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July 2008 Bulletin THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY GROUP July 2008 Bulletin CONTENTS ECG Bulletin – July 2008 Sir Frank Fraser Darling................................. 2 Achieving the European Union’s 2 °C target through carbon trading ................................... 2 Having our climate cake and eating it: reduced emissions from deforestation.......................... 10 ‘Cool Earth’.................................................... 13 Accounting for biofuels: green, black or shades of grey?........................................................... 15 A glimpse of the interior of a rainforest on the Tutoko River Track, Fiordland National Park, New Zealand. The Biophysical remediation of petroleum protection of rainforests through the financial incentives hydrocarbon contaminated soil in Yorkshire.. 18 offered by carbon trading schemes was described in this The National Centre for Atmospheric Science year’s ECG DGL ‘The Science of Carbon Trading’ pp 2-18. Graduate Summer School in Atmospheric Measurement .................................................. 21 RSC ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY GROUP OFFICERS Meeting report: 2008 Environmental Chemistry (Until March 2009) Group Distinguished Guest Lecture and Symposium..................................................... 22 CHAIRMAN VICE- HONORARY HONORARY Dr Brendan Keely, CHAIRMAN TREASURER SECRETARY Attributing physical and biological impacts to Department of Dr Leo Salter, Dr Ruben Sakrabani, Jo Barnes, anthropogenic climate change ........................ 24 Chemistry, Cornwall College, Building 37, National Air Quality Unit, Sustainable management of arsenic contaminated University of York, Trevenson Road, Soil Resources Cornwall College Heslington, water and soil in rural areas of Latin America Pool, Redruth, Institute, Camborne, York YO10 5DD Cornwall School of Applied Opie Building, Trevenson ........................................................................ 26 Tel: 01904 432540 TR15 3RD Science, Road, Electronic delivery of the ECG Bulletin......... 26 [email protected] l.salter@cornwall. Cranfield University, Pool, Redruth, ac.uk Cranfield MK43 0AL Cornwall TR15 3RD Forthcoming meetings for environmental r.sakrabani@cranfield. Tel: 01209 616385 scientists ......................................................... 27 ac.uk [email protected] Previous issues of the ECG Bulletin may be seen at: BULLETIN EDITOR ASSOCIATE EDITORS http://www.rsc.org/Membership/Networking/Int erestGroups/Environmental/bulletin.asp Dr Rupert Purchase, Dr Ruben Sakrabani, Jo Barnes, 38 Sergison Close, Building 37, National Soil Air Quality Unit, Haywards Heath, Resources Institute, Cornwall College West Sussex RH16 1HU School of Applied Science, Opie Building, [email protected] Cranfield University, Trevenson Road, Cranfield MK43 0AL Pool, Redruth, [email protected] Cornwall TR15 3RD 1 Environmental Chemistry Group Bulletin July 2008 Sir Frank Fraser Darling, ecologist, 1903-1979 oxygen in exchange … But Now 40 years on the carbon dioxide ‘Wilderness and Plenty’, The Reith problem is very real, and commands the Lectures 1969. Published by the unfortunately we are cutting attention of politicians, economists as British Broadcasting Corporation, the virgin wildernesses all the well as scientists. This year’s ECG 1970. time and reducing tree cover DGL and symposium ‘The Science of in so many places … the Carbon Trading’ addressed a few of the “Now, there is a much greater issues raised by Fraser Darling. In the activities of industrial and change to which we are main lecture, economist Terry Barker technological man in our day explained the financial leverage exerted contributing, this time in the are adding carbon dioxide and by carbon trading as a way of reducing planetary atmosphere … I am overall CO2 emissions. Preservation of also injuring the capacity of alluding to the rise of carbon tropical rainforests was the concern of the biosphere to redress the two of the speakers in the supporting dioxide in the atmosphere … balance.” symposium, Jon Lovett and Matthew There is a carbon dioxide Owen. While the vexed question of whether the use of biofuels can reduce cycle which naturally keeps These prescient and compelling words the levels of greenhouse gases was are from the transcript of one of Dr levels right. It is a system of tackled in the remaining talk by Nigel Frank Fraser Darling’s BBC Reith Mortimer. great age and stability which Lectures delivered nearly 40 years ago. we are now taxing with the He went on to foresee the effects of In 1969, Fraser Darling thought that global warming on the oceans and on immense amounts of carbon ‘not nearly enough data are being marine fauna, and the consequences for dioxide we are adding from gathered’ about the effects of global the polar icecaps. At the time, Fraser warming. That, at least, is no longer the the fuel we burn. Vegetation Darling wrote that ‘the carbon dioxide case, and Stephen Ball analyses a problem is as yet remote’, but scorned is a great buffer: the forested recent article in Nature on the impact those who said the ‘posterity must look wilderness removes a great on physical and biological systems due after itself’, instead ‘we should be to anthropogenic climate change. deal of the carbon dioxide … delving ecologically into the future’. sequesters it, giving out RUPERT PURCHASE Achieving the European Union’s 2 °C target through carbon trading Dr Terry Barker, University Intergovernmental Panel on Climate that their destruction for land or timber Change (IPCC) scenarios. The reason benefits individuals but the loss of the of Cambridge, UK to be pessimistic about future emissions resource and the climate-change costs (IPCC 2007c, Fourth Assessment are collective. ECG Distinguished Guest Report, AR4) is that there are very substantial reserves of fossil fuels, Impacts of climate change Lecturer 2008 especially coal, available at prices that make them economic for power Knowledge about the potential impacts Introduction generation, even more so with the of climate change is provided by both higher levels of gas prices seen in The Stern Review (2007) and the IPCC The climate-change problem recent years, gas being one of the main 2007 Working Group 2 (IPCC, 2007b) alternative fuels. Report. The first impacts of The climate-change problem is anthropogenic climate change appear to Adding to the economic pressure to use essentially one of accumulating stocks be already evident in the European heat coal, there is a political pressure for of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the wave of 2003, the Katrina hurricane of countries that might otherwise be atmosphere. Economic behaviour and 2005, and the widespread fires in importing gas, to use domestic coal to the availability of fossil fuels have led Greece and California in 2007 − to greatly increased greenhouse gas maintain or increase energy security. Deforestation also contributes to the although variation in weather events emissions from human activity, and the makes attribution difficult. These unrestrained future increase in emissions, but the motivations and institutional behaviours here are more events are all consistent with higher emissions is likely to end in dangerous average temperatures and more energy climate change. complicated. There is a very long-term global trend in the loss of virgin forests in the atmosphere as a result of higher Figure 1 shows the expected increases and grasslands, also arising from their greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations. in GHG emissions from a wide range of availability as common resources, so 2 Environmental Chemistry Group Bulletin July 2008 to stop emitting GHG into the Figure 1: Global GHG emissions for 2000 and projected baseline emissions for 2030 and atmosphere as soon as possible without 2100 from IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) and post-SRES literature excessive cost. We should be considering just how fast economies can GtCO2 a year reduced their emissions without any 180 serious damage to government, business 160 and household finances. Figure 2 from the Report shows the ranges from 140 assumptions about climate sensitivity in 120 converting from temperatures to GHG F-Gases concentrations, and the implications of 100 N2O the concentrations for the GHG emission 80 CH4 trajectories 2000-2100, with the range CO2 60 coming from the different models’ estimates. The link between the two 40 charts in Figure 2 comes through the 20 colour coding for groups of scenarios. 0 Note that there are no estimates below about 450ppm CO -eq, because there A2 A2 B1 B2 B2 B1 2 5th 5th A1T A1T A1B A1B 95th 75th 25th 95th 75th 25th 2000 A1F1 A1F1 were too few studies in the literature for 2030post SRES 2100 post SRES m edian m edian SRES SRES a reliable estimate. The economics of dangerous The attribution of such extreme events risks of catastrophe. It presents six to global warming is supported by the scenarios from the literature on the scale climate change unexpectedly high increase in CO2 of action required. For a chance less In the traditional Cost-Benefit Analysis concentrations reported by Raupach et than 50:50 that the target will be met, the (CBA) of climate change (reviewed by al, 2007, in turn attributed to faster- scenarios suggest that global CO2 van den Bergh, 2004 and Barker, than-expected global economic growth emissions will have to be between 50% 2008), the damages to human life and and the increased use of coal in China to 85% below 2000 levels by 2050, and health are usually discounted at rates
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