 sex workers in Belgium. In the visible status, humanitarian status and temporary prostitution in Brussels about 80% are The Prostitution Scene migrants. protection. Foreigners seeking or granted protection in Bulgaria receive the rights and - LEFÖ estimates approximately 60 to Belgian sex workers and those from the obligations according to this law and bear civil, 80% migrant sex workers in Austria. bordering countries work mainly in private administrative and penal responsibility - Estimated total of sex workers in clubs and apartments. In the Walloon Region according to the conditions and regulations Austria: 24.000 35% of the sex workers are migrant people. applicable to Bulgarian citizens. Asylum is the - Estimated total of sex workers in The great majority of the European migrants protection that Bulgaria grants to foreigners Vienna: 5 to 7.000 come from Rumania, Russia, Poland and persecuted for their beliefs or activities for Estimated distribution/work area Bulgaria. protection of internationally recognised rights - Indoor prostitution: 75% Non-Europeans come mainly from Sub- and freedoms. - Outdoor prostitution: 25% Saharan Africa, Ecuador, and Dominican Republic. Origin of Migrant Sex Workers The Prostitution Scene

- South + CEE: 63% Sex work in Bulgaria is still controlled by - Africa: 28% criminal organisations. Whether a sex worker - Latin America: 6% BULGARIA has a pimp or not, she must pay the “owner” - Others: 2% of the place in order to work there. - Asia: 1% „ HESED | Health and Social Development There are 4 main types of prostitution: (Percentages refer to statistics 2007) Foundation carries out health promotion activities and stimulates social development of - Street/motel

underprivileged groups, including sex workers. - Hotel

- Clubs/apartments BELGIUM The Legal Framework - Escort services Street based sex workers are the ones who „ Espace P works in four different towns. Sex Work - Individual prostitution is neither have most limited access to health and social It fights for the rights of sex workers, works criminalised, nor legalised. services and recently could be noticed a for sex workers and their relatives, and Pimping, organising and offering venues for offers free medical help. tendency to hide the outdoor sex workers, prostitution are criminalised. There was a case caused by very active work of the Ministry of

in Bulgaria which caused great scandal. A Interior. The Legal Framework man who was associated with a big chain of Sex workers who use drugs are less trafficking in women for the purpose of Sex Work - Belgium has an abolitionist accessible due to the criminalization of drug prostitution was convicted for pimping. He attitude concerning prostitution. users. should be punished by imprisonment for 12 Prostitution is tolerated but soliciting is years but was released after 4,5 years. Some Violence is a common feature in the sex work forbidden. Pimps are prosecuted. members of Parliament passed a special business. Employing prostitutes is considered as correction in article 155. This change ensures pimping. It is also forbidden to advertise for Numbers: over 3000 sex workers were a minimum sentence for pimps who cannot sex work(ers). reached by the network outreach prove that he/she compelled women to organisations in Bulgaria between September Sex workers pay taxes. Their activity is prostitute by means of drugs. That alteration 2006 and December 2007. Approximately considered as an independent job but they was repealed after the final judgment of this 8000 to 10 000 people are involved in have no specific rights. man. prostitution in Bulgaria. The data is based on Each town has the right to manage some the evaluation of organization in 7 regions in aspects of the prostitution in order to the country but still there is no official 5

information about the number of sex The estimated number of sex workers in the The Prostitution Scene workers in Bulgaria. Czech Republic is about 12 thousand. In Denmark the numbers of prostitutes are Nationalities – predominantly Bulgarian The number of migrant sex workers is calculated on observations on the amount of (90%) whish includes some ethnic minority relatively stable - about 40%. The main group advertisements in papers and on the internet. as Roma people, Romas from Turkey; the of migrant sex workers come from Slovakia It means that only the visible prostitution is rest 10% are transient sex workers and Ukraine. The majority work only in sex calculated. Therefore the number must be including migrants from Russia, Ukraine, clubs. considered as a minimum number. There is no Turkey, Romania, ex-Soviet countries. sense in calculating percentages because Regarding internal migration, about 20% some forms of prostitution are more visible have already worked in another town in DENMARK than others. Bulgaria, in bigger cities, in border towns - 3.278 in massage parlours and in tourist resorts at the Black Sea. „ Competence Centre on Prostitution - 1.415 in street-prostitution supports men and women in prostitution by - 460 in escort Approximately 80% of the Bulgarian sex bridge building activities between the different - 134 in their homes workers have worked in a foreign country social health and care agents in Denmark. - 148 in bar-prostitution as well, in average for a period of 3 - 99 in combined form massage parlours and months. Main destination countries are escort Germany, Spain, Norway, the Netherlands, The Legal Framework - 33 in combined form in their homes and Italy and France. The number of sex Sex Work - In Denmark prostitution is escort workers coming back to Bulgaria after “decriminalized” and not “legalized”. This working sometime in Western Europe is means that the individual women or man in The visible prostitution amounts to 5.567 growing and a great number do not plan to prostitution cannot be punished for prostituting persons. go back for settling down. themselves unless the person violates other parts of the Danish legislation. All incomes Migrant sex workers work mainly in Migrant women - From that, about 50% are apartments. from prostitution are taxed. On the other hand prostitution is not considered a legal trade or estimated to be migrant women in prostitution, although the information is unsubstantiated. occupation, as women in prostitution cannot be admitted in an unemployment fund nor can The picture tends to be the same as the last CZECH REPUBLIC they receive sickness benefit. years. - Approximately 45 percent (aprox.1000 „ BLISS WITHOUT RISK aim is to Migration - A non-EU resident may obtain a women) of the foreign women in prostitution decrease public and health risks of women residence and work permit for a specific in Denmark come from East- and Central working in prostitution regardless of their period of time, if the person has an offer for a Europe (Estonia, Latvia, Poland, Bulgaria, nationality, ethnic origin, age, sexual specific job in Denmark for which she has Hungary, the Czech Republic and Lithuania orientation, religion or social background. special qualifications. Non-EU migrants in particular) cannot obtain a work permit specifically to - 45 percent (aprox.1000 women) are from work as a prostitute; therefore it is not possible The Legal Framework Asia, mainly Thailand for non-EU migrants to work legally in A new addition to Constitution valid since - 10 percent (aprox.250 women) from West prostitution in Denmark. 8th of March 2007 allows expelling sex Africa (Uganda and Nigeria in particular) workers behind the border of municipality. EU nationals do not need a work permit or a and South America. residence permit. (The National Commissioner of Police) A draft of the law aspiring to regulate But migrants cannot start working legally in prostitution is being worked on. The last This pattern is, however, distributed differently prostitution in Denmark, as prostitution, in version was completed in the end of 2007. in other regions of the country. Migrant sex legal terms, is neither considered to be work It lacks any regulations focused on the workers tend to work on the streets, in nor to be a trade. Prostitutes who have customers of sex workers. A new law massage parlours and in escorting. Lately acquired Danish nationality may engage in about social services valid from 1st of Danish authorities have notes a slight prostitution without risk of deportation. January 2007 completely changed increase of especially Romanian citizens in fundraising and ways of developing Trafficking - Concerning trafficking in persons the streets of Copenhagen. Social workers projects. the reflection period has been expelled from also meet Bulgarians in street prostitution. 15 days to 100 days stay in Denmark. The Every NGO must be registered as a Nigerians are still a big group of foreign impact of this change is not yet known but the provider of social services and develop its women working in street prostitution. intention is that trafficked persons in more own Standards of social services (our cases will testify against their traffickers and document has 160 pages and it is still not that there will be more time to prepare the complete). return of the person and to improve the ESTONIA reintegration in their home countries. „ AIDS-I Tugikeskus offers HIV and STI The Prostitution Scene Moreover the Government did take an testing and treatment, thematic counselling, The demand for sexual services declined, initiative in changing a part of the Aliens Act and distributes safe sex means and information customers are moving eastwards. which has a positive impact on trafficked materials for the general public and especially The number of sex clubs is decreasing and persons staying illegally in Denmark with fake for sex workers and youth. the number of sex workers in indoor identification papers. Until now these persons premises is growing, as well as the have been considered as criminals and judge The Legal Framework creation of big brothels with up to 150 has expelled them. When the law is changed It is no changes in legislation, notwithstanding women. also these persons have the possibility to stay of debates in mass-media with participation of There are only few sex workers on the in a save house in Denmark up to 100 days. politicians, feminist organizations about streets (around 5%), as sex work is moving necessity of criminalization of buyers, to private apartments. especially after this kind of legalization was introduced in Finland and later in Norway.

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Official point of view till that moment, reflection period (from 1 month to 6 months) or Nevertheless, only few victims complain announced by the Minister of Internal a temporal residence permit if (s)he is ready to against their pimp, and beside, there is a lack Affaires Rein Lang was reflected absence co-operate with the law enforcement authority. of shelters and social help for them. of intention to have same legislation like in Integration Act: Victims of trafficking are It can be noted that we have a discussion in Sweden, Finland or Norway. Also several entitled to get protection and support from the France about the Finnish and the Swedish researchers (from Open Estonia Institute) state. models, and especially on the fact to punish find out from the special research that the clients. Despite great advocacy campaigns Estonian society is not ready for this kind The Prostitution Scene from sex workers, we might go on this of repressive legislation and shows quite direction. liberal attitudes among prostitution itself. Prostitution scene in Finland hasn’t changed much in numbers nor in nationalities during Concerning immigration, lots of laws entered It is problematic to compare and find the last years. The largest groups still are into force during the two last years. They were differences between national and migrant Russians, Finns, Estonians and Thai people. codified on a Code, called CESEDA. The aim sex workers, because of a very low Sex work and prostitution as a topic has for the government is to reduce greatly the number of migrants in general and sex recently been widely discussed in the media economical migration and the familial workers migrants in particular. and in different quarters. Especially Thai migration. It’s as well more difficult to get the women have been targeted by both the media refugee status. The Prostitution Scene and the authorities. Sex workers own According to the employment situation of During the last 2 years the majority of the organisation SALLI received official NGO migrants, it depends on their origin. Persons big brothels in the capital and the second status in 2006. coming from the new Eastern European biggest city, Tartu, were closed by the countries have a legal residence but should police, but at the same time, through get a work permit. For some jobs (150 jobs in interviews, questionnaires and outreach FRANCE a special list), they get automatically an work contacts, our staff found that several authorisation, while for all the other jobs, they changes on prostitution scene were „ Autres Regards, a community based have to compete with the national labour observed: organisation for sex workers, market. It’s almost impossible for them to get prevention, access to rights, a work permit outside these 150 jobs. - Work conditions have improved: less and access to health care. facts about violence and “closed” regime For migrants coming from countries outside of working, more flexible working Europe, the government introduced a list of 30 timetable, better access to condoms/ employment’s possibilities, for which they can lubricants „ PASTT, a NGO for transgender sex get easily a work permit. However, these are - The number of sex workers who try to workers that does HIV/STI prevention, only specialised or high level jobs. work independently or with minimal outreach work, offers access to rights, and to The health insurance for non –documented number of mediator have increased: health care. people created in 2001 is still valid (AME, using Internet, paper advertising, sms- Medical Help from the State). services The condition is to have been in France for - The number of adolescent sex workers The Legal Framework more than 3 months. It covers many health have slightly decreased Prostitution is not forbidden in France, only cares, only in hospital, apart from dentist and The number of women working abroad has soliciting and pimping. ophthalmologist cares. We have insurance with a larger coverage, called CMU (system of increased, and routes of the sex workers The Law for Inner Security of March 2003, free health care for those on low incomes) but were changed. The number of sex workers which considers “passive soliciting” as an only for documented people. who go to work in Norway, Denmark, offence is still valid. It concerns “every person Spain, and Greece rose remarkably. who has the intention to propose a It should be noted that the migrants coming remunerated sexual service in the streets but from new Eastern European countries do have also in public places such as bars, public the right to get the CMU only if they prove gardens, roads, park places, woods, etc.” their non-affiliation to the system of their country of origin – which is often impossible FINLAND The police have only the right to question a for them. „ Pro-tukipiste is a non-governmental, person. After their questioning the person can non-profit organisation that supports and be held in custody up to 72 hours. The Globally, we can observe that the position on promotes the civil and human rights of prosecutor decides then whether to start legal immigration and prostitution is far much more individuals involved in sex work. proceedings. The sex workers can receive a severe. The increase of poverty, the lack of penalty of two months prison and a € 3.750,00 work and housing are creating a more The Legal Framework fine. vulnerable situation for migrants and sex workers. Penal code: 1) Pandering (pimping) and Recently we could see the effects in Marseille, aggravated pandering, 2) Trafficking, and as the police control more and more, and aggravated trafficking, 3) Marketing of more women are arrested and held in custody. The Prostitution Scene sexual services, 4) Buying sexual services Here are the estimated numbers of sex Concerning sexual exploitation, victims of from someone under age of 18, 5) Buying workers at the end of 2006 for the South of trafficking can give witness or complain sexual services from the victim of France. against their pimp and, since the decree from trafficking/ aggravated pandering. September 2007, be granted a temporary Estimated number of sex workers: 3400 Law about public order: Selling and buying residence permit of one year with the right to Female: 2700, Male: 400, Transgender: 300 sexual services in public places. work. Conditions are strict and the delivery of They mostly work on the streets but more and Alien law: 1) Earning money by selling such permit depends on the will of local more in private places. sexual services is ground for deportation authorities. They often continue to give Percentage of migrant sex workers: 80%, (non-EU citizens). 2) The victim of residence permit with a validity of 3 months. 2720 persons trafficking can get a permit to stay for a Since September 2007, victims have as well a - 70% work outdoor: 60% work in city streets, 30 days period of reflection. 10% in border area 7

- 30% work indoor (15% in apartments) The Legal Framework Recommendations of the Evaluators - 60% come from Africa and 21% from The Prostitution Law (ProstL) of 2002 - to recognise sex work as a trade, Eastern and Central Europe The ProstL aimed the legal and social - to abolish the prohibited zones and the - The origin of migration depends on the improvement for sex workers: advertisement prohibition, cities: in Nice, the majority of migrants - it abolished the “immorality” quality of sex - to change the Alien Law in order to facilitate come from Eastern Europe, whereas in work, by permitting self-employment as well the legal entrance and labour of non EU Nîmes the majority comes from Sub- as employment contracts in prostitution, citizens wishing to work in prostitution, Saharan Africa and in Marseille from giving sex workers access to the social - to give NGOs more financial support, Maghreb. security - to establish an interdisciplinary national Globally we observe an increase of the - it declared that sexual activities in expert group to evaluate and develop new number of sex workers working indoor. We exchange for payment are grounds for strategies to improve the working do not know the exact numbers in France, legally valid claims and conditions within the sex industry but some projects are elaborated in this - it decriminalised the promotion of direction. prostitution, meaning that the provision of Recommendations of the NGOs good working conditions is expressly no All the ones above and more: Concerning migrant sex workers we can - Common guidelines and standards on find in the South of France in the city of longer punishable. national level. Nîmes transgender sex workers from - Abolishment of the term “morality/ South America, in Nice transgenders from The Evaluation of the ProstL On behalf of the Ministry for Family, Elderly, immorality” in the Trade Legislation. Tahiti, women from Eastern Europe and - Consider sex work a legal trade (positive: Africa, in Montpellier maghrebian women Women and Youth Affairs, the ProstL was officially evaluated in 2005/2006. It has had a more professionalism, less stigmatisation, sex workers, in Lyon women from Africa and only possibility to have it recognised by and Eastern Europe and in Marseille very limited effect until now because: - The correlated legislations (on pimping, the Alien Law; negative: more control and maghrebian women and transgender sex exclusion of undocumented persons). workers. taxes, trades, building, and migration) were not changed accordingly and/or their - Clarity on the definition of “pimping” to allow In the North of France at the borderline relations to the ProstL were not clarified. work contracts. with Belgium there are many French - There are no uniform guidelines or - Set a date for registration at the Finance women and men as well as women and standards as to how the ProstL is to be Authorities: no backdating of taxes before transgenders from South America. Many of implemented: it is interpreted and applied 2002. them are working by announcements on differently in the 16 member states. - Sex workers are not per se “victims”: to Internet and in journals like in Paris. - Prostitution was not recognised as a trade take sex work out of the criminal law and Paris: 2300 contacted sex workers in 2007: or a profession, but just as an activity, what consider it within the civil law, from a - 58% transgender limits the labour rights of those working in it. human rights’ perspective. - 23% women - It considers only documented sex workers, - 12% transvestites despite the fact that migrants represent The Prostitution Scene - 7% men about 60% of the total. Migrants are mostly There was a visible increase of female and Nationalities: only related to trafficking in women. male sex workers from the new EU countries, - 48% South America mainly from Bulgaria and Rumania. - 16% France Consequences of the ProstL In Germany, about 60% of female sex workers - 15% Mahgreb Application of the Law – Taxes and brothel are migrants. Prostitution is done by 80% - 9% Africa licences are applied differently or not at all, indoors, in apartments, brothels and clubs. - 7% West Europe depending on the State or the city; there is Examples of interpretations of the Law: - 3% Asia little clarity about the ProstL; sex workers, Taxes – In some towns, brothels collect a - 2% others brothel/apartments owners and authorities are lump-sum from self-employed sex workers, as As Paris is the biggest city of France, the insecure. Therefore, only a minority of sex in Berlin (up to €30,-), Bochum (€10,-), numbers we collected there can be seen workers registered. The exceptions are sex Düsseldorf and Stuttgart (up to €25,-). It is as a representative example of the variety workers from the new EU countries. The great considered an advance payment regarding of sex workers’ way of life and origin. majority work as autonomous or self- their annual income. In others, like Hamburg, employed. 2007 was a year of fighting against this does not exist, and in Hanover, if not exploitation, pimps and trafficking. In Paris, Work contracts - Almost no contracts were registered, they get a fine of €35,-. PASTT was involved in getting 14 persons closed: they are still not attractive for either The Dortmund Model – was created in 2002 judged for trafficking persons from Brazil to sex workers or brothel owners. Some sex and recognises sex work as a trade, and France, Luxembourg, Belgium and Suisse, workers would have their income reduced includes: a regular cooperation (a round-table) 5 of them has been condemned to several (taxes and social benefits) and others, as they among Police, Public Health Service, NGOs, years of prison. work only occasionally, do not want any sort of brothel owners and sex workers; the attachment. Brothel owners have limited registration of sex workers at the Financial directive rights (only place and working hours) Authorities; and the registration of brothels (up otherwise they could be accused of pimping. 3 sex workers) and apartments (less than 3 Licences for brothels – The goal is to bring sex workers) at the Municipal Authorities, GERMANY more transparency into the sex industry where they get a license. If caught without the „ Amnesty for Women is a human rights through better control of the working license, they are closed down. agency. It is a social and legal counselling conditions (similar to the Dutch model). But it Building regulations – In Berlin, the Building centre, and a meeting will also mean that undocumented migrants Authorities and the Police have been point for migrant will be pushed into worse, isolated, controlling and closing down old brothels women in Hamburg. mnesty exploitative and dependent situations. because they are located in residential areas. for omen

8

Mandatory condom use – only in Bavaria, The Legal Framework Italy provides shelter and assistance to people sex workers get a fine if caught offering or Hungarian sex workers - The Main Hungarian who have been exploited professionally other advertising for unprotected sex. Statistical Office-Service gave a code for than victims of sexual exploitation. those performing sex work as an economic Considering the significant increase of minors involved in trafficking, a lot of attention has activity, as work or service: it is a non classifiable service done by an own been given to the problem. GREECE contractor, who has to pay tax. According to the Italian Observatory on Trafficking, there have been 11.226 victims of „ ACT UP works on the field of HIV/AIDS Migrant sex workers - Hungary became an trafficking in Italy, between 2000 and 2006, of and STDs prevention especially with EU-border country and experienced an which 619 minors and 5.495 adults’ difficult to reach populations (migrants, sex increasing migration from the East European beneficiaries who obtained the permit of stay. workers, trafficking victims) and countries. Most non-EU citizens enter populations with high risk behaviour (IDUs Hungary with a tourist visa for 3 months, In 2007, a new decree issued by the and homosexuals). which forbids them to work in Hungary. The government, aggravated measures for the tourist becomes illegal after starting work and expulsion of immigrants without the permit to risks deportation. Usually migrants work in stay or who are considered violent or socially The Legal Framework their own flats or hidden brothels. The working dangerous. Good enough, however, a judge in Genoa annulled the expulsion of a prostitute Changes concerning the legal framework conditions are quite bad. Like the Hungarian ruling that sex work cannot be considered are the new articles (§ 28, law 3536/2007 sex workers, they have problems of human dangerous for the society. and § 28, law 3613/2007) complementary rights abuse, language, violence, and have no to the migration law (3386/2005). access to any social and health contact and In conclusion, there have been no other Modifications concern legally documented aid. significant changes in the immigration law that migrants, while the situation remains the was issued in 1997 save for a few harsh same for undocumented migrants (Civil The Prostitution Scene modifications which the government servants are not allowed to communicate - The estimated number is 15 to 20.000 introduced in 2001. Instead of shutting down all Temporary Detention Centres (CPT), the with undocumented migrants. Health - Work place: in bars, massage parlours, government modified the name to CPTA - authorities are included, with the exception peep-shows, private homes, rented flats Centres for temporary stay and assistance of treatment for minors and emergencies). (alone or shared between 2 to 3 sex where asylum seekers are confined along with According to the General Secretariat for workers) on the street, in truck parking illegal migrants due for expulsion. Equality (Department of the Ministry of places, highways, gasoline stations. Interior) there are current programs for the - 70% of the sex workers work in flats. social rehabilitation of female-trafficking The Prostitution Scene victims. - More than 85% are Roma women who work on the street, at truck parking places Prostitution in Italy is practiced indoor and on the streets in equal numbers. As a result of The Prostitution Scene and on the highway going to Austria, Germany, Italy, France, Spain, and the severe repressive measures against street Prostitution is allowed only in brothels but it Holland. sex workers, there has been a significant also takes place in bars, in the streets, in increase of indoor (flats) sex workers. Adverts the hotels or through advertisement in the are published on dailies and on the internet. newspapers and mobile phones. Sex work is also practiced, illegally, in several The number of legal sex workers does not ITALY nightclubs and bars. Most women who work in exceed 700 but the number of illegal ones flats come from Latin America, Eastern „ The Committee for the Civil Rights of Europe and Italy. is estimated around 10.000. Prostitutes/CDCP onlus was founded in The nationalities of the newcomers who 1982. It unfolds activities to aid prostitutes and A new phenomenon of Chinese massagers is intend to work in the sex industry has to inculcate social policies finalised towards gaining ground all over Italy. They work changed lately, with an increasing number the improvement of the condition of those who exclusively in massage parlours for men and of women coming from Africa, especially prostitute themselves. only through newspaper ads. Sex work by the Chinese is offered at a cheap price and is Ethiopia, Eritrea, Nigeria, Ghana and Congo. accessible to the low/middle class and is thus The Legal at the reach of a large part of the population. Impressive is the fact that women from Framework Germany (around 40 already work as legal African women are still present in great sex workers in Athens) appear in the Although prostitution is not illegal in Italy, it is numbers on the streets and the majority brothels. tolerated with an old abolitionist law, Legge comes from Nigeria. Rumanians and Merlin, which this year celebrates it’s 50th Moldavians are also present on the streets in anniversary. Since its instauration, several great numbers.

debates have been held in the Parliament to There a fewer women from new EU member HUNGARY modify this law. Recently in 2007, the countries like Poland, Hungary and the Baltic Government proposed a bill with the intent of „ Sex Education Foundation, states. Hungarians and Russians are mostly limiting prostitution on the streets and allowing present in clubs. coordinates NGOs dealing with social in-door prostitution. The debates within the work, carries out educational and health parliament failed as opposition from the A discrete number of sex workers come from promotion programs Catholics prevailed. the Balkan countries such as Albania, former for vulnerable groups Yugoslavia and Kosovo. In general, the (male and female The law against trafficking (articles 18 and 13 Albanians are old acquaintances and there sex workers, – exploitation in prostitution and anti-trafficking are, therefore, no new arrivals from Albania. trafficked respectively) has been extended to EU- community citizens who can have access to The main working areas are the streets, women, Roma expressways, major roads, strip malls or groups, youth) these assistance programs. As a matter of fact, the existent network of projects all over industrial areas at night. Mobility within the towns and the regions partly due to repressive 9

actions and due economic reasons is very person’s agreement” was declared to be a high. crime. LITHUANIA Working rates vary from 20 up to 500 Human trafficking was declared to be a crime „ The Lithuanian AIDS Centre is a GO with euros for indoor services. The lowest rates two years later – 23d May 2002, paragraph following departments: laboratory, anonymous are applied by the Chinese in massage 154: Human trafficking in the perception of the testing site, public education unit, drug users’ parlors. Sex workers work all day and all paragraph 154 of the Criminal Code of Latvia social rehabilitation, the Social Ailments night on the streets and even in is „recruitment, transfer, concealment or Consultation Site and the AIDS Hot Line. The apartments but work only at night on the reception of a person with the aim of NGO Demetra that belongs to AIDS Centre streets and in night clubs. exploitation, by means of violence, threats or runs a drop-in centre for sex workers and fraud, or using person’s subordination to the carries out outreach work among sex workers, Associations operating in this sector including drug using sex workers. estimate a maximum of 75.000 sex guilty person or person’s helpless situation, to workers of which 75% migrants, and at achieve that person’s agreement for traffic, least 10% trans-sexual. Although male sex upon whom the victim is dependant. The Legal Framework workers are present on the territory, no Exploitation is person’s involvement in Sex Work - The engagement in prostitution or detailed studies have been carried out on prostitution or other sexual exploitation, or remunerated use of prostitution services is them. keeping in slavery, or other similar forms, subject to a fine from three hundred to five hundred Litas. keeping in bondage or illegal extraction of person’s skins or organs”. The same actions, evidenced by persons

punished by administrative penalty for the offences specified in paragraph 1 of this LATVIA The Prostitution Scene article, are subject to a fine from five hundred „ Genders - Development of preventative The actual number of prostitutes is very to one thousand Litas or administrative strategy and measures against STI/HIV in variable. Total number of employed in sex detention for a term of up to thirty days. business can be 3000-4000 persons, but Latvia. Support of women working in sex A person who was engaged in prostitution industry. Providing them with medical, taking into account short-term employments during the year, coming and going women, shall not be prosecuted to administrative legal, social and consultation assistance. liability if he was involved in prostitution being Prevention of trafficking in women and this number might be a couple thousands bigger. dependent economically, through employment youth in Latvia (informational campaigns, or being dependent in any other way, or educational programs for the Latvian Prostitution occurs in all Latvian cities, and engaged into prostitution by force or coercion, society and support of the victims of exists both – in an open and hidden way. or deceit, or was engaged into prostitution in trafficking) The widest market of commercial sex is in whatever way whilst being an underage or/and Riga. Prostitutes work mainly on streets, is a victim of trafficking in persons and is The Legal escort services, clubs, bars, own flats, parks recognized as a victim in the legal Framework and in the area of central railway station and proceedings. Nowadays it is abolitionism in Latvia – the central market. official attitude of the state is based on the In particular, the division by gender remains The Prostitution Scene fact, that on the 13th of July 1992 Latvia steady – the vast majority (nearly 80%) of sex Lithuania is becoming the country of sex trade had ratified UNO convention of 1949 workers are female, and all the rest – male, (the statement from EU conference), the „About fight against trafficking in human with the exception of a few transgender country of sex worker export. Women trade for beings and prostitution exploitation by third persons. Over 75% of sex workers in the area sexual purposes has become an organised parties”. This system does not imply are national, and about 15% - migrant, coming crime in international scale. It is an regulations, which would restrict sexual from Eastern Europe (so-called ex Soviet international problem, not a one-country services or sexual relations for money; countries – Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, business. however other aspects of prostitution, such Lithuania and Estonia). SW provide their Experts conclude that extent of women trade as running public houses, pimping, sex services mainly on the streets (specially in Lithuania is the largest among the Baltic with underage persons are qualified as approved) (nearly 70%), others – in brothels countries. Though, the real number of crime and are punishable with (about 30%) and clubs and parlours. 98% of trafficked women is unknown (presumably imprisonment. In this way anything that is the migrant SW’s work in indoor prostitution. connected to prostitution, is criminalised, about 2000-3000 women become victims of The mobility if very high: 50% of national SW but prostitution itself is not a crime. One of trafficking per one year, and a half of them are have worked in a other EU country and 48% the most considerable laws, which regulate from Lithuania). Experts agree that this of the migrant SW’s have worked in other EU prostitution, is Regulations issued by the number has been growing since 1990 (when and Non EU (Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, Cabinet of Ministers of Republic of Latvia the first cases were reported), and the list of Belarus) before Latvia. Nr. 210 (22nd of May 2001, protocol nr. 24, destination countries is even longer. 20.). But they haven’t been changed since The vulnerability factors are: low education, Theoretically, three main women trade groups the adoption. social and language barriers, low income and may be single out: street prostitution, women high unemployment, as well as drug and Latvian Criminal Code also contains working with escort agencies and “export” of alcohol addiction (concerning drug addiction: paragraphs, which criminalise violations women abroad. we have to mention the growth of this problem connected to prostitution. Street prostitution is ranked the lowest in the last years). Violence against SW is also category but is more or less “open” and: free”. a major factor of vulnerability. Trafficking in human beings It is difficult to count how many sex workers

In connection with UNO convention of work all over Lithuania. According to our data, 1949, after eight years, in the paragraph about 200 sex workers solicit around the 165.1 of the criminal Code of Latvia Vilnius railway and couch station. This is not a „person’s forwarding to a foreign country stable number since some sex workers are for sexual exploitation with or without not “full-time” workers and supplement their budget among other jobs with income from prostitution. 10

Quite big shares in prostitution business All sex workers are quite mobile, those from who use the services of trafficked sex take women from Russia, Belarus, South-, Central and Eastern Europe, as well workers. Ukraine, and Moldova. The Russian- as those from Latin America and Africa. speaking sex workers are in greatest Venues of migrant sex workers: Belgium, The Prostitution Scene demand, though sometimes the foreigners France, Germany, Spain, Portugal, are used only as replacement. The number The estimated number of sex workers is about Netherlands, Portugal, Italy, Greece, 25.000. About 60-70% of them are migrants; of foreign sex workers has decreased Switzerland. because of visa requirements for citizens mainly from CEE (Hungary, Bulgaria, from countries non-EU members and Main nationalities of migrant sex workers: Romania, Poland), followed by Latin America, because of high fines for human trade and Belgium, France, Germany, Spain, Portugal, Africa, Asia. trafficking. Netherlands, Italy, Congo, Nigeria, Ghana, Structure of prostitution scene: mainly indoors, Algeria, Brazil, Morocco, Ecuador, Venezuela, Lithuania is still a transit country, and many in windows, clubs and escort. Street Peru, Colombia, Ancient Yugoslavia, Greece, prostitution is allowed only in the tolerance sex workers are staying here only Kosovo, Poland, Bulgaria, Rumania, England. temporarily and upon any chance go (or zones that have been created mainly for drug are sold) to the West. The main destination using women but their number decreased countries of women migration and significantly and they are allowed only to the trafficking remain Great Britain, Italy, women who are in possession of a special Germany, The Netherlands, Norway and permit. There is a significant clandestine THE NETHERLANDS scene where the women from outside the EU Spain, though, new, more exotic countries „ TAMPEP was found in 1993 in response to are also chosen, for example Emirates. work who are thus beyond the reach of the needs of (migrant) sex workers in 25 services. Another setting that is difficult to countries in Europe. It is a networking and reach and assess are the escort services. intervention project focussed on assessing the Self–employment: most of the women work in situation and needs of female and transgender this form. There are many signals that the self sex workers from LUXEMBOURG employment in the clubs is violated by the Central and Eastern „ The DropIn is supervised by the Red owners as they try to impose on the women all Europe, Asia, Africa Cross and is the only specialized service kinds of obligations, such as the need to be and Latin America and provider for sex workers in Luxembourg. present at a certain time, restrictions in the on developing choice of clients, etc. appropriate responses. The Legal Framework Taxes: all sex workers are supposed to pay In Luxembourg prostitution under 18 years income taxes, and it is known that some of st is not allowed by law and upper 18 years The Legal Framework them try to avoid this duty. From January 1 the practice is no more mentioned in the The law on legalisation of exploitation of this won’t be possible because the sex legislation. Punished by law are: violence prostitution dating from 2000 that was business owner has the obligation to present a against sex workers, pimping, enrichment introduced in order to regulate and control this bill with TVA so her renting the room will be through money from sex work and sphere of economy and to improve the officially recorded (what until this time was not trafficking in human beings for the reason position of sex workers is still in charge. a fact). of sexual exploitation. Normally sex workers with tourist visa are not allowed to Recent developments: under the excuse of work as a sex worker. combat against trafficking in human beings, the screening of the legality of the Officially sex work exists only on the street management of sex business and the city NORWAY and in flats. Street prostitution exists only development planning, the authorities started in Luxembourg City. „ Pro Sentret is a national centre for to diminish drastically the number of documentation, information and advice on It is only allowed to work in two streets prostitution establishments and locations. It prostitution issues. It is also a health- and near the train station area, from 8pm till started some years ago with closing down social service: providing health services, 3pm. If they work on other times and major street prostitution tolerance zones counselling, drop-in centre, outreach and places, they get fines up to 2.500.-€ each. (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, the Hague) and now skills-acquisition. More and more sex workers are involved in there are plans for closing various window criminal acts. And more and more sex prostitution areas in many cities, including the The Legal Framework workers do have problems with dugs famous Red Light District in Amsterdam. Prostitution is still not illegal in Norway, neither (alcohol, cocaine, etc.). We notice that In Amsterdam, more than 300 window selling nor buying. Exception: buying sexual more and more they do have to fight brothels have disappeared already (the services from a person under the age of 18. against indebtedness. municipality bought the buildings from the Prostitution is not considered to be work, thus owner) and some famous sex clubs have one cannot demand a working permit. The Prostitution Scene been closed on the base a result of suspicion Therefore it is not illegal to sell sexual services Work places are: on the street, in flats and that there were criminal activities involved. It is for an alien as long as one has a permit to bars. expected that this trend will continue and the stay and work. In practise it is the alien law number of sex establishments will diminish in Approximately 1 500 prostitutes are that usually comes into action. If a person the whole of the Netherlands with the result – working all over the Grand-Duchy of cannot prove that she has a valid return ticket already observed – that there is a shortage of Luxembourg. and enough money for her own support (a working places for the women, which means place to live and a daily amount of ca 65€) she We count more or less 75% migrant sex their weakened negotiation position towards is deported as long as she isn’t a EU/EEA workers. Most of the sex workers are the sex business owners and the danger to fall citizen women, about 90%. 10% of them are victim of all kinds of intermediaries in transvestites or transgenders. Pimping and organising is illegal, including prostitution. Also, some parties proposed the renting out premises for prostitution and The biggest group are of Latin Americans. introduction of the law criminalising clients openly advertising for sexual services (buying, selling or procuring). We notice that police 11

recently is more eager to enforce the law, - Latin and South America 3.8 % According to TADA’s research, the main also disturbing the indoor part of the - Eastern & Central Europe 25.2 % nationalities of sex workers are: Poles, marked in order to reduce it. - Western Europe 4.6 % Ukrainian, Belarusian, Russian and Bulgarian. The most important change in the law has - Norwegian 25.2 % The official number of sex workers in Poland: not come into action yet: The government Approximately 60 % work on the in-door - about 8000 women, 50 men, and 90 minors is working on a law criminalizing the marked (massage-parlours, flats, hotels) and under the age of 15 (cases registered at the purchase of sexual services. A proposal 40 % in street prostitution. Police Department) has been out on a hearing. In practice this We have noticed an increase in mobility - 957 night clubs with about 3700 Polish is a copy of the “Swedish model”: all among sex workers, and also that they are women and about 1200 migrant sex purchase is illegal – no difference between working more alone or in smaller units. This workers, mostly Ukrainian forced or voluntary prostitution is might indicate a more pressed marked or a - The number of sex workers under 18 recognised. The law is expected to be marked moving underground or both. There increases constantly; 98% are women. 20% passed in Parliament this spring, coming are regional differences. Street-prostitution is of those under the age of 18 are migrants, into action from 1.1.2009. An expected mostly apparent in 3 major cities. who mostly work in night clubs and next to outcome is that the visible part of highways, rarely in big cities centres. prostitution (street-work) will be reduced In Oslo street prostitution (60%) is larger than - There are a low number of sex workers dramatically. indoor (40%), mainly because of migrant from Belarus, and increasing number of prostitution. This is different from the rest of them from Ukraine. There is a § on trafficking (Civil penal code the country. § 224) from July 2003: It is forbidden to - The sex business is being advertised in exploit another persons prostitution, forced form of: press announcements, Internet, labour, war service in another country or leaflets, etc. During the summer holidays, removal of organs, by force, threats, abuse the number of female sex workers working of a vulnerable situation or by other POLAND along the Baltic Sea side increases. improper behaviour or to mislead anybody „ TADA informs about HIV and STI, - The number of sex workers did not into such position. Punished is also advocates for sex workers, brings up the idea decrease. anybody who facilitates trafficking. If the of harm reduction, organizes symposiums, victim is under the age of 18 the meetings with organizations acting in the field perpetrator can be punished regardless of of HIV/AIDS prevention, and does outreach. use of violence threats etc. There are 8 PORTUGAL court decision by this § so far. The Legal Framework „ The ARSNorte/Autoestima Project is a Norway has a National Action Plan against Sex work related crimes in Polish law (the law GO under the Northern Health Regional Trafficking 2006-09. 6 months temporary has not been changed since last year): Administration of the Ministry of Health. It permit to stay – a “reflection period” – is - To force someone to sex work (art 203 peal targets sex workers. The aim is to increase granted to alleged victims of trafficking. code) their level of health and to protect them from This is an improvement from the last Action - To induce someone to sex work or to make the risk of HIV/STI infection. plan. If granted a “reflection period” you it feasible (art. 204 § 1 P.C.) are also granted a permit to work. An - To benefit from someone’s sex work (art. The Legal Framework increasing number are applying for the 6 204 § 2 P.C.) Sex Work - Voluntary prostitution is not a months, and so far nobody has been - To traffic someone in purpose of sex work crime, although it is not recognised as a turned down. Governmental bodies are abroad (art. 204 §4 P.C.) profession. There is a lack of legal frame to still working on a clear understanding of The crime also is to knowingly expose protect Sexual Workers. how victims of trafficking are identified. someone to HIV infection (art 161 § 1 P.C.). Guidelines are expected to come soon. Trafficking - The first National Plan against the Penalty: imprisonment up to 3 years to Traffic of Human Beings (2007/2010) has After the 6 months one can apply for a knowingly expose someone to infection with one-year permit to stay, but the terms are been designed. This plan predicts new STD or infectious disease, or other incurable measures of support to the victims. hard, including cooperation with the police disease (art 161§ 2). Penalty: fine, limitation of Law Changes (nº368/2007) – Single Article: in identification of traffickers. liberty or imprisonment up to 1 year. Concession of residence authorization to foreign citizen identified as a victim of traffic. The Prostitution Scene The Prostitution Scene Total amount of sex-workers in Norway is This special regime does not require that the estimated to be 2500 -3000 individuals in In Poland, apart of street sex workers and victims remain in national territory in the 2007. those working in hotels, there are also night interest of the investigations and of the judicial clubs where they work. At a minimum, 60 % are migrants. There is processes, and does without the clear will of still an increase of migrants and a Currently, a number of flats or apartments collaboration with the authorities in the decrease of national sex workers in the without adverts increase radically; night clubs investigation and repression of the traffic of street scene. and agencies with a sign-board have reduced. persons or of the aid to illegal immigration. According to the police statistic in Poland, It seems that the increase of Nigerian sex The victim of traffic is defined as a person there are about 1000 night clubs. workers in street prostitution slows down regarding whom there have been acquired the last two years while The owners of the night clubs very often sign indications of the practice of this crime by a Bulgarian/Rumanian sex workers increase. a labour contract with the sex workers which judicial authority or organ of criminal police, or These nationalities work in the streets, do not include sex work itself. when the coordinator of the National Plan rarely in-door. A lot of women work by their own as call girls against the Human Traffic understands that there are sufficiently ponderous motives to Roughly speaking here is the distribution of and a lot of them are perceived as luxurious believe that this person is a victim of traffic migrant sex workers Pro Sentret ones. and it is determined that protection is encountered last year by region: There are still sex workers working next to the necessary, for there will be risk of the victim, - South-East Asia: 9.0 % roads and highways. his relatives or persons who maintain near - Africa (mainly West) 31.0 % 12

relations with him/her to be the object of national sex workers. 3% came from the threats or insults to personal or patrimonial SLOVAKIA former Soviet Union. goods, practiced by the agents of traffic. „ C.A. ODYSEUS is NGO. The aim is to participate in human rights observing and to The Prostitution Scene increase the quality of life of vulnerable SLOVENIA communities, mainly drug users, sex workers At present an effective mapping at national „ CARS/ Centre for AIDS prevention and and children and young people from level does not exist. There are however, vulnerable groups is an non-governmental threatened and marginalised communities. differences between the North and the humanitarian organization operating in the South of the country. The situation in the area of prevention of HIV infection and North of Portugal is as follows: The Legal Framework offering different forms of support to everyone Places of work Se work is not regulated in Slovakia. Penal directly exposed to the risk of HIV/AIDS. - 44% bars + clubs Code (Act No. 300/2005), effective from - 34% street January 1, 2006, deals with pimping, The Legal Framework - 22% apartment trafficking in human beings and coercion into Prostitution prostitution. Sentences of imprisonment for Nationalities - The Amendment of the Act on Criminal the cases mentioned above are from 1 up to - 73% Brazil Offences against Public Order and Peace 12 years. It depends on the seriousness of the - 20% Portugal decriminalization of prostitution crime. - 4% Colombia - Penal Code – abuse of prostitution (article - 3% others Some of the districts in Bratislava (Bratislava 185) I., II. and in the process of resolution is Trafficking Bratislava V.) accepted the local regulations in - Penal Code – trafficking in human beings

which the persons who offer and provide (article 387a) ROMANIA services with the aim of sexual satiation in - Aliens Act – provisions for victims of THB public places of the particular district can be (article 38a) „ ARAS/ The Romanian Association punished for public order offence. The Migration Against AIDS does HIV/AIDS prevention persons who have sexual contact in public - Aliens Act and offer services for the general places (no matter if they are a sex worker with - Citizenship Act of the Republic of Slovenia population and specially for the vulnerable a customer or any other persons) can be - Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia population, and advocates for the human charged 1.000 Slovak crowns (26 euros) by - Asylum Act rights of the vulnerable population. Bratislava city police or state police. In some cases (if the persons and police agree upon a The Prostitution Scene The Legal Framework ticket) the financial penalty is 500 Slovak Prostitution - Estimation: 1.400 to3.000 Sex work is illegal and punished according crowns (13 euros). with the Penal Code with bill or prison (3 persons. After the independence prostitution months to 3 years); There are no changes in the migration scene. was on the rise. There was an increase of The majority of sex workers in Slovakia are night bars. There is no street prostitution in The traffic is also illegal and punished by national sex workers, many of them work in Slovenia. The most widespread form of imprisonment (3-10 years and to 18 years different parts of Slovakia as in their place of prostitution is the so-called mobile prostitution. if involves minors); SW facilitation is origin. There are some migrants from the Other forms include hotel and bar prostitution. punished by imprisonment (2-7 years). former Soviet Union who are in contact with Trafficking - Data from NGOs and state As the sex work is illegal, the public safety other NGOs who provide services on the (police) are not harmonized. In 2006 around authorities routinely arrest or at least give eastern part of Slovakia. 40 persons and until June 2007 5 persons them a fine; SW get tens of fines each months, which they are unable to pay. The Prostitution Scene

The Prostitution Scene There are 5 NGOs working with sex workers in Slovakia – C.A. Odyseus and C.A. Prima in SPAIN A national estimation has never been „ HETAIRA, Association for the Defence of made; ARAS works with approximately 600 Bratislava, C.A. Storm in Nitra, C.A. Pomocna ruka in Kosice and C.A. Risen in Presov. All of Sex Workers’ Rights, which main aim is the SW, in outreach activities (street and clubs self-organization of sex workers, to empower and bars); the percentage of migrant sex these organisations work only with street sex workers. and give them voice. They offer counselling workers (coming from the Republic of and are a meeting place. Moldavia) does not exceed 2 %. There is no organisation providing services for

Other know venues include hotels, motels, indoor sex workers. It is very difficult to establish contacts with owners of sex clubs; The Legal Framework apartments – connection with clients via Prostitution in Spain is not illegal, but it isn’t internet/phone/newspapers adds; there is therefore, the data we have regards the street scene. regulated either. It is, therefore, alegal. no estimation of the number of sex workers In March of 2007 the Spanish Parliament practicing this type of work. Sex work is provided mainly: wrote a report of abolitionist tendency. - on the streets or highways (specially in the Spain did not sign the European Convention bigger cities) on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings - erotic or strip clubs (1st February, 2008).

- massage parlours There are an increased number of police - private flats harassment against street prostitution in the - escort agencies most important cities of Spain. - some discos

On the street scene in Slovakia there are The Prostitution Scene

about 1000 sex workers. It is impossible to - Open spaces: streets, roads, public parks, estimate the number of sex workers in the industrial parks. indoor scene. Around 97% of sex workers are 13

- Closed places: clubs, flats. are available, abuse, police control, places. Similar legislation has already been in - 90% of prostitutes are immigrant: 43% deportation… place in England and Wales for more than a Eastern Europe, 26% Latin America, NGO’s observe that after a short stay, most of decade. Sex workers report having to work 20% Sub-Saharan Africa, 4% Maghreb these persons leave the country. longer hours in increased isolation since the and 1% Western Europe (6% Spanish). introduction of the legislation, with more requests for unprotected sex and increased levels of violence. Northern Ireland is currently considering introducing this legislation, despite SWITZERLAND UNITED KINGDOM the lack of any support services for street „ Aspasie, a sex workers’ organisation, „ SCOT-PEP is a peer-led, community based sex workers. APIS (AIDS prevention for female sex development and participation organisation, In England & Wales the Criminal Justice and workers), MSW (male sex work), Don promoting health and dignity in prostitution. Immigration Bill currently being debated Juan, prevention for clients, PROCORE, a We are committed to ensuring that sex contains numerous clauses relevant to the sex network of 28 members (24 sex work or workers are afforded industry. One clause would seek to introduce HIV organisations, 3 independent sex equal measure of compulsory rehabilitation for street based sex workers). dignity, respect, and workers under the threat of jail time if they fail acceptance that others to comply with counselling sessions. The Legal Framework in society enjoy – Amendments have been introduced to remove Sex work is legal in Switzerland. Local and expect. that clause and introduce a change in the rules are more or less tolerant or definition of a brothel to allow two or three repressive, witch creates internal The Legal Framework women to work together (for personal safety migration. With the new migration law reasons) with a maid/receptionist. However (Ausländergesetz) the situation of female Prostitution other amendments propose criminalising any migrants from non EU-countries is man who buys sexual services, or who buys It is not illegal to buy or sell sex within the UK. worsening. In case of trafficking they only sexual services from a victim of trafficking. Prostitution and the sex industry is covered by may stay in Switzerland if cooperating with national legislation, which criminalises various the police and this depends on local Migration aspects of the sex industry. Scotland has an arrangements, not due to a national law. In independent legal system but the laws relating In the last two years although there has been March 2008 a petition against women to prostitution are similar across the UK. no significant change in legislation relating to trafficking will be launched by different migration, the Home Office has reacted parties and national organisations, asking It is a civil offence for men and women to strongly to media pressure in relation to for better personal and judicial protection ‘solicit’ or loiter with intent to ‘solicit’ in a public perceived illegal immigration and is tightening for female victims of trafficking. place for the purposes of prostitution. up systems to monitor, identify and remove However, such offences are penalised with a Cabaret dancers from outside of the EU illegal migrants. The UK government has fine resulting in sex workers having to engage and EFTA-states can get a short-time work allowed citizens from the all the new EU in prostitution even more in order to pay the permit (L) for 8 months but more and more accession countries to migrate and work fines or face imprisonment for non-payment of regions of Switzerland abolish it. In these legally in the UK – although restrictions have fines. regions migrants choose or are forced to been placed on the number of migrants from work illegally and it is difficult for prevention Across the UK Anti-Social Behaviour Orders Romania and Bulgaria that will be allowed to projects to get in touch with them. are used against street based sex workers. seek work in the UK, however, sex work is not These orders are civil court actions that considered labour in the UK.

exclude sex workers from certain areas or The Prostitution Scene engaging in street prostitution across a Trafficking All forms of prostitution are available: defined area. Breaching such an order is a Street sex work, massage parlours, sex In 2003 both Westminster and the Scottish criminal offence and a significant number of Parliaments introduced criminal offences in centres, sauna clubs, escorts, etc. There street based sex workers have been are no reliable statistics existing. relation to trafficking ONLY for the purposes of sentenced to terms in prison for breaching prostitution. However, there is little protection NGO’s evaluate that there might be about their ASBO. offered to the victims of trafficking within the 25’000 (official figures mention 14’000) It is a criminal offence across the UK to run a UK as they have no right to residence; once persons active in sex work during one year brothel, live off ‘immoral’ earnings, seek to they have given evidence in court they are all over the country, maybe 75% of them recruit males or females to work as returned to their home countries where they are migrants. prostitutes, and purchase sexual services from are vulnerable to retribution from the According to statistics their provenience in a minor (under18). It is not possible for sex organised crime networks involved in 2006 has slightly changed comparing to workers to work together legally; trafficking. 2005: South and Central America 36.1% (- criminalisation has driven the indoor sex Across the UK law enforcement actions, 1.9%), Eastern and Central Europe 33.5% industry underground, and made sex workers primarily targetting illegal immigration and (+ 1.8%), Africa 14.3% (+ 0.5%), Asians vulnerable to greater levels of exploitation and trafficking, against the indoor sex industry has 10.7% (-0.6%), others 5.4 (+0.3%). abuse. continued – impacting on both national and Increase of populations movement in the The Scottish Executive has defined street migrant sex workers. 2006’s Operation last years came through hardening of the prostitution as violence against women and Pentameter saw the ‘rescue’ of 188 women general economical situation and through announced a priority focus of educating men and girls during 515 raids on establishments. the bi-lateral agreements with 27 European not to buy sex, reducing harm while women 78 were confirmed to be victims of trafficking countries: professionals as well as are involved, and ‘exiting’ women from during the operation and an undisclosed inexperienced women arrive from prostitution in an attempt to reduce and number of migrant sex workers are believed to European countries (also south Americans eradicate street prostitution. In October 2007 have been deported. The second phase of through Spain and Portugal) with the idea Scotland criminalised clients of street based Pentameter was launched in October 2007 to earn some good Swiss money. But the sex workers, making it an offence for men to and to date has seen over 200 arrests across market is already saturated; no apartments seek to purchase sexual services in public the UK, with 120 people charged and 84 14

women ‘rescued’. However politicians and is estimated that 52% are migrants. London journalists routinely make claims of projects reported 76% of their female contacts On Norway trafficked women in the UK reaching being migrant indoor based sex workers, numbers as high as 25,000 out of the compared to 63% and 80% in the previous estimated 50 – 80,000 women involved in two mappings. The presence of migrant indoor adapting the selling sexual services. These figures based sex workers outside of London varies rarely seem to be questioned let alone across the country with percentages ranging Swedish law attributed to any source. from 0% to 40%, compared to 0% to 20% and The United Kingdom Human Trafficking 0% to 8% in the previous two mappings. Criminalizing the purchase of Centre was established which coordinates However, this increase may be due as much sexual services to sex work projects increased awareness of anti-trafficking initiatives across the country. However, the UK government migrants within their local sex industry and a new focus on outreach to the indoor sex A summary by Arne Randers-Pehrson, continues to refuse to grant asylum status Pro Sentret to genuine victims of trafficking on the industry as to any significant increase in the number of migrant sex workers. grounds that it would result in a flood of women claiming to be trafficked for the Repressive policy and law enforcement The present situation purposes of prostitution if asylum status is continues to make the situation of all sex granted. Despite government claims to workers more uncertain. Much of the law n 2007 all three political parties in focus on protecting the rights of victims of enforcement initiatives have focussed on zero Government have voted in favour of trafficking, the focus remains on their tolerance of street prostitution, illegal having a law that prohibits the buying of usefulness as potential witnesses in the immigration and trafficking for the purposes of sexual services in Norway. On this criminal justice system and then they are prostitution within the indoor sex industry. The background the Norwegian Ministry of IJustice and Police has made a draft for a new returned to their home countries regardless street prostitution initiatives have had no of the risks they face on their arrival. impact on migrant sex workers but they have law. This proposal has been out on a public hearing where all who have a say could give increased the vulnerability of street based sex workers who continue to experience their input. The hearing ended in the middle The Prostitution Scene disproportionate levels of violence and abuse. of October the same year. All services Prostitution occurs in various forms in the The indoor sex industry initiatives have been involved in practical work towards sex workers UK - street, sex industry establishments targetted mainly at migrant sex workers and or their clients expressed their scepticism on (saunas, massage parlours, private flats, victims of trafficking, however, it is not known such a law, as did several institutions dealing bars, hotels, nightclubs) and escort, but the how many illegal or semi-legal (right to reside with human rights. Several feminist proportion varies from town to town as a but not to work in the UK) migrant sex workers organisations were in favour, as were most result of differing local policies, attitudes have been deported as a result of these local police authorities. The Police and law enforcement practices. initiatives. However, as a result of these Directorate, the Public Prosecutor and the Data Inspectorate are not in favour. The Sex work is not recognised as legitimate initiatives the level of fear amongst all migrant Ministry is now preparing a Parliamentary Bill. employment in the UK, therefore, sex sex workers has increased and they have This Bill will be presented to the Parliament workers, national and migrant, have no increasingly become the victims of October 2008 and voted on. For sure it will go employment rights in the UK and are exploitation, crime and violence as the through Parliament since we have a majority vulnerable to exploitation and unfair perpetrators assume migrants will not report government and the law will be implemented working conditions. In addition the illegality such abuse and crime to the authorities. 1.1.2009. Until then it is still not illegal to buy of the sex industry and the stigma attached sexual services, except from a person under to prostitution makes all sex workers the age of 18. vulnerable to violence and abuse.

There have been no significant changes in the forms of prostitution within the UK The present proposal since the last mapping exercise. Nor has The proposed text will be an addition to the there been any evidence from sex work present § 202 (on pimping etc.) in the Civil projects of a significant increase in the Penal Code. In my – unauthorized – number of sex workers within the UK over translation it will be something like: the last two years. “ §202a. Any person who procure sexual In the United Kingdom there is estimated to intercourse or act for oneself or another be between 50,000 and 80,000 female sex person by giving or promising remuneration, workers, of whom it is estimated that 28% will be punished for the buying of sexual (14,000 to 22,400) work in street services with fines or imprisonment up to 6 prostitution while the remaining 72% months, or both. One is liable to the same (36,000 to 57,600) work in indoor punishment if the sexual act or intercourse is establishments and as escorts. Overall it is obtained by another person’s remuneration.” estimated that 37% (18,720 to 29,952) of The basic elements, as far as I see it, are female sex workers in the United Kingdom these: are migrants, with 52% of migrant sex workers estimated as coming from former - This is, basically, a blueprint of the Swedish Eastern Bloc countries and the Balkans. law. One will not follow the Finnish model, making a distinction between forced and The 2005/6 mapping exercise continued to demonstrate an absence of migrant sex voluntary prostitution (in Finland the client workers in street prostitution in the UK, can be punished only if the person selling primarily because of high visibility and sexual services is a victim of trafficking or policing of street prostitution across the other kinds of force/ exploitation). UK. Amongst indoor based sex workers it 15

- Premeditation is enough to be punished; that the legislator wants this law to be few seem to think that the law will come into that is: it is enough to have made a deal enforced – it should not be only a “symbolic action very soon. A few (wrongly) assume to buy sexual services. law”. It is therefore reasonable to ask what that the law only will have an effect on migrant - One may be sentenced to prison up to 6 kind of priorities and economic sex workers and their clients. months, though it is obviously not the consequences one can expect. Many sex workers fear that violence will intention of the legislator to use increase, as the decent, regular clients will imprisonment except for severe or Background for the shift in withdraw from the visible marked. repetitive cases (it has so far never Norwegian policies We have seen some cases of harassment on been used in Sweden). But it is a There has, since the idea was introduced in streetworkers that can be related to the provision that will give police the right to debate and the expectation of a new law. hold the person for questioning for a the early 1980s, been a political majority against the criminalizing in Norway. One There are traces of racism in some of these period of time and also several other harassments. legal means. major reason for this has been that the health- and social services (including Pro Sentret) As for planning for the future, the sex workers have advised not to criminalize. The main report different strategies: Other points of interest in the proposal: argument being the fear that such a law will - Some just wait and see, being uncertain - There is a discussion on what police jeopardize the health and safety of sex how the law will be implemented. Or they methods can be used. The draft is not workers – driving the market underground. just don’t see that they have any options conclusive, but suggests that one – at a So, something has happened to change the (like the i.v. drug users in the streets). political climate – mainly within the later stage – might introduce control of - Some work as hard as they possibly can for Socialist/Social Democrat movement. These telecommunication. This means that the the time they have left until the law comes are probably some factors: police can have information on a into action. Those are often migrants who person’s tele-traffick (phones and e- - The visible prostitution scene – the streets have a clear goal for their savings – like mail). We are heavily opposing this, – has changed considerably the last 3 earning money to set up a business, paying because such a provision will be used to years. Nigerian (and to some extent down on debts, supporting their families control the sex workers and would be a Bulgarian) women are dominating the street etc. serious violation of their privacy. scene, and also sometime selling sex - Some prepare for sex work in another outside the traditional prostitution area. - The Ministry states that the law should arena (indoor) or another country. We have Most politicians (and also many others) be seen as only one out of many noticed that sex workers that used to be assume that they are victims of trafficking, measures to reduce prostitution and only in the streets are now advertising on and are concerned: For the well being of human trafficking and that one should Internet too. not jeopardize the situation for those the presumed victims, but also for the fear who sell sex. Therefore other of organized crime. There might also be an - Some look for alternatives to sex work. measures, both to prevent buying, to element of xenophobia here. Though the There is an increased demand for skills change public attitudes and to total amount of sex workers have not acquisition, job training and language strengthen social efforts for those who increased dramatically, it is the nationality, courses. sell sex should be introduced. To skin-colour and visibility of the sex workers achieve this the Ministry refers to that has changed for the last years. As for the clients of sex workers, it is not easy Norway’s Plan of Action against Human - Public nuisance issues have been a to identify responses, except for discussions Trafficking (May be downloaded from considerable part of the discussion. The on a website on client-issues http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/jd.html “dignity and cleanliness” of our streets etc. www.sexhandel.no . Most of the participants ?id=463 ) is threatened, and introducing law and there look upon the new law as another - There is an ongoing scientific order seems to be the proper answer (This confirmation of the marginalization of clients. mapping/research of the prostitution is – as most people know – a trend in many Studies up to now say that few clients report scene: the extent of demand and European cities). It is not only about sex that they will stop buying sex because of such supply, the organisation of prostitution workers, but also beggars, homeless a law. (also pimping and trafficking) and the people, unemployed migrants, people sex worker’s own views on their belonging to the roma community, drug What do we anticipate in the long run? situation (regarding violence, health users etc. The newspaper coverage of the issues etc.). By doing this before the Nigerian women in prostitution in Norway Looking at Swedish experiences, we can law is implemented you have a has been the theme for a master thesis in assume that the effect will depend very much possibility to evaluate the effects of the Sociology at the University of Bergen on how the law is applied. The political signal law after some years. Sweden has been “Women who cross borders – black magic.” to be read out of the draft, is that the law is blamed for not having done that, neither It can be downloaded from our web site. expected to be enforced – it should not be a before nor after their law. - Sweden has been very successful in symbolic law. Also taking the debate this year Documentation on the effects will be of lobbying for their model, claiming that it is a into consideration, we can assume that there use for evaluation and also for others very effective instrument in fighting human will be more policing in most places where considering such a measure. The trafficking, that public attitudes have prostitution takes place, both in-door and out- assignment has been given FAFO changed in Sweden and that prostitution is door. When a new law is introduced, the (www.fafo.no Institute for Applied diminishing. legislator will have a need to demonstrate that there is a shift in policy at this particular issue. International Studies) in November last year. We are happy they had the task as As it will not be easy to apply the law they have made several excellent What are the effects so far? effectively on clients (in Sweden only a few pr. studies on trafficking issues. But we Among the sex workers there is quite a lot of thousands of the actual “crimes” are see that it’s implementation is rather late anxiety, fear and insecurity of what the new prosecuted), disturbing the marked will as the scene is already changing. law will bring. Many sex workers feel that the possibly be a more likely approach from the police. - The costs of introducing a new law are law is an attack on them and their rights – not calculated. It is, however, very clear marginalizing them even more. Also quite a 16

Also from the Swedish experience, we can As we now see signs of harassment and assume that street-prostitution will diminish further marginalization of sex workers, we also The St. Pauli dramatically the first year and then slowly have to highlight human rights issues and return. The sex workers remaining on the legal support. Protocol1 streets will probably be the ones who have However, the debate has pawed the ground few other options, like i.v. drug users and a for social measures too. We will work more few migrants. They expect to be more on skills acquisition and alternative Hamburg, Germany, April 2008 exposed to bad clients as the good clients professional careers. either quit or go to more secluded arenas.

Many sex workers expect to be more e, the participants of the 39th dependent upon facilitators (landlords, Lessons learned German Seminar on organisers, advertisers, managers, pimps I am quite sure this discussion will appear in Prostitution2 (Hamburg, 17- etc.). As mentioned before, quite a few are several European countries. For those facing 19 April 2008), active and considering moving to the in-door scene such discussions it can be useful: W former sex workers, representatives of and to use Internet for advertising. To do - To make a clear distinction on trafficking sex workers’ organisations, of migrants’ this they usually need the assistance from and prostitution – also considering the organisations and other experts from another person. Finnish model. Germany and Austria, emphasize that: Some clients, probably the ones who have - To point out the lack of documentation of ƒ In average, 60 to 80% of all sex moral doubts about buying, will stop the effects (and costs) of the Swedish buying. model. workers in Germany and Austria are migrants3. A more uncertain – but disturbing – - To point out the fact that most arguments in perspective is that shift to restrictive legal favour of such a law are of a principal ƒ Sex workers’ human rights are a strategies easily lead to more restrictive nature, not considering the practical effects component of the universal human measures and attitudes in the long run. In and costs and who is paying the price. I rights, independent of residential my opinion, it is an unfortunate fact that so think the argument against criminalization status, of nationality, cultural or few decision makers have viewed the that had the most impact is that the safety religious background, of sexual criminalization in a broader context, like the of sex workers will be at risk. general criminal policy (what should be the orientation or identity. - Not to underestimate the fear of trafficking grounds for (re)introducing legislative ƒ Sex workers – including migrants – – also questioning if the Swedish model measures in the Penal Code, how do we really is a good instrument in fighting should be active participants in relate to zero-tolerance policy, what should human trafficking. There is no solid every debate and decision regarding society’s priorities be, how does these evidence of that. legislation, guidelines, working measures connect to other kinds of conditions and measures which marginalizing groups of people etc.?). We - Not to underestimate the fear of also notice that there is a discussion going “contamination of public places”. Be aware regard their life, their work, their on in Sweden to increase the level of that changes in the public prostitution rights, and their health. penalty, on including the law on pimping in scene with unfamiliar groups and We are against every form of racism and the trafficking regulations and on using the approaches easily can trigger the demand discrimination and we demand a full range of penalties (= prison sentence). for simple, restrictive measures. We have Also some of the arguments used are to consider how to deal with this. 1 St. Pauli is a very well known red light district in Hamburg close to arguments on banning prostitution - To consider what approaches to have on (where the declaration was first signed), famous for its bars as such (both selling and buying). clients (“The convenient enemies”). and cabarets, street, brothel and window prostitution. 2 Since the mid 1980’s, Germany’s sex workers’ organisations carried out, twice a year, the “Prostitutes’ What will Pro Sentret do? Further reading Congresses”, with the participation of a majority of sex For an update on what is happening, Pro workers from all over Germany. By 2000 however, the he law will be a reality next year. Sentret’s web site will have information in majority of the participants were co-workers of German On a short-term basis we are NGOs and GOs (Public Health care Services) dealing with Norwegian and English on the most important working to have provisions that issues around sex work. Therefore, there was a decision developments www.prosentret.no that, from that year onwards, it would take place only once are as little harmful as possible for For background information, we recommend a year, and would be called “Seminar on Prostitution”, an the sex workers. We have argued the report given by a working group under the open space to discuss different issues on prostitution on forT a “Finnish model”, but realise that this is national level. Since 2000 as well, organisations from Norwegian Ministry of Police and Justice in not what the legislator has proposed. We Austria, the Netherlands, and Switzerland have been 2004. The report on legal regulation of the participating in the Seminars. will also argue against any possible action purchase of sexual services in Sweden and The seminars are organised by a different NGO every year, that violates the integrity of sex workers – the Netherlands can be downloaded in English usually by one of the 10 NGOs who are members of the like communication control. National Working Group on Prostitution (Bundesweite AG- at Recht Prostitution): Hydra (Berlin), Nitribitt (Bremen), We also have to prepare for changes in the http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/jd/Document Kassandra (Nürnberg), Madonna (Bochum), Amnesty for prostitution scene, and should be prepared s-and- Women/TAMPEP-Germany (Hamburg), Mimikry (Munich) , to change our service accordingly. Having publications/Reports/Reports/2004/Purchasing Phoenix (Hannover), Kober (Dortmund), the experience from Sweden in mind, we Mitternachtsmission (Dortmund), and Tamara (Frankfurt- -Sexual-Services.html?id=106214 Main). probably have to focus less on the visible The 2008 Seminar on Prostitution had a specific theme: parts of the marked, more on indoor And you are of course free to contact me or Sex Work and Migration. It was organised in Hamburg by prostitution and on working on the Internet. other staff at Pro Sentret at a pool of NGOs working with migrant women and (migrant) To document changes will be a priority. [email protected] or phone + sex workers, three from Germany (Amnesty for Women/TAMPEP-Germany, Context, and Phoenix) and two There is also a need to provide information 47 23 100 200 from Austria (LEFÖ/TAMPEP-Austria, and maiz). The 2008 on the effects of the law, as the sex Seminar on Prostitution was attended by 60 participants workers themselves see it. We will focus from Germany and Austria. on violence and health issues. 3 There are regional fluctuations and differences (TAMPEP Final Reports 2005, 2007. www.tampep.eu) 17 respectful treatment with the existing The TAMPEP Network differences and similarities in the area this&that of sex work. We value the variety of AUSTRIA life realities and we resist being used Maria Cristina Boidi and being perceived as victims. LEFÖ Sex workers have lust… Kettenbrückengasse 15/4 1050 Vienna tel: +43 1 58 11 881 We demand the recognition and the of rights fax: +43 1 58 11 882 implementation of the Human, Labour LEFÖ/TAMPEP-Austria is carrying out in [email protected] 2008, as it did in 2007, an advocacy campaign www.lefoe.at and Migration Rights of Sex Workers as formulated in the Brussels for the rights of (migrant) sex workers in the BELGIUM Declaration of 20054. We specially whole country. The campaign started on Isabelle Jaramillo March 8th, the International Woman’s Day and ESPACE P… underline the following: nd Rue des Plantes, 116 ends on June 2 , the International Sex 1030 Bruxelles ƒ The right of (migrant) sex workers Worker’s Day. This year, because of the tel: + 32 2 219 9874 to comprehensive, holistic and European Soccer Championship, the fax:+ 32 2 217 02 15 campaign will be extended until June 29th. [email protected] low-threshold access to general www.espacep.be health care, including prevention, The campaign includes discussions, films, street activities, etc. For more information: BULGARIA testing and treatment, Boryana Madzhova ƒ The right to have access to http://www.lustaufrechte.at/ Health and Social Development Foundation 17, Macedonia Blvd. culturally and linguistically 1606 Sofia adequate information which tel: + 359 2 950 28 15 fax: + 359 2 953 34 55 (migrant) sex workers need and [email protected] which empower them and www.hesed.bg

guarantee their rights, CZECH REPUBLIC ƒ Equal labour rights for (migrant) Hana Malinova Rozkoš bez Rizika sex workers, free choice of work Bolzanova 1 place and fair working conditions, 11000 Prague tel: + 420 22 42 34 453 with a correspondent work and fax: + 420 22 42 36 162 residence status. [email protected] www.rozkosbezrizika.cz The internationalisation of sex work demands anti-racist and intercultural DENMARK Ann Maskell competences in the counselling and The National Board of Social Services support activities. Cultural Mediation Åbenrå 5 is in this context a fundamental 1124 København K tel: + 45 3317 0900 prerequisite, which includes fax: + 45 3317 0901 qualification and experience. It is [email protected] International meetings www.servicestyrelsen.dk essential to recognise such expertise and to ensure equal work opportunities ESTONIA „ The high-level meeting on a Yuri Kalikov for migrants and/or sex workers – also comprehensive review of the progress Aids-I Tugikeskus as experts within GOs and NGOs – achieved in realizing the Declaration of Kopli 32 Commitment on HIV/AIDS and the Political 10412 Talinn and to guarantee their adequate tel/fax: + 37 2 64 13 165 remuneration. Declaration on HIV/AIDS, to be convened [email protected] on 10 and 11 June 2008 at the UN in New www.aidstugikeskus.ee/indexeng.html To enable this, it is fundamental that York the financial support for counselling FINLAND Jaana Kauppinen centres for (migrant) sex workers is More than 690 NGO representatives will be Pro-tukipiste guaranteed. participating at the meeting on the review of Prostitute Counselling Centre the UNGASS declaration. NGOs, Sex Vilhonkatu 4 B 20 00100 Helsinki Workers Organisations and Sex Work Projects tel: + 358 9 7262 877 We, the undersigned, commit will participate at the meeting. Two TAMPEP fax: + 358 9 7231 0250 ourselves to implement these network members will be delegates: Act- [email protected] www.pro-tukipiste.fi principles in our work and activities Up/Greece and Roskos bez Rizika/Czech and demand all actors to support the Republic. We are sure that these two voices FRANCE St. Pauli Protocol. will be very strong for sex workers human Camille Cabral rights’ protection… P.A.S.T.T. 94, rue la Fayette 75010 Paris „ XVII International AIDS Conference tel: + 33 1 53 24 15 40 3-8 August 2008, Mexico City fax: + 33 1 53 24 15 38 [email protected] www.aids2008.org

Many TAMPEP members organisation will be presents at the AIDS Conference. We will

4 Declaration of the Rights of Sex Workers in Europe, diffuse our materials and contents as usual www.sexworkeurope.org among the participants. 18

FRANCE LITHUANIA ROMANIA Lucile Favet Svetlana Kulsis Sorin Briceag Association Autres Regards Lithuanian AIDS Centre ARAS 3, rue de Bône 14D Nugaletoju St. Intrarea Mihai Eminescu, nr. 5 13005 Marseille LT-10105 Vilnius 020079 Bucuresti tel: + 33 4 91 42 42 90 tel: + 370 523 001 25 tel: + 40 21 210 07 71 fax: + 33 4 91 42 75 23 fax: + 370 523 001 23 fax: + 40 21 210 20 77 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] www.autresregards.org www.aids.lt www.arasnet.ro

GERMANY LUXEMBURG SLOVAKIA Veronica Munk Carmen Kronshagen Lubica Tornoczyova Amnesty for Women DropIn C.A Odyseus Grosse Bergstr. 231 Croix Rouge Luxembourgoise Ukrajinska 10 22767 Hamburg 31, rue de Bonnevoie 83 102 Bratislava 3 tel: + 49 40 38 47 53 L-1260 Luxemburg tel: + 42 1 907 197 517 fax: + 49 40 38 57 58 tel: + 352 48 90 01-1 fax: + 42 1 2 524 94 344 [email protected] fax: + 352 48 90 01-20 [email protected] www.amnestyforwomen.de [email protected] SLOVENIA GREECE THE NETHERLANDS Evita Leskovsek Chryssoula Botsis Licia Brussa CARS ACT UP TAMPEP International Foundation Centre for AIDS prevention and vulnerable groups Nikitara 8-10 Obiplein 4 Kardeljeva pl 1 10678 Athens 1094 RB Amsterdam 1000 Ljubljana tel/fax: + 30 210 3305500 tel: + 31 20 692 69 12 tel.: +386 4097 7700 [email protected] fax: + 31 20 608 00 83 fax: +386 1565 3829 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] www.tampep.eu www.ca-rs.org HUNGARY Judit Forrai NORWAY SPAIN Sex-Educational Foundation Liv Jessen Garaizabal Elizalde SOTE Pro-Sentret HETAIRA Nagyvárad tér 4. Tollbugt. 24 Calle Desengaño, 16, 1º. 1089 Budapest N- 0157 Oslo 28004 Madrid tel: + 36 1 209 603700 tel: + 47 23 100200 tel: + 34 915 232 678 fax: + 36 1 355 9344 fax: + 4722410544 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] www.colectivohetaira.org [email protected] ITALY www.prosentret.no SWITZERLAND Pia Covre Marianne Schweizer Comitato per I Diritti Civili delle Prostitute POLAND Aspasie Casella Postale 67 Tatiana Duklas Rue de Monthoux 36 Pordenone 33170 TADA 1201 Génève tel/fax: + 39 0434 551868 Ul. Malkowskiego 9/2 tel: + 41 22 732 68 28 [email protected] 70-305 Szczecin fax: + 41 22 731 02 46 www.lucciole.org tel/fax: + 48 91 433 44 58 [email protected] [email protected] www.aspasie.ch LATVIA www.tada.pl Tatiana Kurova UNITED KINGDOM Genders PORTUGAL Ruth Morgan Thomas Krasotaju 28-1 Maria Cecília Peixoto da Eira SCOT- PEP LV - 1009 Riga Autoestima/ARS Norte 70 Newhaven Road tel/fax: + 371 73 15 899 Rua do Godinho, 769 Edinburgh EH6 5QG + 371 73 15 999 4450 Matosinhos tel: + 44 131 6227550 [email protected] tel:/fax + 35 1 229379222 fax: + 44 131 622 7551 www.gender.lv [email protected] [email protected] www.arsnorte.min-saude.pt/projecto_autoestima.htm www.scot-peprg.uk