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A Knifeless Rite: the Perceptions of the Marakwet Of

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A Knifeless Rite: the Perceptions of the Marakwet Of A KNIFELESS RITE: INFLUENCE OF SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS ON THE MARAKWET OF KENYA’S PERCEPTION OF THE COUNSELLING-BASED ALTERNATIVE RITE OF PASSAGE AND LEVELS OF AWARENESS OF EFFECTS OF FGM By Gladys Jerobon Kiptiony A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Counselling Psychology of Egerton University. EGERTON UNIVERSITY OCTOBER, 2008 DECLARATION AND RECOMMENDATION DECLARATION I declare that this thesis is my original work and has not been previously published or presented for the award of a degree in any other university. Signed:______________________________ Date:________________________ Gladys Jerobon Kiptiony RECOMMENDATION This thesis has been submitted for examination with our approval as University Supervisors. Signed:_________________________________ Date:________________________ Professor N. J. Kathuri Signed:___________________________________ Date:_________________________ Dr. M. W. Kariuki ii COPYRIGHT © 2008 Mrs. Gladys Jerobon Kiptiony All rights reserved: No part of this thesis may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means of electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system without permission in writing from the author or Egerton University on that behalf. iii DEDICATION I dedicate this work to all the women and men who have dedicated their time and resources in restoring the dignity of women through efforts to eradicate FGM through promotion of guidance and counselling of young girls. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Conceiving and writing this work would have been difficult without the assistance of various institutions and individuals who directly and indirectly facilitated its completion. It may be impossible to mention all, but the following provided exceptional assistance. I am deeply indebted to my supervisors, Prof N. J. Kathuri and Dr. M. W. Kariuki for their expert guidance and input that greatly helped to perfect this report. Thanks also go to Dr. W. Ochola and Professor D. K. Nassiuma for the help with analysis of data. Dr. M.C. Chepchieng, Rev. Dr. S. N. Mbugua, Dr. C. Kitetu and Dr. A. K. Sang are also thanked profusely for their invaluable ideas. In addition, I am appreciative to my Pastor, Rev. Dr. J. Kaleli for his „Barnabas‟ role and prayerful attention through out the study. I am grateful to the Ministry of Science and Technology for granting me permission to carry out the study. The fieldwork was successful because of the help from Mr. Samuel Chemweno, Richard Chemweno and Asanet Jemutai who walked with me the long stretches of the Marakwet paths. I would also like to thank the members of the Marakwet community for their kindness, time and information. Special thanks to Mr William Kiprotich who drove through some of the muddiest Marakwet roads. I would like to thank my husband Henry Kiptiony Kiplangat who always spurred me to study and reach for new experiences which I may never have thought I was capable of achieving. I am also very grateful to our children Daniel Kalya, Ann Jebaibai and Ian Imanda who were very understanding and encouraging as I spent many hours studying. To the extended family of Kabarak, thank you for supporting me in prayer. And finally, special belated thanks to my late dad; Dr. Laban Kiptui, who was a great inspiration and who would have read this thesis with pride. To my subsequent parents; Silvester and Hellen Keitany, thank you very much! v ABSTRACT The Alternative Rite of Passage (ARP) is an intervention programme sponsored by NGOs as an alternative to female circumcision (FGM). FGM is a cherished rite of passage in many communities in Kenya. ARP mimics the traditional rites aspect by putting the initiates in seclusion and counselling them while avoiding the physical operation of the genitals. There is a gap in the analysis of the Marakwets‟ perception of ARP and their level of awareness of effects of FGM as it has not been empirically investigated. The aim of this study was to determine whether selected personal characteristics and socio-economic background factors influenced perceptions of ARP and levels of awareness of effects of FGM. This study focused on the Marakwet people of Kenya, whose population is 152,000, and have interacted with ARP from the year 2000. The study employed the ex post facto research design. Two purposively chosen locations were used in the study. A sample of 415 males and females from different age brackets were identified through quota sampling. Quantitative data was collected through a questionnaire while qualitative data was collected through interviews conducted among Marakwet Elders and ARP Graduates. Validity and reliability of the instruments, in a pilot study, were established through expert opinion and Cronbach reliability test, respectively. The data obtained was analysed by use of descriptive and inferential statistics using the SAS System, Version 9.1. The analysis of variance tests were done at 0.05 alpha level of significance. The content analysis for the qualitative data was done by identifying the key points. The results showed that differences in gender, age, education, religion, wealth and status influenced perceptions of ARP and awareness levels of effects of FGM. In addition, qualitative data on experiences of ARP Graduates indicated that the mechanisms that ensure women undergo FGM are still firmly rooted in the culture. This study is significant in that the outcome may guide the expansion of existing approaches to FGM eradication. One of the recommendations is that ARP proponents should ensure that ARP Graduates are given enough support to sustain their resistance to FGM pressure. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION AND RECOMMENDATION ........................................................................ ii COPYRIGHT ................................................................................................................................ iii DEDICATION............................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................... v ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................... xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .................................................................. xiv CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background of the Study ........................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem ........................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Purpose of the Study .................................................................................................................. 5 1.4 Objectives of the Study .............................................................................................................. 5 1.5 Research Questions .................................................................................................................... 6 1.6 Hypotheses ................................................................................................................................. 6 1.7 Significance of the Study ........................................................................................................... 7 1.8 Scope of the Study ..................................................................................................................... 8 1.9 Limitations of the Study............................................................................................................. 9 1.10 Assumptions of the Study ...................................................................................................... 10 1.11 Definition of Terms................................................................................................................ 11 vii CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................... 13 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 13 2.2 Historical Background of FGM ............................................................................................... 13 2.3 Types of FGM .......................................................................................................................... 14 2.4 Prevalence of FGM .................................................................................................................. 15 2.5 Health Consequences of FGM ................................................................................................. 16 2.6 The Progress Made by ARP in Eradication of FGM ............................................................... 19 2.7 Alternative Rite of Passage Strategies ..................................................................................... 21 2.8 Challenges
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