Water and Sanitation

Water and Sanitation Operating manual and part list for: ■ treatment and supply module ■ distribution and trucking module ■ specialized water-sanitation module ■ mass sanitation module

Issue 2002 CD-Rom included in this publication All rights reserved for all countries. No reproduction, translation or adaption may be made without the prior permission of the Copyright owner. © International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

Water and Sanitation Emergency Response Unit (Wat-San ERU)

Index Colour Page 3 General introduction to ERUs

4 Acknowledgements

Blue TS1 - TS36 Details and parts list for treatment and supply module

Red DT1 - DT35 Details and parts list for distribution and trucking module

Yellow SW1 – SW37 Details and parts list for specialized water and sanitation module

Green MS1 - MS19 Details and parts list for mass sanitation module

Last page CD-Rom / List of contents

2002 International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies PO Box 372 CH-1211 Geneva 19 Switzerland Telephone: +41 22 730 4222 Telefax: +41 22 733 0395 Telex: 412 133 FRC CH E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.ifrc.org The Fundamental Principles of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement

Humanity The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, born of a desire to bring assistance without discrimination to the wounded on the battlefield, endeavours, in its international and national capacity, to prevent and alleviate human suffering wherever it may be found. Its purpose is to protect life and health and to ensure respect for the human being. It promotes mutual understanding, friendship, cooperation and lasting peace amongst all peoples.

Impartiality It makes no discrimination as to nationality, race, religious beliefs, class or political opinions. It endeavours to relieve the suffering of individuals, being guided solely by their needs, and to give priority to the most urgent cases of distress.

Neutrality In order to enjoy the confidence of all, the Movement may not take sides in hostilities or engage in controversies of a political, racial, religious or ideological nature.

Independence The Movement is independent. The National Societies, while auxiliaries in the humanitarian services of their governments and subject to the laws of their respective countries, must always maintain their autonomy so that they may be able at all times to act in accordance with the principles of the Movement.

Voluntary Service It is a voluntary relief movement not prompted in any manner by desire for gain.

Unity There can be only one Red Cross or Red Crescent Society in any one country. It must be open to all. It must carry on its humanitarian work throughout its territory.

Universality The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, in which all societies have equal status and share equal responsibilities and duties in helping each other, is worldwide. The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies promotes the humanitarian activities of National Societies among vulnerable people. By coordinating international disaster relief and encouraging development support it seeks to prevent and alleviate human suffering. The Federation, the National Societies and the International Committee of the Red Cross together constitute the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. 37700 07/2002 E Water and Sanitation Emergency Response Unit

(Wat-San ERU)

Distribution and Trucking Module

DT1 Wat-San ERU

Distribution and Trucking Module

INDEX

Page No. Contents

DT2. Index

DT3. General description

DT4. General arrangement drawing

DT5. The Pumping System

DT12. 5m3 Trucking Bladder Tank

DT15. Lightweight Pump Set-up

DT21. 10.5m3 Tank with Tapstand

DT28. alternative 10m3 Bladder Tanks

DT31. Main Components and Packing List

DT33. Detailed Parts Lists of Each Sub-Kit

DT2 Wat-San ERU

Distribution and Trucking Module

S Purpose To enable storage and distribution of drinking water to areas remote from the water treatment plant and provide trucking of water to these distribution points. Especially designed for those circumstances where the availability of safe drinking water is less of a problem but where the distribution of water to beneficiaries located in small remote settlements is difficult.

S Capacity The module has the capacity to store and distribute 75,000 litres of drinking water per day to 9 remotely located storage points, sufficient to provide water to 5,000 beneficiaries.

S Principal tasks 3 specially designed bladder/pillow tanks are used for transporting the water. They are mounted on 3 locally hired trucks (ideally 10 tonne capacity flatbed vehicles). It is anticipated that each truck will make up to 6 deliveries per day.

The truck mounted bladders are filled with treated drinking water from the supply point (which may be an ERU Treatment and Supply Module) using a 2” heavy duty pump supplied with all the necessary pipework for installing a truck loading facility.

9 identical storage and supply sites are set up where required. These comprise a 10,000 litre water storage tank connected to a six outlet tapstand, gravity fed.

The trucks deliver the water to the storage tanks as required, unloading their bladder tanks into the storage tanks using lightweight pumps and pipework mounted on the trucks for the purpose.

This module is NOT designed to treat the water. The supply water should be checked safe for distribution prior to loading

S Indicative staffing patterns The module will in most cases be deployed together with the Treatment and Supply Module so no additional staff are required. Should the module be deployed on its own, 2 general technicians would be needed.

S Average weight and volume Weight: 5 metric tons Volume: 19 cu.m.

DT3 Wat-San ERU Distribution and Trucking Module General Arrangement Drawing

P 2” heavy duty pump

Set-up at Treatment/ Supply Point to Fill Bladders

pumping pipework kit

3 3 5m transport and storage 5m bladder bladder mounted on local truck 3 off per module

Trucking Equipment 3 Sets P

2” lightweight pump and pipework kit carried on truck 3 off plus 1 spare per module

12m of 32mm pipe 10m3 Tapstand kit tank

Distribution Equipment 9 Sets Red Cross T10 steel tank kit or 10m3 bladder tank

DT4 The Pumping System

This comprises:- 1 x 2” heavy-duty water pump powered by a diesel engine with spares for 2 years running. 1 x pumping pipework kit giving suction pipe, discharge pipe and bypass pipework 1 x tool kit (all tools required to set up and maintain system and pump) with fuel can and funnel with filters plus pump and engine oil.

The system limitations are:- C Max. suction lift 8m C Max. pressure head: 28m C Max. flow: 700litre/minute C Pressure relief set at: 2.5 BAR

Pumping Kit

Suction Side

From treatment system tank or water source.

To tank ½” by pass

3” reinforced hose with 3” Storz at pump end

Pump (2”) fitted with 3” Storz on suction side and gate valve and 3” Storz on discharge Pump has 2.5 BAR relief valve fitted on discharge side.

Relief valve

3” reinforced hose with 3” Storz at pump end

To truck loading point

Discharge side

DT5 The Heavy Duty Pump Details

Swallow 5100 2” General Purpose Self-Priming Contractors Pump with Lombardini 15LD315 Diesel Engine

Heavy Duty D Potable Water Supply D Solids Handling 14mm

Pump Centrifugal self-priming pump in cast iron construction with integral non-return valve, semi open clog resistant impeller, carbon/ceramic mechanical seal, renewable rubber coated wearplate and screwed BSP male suction and discharge connections.

Engine Lombardini 15LD315 single cylinder 4 stroke air cooled diesel engine developing 4.2 kW at a nominal 3600 rpm complete with recoil start, 4.3 litre (4 hrs. running) fuel tank, throttle control, replaceable element air, fuel and oil filters and exhaust silencer.

Mounting Pump and engine are close coupled together and mounted on a fabricated steel baseplate.

Note: S Alternative pumps with similar performance specifications may be used. However, they should be diesel powered. S If an alternative pump is used, check that the Pumping Tool and Oil Kit is still suitable. S Spares for 2 years service

DT6 S Setting up a By-pass

Setting up a By-pass

Inlet line 1” gate valve

‘T’ piece ½” hose (10m min.) By-pass connection

Outlet

Inlet Inlet line Pump

Use a by-pass in all applications where the pump may operate against a closed system The pump vent is designed to initially blow at 2.5 BAR. The by-pass gate valve should be set so that the system pressure does not exceed 2 BAR.

DT7 Installation Instructions

Pumping from a water source to storage

1. Pumps are supplied with foot-valves, coarse strainers and reinforced flexible suction hose. The length should be kept as short as possible in order to increase efficiency. Cut hose with a hacksaw as square as possible to aid fitting to connectors. Push the hose fully on to the connector (using pipe grease as a lubricant) and fit the clip close to the end of the hose. It is important that the washer supplied is used with female hose couplers and that PTFE tape is used to seal all threaded joints. All joints on the suction side of the pump must be completely air-tight otherwise the pump will not operate.

2. The delivery connection to the storage tank is made entirely using flexible hose. If connecting to a storage tank the inlet may be made by using the standard 3” flange connector assembly, to which the hose may be coupled directly, or, as shown here, by passing over the rim of the tank.

3. A gate valve is provided to act as a throttle if it is wished to reduce the pump yield because of insufficient inflow to the water source. This valve will also aid in priming the pump if it is closed after pump operation and opened after restarting. A non-return valve should be included to reduce back flow through the pump.

4. It is very important that the pump is securely fixed to the ground. This is best done by casting a concrete slab, preferably at least 150mm greater all round than the base plate and at least 150mm thick to avoid cracking. The anchor bolts supplied with the pump should be cast into the slab. Alternatively, the pump may be bolted to heavy timbers, which are themselves pegged to the ground. The packing case bottom sections are designed as temporary foundations and can be used initially. The inlet and outlet hoses should be supported close to the pump in order to prevent damage to the connections through vibration. These supports should be put in place as soon as possible unless the installation is temporary.

DT8 5. It is always preferable to exploit ground water sources, as these are naturally better protected from contamination than surface sources. This pack can only be readily used for ground water sources where the water level will not drop below 7m from the surface when pumping. The static water level, when pumping is not taking place, will be above this. The pump should be fixed a small distance from the well to help prevent contamination of the water by fuel and oil spillage and to maintain the stability of the well. The strainer should be suspended just above the bottom of the well in order to avoid sucking sand. The foot-valve provided has an external diameter of 80mm and can be used in shallow, cased tubewells just greater than these diameters.

6. If no groundwater source is immediately available, a good alternative is the exploitation of a surface water source by filtration through bed sediments. This can be done, as shown here, by constructing a well in the bank of the stream and making sure that this is connected to the stream bed by a continuous sand layer. This method may yield water even when there is none evident on the stream surface, as much is stored in the sediments.

7. Where no alternative exists it may be necessary to use a surface water source directly. In such cases it is inevitable that the water will be contaminated and some form of treatment will be necessary, either by simple chlorination alone or combined with settlement which may be followed by filtration. Water may be pumped directly from rivers or lakes with the coarse strainer set on the bed provided that a primary screen is improvised, for example by use of a gravel-filled, perforated drum, to avoid inflow of sand. Silt intake can be reduced by floating the intake clear of the bed of the river, suspended about 0.5m below the surface, anchored against strong currents. The pump must be set above the river flood level.

8. This kit may also be used to pump water directly from a treatment tank

The kit contains all fittings necessary to connect into a 3” PVC main. Hose connections to the pump are made in the same way as in 1 and 2 above, using metal fittings. Plastic fittings can be used for connection to the main.

DT9 9. It is essential to provide a relief circulation loop in order to relieve pressure when water collection valves are closed and the pump is in operation. This comprises a length of 32mm diameter polyethylene pipe connected by a compression fitting into a threaded tee at the outlet from the strainer next to the storage tank. All threaded connections must be made air-tight by use of PTFE tape on the threads.

Commissioning, Operation, Safety and Maintenance Information Commissioning After completing the installation, including fixing the pump securely and supporting the suction and delivery hoses, ensure that the suction hose is well submersed in water. Fill the hose with water and prime the pump by filling with water through the priming hole in the pump outlet. Close the discharge valve. Follow maker’s instructions, shown in the engine manual (enclosed with the kit) for commissioning the engine before attempting to start.

If the pump does not operate within five minutes from first starting the engine, re-check that all pipe joints on the suction side are air-tight as any air in the hose will prevent satisfactory pump operation.

When the pump is operating adjust the yield to suit both demand and the supply available at the source. Minor adjustments maybe achieved by changing the engine speed, but, if this gives insufficient reduction, use a throttle valve on the delivery side of the pump to introduce an artificial increase in head. After making such adjustments lock the speed control and remove the hand wheel of the valve to make sure that they cannot be tampered with.

Shading is particularly important in hot climates as high temperatures reduce engine efficiency. Ensure that both initial and regular maintenance of the pump and engine is carried out according to maker’s instructions by a competent mechanic. Regular replacement of oil, fuel and air filter elements is essential, as is changing of engine oil. Check the level of engine oil every day, or more frequently if running for prolonged periods. Keep the engine speed to the minimum required and ensure that fuel used is clean and that it is filtered by use of the funnel provided when filling the tank.

The following lists the sequence of operations and checks to be made in order to start the engine: C Starting any diesel engine can be dangerous in the hands of an inexperienced person therefore, before starting, the operator must understand the engine controls and have been instructed in the correct starting procedures. C Ensure the engine is free to turn without obstruction. C Check that the fuel and lubrication oil levels are correct C Ensure the fuel system is primed. C Move the decompressor lever(s) towards stop and hold in this position. C Move the engine control the RUN position. C If a variable speed control is fitted, move the speed control lever towards the fast position. C Crank the engine really fast and when sufficient speed is obtained, move the decompressor level down and continue to crank until the engine fires, retain a firm grip on the starting handle and remove it from the engine. C When a speed control is fitted, reduce the speed as required. C Stopping the engine, move the engine control to STOP and wait until the engine comes to rest. Warning: Never stop the engine by using the decompressor lever or valve damage may occur.

DT10 Operational Problems

The most common problems occur on the suction side of the pump. The most likely causes are lack of pump prime or blockages. Lack of prime is due to air getting into the suction house, which may be caused either by leaking joints or by lack of water at the source. All pipe joints should be regularly checked but beware of over-tightening plastic fittings. If the source is being pumped dry adjust either the pump yield or the daily pumping periods. Check regularly that the foot-valve is operating satisfactorily and is not being blocked open by sand and gravel. Cavitation damage can be caused to the pump by running with air being sucked in.

Blockages may occur at the suction strainer due to sand and silt when pumping from the bottom of a well or river. Either build better screening protection around the strainer or suspend it above the bottom. When pumping from a river the strainer may become blocked by vegetation. This can be avoided by use of a screen combined with regular cleaning. Beware of completely emptying tankers and running pumps dry. This can cause serious damage to the impellers.

Ensure that the engine fuel tank is kept regularly topped up with clean fuel. If a diesel engine runs out of fuel it will be necessary to bleed the fuel system to rid it of air.

Routine Maintenance Schedule Code P2 - Pumps and engines

First 25 hours Check and adjust, if necessary, tappet clearances, Tighten nuts, bolts and unions, especially the fuel system. Change oil. Daily Check supply of fuel oil, watch for dirty exhaust – overload or faulty injectors. With the engine stopped, check level and condition of lubricating oil. Clean the air cleaner under very dusty conditions. Check clack valve on pump body, flush and fill with clean water. N.B. If there is any chance of frost, water should be drained immediately after use. Check and clean suction hose filter/foot valve if fitted. Weekly Check for mechanical seal leaks, hoses for damage, excessive noise or vibration, all bolts for tightness. 125 hours Clean or change the air cleaner element under moderately dusty conditions. Check for fuel and lubrication oil leaks, tightening nuts and fittings as necessary. 250 hours Drain lubricating oil. Flush out system, renew filter element and refill with correct type and grade of oil. Clean the fuel injector nozzles if the exhaust is dirty. Renew fuel filter element if the fuel is not perfectly clean. 500 hours Renew the fuel filter element. 1,000 hours Decarbonise if the engine shows loss of compression or blow-by past the piston, (do not disturb otherwise). Adjust the valve clearances with the engine cold. Clean the cylinder and cylinder head fins under dusty conditions. 2,000 hours De-carbonise the engine. 5,000 hours Major engine overhaul if necessary. 12 months Dismantle pump and examine for wear.

DT11 5m3 Trucking Bladder Tank

The kit comprises a bladder with groundsheet and harness with pipework and fittings to enable installation to most vehicles.

Vehicle Selection (1) The vehicle must have a carrying capacity of 10 tonne. (2) The body must be at least 0.5m wider and longer than the empty bladder tank. (3) As trucking water can cause load surging special attention should be made to the vehicles stability.

Fitting the Bladder (1) Check the vehicle body for any nails, sharp edges, etc., that could damage the bladder and remove. (2) Lay out the groundsheet on the vehicle bed positioning as near as possible in the centre of the vehicle. Then tie down using the corner eyelets. (3) Unroll the bladder on to the groundsheet with fittings positioned as shown.

valves top outlet

Bladder tank 2 outlets

Locate suitable positions for the straps and fit as shown.

2 longitudinal straps

2 cross straps

Fill the bladder until the pressure relief valve opens (do not over fill). Then after turning off all valves tighten all straps as tight as possible.

Note (1) Bladder should only be transported totally full or totally empty. (2) Bladder should only be filled or emptied under full supervision.

Bladder/Pillow Tanks Instruction Sheet

Handling instructions (1) Site Inspection Ensure that the ground is level and free from sharp objects.

(2) Tank unfolding Remove groundsheet if purchased from carton and lay on surface where the tank is to be located. Carefully remove the tank and roll out to present the main fill/empty port at the correct side for filling/ emptying. Ensure that the tank is free to fill without restriction. Couple up the hose assembly to the fill point or locate hose in vent, top centre of tank.

DT12 Pre-fill checks (a) Check all surfaces for damage (b) Check connector is closed if not to be used for filling. (c) Check that the tank is located in the correct position for filling/discharging. (d) Check that all loose items are repacked and stowed adjacent to tank (repair kit, etc.)

(3) Filling If a valve is being used, ensure it is in the open position. Open vent cap to ensure safe filling.

Warning Pump water into the tank at a reasonable pressure, checking that no items become entangled during the pumping process, putting localised stress on the tank.

Support hose if necessary. Continue pumping until nominal volume has been metered in or until the surface of the tank becomes hard. Stop pumping, close valve and remove hose. Close the vent cap.

Tighten down restraints where appropriate making sure they are taut but without putting additional pressure on the tank. Conduct an inspection of the tank for leaks.

(4) Emptying Reconnect the hose, open ball valve and commence pumping.

(5) Folding Ensure that the tank is empty and that all fittings are secure.

Carefully roll the ends of the tank into the centre ensuring that all debris is removed from the tank surface during the folding operation.

Place the tank in the case. Clean groundsheet. Roll up and place in case.

(6) Tank cleaning (a) Cleaning methods The following notes should be observed concerning cleaning the tanks:- Hot water and hot air can be used where appropriate. Neither should exceed 700C. Normally, a mild cleaning agent (Milton) can be used to clean the tanks. Allow the solution to stand for at least 2 hours to kill any bacteria. For stubborn stains or biological contamination, an alkaline cleaning fluid can be used to a maximum of pH 11. Cleaning by abrasion rather than wiping should be avoided. (b) Tanks Attention should be given to tanks as soon as they are received in the stores. Inspect the tank for obvious damage and note for future attention. i) Punctures ii) Major abrasions/damage iii) Insecure and damaged fittings Either hang up the tank or place the tank on a convenient table or trolley Follow any other procedures laid down for sterilising the tanks. Wash the tank out with soap solution and then clean water. Use air flow to dry out the tank thoroughly. Do not put the tank into storage with any faults but investigate immediately any repair work necessary. If the tank is satisfactory, fold up tightly and pack into a clean dry case. (7) General Repairs Repairs can be carried out in the field according to the information included, with the repair kit.

DT13 (8) Do's and Don't's Do Move the tank in its case Protect surface of the tank from sharp objects Empty before packing Dry tank after use

Don't Walk over tank when empty Over fill Drag, even on the groundsheet Drop the hose assembly or any sharp object on to the tank If the tank has to be moved in an emergency, empty the contents, roll up the ends until there is sufficient fabric to grip and lift the tank to its new location.

DT14 Lightweight Pump Set-up

This comprises:- 4 x lightweight 2” pumps with pipework for mounting on the trucks carrying the 5,000 litre bladder tanks, to enable rapid unloading. Use the tool kit supplied for the heavy-duty pump.

Suction Side

Connect to bladder

5m x 3” reinforced hose with 3” Storz (at pump end)

Pump 2” lightweight pump. Bolt down if possible for truck mounting.

15m x 3” layflat hose

To tank

Discharge side

DT15 The Lightweight Pump Details

Kestrel 5000 2” General Purpose Light Weight Portable Self-Priming Pump with Lombardini 15LD225 Diesel Engine

Potable Water Supply D Solids Handling 8mm

Pump Centrifugal self-priming pump in glass reinforced polycarbonate with integral non-return valve, semi open clog resistant impeller, carbide/carbon mechanical seal and screwed BSP male suction and discharge connections. Supplied loose 2 number 50mm female hose couplings with clips.

Engine Lombardini 15LD225 single cylinder 4 stroke air cooled diesel engine developing 3.1 kW at a nominal 3600 rpm complete with recoil start, 3 litre (3 hrs. running) fuel tank, throttle control, replaceable element air, fuel and oil filters and exhaust silencer.

Mounting Pump and engine are close coupled together and bolted inside a tubular steel roll over frame with anti-vibration mounts.

Note: S Alternative pumps with similar performance specifications may be used. However, they should be diesel powered. S If an alternative pump is used check that the Pumping Tool and Oil Kit is still suitable. S Spares for 2 years use.

DT16 Lightweight Pump

Operating and Maintenance Instruction Manual

For Self-Priming Centrifugal Pumps

Model: Kestrel 5000

Basic Specification

Model Engine Fuel Max Head (M) Max Flow (LPM) Kestrel 5000 Lombardini 15LD225 Diesel 38 600

General The Kestrel engine driven pump is of glass reinforced polycarbonate (GRP) construction with a semi-open clog resistant impeller and a Buna N (Nitrile rubber) mechanical seal with carbon/ceramic or carbon/carbide faces. Designed for general purpose pumping with temperatures between 40 – 490C and will handle solids in suspension up to 11mm. CAUTION: Never use for pumping inflammable liquids such as petroleum based products and always drain if there is a danger of freezing.

Unpacking After removing all packaging inspect carefully for any damage that may have occurred during transit. Check for loose, missing or damaged parts and that foreign objects have not entered the body of the pump. Read all labels and remove as appropriate. Make sure all nuts and bolts are tight and fit all components that are supplied loose.

Important Persons responsible for the equipment covered in this manual must ensure that it is properly and safely installed and maintained and operated at the specified conditions.

When ordering spares the following information should be quoted:-

C Pump serial number (letters PS followed by a number shown on rating plate) C Pump type and size C Part name C Part number C Numbers of parts required

DT17 Installation

1. Locate pump as close to the tank as possible making the suction line short and direct. The unit should be located where the engine is protected from the weather and extremes of heat, cold and humidity.

2. Mount the pump on a solid foundation. On fixed installations, install both a union and a gate valve on the delivery side of the pump for service convenience. We do not recommend fitting of any control valves on the suction side as this will seriously affect the performance of the pump. To avoid vibration problems always use flexible pipe to and from the pump.

3. Connect the suction and discharge lines with as few bends as possible. The suction pipe, which must be a rigid or semi-rigid type, should fall continuously from the pump and the end completely immersed in the liquid. It should not be kinked or crushed. Avoid using loops or sections of pipe or fittings which might permit air to become trapped. CAUTION: Do not over tighten hose or pipe fitting in the pump body as this could cause damage. For an airtight seal, use pipe thread hemp or PTFE tape.

4. The pump body must not be subjected to more than 5 BAR internal pressure. The pump itself cannot develop more than 3.6 BAR pressure when operating at its normal maximum speed of 3600 rpm. Therefore, C Do not exceed 3600 rpm C Ensure that there are no quick-closing valves which could generate hydraulic shock in the system.

Operation

1. The pump must be primed before initial start-up. The quickest and easiest method is to prime through the fill plug located on top of the pump casing. CAUTION: Do not run pump dry as permanent damage to the mechanical seal will result. Check engine oil and fuel levels before starting.

2. Start engine to begin pumping operations (refer to Engine Manual) WARNING: Always disconnect spark plug wire from spark plug before performing any maintenance operation requiring disassembly of the pump.

Maintenance

If the pump is located in an area subject to freezing temperatures, the pump should be drained when not in operation. NOTE: For information pertaining to the engine and engine parts, consult the Engine Manual or contact the nearest authorised service representative or the manufacturer.

Mechanical Seal Replacement

Should the mechanical seal, which consists of seal seat (ref. no. 21) and seal cartridge (ref. no. 22) require replacement, proceed as follows and refer to figures 2, 3 and 4. IMPORTANT: Replace the seal seat, seal cartridge and shaft sleeve if supplied at the same time to ensure proper mating of mechanical seal components.

1. Unthread 10 screws (ref. no. 17), nuts (ref. no. 26) and remove casing (ref. no. 16) from adapter (ref. no. 4). Unthread screws (ref. nos. 12 and 20) and remove volute (ref. no. 21) from adapter.

2. Unthread impeller screw (ref. no. 11) and remove impeller (ref. no. 10). NOTE: To keep the shaft from turning, hold the impeller while unthreading impeller screw.

3. Pry the seal seat (ref. no. 23) from the impeller recess with a screwdriver (figure 2)

DT18 Figure 2 - Mechanical Seal Replacement

4. Removed adapter (ref. no. 4) by unthreading four adapter screws (ref. no. 6). Force old seal cartridge (ref. no. 24) out of the adapter by pushing from the engine side.

5. Clean adapter and impeller seal recesses before installing new pieces. 6. Carefully wipe the ceramic surface of the new seal seat with a clean cloth. 7. Wet the rubber portion of the seal seat with a light coating of soapy water. 8. Press the seal seat (ref. no. 23) squarely into the recess in the impeller as illustrated in figure 2. If the seal seat does not press squarely into the recess, it can be adjusted by pushing on it with a piece of pipe.

Always use a piece of cardboard between the pipe and seal seat to avoid scratching the seal seat (this is a lapped surface and must be handled very carefully).

9. After the seal seat is in place, ensure that it is clean and has not been marred. 10. Using a clean cloth, wipe the shaft and make certain that it is completely clean. 11. Place the O-ring (ref. no. 25) on seal cartridge (ref. no. 24) behind the flange and press the seal cartridge with O-ring into the adapter as shown in figure 3.. CAUTION: Do not touch or wipe the face of the carbon (black) part of the seal cartridge. Tighten adapter screws (ref. no. 6) EVENLY to avoid cocking or damaging the adapter. Ensure the O-rings (ref. no. 5) are on the screws while assembling.

Figure 3: Mechanical Seal Replacement

DT19 12. Secure the adapter (ref. no. 4) on the engine mounting face. 13. Replace impeller, ensure that key (ref. no. 9) is in place and lock impeller to shaft with screw (ref. no. 11) and O-ring (ref. no. 5) on screw. 14. Replace volute (ref. no. 21) with screws (ref. nos. 12 and 20), ensure that check valve (ref. no. 13) is in place then remount the pump casing (ref. no. 16) with screws (ref. no. 17) and nuts (ref. no. 26). IMPORTANT: Always inspect all O-ring gaskets when unit is disassembled. Replace when rubber is hard, cracked or worn. When reassembling parts with O-ring seals or gaskets, it is sometime helpful to apply a small amount of soapy water on the O-ring so that parts slide over the O-ring without pinching or shaving it. Troubleshooting Chart

Symptom Possible Cause(s) C Corrective Action Pump will not prime or retain C Air leak in suction line C Repair or replace prime after operating 1. Incorrect engine speed 1. Adjusts to 3600 RPM Flow rate is low 2. Piping is fouled or damaged. 2. Clean or replace 3. Clogged impeller or worn 3. Clean or replace impeller. 4. Discharge line restricted. 4. Flush out piping or replace 1. Faulty suction piping 1. Replace Pump runs but no fluid 2. Pump located too far from fluid 2. Relocate source. 3. Gate valve closed 3. Open 4. Discharge height too great 4. Lower the height. Liquid drips from point where shaft enters the pump casing C Damaged mechanical seal. C Replace (see Mechanical Seal when pump is full of liquid. Replacement). 1. Fouled impeller 1. Clean Pump starts and stops pumping 2. Faulty mechanical seal 2. Replace 3. Leak in suction line 3. Repair 1. Pump not secured to firm 1. Secure properly Excessive noise while pump in foundation operation 2. Piping not supported to relieve 2. Make necessary adjustments any strain on pump assembly. 3. Restricted suction line 3. Clean or correct

Routine Maintenance Schedule

Code PR2-ALBS Light weight self-priming pump powered by an air cooled petrol engine

Daily With engine stopped, check level and condition of engine oil. Remove chaff and debris from cylinder head fins and recoil starter finger guard. Check fuel supply. Check clack valve on pump inlet has free movement. Drain water from pump flush and fill with clean water. N.B. If there is any chance of frost, water should be drained immediately after use. Check and clean suction hose filter/foot valve if fitted. 50 hours Replace or clean sparking plugs. Clean air cleaner elements (2) Check governor linkage, spring and controls, clean and lubricate as necessary. Drain lubricating oil, refill with correct type and grade of oil. Check for leaks, tightening nuts and fittings as necessary. 125 hours Change air cleaner elements. Carbon deposits should be removed from top of cylinder, cylinder head, top of piston and around valves.

DT20 10.5m3 Tank with Tapstand

The packed consists of one 2.5m b x 2.3m high corrugated steel tank with EPDM synthetic rubber liner and PVC cover.

Flexible plastic pipe connects the tank via a valve to a steel frame on which 6 taps are mounted.

If the site permits the collection point to be installed so that the taps are level with or lower than the tank outlet then the full 10,500 litres storage can be utilised. If the site is flat then only 6,200 litres are usable.

NOTE: C 10,500 litres provide 1 day’s supply for 525 people at 20 litres/person/day. C 6,200 litres provide 1 day’s supply for 310 people at 20 litres/person/day.

1. Select site firm enough to support full tank. Ensure site is level since the smaller diameter of this tank makes it slightly less stable than larger tanks.

2. A site well clear of trees is desirable to avoid problems of roots, falling branches, leaves and canopy drip (which often brings with it living organisms).

DT21 3. Using a stick and string, make out a circle of 1.5m radius and clear inside of all vegetation, roots, boulders and stones. Level if necessary but ensure areas of fill are well compacted.

4. Using same centre, mark out a circle of 1.25m radius and dig out a narrow trench on this line about 50mm deep into which the bottom ring can be set. (Prevents liner squeezing out underneath). If the ground is soft and clayey, dig out a 200mm deep trench and backfill 150mm with stones and gravel to support steel sheets.

If available spread a sand layer up to 50mm deep to cushion liner and prevent damage. Otherwise ensure ground is smooth and free from all sharp projections.

5. Place liner on ground in centre of circle. Ensure no oil or petroleum in contact with liner (causes damage as well as contamination).

Place sheets around circle with outlet hole in chosen position. Second sheet with hole to be used in top ring.

6. Working in pairs, one person inside and one outside the ring, stand first sheet in shallow trench and bolt next one to it keeping all bolt heads on the inside. To align the sheets, first use the podger (spike) and insert bolts at top and bottom of sheets. Then insert remaining bolts. Do not fully tighten any bolts at this stage.

DT22 7. Complete first ring of sheets then erect second ring either bolting inside the first ring, with laps staggered, or adjacent sheets may be woven in and out of lower ring (see illustration). When second ring is complete tighten bolts in bottom ring only. Erect third ring in a similar way. Choose position of sheet with 3” hole to be suitable for overflow outlet and bolt on so that holes are near top edge. Tighten all remaining bolts only when all three rings completed. While tightening, check that sheets fit snugly and that any dents or sharp edges that could damage liner are flattened or filed smooth.

8. On inside of tank cover joints between sheets with strips of self adhesive tape (to protect liner). Fit smaller size of split PVC capping round top of sheets. (Bend capping back to open up split, then roll on and press down evenly round rim). Trim off any excess at join.

9. Make Stage 1 of each tank to pipework connection as follows:-

Tank the flange with the threaded 3” b pipe welded to it and having cleaned their threads screw 4 studs into the threaded holes so that they project 50mm on the same side as the pipe. Use 2 nuts and a spanner if necessary. From inside the tank pass the assembly through the holes in the tank wall. Tighten nuts and washers on the outside flattening the corrugations slightly. Pass first rubber gasket over studs projecting inside the tank.

Fit a similar flange to the hole in the top ring for the overflow pipework.

10.Backfill shallow trench in which steel rings are sitting, adding soil or sand to make a fillet on the inside to support liner.

Use two workers (with bare feet or rubber-soled shoes free of any oily contamination) to unfold the liner inside the tank. Hands must also be clean. Carefully pull and smooth out the base area to fit as accurately as possible. The workers inside can gently kick the liner into the base of the wall. The seam in the liner between the circular base and the vertical walls should lie against the fillet of soil. At this stage ensure that the vertical seams in the liner do not coincide with either of the outlet holes. If they do rotate liner base slightly.

DT23 11.Attached ropes to the eyelets round the edge of the liner and pass the ropes over the rim of the tank. Directing operations from a ladder, on the outside, position and number the rope controllers.

Start lifting the liner from the inside with the slack being taken up by the controllers on the outside preventing it dropping back. Do not attempt to pull the liner up by heaving on the ropes from the outside.

Make adjustments to minimise wrinkles and to end up with an equal margin hanging down all round outside.

12.Secure liner with the larger size of split PVC capping and then snap on the spring clips over the capping at regular intervals of about 0.5m. If the length of capping has to be trimmed, peel back enough to enable the cutting to be done well away from the liner. Position a clip close to each side of joint. Finally release the control ropes.

13.Make Stage 2 of each tank to pipework connection as follows: (a) With the liner correctly positioned and not under any tension cut 4 small circular holes in the liner by pressing it against the end of the studs and cutting round them with a sharp knife. Slide the liner over the studs and against the first gasket.

(b) Now pass the second gasket and plain flange over the studs and wind PTFE tape on to the studs (to prevent leakage) before tightening on the inside nuts. Finally cut liner round inside of plain flange leaving 3” b outlet hole. Drawing shows bottom outlet, repeat for overflow outlet.

14.Complete the inlet overflow pipework as follows: Push hose connector well into hose, fit clip towards end of hose and tighten bolt. Then screw hose connector (with rubber washer in place) on to outer tank flange. Use PTFE tape on all screw joints. Dig a channel to carry any overflows safely away from tank.

DT24 15.Assemble the metal roof frame on the ground and lift it into position with hook ends locating over the tank perimeter capping. Take care to ensure no damage is caused to the tank liner while fitting frame.

16.Screw retaining eyes over bolts joining upper and middle ring of tank sheets. Space equally round tank, 2 per sheet.

17.Lift the cover over the metal frame and disc upstand and secure in position with rope through eyelets and around retaining hooks.

18.Finally either tie 6 guy ropes to eyes spaced round tank and peg down (pegs not provided) or bank earth against outside 1 of tank to /3 of tank height. This is to ensure stability of tank in windy conditions when nearly empty.

DT25 Water distribution frame and branch connections Water distribution points are very prone to becoming muddy from water spillage, which could constitute a health problem and be inconvenient for users. Particular care needs to be taken to ensure that this problem does not arise. The first step is to ensure that the frame is well sited, preferably on higher ground and on a slope, to encourage good drainage.

19.Place the distribution stand upside down on the ground; screw the four legs into the sockets and tighten with a wrench so that the base plate is pointing away from the frame. Screw the 1” GS down-pipe into the centre of the distribution stand from the underside. Turn the distribution stand the right way 3 up. Screw the six /4" extension pieces into the frame.

The other end of the 1” down-pipe is already attached to the 1” galvanised 90o elbow. The 1” b BSP (M) x 32mm b UPVC compression coupling can be screwed into this elbow, after which it can be fitted to the flexible plastic pipe.

20.Remove the thread protection and screw the six water-saving valves on to the projecting pipes, using PTFE tape to make a watertight joint; make sure that the valves sit vertically, once tightened up. If fewer valves are required, screw a plug on to the end of the pipe.

21.Connect the distribution stand to the tank using the 32mm PE pipe. The coils of pipe should be unrolled rather than pulled out. Connect the pipe using the compression threaded couplings. Clean all threaded fittings and make joints using PTFE tape. If pipes need to be extended, compression couplings may be used. Bury the pipeline in a shallow trench.

22.Connect the pipe to the tank as shown.

DT26 Operational Information

Commissioning As soon as possible after completion the tanks should be filled to stabilise them against wind damage and to check for leaks. Note that it is important to keep tanks permanently held down with guy ropes to ensure stability in windy conditions. Alternatively, or even additionally, soil should be banked up against the outside of the tank to one-third the height of the tank to give support and stability. Nearly empty tanks without any such restraint have been blown away in the past so do not neglect these measures.

The roof is important not only to prevent dust and rain entering the tank, but also to protect the liner from the sun and to prevent wind lifting the liner from a completely empty tank.

Inlet arrangements

Two options exist for the inlet to the tank: either a flexible pipe may be fed over the rim of the tank and 1 under the roof cover, or use may be made of the 1 /2” b hole which is provided in one sheet.

It has been found useful, in some circumstances, to use a ball float valve to control inflow, in particular when the overflow is not provided, as in the case of alternative draw-off arrangements.

Operational problems Mechanical damage to the liner is the only likely problem. This will require the tank to be drained to allow a patch (from the repair kit provided) to be applied to perfectly dry rubber. A leak in the base, therefore, necessitates baling to remove the last 50mm of water.

Erosion of the soil into which the rings are set can undermine the liner and threaten stability. Unexpected overflows and rain run off from the PVC cover must be guarded against. If a tank must be drained lay discharge pipework well clear of it.

Never let petroleum products contaminate the liner since they will dissolve it.

To minimise risk of damage, storage tank installations should be fenced to prevent access to unauthorised persons and a drainage channel should be dug outside the fence to divert any surface run-off from heavy rain away from the tank.

Final reminders and recommendations C Where possible erect tank in elevated position to allow gravity distribution. C Ensure tank site and distribution area are well drained and not likely to flood. C Tank site should be fenced to prevent children and others gaining access. C Ensure stability of tank, particularly when empty or in high winds by using guy ropes and by banking earth round bottom of tank. C Use tank roof covers and keep well lashed down. C Ensure collection points are well drained and kept dry.

DT27 Alternative - 10m3 Bladder Tanks

Select a site that is fairly level and firm, ensuring that the tank will be at least 1m higher than the tapstand. Mark out an area 4.5m x 3m, with the shorter side facing the direction in which tapstand will be positioned, and within this clear away all vegetation, roots, boulders and stones. If required make site level and smooth by using a layer of sand or soil. Lay out the groundsheet on the prepared area and roll out the bladder tank, ensuring outlet stubs are positioned towards the tapstands. Connect pipework as required, using the 3” (M) x 1” (F) reducer.

These kits are supplied with relevant pipework and are for static storage only.

Bladder kit Outlet

To tapstand For filling 3” pipe green

Gate valve on each outlet Bladder/Pillow Tank Instruction Sheet Handling instructions (1) Site Inspection Ensure that the ground is level and free from sharp objects.

Pre-fill checks (a) Check all surfaces for damage (b) Check connector is closed if not to be used for filling. (c) Check that the tank is located in the correct position for filling/discharging. (d) Check that all loose items are repacked and stowed adjacent to tank (repair kit, etc.)

(3) Filling If a valve is being used, ensure it is in the open position. Open vent cap to ensure safe filling.

Warning Pump water into the tank at a reasonable pressure, checking that no items become entangled during the pumping process, putting localised stress on the tank.

Support hose if necessary. Continue pumping until nominal volume has been metered in or until the surface of the tank becomes hard. Stop pumping, close valve and remove hose. Close the vent cap.

Tighten down restraints where appropriate making sure they are taut but without putting additional pressure on the tank. Conduct an inspection of the tank for leaks.

DT28 (4) Emptying Reconnect the hose, open ball valve and commence pumping.

(5) Folding Ensure that the tank is empty and that all fittings are secure.

Carefully roll the ends of the tank into the centre ensuring that all debris is removed from the tank surface during the folding operation. Place the tank in the case. Clean groundsheet. Roll up and place in case. (6) Tank cleaning (a) Cleaning methods The following notes should be observed concerning cleaning the tanks:- Hot water and hot air can be used where appropriate. Neither should exceed 700C. Normally, a mild cleaning agent (Milton) can be used to clean the tanks. Allow the solution to stand for at least 2 hours to kill any bacteria. For stubborn stains or biological contamination, an alkaline cleaning fluid can be used to a maximum of pH 11. Cleaning by abrasion rather than wiping should be avoided. (b) Tanks Attention should be given to tanks as soon as they are received in the stores. Inspect the tank for obvious damage and note for future attention. iv) Punctures v) Major abrasions/damage vi) Insecure and damaged fittings Either hang up the tank or place the tank on a convenient table or trolley Follow any other procedures laid down for sterilising the tanks. Wash the tank out with soap solution and then clean water. Use air flow to dry out the tank thoroughly. Do not put the tank into storage with any faults but investigate immediately any repair work necessary. If the tank is satisfactory, fold up tightly and pack into a clean dry case. (7) General Repairs Repairs can be carried out in the field according to the information included, with the repair kit. (8) Do's and Don't's Do Move the tank in its case Protect surface of the tank from sharp objects Empty before packing Dry tank after use

Water Testing Equipment Water testing equipment comprises a Delagua kit with chlorine measurement equipment to assess the chemicals required for water treatment.

Initial chemicals are supplied to meet the first two weeks needs. The actual chemicals and quantities required should be established within the first week on site.

DT29 Key Indicators from SHERE Minimum Standards in Water Supply

DT30 Wat-San ERU Distribution and Trucking Module

Main Components

The module is made by assembling the following kits as shown on the General Arrangement Diagram.

Each kit is boxed complete and includes all necessary parts, tools, spares, etc. to build the system and accommodate local variations due to terrain.

Red Cross Code Quantity Description KWATPUMCERU1 1 2” water pump diesel powered with spares for 2 years use KWATPUMCERU2 4 2” lightweight pump diesel powered with spares for 2 years use and pipework for truck mounting KWATNEACPPO1 1 Pumping pipework kit KWATTOOLPU01 1 Pumping oil and tool kit KWATTANKPT01 1 Tank and pipework tool kit KWATTANKPO5T 3 5m3 transport and storage bladder kit KWATRAMP06AP 9 Tapstand kit KWATNEACAS01 1 Adaption and fittings kit KWATTANKR10 9 10.5m3 tank kit alternatively KWATTANKP10 9 10m3 storage bladder kit

Packing List

Kit Case size Volume Weight No. m3 kgs. 2” water pump with spares 0.70 x 0.50 x 0.74m 0.26 100 1 Lightweight pump and 1.47 x 0.71 x 0.90m 0.94 203 4 pipework Pumping pipework kit 1.47 x 1.47 x 0.82m 1.78 219 1 Pumping oil and tool kit 1.47 x 0.71 x 0.90m 0.94 223 1 Tank and pipework tool kit with pumping tool kit ------5m3 transport bladder kit 1.47 x 1.47 x 0.45m 0.98 160 3 Tapstand kit with pipework 1.00 x 0.81 x 0.24m 0.20 44 9 Adaption and spares kit with pumping tool kit ------10m3 tank kit 1.53 x 0.86 x 0.57m 0.75 303 9 TOTAL 18.23 4,957

DT31 DT32 Detailed Parts Lists of Each Sub-Kit Water Pumps Red Cross Code Quantity Description KWATPUMCERU1 1 2” pump driven by Lombardini diesel engine Type Swallow 5100 Supplied with spares for 1 years operation Pressure relief: Set to 2.5 BAR to tee piece on pressure side Tee piece fitted to inlet side with 1” gate valve fitted for dispensing of chemicals Max. suction lift: 8m Max. pressure head: 28m Max. flow: 700 litre/min. Normal use: 400 litre/min at 12m head

KWATPUMCERU2 4 2” lightweight pump driven by Lombardini diesel engine. Type Kestrel 5000 Supplied with spares for 1 years operation Max. suction lift: 8m Max. pressure head: 36m Max. flow: 600 litre/min Normal use: 450 litre/min at 12m head Supplied with 5m x 3” suction/discharge hose and fittings and 15m x 3” flat hose and fittings.

Different engines may be fitted to the basic pumps if required. All pump outlets to be 2” BSP male.

Pumping Pipework Red Cross Code: KWATNEACPP01

Red Cross Code Quantity Description WNECGACR4F3F 1 3” BSP (F) to 4” BSP (F) adapter (steel) WNEASTNR3 1 80mm strainer to 3” BSP (M) with spring type non return (steel) WNECSTCR3-2 1 3” Storz universal seal x 2” BSP (F) WNECSTCC3SF 2 3” Storz universal seal x 3” BSP (F) 1 3” reinforced suction hose x 30m ) 1 3” Storz universal seal x 3” BSP (F) ) WNEHPVSP330T 2 3” hoseclamp (Superex 90) ) Preassembled 1 3” hose tail x 3” BSP (M) (steel) ) 1 3” hosetail x 3” BSP (F) (steel) ) WNECGABB2F2F 1 2” BSP (F) elbow (steel) WNECGANN2M2M 1 2” BSP (M) connector (steel) WNECGANN4M4M 1 4” BSP (M) connector (steel) WNECGACR3M2M 1 2” BSP (M) to 3” BSP (M) adapter (steel) 1 3” reinforced suction hose x 30m ) 1 3” Storz universal seal x 3” BSP (F) ) WNEHPVSP330T 1 3” hose tail x 3” BSP (M) (steel) ) Preassembled 1 3” hosetail x 3” BSP (F) (steel) ) 2 3” hoseclamp (Superex 90) ) WNEVBRGA3FF 1 3” BSP (F) gate valve WNECGACR4M3F 1 3” BSP (M) to 4” BSP (F) WNECGACR3M2F 1 3” BSP (M) x 2” BSP (F) WNECSTCC3SM 2 3” Storz universal seal x 3” BSP (M) WNECGAEE3M3M 2 3” BSP (F) elbow (steel) WNECGANN3M3M 1 3” BSP (M) connector (steel) WNECSTCC3SF 1 3” Storz universal seal x 3” BSP (F) WNECGANN2M2M 1 2” BSP (M) to 2” BSP (M) adapter (steel) WNECGANN4M4M 1 4” BSP (M) to 4” BSP (M) adapter (steel) 1 WNEHPVSP1/215 1 /2” hose x 15m 1 1 /2” hosetail x 3” BSP (M) (steel) WNECGATT3FFF 1 3” tee piece (steel) WNECGANN3M3M 2 3” BSP (M) connectors (steel) DT33 3 WNEABACL015 2 /4” hose clip WNEVBRGA1FF 1 1” brass gate valve

Pumping Oil and Tool Kit Red Cross Code: KWATTOOLPU01

Red Cross Code Quantity Description ETOOKEYS200 2 strap wrenches, 200m diameter capacity ETOOKEYS6 1 adjustable pipe wrench, 140mm diameter capacity ETOOSAWSM150 1 junior hacksaw complete with 10 blades ETOOWRENV280 1 8” adjustable spanner ETOOSCDRF65 1 screwdriver 6” blade 7 3 ETOOWREN7/16 1 set combination spanners /16- /4” A.F. 1 ETOOWREN1/4 1 combination spanner /4” B.S.F. 7 3 ETOOKEYSH7/32-3/16-3M 1 set Allen keys /32”, /16” and 3mm (1 set) ETOOPLIEUN20 1 pair pliers ETOOMEAS19BL 1 set metric feeler gauges ETOOLUBRC35 1 oil can WNECSTHO2-3 1 Storz 3” spanner WTOOSPANWIV 1 Swivel fitting spanner ETOOHAMMS17 1 Mallet TVECLUBRO26 2 25 litre cans engine oil (to suit pump engine specified) in 5 ltr. tins TVECJCANM20 1 20 litre steel jerrycan for fuel TVECMVACBT20 1 funnel and strainer (large) for fuel TVECMVACBT19 1 funnel (small) for oil

Tank and Pipework Tool Kit Red Cross Code: KWATTANKRT01 Red Cross Code Quantity Description 3 ETOOKEYSFJ110 1 /8” square drive cranked handle speed brace 3 ETOOSOCK12P17J 2 17mm x /8” square drive 12 point spanner socket (long reach) ETOOKEYSF40.17 2 17mm combination ring/open-end spanner ETOOKEYSF40.24 2 24mm combination ring/open-end spanner ETOOSCDRF6.5X20 2 200mm blade flared tip screwdriver ETOOFILEHRC200 1 8” half round bastard file and handle ETOOFILEN160 1 16cm knife cut 2 needle file ETOOCUTTH 1 12” adjustable hacksaw frame ETOOCUTTHB 3 12” x 24 TPI HSS hacksaw blade ETOOCUTTL5 1 Retractable trimming knife c/w 5 blades ETOOKEYS200 2 200mm capacity strap wrench ETOOMEASLS40 1 12” aluminium spirit level ETOOMEASLL01 1 line level ETOOMEASLP18 1pair line pins with 18m of line ETOOSCISSTD1 1 pair 105mm scissors APROGLOVHDL10 3 pairs gloves, 961-126 ETOOWRENV280 2 8” adjustable spanner ETOOKEYSP2.5 1 18” Stillson pipe wrench 65mm diameter capacity ETOOSAWSM150 1 6” junior hacksaw complete with 3 blades ETOOCUTTSF300 1 22-111c Surform plane ETOOCUTTSF300B 2 22-520 spare blades for above ETOOKEYS6 1 36” leader pattern heavy duty adjustable pipe wrench 140mm dia. capacity 2 3” Storz spanners WNECSTHO2-3 2 2” Storz spanners ETOOLADD4500 1 4.5m 2 part extending ladder ETOOKEYSH6L 6 6mm long shank Allan wrenches WTOOSPANSWIV 1 swivel fittings spanner

DT34 5m3 Bladder Tank Red Cross Code: KWATTANKP05T Red Cross Code Quantity Description WWAKFLPT05T 1 5cu.m. PVC heavy duty bladder tank with 2 off 3” BSP (M) outlets and one capped top outlet 4” with integral relief valve. Supplied with: WNEVBRGA3FF 2 3” BSP (F) brass gate valve 15m 3” flexible hose ) WNEHPVSP315T 1 3” hosetail x 3” BSP (M) (steel) ) Preassembled 1 3” hosetail x 3” BSP (F) (steel) ) 2 3” hoseclip (Superex 90) ) WNECGATT3FFF 1 3” tee piece threaded (steel) ) WNECGANN3M3M 3 3” BSP (M) connector (steel) ) Preassembled WWAKFLPT05GS 1 Geotextile groundsheet WWAKFLPT05TH 1 6 point truck harness WNECSTCC3SM 1 3” Storz to 3” BSP (M) WNECSTCC3SF 1 3” Storz to 3” BSP (F)

Tapstand Kits Red Cross Code: KWATRAMP06AP Red Cross Code Quantity Description KWATRAMP06A 1 tapstand complete with 6 taps WNEPPESR32 1 32mm MDPE hose x 12m WNECCOCR32C1M 4 32mm compression fittings x 1” BSP (M) (plastic) WNECGATT2FF1F 1 2” BSP tee piece with 1” BSP branch (steel) WNECCOCR2M63 2 63mm compression fittings x 2” BSP (M) (plastic) WTOOSEALTEFL 1 PTFE tape roll WNECGACP2M 1 2” BSP (M) plug (steel) WNEVBRGA1FF 1 1” BSP brass gate valve WNECCOCC32CC1 1 32mm compression x 32mm compression pipe joiner (plastic) WNECCOCC32CCC 1 32mm compression tee piece (plastic) WNECGACR3M1F 1 1” BSP (F) to 3” BSP (M) adapter WNECGACR3F1F 1 1” BSP (F) to 3” BSP (F) adapter

Adaption Fittings and Spares Red Cross Code: KWATNEACAS01 Red Cross Code Quantity Description WNEVBRGA3FF 2 3” BSP gate valve WNECGANN3M3M 4 3” BSP (M) connector (steel) WNECSTCR3-2 2 3” Storz to 2” Storz universal seal WNECCATT3FFF 2 3” BSP tee piece (steel) WNECSTCC3SM 12 3” Storz universal seal to 3” BSP (M) WNECSTCC3SF 12 3” Storz universal seal to 3” BSP (F) WNECGATT2FFF 1 2” BSP tee piece (steel) WNECCOCR2M63 5 63mm compression coupling x 2” BSP (M) (plastic) WMEAPRES10 1 Pressure gauge 4”/10 bar ) WNECGATT3FF1F 1 3” BSP tee piece with 1” BSP branch (steel) ) Preassembled WNEVBRGAV1MF 1 1” BSP tee piece vent valve ) WNECGANN3M3M 2 3” BSP (M) connector (steel) ) WMEAFLOW2F 1 2” BSP water meter WNEABACL077 8 3” hose clips (Superex 90) WNECGATT3FFF 2 3” BSP tee piece (steel) WNECC0CR32C1M 3 32mm compression coupling x 1” BSP (M) (plastic) WNECGACR3F2M 3 3” BSP (F) x 2” BSP (M) connectors (steel) WNECGACR3M2F 3 2” BSP (F) x 3” BSP (M) connectors (steel) WNECCOCC63 5 63mm compression x 63mm compression joiner (plastic) WNEVBRGA1FF 1 1” BSP brass gate valve WNECGATT3FF1F 1 3” BSP to 1” BSP branch tee piece (steel) WNEVBRGA3FF 1 3” BSP brass gate valve WNECCOCR3M63 2 63mm compression x 3” BSP (M) (plastic) KWATREPASBFL 2 Pipe repair kits for 3” flexi blue pipe WNECBRCA3F3T 4 3” hosetail x 3” BSP (F) (steel)

DT35 WNECBRCA3M3T 4 3” hosetail x 3” BSP (M) (steel) WNECBRCA3G 10 spare 3” hosetail washers WTOOSEALHE 5 rolls of plumbers hemp

10.5m3 Tank Steel, Liner and Roof Red Cross Code: KWATTANKR10 Red Cross Code Quantity Description WWAKRTOXIS03-4 18 Corrugated sheets (3 of which cut and drilled for pipe connections) (special for this tank) WWAKRTOXCA12 8m length of 12mm b split PVC capping WWAKRTOXCA25 8m length of 25mm b split PVC capping EHDWCLIP25 25 25mm spring clips EHDWBOLTGRO1 bag containing 410 no. M10 x 20mm long round head bolts, nuts EHDWNUTSSG10 1 and washers EHDWWASHF10 ETOOPODG01 1 podger WNEVBRGA3FF 1 3” b BSP (F) brass gate valve APACSCOT50RB 1 roll of self-adhesive tape Flange assembly WTOOSEALTEFL 1 roll of PTFE tape WNECBRCA3F3T 1 3” b BSP (F) hose connector to fit 90mm hose WNEABACLO77 1 hose clip (bolt type) for 90mm hose WNEHVSP30T 4m length of 90mm (3”) flexible hose WWAKRTOXL10 1 1.25mm thick EPDM reinforced synthetic rubber liner (special for this tank) KWATREPAEPLI 1 repair kit 2 straight bars with one hook end ) 2 angled bars with one hook end ) Special roof WWAKRTOXROS1 1 short straight bar with tube upstand ) support assembly 1 metal disc with M10 bolt ) 4 M10 bolts, nuts and washers ) WWAKRTOXRO10 1 3m b PVC cover with perimeter eyelets (special for this tank) HSHEROPEO6P 1 100m coil of 6mm polypropylene rope EHDWVHWHO10 12 retaining eyes with nuts EHDWNUTSG10 KWATREPAF01 1 cover repair kit alternative 10m3 Bladder Tank Red Cross Code: KWATTANKP10 Red Cross Code Quantity Description WWAKFLPT10 1 10cu.m. PVC bladder tank with 3 off 3” BSP (M) outlets and one capped top outlet 4” with integral relief valve. Supplied with: WNEVBRGA3FF 3 3” BSP (F) brass gate valve ( 15m 3” flexible hose ) WNEHPVSP33 ( 1 3” hosetail x 3” BSP (M) (steel) ) Preassembled ( 1 3” hosetail x 3” BSP (F) (steel) ) ( 2 3” hoseclip (Superex 90) ) WNECGATT3FFF 1 3” tee piece threaded (steel) ) WNECGANN3M3M 3 3” BSP (M) connector (steel) ) Preassembled WWAKFLPT10GS 1 Geotextile groundsheet

DT36 Water and Sanitation Emergency Response Unit

(Wat-San ERU)

Mass Sanitation Module

MS1 Wat-San ERU Mass Sanitation Module

INDEX

Page No. Contents

MS2. Index

MS3. General description - Mass and Specialized Sanitation Module

MS4. General introduction

MS4. Excreta disposal and latrine building

MS7. Solid waste disposal

MS8. Vector control

MS11. Drainage

MS11 Sanitation in public places

MS12 Hygiene promotion

MS13. Safety instructions for use of insecticides

MS14. Key indicators from SHERE Minimum Standards in Sanitation

MS15 Detailed Parts List for Mass Sanitation Module

MS17. Mass Sanitation Module Packing List

MS2 Wat-San ERU

Mass Sanitation Module S Purpose To provide basic sanitation facilities for larger populations in emergency situations and to initiate hygiene promotional programmes.

S Capacity The module has the capacity to provide a maximum of 40,000 beneficiaries with basic sanitation facilities.

S Principal tasks The principal tasks of the module are:- S The planning and initiating of latrine construction programmes, garbage collection and disposal programmes, burial of corpses, vector control and protection such as spraying of health installations, latrines, garbage disposal points, stagnant water ponds against flies, fleas, rats, and mosquitoes. S Initiating hygiene education and promotion

S Indicative staffing patterns If the module is deployed on its own and not together with the Treatment and Supply Module there would be needed: S 1 chemical engineer or environmental health specialist (team leader) S 2 environmental health technicians

S Average weight and volume Weight: 5 metric tonnes Volume: 25 cu.m.

MS3 General Introduction

The cycle that leads to many diseases, especially to faecal-oral disease transmission, begins with poor sanitation. Failure to dispose of human excreta safely can contaminate the environment and create new victims through a variety of routes. While contaminated water supplies are one route, poor personal and household practices can spread diseases too. Even when acceptable sanitation facilities are installed poor hygiene behaviour is still a great risk. Lack of attention to other aspects of environmental health can also detract from the intended benefits. Poor solid waste management encourages rats, flies, cockroaches, and other vectors of disease. Uncontrolled waste tips in poor areas often contain faecal matter and are fertile breeding grounds for rodents and epidemics. Inadequate drainage of surface water and dirty water can lead to local flooding and spread of waste, e.g. from foul sewers, latrines or waste disposal areas.

The most important aspects on preventing disease through sanitation facilities are: S Safe excreta disposal (latrine construction) S Garbage collection / disposal S Burial of corpses S Vector control and protection S Incineration of medical waste S Drainage / wastewater removal (camp design) S Hygiene promotion and education

Excreta Disposal

Human excreta always contain large numbers of germs, some of which may cause diarrhoea. When people become infected with diseases such as cholera, typhoid and hepatitis, their excreta will contain large amounts of the germs which cause the disease.

When people defecate in the open, flies will feed on the excreta and can carry small amounts of the excreta away on their bodies and feet. When they touch food, the excreta and the germs in the excreta are passed onto the food, which may later be eaten by another person. Some germs can grow on food and in a few hours their numbers can increase very quickly. Where there are germs there is always a risk of disease.

During the rainy season, excreta may be washed away by rain-water and can run into wells and streams. The germs in the excreta will then be carried into the water which may be used for drinking.

Many common diseases that can give diarrhoea can spread from one person to another when people defecate in the open air. Disposing of excreta safely, isolating excreta from flies and other insects, and preventing faecal contamination of water supplies will greatly reduce the spread of diseases.

In many cultures it is believed that children's faeces are harmless and do not cause disease. This is not true. A child's faeces contain as many germs as an adult's, and it is very important to collect and dispose of children's faeces quickly and safely. The disposal of excreta alone is, however, not enough to control the spread of cholera and other diarrhoea diseases. Personal hygiene is very important particularly washing hands after defecation and before eating and cooking.

Defecation fields

In many cases, the only immediate solution to excreta containment is to designate defecation fields. These fields localise contamination and make it easier to manage the safe disposal of excreta. Defecation fields have a limited life-span and can only be used once in a short term, so prepare new fields well in advance of existing fields filling up. Defecation fields become difficult to supervise over time, they take up a lot of space and they are not easy to keep in a hygienically acceptable state. They are only a short-term measure until alternative solutions are developed.

Key points are:- S Defecation fields should be made as large as possible to manage safely. S Space fields according to distribution of people in the camp, easy access without too far to walk. MS4 S Locate on land sloping away from shelters, water sources,.etc. S The soil should be easy to dig to cover faeces. S Defecation fields need supervision, appoint sanitary assistants to do the job. S Ensure polluted surface run-off is disposed safely, does not contaminate water sources downstream. S Designate male and female defecation fields. S Provide water and soap for handwashing at the exits.

Trench latrine

Trench latrines can be quickly prepared to provide a short- to medium-term solution. There are two basic types: shallow and deep trench latrines. Their lifespan will depend on the number of users and the latrine size. A shallow trench latrine may last 2 – 4 weeks while a deep trench latrine may last for 1 – 2 months. Provide sufficient number of latrines to cope with peak use in the morning and evening. Design for a maximum of 50 people per meter length of trench per day (better 25).

Communal trench latrines must be supervised and maintained if they are to remain in sanitary conditions. Latrine supervisors must regularly clean the foot boards and surrounding area, and periodically cover the trench content with 5 –10 cm soil.

Provide anal cleansing material, soil for covering excreta, and water and soap for handwashing.

Trench latrine: 1 Fence (Plastic sheeting) 4 Zigzag entrance 7 Soil for burying excreta 2 Water container/tap/soap 5 Planks 3 Stones for drainage 6 Trenches MS5 Simple pit latrine

This is the most basic form of improved sanitation available, and is often only supplied on a household basis. It consists of a square, rectangular or circular pit dug into the ground, which is covered by a hygienic cover, slab or floor. This slab has a hole through which excreta fall into the pit. Depending on user preference, a seat or squat hole with footrests can be installed, and a lid should be supplied to cover the hole. The latrine is covered with a shelter and should be situated well away from water sources and some distance from the home.

As well as isolating the excreta, the simple pit latrine has the advantage of being easy and cheap to construct. Depending on the material used for their construction, the slab and shelter can be re-used. Simple pit latrines can, however, produce unpleasant smells and allow flies to breed easily.

Simple pit latrine: 1 Effective volume of pit 4 Cover 7 Slab seating 10. Example of concrete slab 2 Defaction hole 5 Superstructure 8 Drainage channel 11. Slab alternative of wood (logs) 3 Slab 6 Roof 9 Water table

MS6 Ventilated improved pit latrine (VIP)

This is an improved type of pit latrine which aim to remove smells and flies from the latrine using a vent pipe. The one type is wholly offset from the slab and connected to it by a chute, whereas the usual VIP pit is generally directly under the cover slab. As with the simple pit latrine, a pit is dug into which the excreta fall. A cover slab with squat hole and a hole for a vent pipe is cast. A shelter is built, which must be kept semi-dark, and the vent pipe is raised to at least 0.5 metres above the top of the shelter. It is important that the latrine is well away from high buildings or trees. These latrines share certain advantages: there are few problems with smell or flies; the slab, vent pipe and shelter are re-usable; and the excreta are isolated. Their disadvantages include the necessity of keeping the inside of the shelter semi-dark, which may discourage use of the latrine, and the maintenance required to ensure that the vent pipe remains in good working order. Another common problem with the VIP latrine is the difficulty of obtaining a durable fly screen for the vent pipe.

VIP latrine: 1 Effective pit volume 4 Absence of cover 7 Ventilation pipe 10 Water table 2 Squatting hole 5 Superstructure 8 Mosquito net 3 Slab 6 Roof 9 Drainage channel

Solid Waste Disposal

The disposal of refuse can have a significant effect on the health of communities. Where refuse is not disposed of properly, it can lead to pollution of surface water, as rain washes refuse into rivers and streams. There may also be a significant risk of groundwater contamination. Refuse disposed of in storm drains may cause blockages and encourage fly and mosquito breeding. It is therefore very important that household waste is disposed of properly.

MS7 It is also important that industrial waste is disposed of safely, as it is sometimes toxic and highly dangerous to human health.

The type and quantity of refuse produced by a community are extremely variable. The main factors affecting the composition of refuse are: S geographical region S sociocultural, cultural and material levels S seasonal variations S packaging of food ration S refuse-generating activities

Refuse containers should gather the refuse to facilitate the collection and avoid dispersion by wind and animals. Often metal drums are used. The bottoms could be pierced so that they do not retain liquids from decomposition, and should be provided with covers and handles for easy lifting.

The collection of the refuse should be well organised; teams, timetables and circuits, with a vehicle or hand carts, established.

Disposal techniques are S burying S incineration S composting

Vector Control

Emergencies often create environments favourable to the proliferation of disease-carrying insects and rodents. In addition to creating a health risk, these pests can also spoil or destroy large quantities of food. Vector problems develop in densely crowded conditions, and when general environmental sanitation (disposal of excreta, rubbish and waste water) is inadequate. Local expertise should be sought to supplement surveys to establish the incidence of lice, fleas and ticks; and to determine the extent and location of rodent infestations.

Any problems due to vectors should be reviewed with representatives of the affected population to discuss the underlying causes and assess possible eradication measures. Education campaigns should be considered, covering the significant methods of vector control, including the elimination of possible breeding grounds; and ensuring that food is covered against flies. A range of interventions is available to deal with vectors, depending on the severity of infestation. Specific insecticides may be appropriate for mosquitoes, flies, lice, fleas, ticks, and bed bugs. In areas where plague or other arthropod-borne diseases are endemic, action must be taken to control the vectors carried by rats before any large-scale control of rodents is attempted. If this is not done, an epidemic or plague may be precipitated by fleas transferring disease from dead rats to humans.

Vectors which may pose significant health risks

Vector Health risks Favourable environment Flies Eye infections (particularly among infants Exposed food; excreta; dead animals and children); diarrhoea diseases

Mosquitoes Malaria; filariasis; encephalitis; yellow Stagnant water, especially in the fever; dengue periphery of inundated areas; pools and slow-moving water. Stored water in or around dwellings; accumulations of rainwater in old tins and other containers Mites Scabies, Scrub typhus Overcrowding and poor personal hygiene Lice Epidemic typhus, relapsing fever Fleas Plague (from infected rats), endemic typhus Ticks Relapsing fever, spotted fever Rats Rat bite fever, leptospirosis, Inadequately protected food; exposed salmonellosis garbage; covered spaces.

MS8 Mosquitoes

Malaria is the single most important vector-borne disease world-wide in terms of the morbidity and mortality it causes. There are four types of malaria: ovale, malariae, vivax, andfalciparum. Each is transmitted by the various species of Anopheles mosquito. Control programmes are highly specific to the species of mosquito involved in transmission. Residual spraying of insecticide on the inner walls of dwellings is the method of choice for malaria control where the vectors are known to rest indoors.

Anopheles mosquitoes all breed in still, stagnant but unpolluted water below 3000 metres altitude. Most of them feed on human beings at night, and fly up to 2km from their breeding site. It is possible to control these vectors in various ways.

The arboviral infections which cause major diseases include dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever, yellow fever, and Japanese encephalitis. Arboviral diseases occur in non-human hosts, such as monkeys and pigs, and infect humans accidentally. Most are transmitted from their animal host by a range of mosquitoes or ticks. The mosquito Aedes aegypti is the most common urban vector of arboviral and filarial disease, and is found worldwide. It breeds in fabricated containers, such as water storage jars, pots, tin cans and tyres that contain water, and natural pools in leaf axils or tree holes. The eggs survive desiccation. It is nearly always associated with human habitats, and lives off human beings. It has a short flight range (30 metres), and most species bite and rest outdoors. Control of these mosquitoes entails covering water storage containers, and changing stored water on a weekly basis. Widespread popular mobilisation is needed if a control campaign is to be successful.

Methods of mosquito control are as follows: S Remove mosquito breeding sites by unblocking gutters, emptying all water containers on a weekly basis and scrubbing them out before refilling, ensuring that all waste water drains into soakaways and that soakaways, grease traps, and latrine pits are tightly closed.

S Prevent the excessive production of waste water by regularly monitoring and repairing of faulty pipes to reduce the number of stagnant pools. Water saving taps can also reduce waste water.

S Use waste water by redirecting it into vegetable gardens. The amount of water required for washing, is much greater than that required for drinking, and may result in stagnant pools being created or water being wasted in underground soak-away pits. Plants which are water-hungry, such as eucalyptus, papaya, and banana, can be planted in the area of run-off or by marshy ground in order to absorb the surface water.

S Screen or cover open water supply tanks to prevent mosquitoes getting in, with rust-resistant material like nylon, stainless steel or aluminium mesh.

S Drain or fill in puddles where fresh water collects. S Fill breeding sites with fish, such as Gambusia, which eat larvae. S Protect human beings from infection by using bed-nets or repellents S Apply insecticides to water that are safe for humans and animals. Slow release briquets of these insecticides are available. Only three insecticides are approved by WHO for use in drinking water. These are Temephos (an organophosphate insecticide of very low mammalian toxicity), Methoprene (a hormone which interferes with larval growth), and Bacillus thurinigensis (a bacterial insecticide). No other insecticides should be used in drinking water.

S Residual spraying of insecticides

Flies Fly-borne diseases are mainly diarrhoea (shigella, salmonella, and cholera), and eye diseases (trachoma and conjunctivitis). Flies occur wherever there is breeding material and the environmental temperature and humidity suitable for development. Fly numbers increase in warm weather. Flies transmit diseases by treading and vomiting pathogens onto food, or into eye or wound excretions. Since flies are never the sole transmission route for any of the diseases that they transmit, it may be impossible to assess how important fly transmission is. However, since diarrhoea diseases are often the major cause of death in small children, flies must be considered as a very serious health hazard.

MS9 Flies breed in organic matter: rubbish, animal and human faeces, corpses, and rotten plant material. Over 42,000 bluebottle larvae can be bred in 1 kg of human faeces. One female adult housefly can lay 1200 eggs each day, and eight days later these hatch as flies. Wherever possible, control programmes should be based on providing suitable, effective sanitation, and rubbish disposal, and improved public and personal hygiene. Flies are able to develop resistance to insecticides extremely rapidly. Insecticides should be used only if absolutely necessary, and then only for a short period. Residual spraying is not recommended since it is likely to enhance the development of resistance.

Methods of fly control are as follows: S Incinerate rubbish, hospital dressings, and dried manure. In some situations animal manure may be used as a fuel source. If the dung is thinly and dried then fly numbers should not be excessive.

S Destroy potential breeding sites for flies by burying rubbish and faeces to a minimum of 25 cm depth of compacted soil.

S Localise the organic matter in such a way that flies breeding in it are unable to escape, for instance by covering latrine squatting slabs with a tightly fitting cover.

S Treat with an insecticide, though only if absolutely necessary, and then only for a short time.

S Ensure effective participation by women and men in control schemas. It may be necessary to offer training in organisational skills, as well as health and hygiene promotion, in order for a flyn campaign to be set up in a community.

Problems should be reviewed with representatives of the affected population to discuss the underlying causes and assess possible eradication measures. Education campaigns should be considered, covering the significant methods of vector control, including the elimination of possible breeding grounds; and ensuring that food is covered against flies. A range of interventions is available to deal with vectors, depending on the severity of infestation. Specific insecticides may be appropriate for mosquitoes, flies, lice, fleas, ticks, and bed bugs. In areas where plague or other arthropod-borne diseases are endemic, action must be taken to control the vectors carried by rats before any large-scale control of rodents is attempted. If this is not done, an epidemic of plague may be precipitated by fleas transferring from dead rats to humans.

Types of Insecticides: A classification enables the grouping of chemically related compounds, to deduce their toxicity and precautions for use:

Organochlorines (OC): Organochlorines are the oldest group of synthetic pesticides. Their excessive use in agriculture has had very negative consequences for the environment resulting in an imbalance of the ecosystem. Few of the organochlorines are now in use because they have a long persistence in the environment, tend to accumulate in the fatty tissues of humans and animals, are extremely toxic to fish and a number of insects have developed resistance to them. They have a residual effect lasting between six and eight months and are moderately toxic to mammals. DDT (Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane): low toxicity, not very biodegradable, forbidden in many countries, effective against mosquitoes, can be used exceptionally Methoxychlorine: same as DDT HCH (Hexachlorocyclohexan) (“Lindan”): less persistent and more toxic than DDT Chlordane: effective against cockroaches and grasshoppers Dieldrin: very toxic, resistance of insects, to be avoided!

Organophosphates (OP): Some Organophosphorus compounds can have a very high toxicity for mammals, but others have alow toxicity. They have a residual effect of two o three months. Malathion: High toxicity for fish and moderate for mammals, effective against mosquitoes and lice Fenithrothion: low toxicity, used against mosquitoes (eggs and larvae) Fenthion: used against mosquito larvae in urban areas Temphos: low toxicity, resistance problems, against larvae in drinking water

MS10 Carbamates (C): Carbamate insecticides have a residual effect of two to three months. They are more toxic to mammals than organophoshates and expensive. Propoxur: domestic insecticide, low toxicity Carbaryl: problem of resistance

Pyrethrins (PY): Synthetic pyrethroids have are not so quickly broken down by light, moisture, air than natural pyrethrins. They have a low toxicity to mammals, but very toxic to fish. Residual effects lasting from 3 months up to a year. Deltamethrin: biodegradable, low toxicity, very effective for mosquito control, pretty universally used. Permethrin: same as Deltamethrine

The most universal appliable insecticide is Deltamethrine, available as wettable powder (2,5% concentration) or as concentrated liquid (e.g. 25g/l). (insecticide in the standard ERU list).

Drainage

No sanitation system can be considered “safe, if the area it serves is poorly drained. Any sanitation system (sewer, septic tank, latrine or other) can become a source of faecal contamination when flooded, as the flood waters will mix with the excreta and spread the contamination wherever the water flows. Dirty water consists of domestic water exclusive of toilet waste, but this does not mean that it is safe. Water used for cleaning clothes and nappies can be heavily contaminated with the same disease-causing organism that sanitation is intended to control. “Runoff” consists of the portion of rainfall that runs off the surface during or after a storm. Sewers are often designed to drain all three liquid wastes (toilet waters, sullage, and runoff), but in emergency situations they often do not work, are destroyed, or even do not exist where e.g. refugee camps are meant to be set up. Regardless of the technical option chosen for sanitation, both runoff and dirty water need to be disposed of safely if sanitation system is to be considered complete.

Sanitation in Public Places

Where a large number of people are using one area, such as a bus station or school, especially when they are eating food from the same source, there is a greater risk of the spread of diseases such as cholera, hepatitis A, typhoid and other diarrhoea diseases. These places vary in the number of people using them, the amount of time that people spend there and the type of activity that occurs in the area, but all public places need to have adequate sanitation and hygiene facilities. Special attention should be paid to the adequacy of facilities, their availability to the public, and the conditions of their operation.

There are several basic rules for sanitation in public places : S There should be sufficient toilet facilities for the maximum number of people using the area during the day.

S This normally means one toilet compartment for every 20 users. The toilet facilities should be arranged in separate blocks for men and women. The men's toilet block should have urinals and toilet compartments ; the women's block, toilet compartments only. The total number of urinals plus compartments in the men's block should equal the total number of compartments in the women's block.

S Toilet facilities should not be connected directly to kitchens. This is in order to reduce the number of flies entering the kitchen and to reduce odours reaching the kitchen. It is important that people using the toilet facilities cannot pass directly through the kitchen.

S There must be a hand washing basin with clean water and soap close to, the toilet facilities. There should be separate, similar facilities near to kitchens or where food is handled.

S There must be a clean and reliable water supply for hand washing, personal hygiene and flushing of toilet facilities. The water supply should meet quality standards and be regularly tested to ensure that any contamination is discovered quickly and that appropriate remedial action is taken.

S Refuse must be disposed of properly and not allowed to build up, as it will attract flies and vermin.

MS11 Responsibilities for cleaning sanitation facilities should be very clearly defined. Dirty facilities make it more likely that people will continue to use the facilities badly or not at all. Clean facilities set a good example to users.

It is important to make sure that information about health is available in public places. Such information should be displayed in an eye-catching, simple and accurate way. Where appropriate, large posters with bright colours and well-chosen messages, put up in obvious places, are effective.

Health and hygiene messages may be passed on to the public using such posters in public places. These messages should include the promotion of:-

S Hand washing. S Use of refuse bins. S Care of toilet facilities. S Protection of water supplies.

Local school children and college students can be involved in preparing educational posters and notices for public places.

Hygiene Promotion

Health and hygiene education and communication are essential components for the success of any programme to promote hygiene and prevent cholera. It is important to consider each stage of a programme to assess where uptake and effectiveness can be improved through a well chosen communication strategy. Health promotion and hygiene education activities should be associated with measures aimed at providing a safe water supply, improving sanitation coverage, and enhancing food safety control.

In many settings, the provision of clean accessible water and ideal sanitation facilities is not within the community's reach. But communities and individuals can still adopt improved hygiene behaviours which can lead to better health. They can also work gradually to improve their sanitation and water facilities. Even when good facilities are available, they will not lead to a great improvement in health unless they are accompanied by changes in hygiene behaviours.

A good hygiene education programme provides information and understanding about those behavioural changes which bring the greatest health benefits, and proposes gradual improvements both in practices and hygiene facilities. Hygiene education means helping individuals, families and communities to become aware of the links between poor hygiene behaviours and disease. It also means encouraging and helping people to improve those behaviours which, if changed, will lead to the greatest reduction in disease. At the level of households and communities, hygiene education will help people to find ways of improving their situation by designing and constructing their own improved facilities.

Hygiene education and communication support should not solely be a device to make the community accept and use what sanitation technology is provided. It should promote informed decision-making and empowerment of communities to tackle the causes of cholera and other diarrhoea diseases. This will involve giving the community opportunities to participate in decision-making and in the selection of sanitation technologies that are most appropriate to their needs.

Hygiene and sanitation technologies should be effective, acceptable and affordable to the local community. No attempt should be made to try to persuade people to carry out actions that conflict with their cultural beliefs. An appropriate sanitation technology should be compatible with the culture of the community, technically feasible using locally available skills and materials, require the minimum of user maintenance and be simple to use.

For example if initial investigations show that the community prefer to squat when using the toilet, then toilet designs with squat holes should be introduced. If seats are preferred, toilets should have seats. If there is a fear that children will fall into a latrine, the hole can be made small enough so that there is no danger of a child falling in.

It is important to emphasise technologies which provide the maximum public health benefit and take into account factors such as the users' ability to pay. The use of low-cost locally-available materials is preferable in many circumstances. If special materials are needed, it is important to make sure that they are available at affordable prices. When a financial contribution by the community is necessary, the level should be determined taking into account the ability of all sectors of the population to pay.

MS12 An approach to hygiene promotion in longer term projects is PHAST, Participatory Hygiene and Sanitation Transformation, a tool developed by WHO/UNDP.

For emergencies a more simple approach must be chosen, something downgraded for this special kind of situations.

One of the key ways to stop the spread of disease is to promote and practise good hygiene. Even where there is excellent sanitation, disease will spread rapidly if hygiene is poor. Three key hygiene behaviours can do the most to prevent the spread of disease .

Safer disposal of faeces: all faeces, but particularly those of young children and babies, and of ill people, should be carefully and quickly disposed of.

Hand washing: if people wash their hands regularly with soap and water, particularly after defecating, after handling babies' faeces, before feeding and eating, and before preparing food, the germs on their hands are removed or killed.

Maintaining drinking water free from faecal contamination: the source of water must be kept clean, and in the home water must be stored in a clean covered container to prevent faecal contamination.

SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE OF INSECTICIDES

Insecticides are harmful not only to insects, but also to humans. They must therefore be handled with care. The following recommendations must be respected before beginning a spraying campaign.

The following precautions must be followed by people using chemical insecticides: S spray personnel must be properly instructed and fully trained in pesticide use and warned of the dangers of pesticide poisoning; S their faces must be protected and they must wear rubber gloves; S they must receive detergent and soap each week, for washing their work clothes and themselves; S their work clothes must cover the entire body, must be removed immediately after work, and must be washed frequently. Ordinary cotton clothes are preferable; S workers must not spray for more than 4 or 5 hours a day; S spraying must be supervised; S insecticides must be handled using ladles or spoons, and mixed using sticks in basins having handles, in order to avoid any hand contact with the products; S workers must take a shower with soap after each day's work, or each time they accidentally have any contact with the insecticide; S equipment must be kept in good condition; S spray personnel must use the minimum pressure necessary to deliver a good spray; S a stock of injectable atropine must be kept on hand in case of organophosphate poisoning.

Emulsifiable concentrates are more hazardous to handle than wettable powders because absorption through the skin is faster and more massive.

If pesticides are applied properly, there is very little risk to the occupants of dwellings. Food must be removed or carefully covered before a dwelling is treated.

The following protective clothing must be made available to each sprayer: S 2 light, comfortable long-sleeved cotton overalls S 1 pair of rubber boots S 2 broad-brimmed hats S 1 pair of plastic safety glasses S 2 felt masks and 1 respiratory half-mask with filter cartridge (to be used during space spraying) S 2 pair of rubber gloves

The insecticide mixer must have a plastic apron, rubber gloves, and rubber boots.

MS13 Key Indicators from SHERE Minimum Standards in Sanitation

S Each household has 2 water collecting vessels of at least 10-20 litres, plus water storage vessel of 20 litres S 250 gr. of soap available per person per month S 1 washing basin per 100 people S Max. 20 people per toilet S Toilets no more than 50 metres from dwellings, or no more than 1 minute walk S Separate toilets for women and men are available in public places S Latrine soakaways are 30 metres from any groundwater source and the bottom a latrine is 1.5 metres above the water table S No dwelling is more than 15 metres from a refuse container S One 100 litre refuse container is available per 10 families, where domestic refuse is not buried on site S There is no standing wastewater around water points or elsewhere in the settlement S Storm water flows away / Shelters, paths and Wat-San facilities are not flooded or eroded by water S Water point drainage also for washing and bathing facilities is well planned, built and maintained

MS14 ERU Water and Sanitation

Mass Sanitation Module

Sanitation Equipment Parts List

50 hoes (farm type, carbon steel blade) 100 shovels (round point, carbon steel blade) 50 spade (square point, carbon steel blade) 50 pick axes (carbon steel) 10 axes (handle length 660 mm) 10 saws (forest type, length 750 mm) 10 hammers (carpenter) 10 backpack sprayer (manual, 15-20 ltr, 5 bar) 1 backpack sprayer (motorised, medium size) 600 sachets insecticide (Deltametrine) 2.5%, (33gr. sachets) 75 kg HTH (60-70%, granules) 30 overalls (cotton, size L & XL) 30 safety goggles 30 pair heavy duty working gloves 30 pair heavy duty rubber gloves 50 felt face mask 30 pairs rubber boots (size 40-46) 4 plastic drums (top open, with tap at bottom) 20 wash basin (plastic, 40 litres) 500 soap (100 g) 15 buckets 10-20 litre (plastic) 25 buckets 10-20 litre (metal)) 5 measuring jugs (1 litre graded) 1 scale (graded from100g to kgs) 1 scale (graded up to 10 kg) 800 m rope (8 mm, synthetic nylon) 1,600 m rolls of string 3mm (100m, hemp) 100 squatting plates 20 wheelbarrow (85 litre, pneumatic wheel) 2 wheelbarrow spare part set 20 Tarpaulins, rolls of plastic sheeting 40 bodybags with zip 2 latrine SanPlat Mould Box 1 rock drill, petrol engine 1 high pressure water cleaner

MS15 MS16 Packing List

Red Cross Code Quantity Description WSANSPRA20 10 backpack sprayers, manual, 20 litre WSANSPRA20M 1 backpack sprayer, motorised, 20 litre DCHPDELT2WP3 600 insecticide, Deltametrine, 2.5%, wettable powder, 33gr. sachets sachets HAZARDOUS APROOVERCO1, 2,3 30 overalls L and XL APROGOOGPL 30 safety goggles APROGLOVHDL10 30 pairs heavy duty working gloves APROGLOVHDR10 30 pairs heavy duty rubber gloves APROMASKD1 1 carton felt mask stc 50 units APROBOOTR07, 8, 30 pairs rubber boots 9, 10, 11

Packing spec: 1 case Size: 126 x 86 x 136cms. Weight: 219kgs.

RAGRTOOLSHOV2 78 shovels, carbon steel, round point

Packing spec: 1 case Size: 117 x 87 x 96cms. Weight: 9kgs.

RAGRTOOLSHOV2 22 shovels, carbon steel, round point RAGRTOOLSHOV3 38 spades, carbon steel, square point

Packing spec: 1 case Size: 142 x 87 x 77cms. Weight: 75kgs.

RAGRTOOLHOE3 50 hoes, RAGRTOOLSHOV3 12 spades, carbon steel, square point RAGRTOOLAXE2 50 pickaxes RAGRTOOLAXE3 10 axes ETOOWSAW750 10 saws ETOOHAMM204 10 hammers ETOOCLEMHWC 1 high pressure power cleaner mod. 310

Packing spec: 1 case Size: 141 x 87 x 96cms. Weight: 276kgs.

WSANSQPL001 40 squatting plates Monarflex

Packing spec: 1 case Size: 127 x 87 x 115cms. Weight: 213kgs.

WSANSQPL001 40 squatting plates, Monarflex

Packing spec: 1 case Size: 127 x 87 x 115cms. Weight: 213kgs.

WSANSQPL001 20 squatting plates, Monarflex HCOOCOUSMJ1G 5 measuring jugs XLABSCALK11 1 scale, 10gr. – 1 kg. XLABSCALK110 1 scale, up to 10kgs. HHYGSOAP100G 500 soap (100g)

Packing spec: 1 case Size: 127 x 87 x 115cms. Weight: 191kgs.

EBUICEMEWR1 7 wheelbarrows, 100 litre, pneumatic wheel HSHEROPE01N 1,600m 3mm string in rolls (100m hemp) WSANBODBUSH 20 bodybags with zip

Packing spec: 1 case Size: 156 x 74 x 122cms. Weight: 159kgs.

MS17 EBUICEMEWR1 13 wheelbarrows, 100 litre, pneumatic wheel WSANBODBUSH 20 body bags HSHEROPE06P 800m rope in rolls (6mm, synthetic nylon)

Packing spec: 1 case Size: 161 x 74 x 139cms. Weight: 209kgs.

APACPLASD200 4 plastic drums, (top open, tap at bottom) HCONBUCKP10 15 buckets, plastic, 10-20 litres HCONBUCKG10 25 buckets, galvanised steel, 10-20 litres

Packing spec: 1 case Size: 126 x 83 x 96cms. Weight: 1,40kgs.

HCOOPLASBAS40L 20 washbasins (plastic, 40 litres) EBUICEMEWR1S 2 wheelbarrow spare part set

Packing spec: 1 case Size: 126 x 97 x 127cms. Weight: 263kgs.

HSHETARPW10X4/6 5 rolls plastic sheeting, Monarflex

Packing spec: 1 case Size: 212 x 79 x 60cms. Weight: 335kgs.

HSHETARPW10X4/6 5 rolls plastic sheeting, Monarflex

Packing spec: 1 case Size: 212 x 79 x 60cms. Weight: 335kgs.

HSHETARPW10X4/6 5 rolls plastic sheeting, Monarflex

Packing spec: 1 case Size: 212 x 79 x 60cms. Weight: 335kgs.

HSHETARPW10X4/6 5 rolls plastic sheeting, Monarflex

Packing spec: 1 case Size: 212 x 79 x 60cms. Weight: 335kgs.

DASDCHLA7G25 3 bags 25kgs. chloramine/HTH, 60-70%, 25gr. box HAZARDOUS

Packing spec: 1 case Size: 99 x 64 x 41cms. Weight: 108kgs.

WSANSQPL002 1 latrine SanPlat mould box

Packing spec: 1 case Size: 65 x 63 x 27cms. Weight: 50kgs.

WSANSQPL002 1 SanPlat mould box

Packing spec: 1 carton Size: 27 x 67 x 74cms. Weight: 25kgs.

ETOOPOWEROCK 1 rock drill, petrol engine

Packing spec: 1 case Size: 100 x 25 x 30cms. Weight: 70kgs.

1 pressure washer

Packing spec: Size: Weight:

MS18 Water and Sanitation Emergency Response Unit

(Wat-San ERU)

Specialized Water and Sanitation Module

SW1 Wat-San ERU Specialized Water and Sanitation Module

INDEX

Page No. Contents

SW2. Index

SW3. General description

SW4. General Arrangement Drawing - The Berkefeld Unit

SW5. General Arrangement Drawing - SETA Unit

SW6. The Berkefeld Unit - Operating Instructions

SW17. The SETA Unit – Operating Instructions

SW31. The Berkefeld Unit Parts List

SW35. The SETA Unit Parts List

SW37. Specialized Sanitation Equipment Parts List for up to 15,000 Beneficiaries

SW2 Wat-San ERU

Specialized Water and Sanitation Module

S Purpose To provide safe drinking water and basic sanitation facilities and systems for health installations such as hospitals, feeding centres, dispensaries, first aid posts, and staff quarters. This module can also be used for smaller population figures of up to 15,000 beneficiaries.

S Capacity The module has a principle treatment and distribution capacity of 120,000 litres per day (10 hours operational time) of safe drinking water according to WHO/SPHERE standards and a storage capacity of max. 200,000 litres per day and provides basic sanitation systems for up to 15,000 beneficiaries.

S Principal tasks S Raw water is taken from surface water sources (except salinated water) and pumped to the treatment plant. S The chemical treatment process uses among other steps a flocculation agent for speeding up sedimentation, and high-chlorination for disinfection. S The filtration process provides extremely clean drinking water according to WHO/SPHERE standards, but also according to national regulations used with different governments S After production the treated drinking water is stored within tanks (e.g. bladder tanks) of up to 200,000 litres capacity in total. S The water is distributed via tankering, by pumping to a tapstand network, or by gravity fed remote storage and supply systems. S Basic sanitation systems (like latrines, vector control,….) can be provided for health installations or to a population of up to 15,000 beneficiaries.

S Indicative staffing patterns S 1 engineer (team leader) S 3 plumbers/general technicians S 1 electrician S 1 logistician (optional)

S Average weight and volume Weight: 15 metric tons Volume: 70 cu.m.

S Types of Treatment plants There are 2 systems currently available: S Berkefeld TWA 6 (or 10) unit: one ERU module consists of 2 filter units. S SETA 3000 unit: one ERU module consists of 5 filter units

SW3 Berkefeld System

General Arrangement Drawing

SW4 SETA System

General Arrangement Drawing

SW5 Berkefeld System TWA6

Operation Instructions

I Description TWA 6

Process description in general

The Berkefeld drinking water purifier serves for provision of hygienically perfect, crystal-clear drinking water.

Every normally polluted and germ-contaminated surface or well water can be treated. The unit is not suitable for desalination of brackish or sea water.

Berkefeld drinking water purifiers operate according to the pre-coat filtration process.

The raw water from rivers, lakes or wells is pumped into 4 pre-treatment tanks (8m³ each) by means of a motor pump or electric pump. In the single raw water tanks the chemicals acc. to the Berkefeld EMERGENCY EXERCISE or ACTION SDP (standard dosing plan) are added. The addition is effected in four steps with corresponding retention time. The water pre-treated this way is supplied to the pre-coat pump via the surface suction device and via the raw water collector.

In the beginning of the filtering process a certain quantity of filter material (Berkesil KE) is fed to the precoat filter by the pre-coat pump. By the following pre-treated raw water stream the filter material is pre- coated to the special Berkefeld filter candles located in the pre-coat filter, and there it forms the filtering layer. Flow direction in the pre-coat filter is upwards (see attachment 6).

After the filtration the required chlorine value in the pure water is adjusted by means of a chlorine dosator being connected in subsequent position. The chlorinated pure water is supplied to the pure water tank and, after a retention time, it is supplied as drinking water to tanks or distributors by a pure water pump. By the secondary chlorination a re-infection is prevented.

With increasing pollution of the filter layer the filter head loss increases. If a filter head loss of about 3 BAR is reached, the filter process is interrupted and the plant is back-washed. The flow direction in the pre-coat filter is now downwards. After backwash, new filter material is pre-coated and the filter process starts again.

The pure water reservoir facilitates short-term output peaks of about twice the capacity of the plant.

II Standard dosing plan “Berkefeld EMERGENCY EXERCISE and ACTION (full) SDP“

1. The Berkefeld SDP is used in case of disaster abroad with unknown waters and - in reduced extent - for exercises.

2. The EMERGENCY EXERCISE SDP is used with extremely strongly polluted, unknown waters or in case of chemical disasters.

Use of the chemicals acc. to the dosing and time schedule

Required chemicals for the TWA 6 raw water pre-treatment per 8m3 tank

1. HTH chlorine: Dissolve 800 g (100 g/m3) in 10 litres of water and fill it with the first raw water into the tank. Filling time + 10 min reaction time

1.2 After reaction time, add 800 g (100 g/m3) ferric chloride, dissolved in a bucket, evenly distributed into the tank. (Pay attention to the carbonate hardness!) Reaction time 15 min

SW6 2. In the meantime assemble the other tanks, start filling and addition of chemicals as described under 1.

3. After reaction time, add 1600 g (200 g/m3) activated carbon, mix in two buckets and add in two steps with continuous intensive stirring. Reaction time 20 min

4. After reaction time, adjust pH-value. When required, add about 400 g (50g/m3) calcium hydroxide, dissolved in a bucket, add into the tank evenly distributed.

Sedimentation approx. 30 min

5. Measuring of pH-value and chlorine content Required values: pH-value between 7.0 and 7.5 Chlorine below 1.0 mg/l Time required in total: Filling time + 90 min

After this time the discharge from the first raw water tank via the pre-coat filter is possible.

III Short operating instructions TWA 6

1. Filling the raw water pump with raw water and installation of a raw water tank including all suction and delivery hoses.

2. Prepare the required chemicals for the TWA 6 per 8m3 tank.

2.1 Dissolve chlorine according to the corresponding dosing plan in approx. 10 litres of water and fill into the tank with the first water.

2.2 Keep the reaction time. Then dissolve ferric chloride according to the dosing plan in approx. 10 litres of water and add into the tank. Keep the reaction time.

3. In the meantime, install the other raw water tanks and start with filling and addition of chemicals as described in point 2.

4. Addition of activated carbon according to the dosing plan (in approx. 10 litres of water), stir well, keep the reaction time.

SW7 5. After pH-measuring, adjust the pH-value by addition of lime (in approx. 10 ltrs. of water), keep the reaction time and allow to settle for about 20 - 30 min.

5.1 After each addition of chemicals one has to stir vigorously for about 5 min.

6. Installation of the pre-coat pump:

6.1 Prepare 2 kg Berkesil KE with about 10 ltrs. of treated water from the first raw water tank (distributed to two pre-coat buckets, additionally provide another bucket of water for rinsing).

6.2 De-aerate the pre-coat pump via raw water collector, 4-way suction valve and pre-coat hose, precoat (approx. 4 - 5m3/h; throttle slide valve).

6.3 3-way tap is on position “Filtration“. Only switch over to “Circulation“ if the water drains off the pure water outflow.

6.4 Operate “Circulation“ for about 5 - 7 min. Then switch over to filtration. Rinse the hose pipes including the water inflow pipe with pure water for about 30 sec.

SW8 6.5 Then switch to “Circulation“ and hang the pure water inflow pipe into the covered pure water tank and install the chlorine dosator. Now switch to “Filtration“ again and operate the plant with max. 10 m3/h.

7. Prepare chlorine for the chlorine dosator as follows: Mix approx. 90 g HTH chlorine with approx. 9 ltrs. of water, stir well and fill this solution into the chlorine dosator, de-aerate and adjust to capacity (l/h = 1 mg Cl2/l). Adjust with needle valve below the flow meter.

8. If the pre-coat filter reached a differential pressure of approx. 3 BAR (difference between the manometers being installed before and after the flow rate meter), the plant has to be backwashed as follows:

9. The backwash of the pre-coat filter has to be carried out with the pure water pump and the pure water via the connection “pure water". Quench for about six times (about three times per tank), then precoat again via raw water.

Filter candles:

IV Operating Instructions for Chemical Displacement Dosator LC9 for Berkefeld Drinking Water Purifier TWA

Purpose of the unit

The unit is used for dosing of water treatment chemicals in mobile drinking water purifiers. Installation can be carried out preceding or after a Berkefeld precoat filter plant by coupling the unit with the connections between 2 hoses. Dosing is carried out continuously into the treated pure water.

Operation method

The dosator operates according to the back pressure displacement process, i.e. a firmly installed jam screen is installed between two connections in the main water flow, by which different pressure ratios arise in the two by-pass connections ( p).

P 1 P 2

SW9 By this the required quantity of water is supplied to the displacement tank via the motive water pipe with flow meter and adjusting valve. The same quantity of chemical solution is displaced and pressed into the main water flow. The adjustment of the chemical quantity to be added is carried out by an adjusting valve at the flow rate meter. The chemical solution is in a bag, which is housed in the displacement tank and which fills it out completely.

Annex 5 shows the dosing unit. It consists of the following parts:

01 Dosing tank (displacement tank) 02 Displacement bag 03 Filling and dosing connection 04 Main connections (retarding disc pipe) 05 Flow meter with adjusting valve 06 De-aerator 07 Drain including the required connection pipes.

V Maintenance

Controls during operation

All units operated with fuel must be checked at regular intervals on fuel and oil level during operation, so that a perfect operation is guaranteed. If the precoat pump would fail due to a leakage of fuel, the complete back-washing and pre-coating process would have to be repeated.

The same situation would occur with the electrical pumps. The current generators have to be checked continuously.

The quantity flow rate meter has to be controlled continuously during operation of the precoat filter. Should - for any reason - the precoat filter suck air or should the precoat pump fail, one would recognise this at the float of the flow rate meter and one could switch the 3-way tap to „circuit“, so that the pure water cannot be polluted.

The flow rate meter of the chlorine dosator also has to be controlled continuously, so that no excess or less dosing can occur.

The motor pumps and the electrical pumps must in no case operate in dry condition. ! This would cause a defect at the axial face seal or stuffing box. Attention

SW10 Dismounting of Unit and Storage

Thoroughly drain the plant after back-washing, with special care the flow meters at the filter tank and at the dosator (frost!).

Let all slide valves open, so that the air has free entry into the inside of the tanks. Connections provided with blind couplings to be closed only during the drive, open again in the depot.

The pumps have to be thoroughly drained before packing. Open the tap or screw at the bottom of the casing and incline the pump correspondingly (frost!).

Before packing, all plant parts have to be cleansed. If a thorough cleaning cannot be carried out at site, it has to be repeated in the depot or at any suitable place.

Before packing the raw water and pure water tanks have to be hung up at the small rings. the raw water tanks can be flushed with pure water, then dry and folded acc. to the attached plan (Attachment 3).

The plant is resistant to frost, provided that all plant parts have been thoroughly drained.

The foldable tanks are made of rot-proof, artificial material coated textile. The hose material is rot-proof as well. Despite this, hoses and tanks should be packed only after air drying. All plant parts have to be checked on completeness and readiness for use after each use.

I M P O R T A N T N O T E S

If the first pre-treatment tank is pumped-off, one has to change-over to the second one in time. This is carried out by opening the ball valve at the raw water collector of tank 2 and only after that the ball valve of tank 1 is closed. The plant can be operated continuously.

It is not allowed to interrupt the started filtration, as the filter layer would fall from the filter cartridges if the water flow is interrupted. If, however, during or shortly after the commissioning the water flow is interrupted due to any reason, the unit can be started again (circuit approx. 5 - 7 min.)

The filter material fallen from the cartridges embeds by new start. If the plant had already been switched to filtration, one has to operate again in circuit during restart. But if the plant had been in operation for more than 1 hour, back-washing of the filter material has to be carried out as well as new pre-coating.

The operation time of the plant strongly depends on the quality of the raw water in the pre-treatment tanks. In case of poor waters or at a very bad flocculation, the plant can show already after 1 hour a differential pressure of 3 bar and has to be back-washed. If the pre-treatment is very good, running times of 5 - 7 hours and more can be reached at full capacity.

Operation interruptions:

If no pure water discharge is required for a short period, i.e. for 30 min., the plant capacity can be lowered by throttling the motor pump to approx. 1 m³/h. Then one switches to circuit, by which a water loss is avoided and the filter is not polluted. If water shall be given again, one only has to switch the 3-way valve from „circuit“ to „filtration“.

The filter material Berkesil KE has to be prepared already during operation for the next pre-coating. The pre-coating material only has to be stirred then and can immediately be used for further pre-coating after back-washing of the precoat filter.

Take care that during operation of motor pumps, the fuel tanks are refilled in time. Careful refilling of the motor pumps with fuel is absolutely required. The same applies for operation with electric pumps for the current generators. Important

SW11 VI Trouble shooting

Trouble Reason Remedy

Electr. pump or motor Pump not de-aerated De-aerate pump by filling up pump does not prime water with water

Precoat pump does not prime water in Main ball valve of the 4-way suction Open corresponding ball spite of de-aeration device is closed valves

Precoat ball valve of the 4-way suction device is closed

Ball valve of the raw water collector is closed

Suction device is still hanging on Hang suction device into the the suspender ring raw water tank

Electr. pump is operating, Direction of rotation of the electr. Change poles of direction of is de-aerated, but does not pump is wrong rotation supply water

Electr. pumps do not operate though Fault current protective switch in Switch on FI switch in the protective switch is switched on and the electric distribution box has distribution box again after motor cable is plugged released having checked it for defective cables

One of the electr. pumps Motor protective switch has Check pump for smooth does not operate though released running (foreign matter, the motor cable is plugged damage at the bearing). Restart motor protective switch.

Precoat material does not adhere to Circulation ball valve of the 4-way Open ball valve the filter candles suction device is closed

Float of the flow rate meter „flutters“ Precoat filter not de-aerated Open de-aeration valve at the during pre-coating precoat filter

Precoat pump failed Restart precoat pump

Chlorine dosator does not yield Chlorine dosator is not de-aerated. De-areate chlorine dosator chlorine Needle valve of the flow rate meter Clean needle valve is clogged Re-fill chlorine lye Bag without filling

SW12 VII General operating instructions for Berkefeld pumps

Filled with water/surface water, this portable multi-purpose pump is self-priming and determined for lifting of contaminated water and sludge water. Due to its size and its weight it is especially intended as transportable multi-purpose pump, but it can also be used as stationary pump for continuous operation. It must not be flooded by the material to be conveyed and not be used in potentially explosive areas. It has to be used so that life and material do not become endangered in case of malfunction.

Combustion-engined pumps only to be used in the open air or in well-aerated rooms with tight exhaust pipe into the open air (exhaust gas hose) - danger of poisoning!

In spite of the simple the use and installation of the pump we recommend to observe these operating instructions. This will avoid damage, and the pump will be ready for operation at any time and will have a long service life. Important Please give these operating instructions to the pump operator. We are, of course, prepared to send you another copy free of charge.

The pump may only be operated by trained expert personnel. We particularly point to keeping to the relevant rules and regulations.

Commissioning Install the pump as near to the suction point as possible. Fill the pump casing with the liquid to be pumped through suction or pressure manifold. Connect suction pipe and delivery pipe.

Never operate without strainer!

Operation without strainer or protective sieve inevitably leads to destruction of the pump due to penetration of big solids.

Start the motor according to the operating instructions. Should these instructions not be ready at hand, the following hints will help you.

Maintenance work and repair work During operation of the plant the following work has to be carried out hourly: 1. When operating combustion-engined pumps: Refill fuel. 2. Controlling the differential pressure at the precoat filter. 3. Preparing the chemicals acc. to the standard dosing plant. 4. In case of operation with electr. pumps, the direction of rotation has to be considered during commissioning. 5. Refill the generator with fuel (in case of operation with electr. pumps). In case of storage in the depot, the following has to be considered: 1. Refill the fuel canisters. 2. Refill the chemicals. 3. Exchange the defective parts noted down in the operation record. 4. Dewatering of all pumps (danger of frost). 5. Dewatering of the precoat filter incl. flow rate meter. 6. Dewatering and drainage of the chlorine dosator incl. flow rate meter. 7. Drying the suction and delivery hoses; after longer use they have to be disinfected with a chlorine solution, approx. 50 g/17 l (circulate for about 20 min).

8. Cleaning and drying the raw water tanks. Take care that cleaning is carried out carefully. Also clean pure water tank, if necessary.

9. Cleaning the complete plant. SW13 10. Check the pumps technically (test run), then dewater. 11. Check the appliance technically and whether it is complete. The suction process is effected automatically. Depending on the suction head and length of the suction pipe, the lifting starts after 10 to 300 seconds. The suction head is max. 7m WC. If possible, the suction length should not exceed 3 x 3m.

Diesel motor Check oil level.

Starting Turn decompression lever until marking (pin) is on 12 o’clock position. Turn speed control lever to full throttle and turn the motor with crank first slowly and then faster and faster.

Switching off Fully reset speed control lever.

Maintenance In case of strongly polluted liquids and danger of frost, drain the pump after use. Should the pump get stuck in case of frost in spite of draining, the impeller is released again by some warm water.

Never thaw with open flame!

For draining, remove the plug at the bottom of the casing and then tilt the pump forward so that the water can drain off completely.

The pump has no lubricating points.

Carry out maintenance of the motor according to the maintenance instructions. Regularly carry out oil change with diesel motors.

Repair instructions

1. Dismantling

1.1 Drain the pump by opening the screw plug (13).

1.2 Release the screws for fastening the motor on the sledge and detach the motor together with the pump from the sledge.

1.3 Release the screws for connection of the pump casing (11) with the pump cover (1). Detach the pump casing (11) and then the flow director (8) from the pump cover (1).

1.4 For exchange of the shaft sealing, unscrew the impeller (6) from the motor shaft (right-hand thread). For that, stop the crank of the fuel motor; if necessary dismount the reversing starter. With the diesel motor, remove the lateral grid and keep hold of the flywheel. Pull off sliding ring (5) from the impeller and remove counter-ring (4) and O-ring (3) from the cover (1). Replace if necessary.

2. The assembly is carried out in reverse order. The following has to be observed:

2.1 When installing the counter-ring (4), do not forget the O-ring (3) to be installed underneath.

2.2 After having pinned up the flow director (8) on the grooved pin (2) of the pump cover, adjust the ventilation duct between edge of the flow director (8) and impeller (6) to approx. 0.2 mm (put a paper strip in between). For adjusting the ventilation duct and for putting on the pump casing (11), put motor on the fore-part so that the pump cover is in horizontal position. Put O-ring (9) on flow director (8), “stick“ the O-ring (10) with fat into the groove of the casing (11) and assemble the casing.

3. Lubrication is not required.

SW14 The Specialized Water Pumps Specification

Mast NP 4 D with Farymann diesel engine 15D

Pump: Centrifugal self-priming pump with Storz C connections on suction and discharge side.

Engine: Farymann 15D 4 single cylinder 4 stroke air cooled diesel engine 3.5 kW at 3600 rpm 4 litre fuel tank

Performance: Flow litre/min 470 450 380 270 50 0 Head m 0 15 20 30 35 38

Packing information: Weight: 52 kgs. Dimensions: 620 x 490 x 550mm

Mast NP 12 D with Farymann diesel engine 18 D

Pump: Centrifugal self-priming pump with Storz B connections on suction and discharge side.

Engine: Farymann 18D 4 single cylinder 4 stroke air cooled diesel engine 4.4kW at 3600 rpm, 4 litre fuel tank

Performance: Flow litre/min 1200 1100 880 600 0 Head m 0 5 10 15 20

Packing information: Weight: 79 kgs. Dimensions: 900 x 500 x 600mm

Head BAR 5.0

4.0 NP4D 3.0 2.0 NP12D 1.0

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 Flow litre/min.

SW15 SW16 SETA Unit

I. Brief Description of the Water Treatment Plant I.I Components

Nº Element Function Technical Data 1 Electric generator Produces energy to run the whole plant 9 HP Gasoline 2 Control panel Contains switches for the water pumps 230 V. 2 Omnipolar Switches. 3 Submersible pump Lifts raw water for the water sources selected Q=5 – 60 l/min Hmax= 58 m 4 Settlement / Allows raw water mixed with the flocculent to settle 3 chambers Flocculation tank and the chlorine to act 5 Three chemical Store the chemical solutions 50 litres. solution tanks Plastic 6 Three dosing pumps Allow to regulate the chemical dose to add to the P=7 bar raw water Q= 3 l/h I= 0.3 A 7 Electrical pump Keeps water pressure at a certain level inside the Hmax=47m WTP Qmax=70 l/min P1= 2.9 bar 8 Silex Filter Filtrates water after flocculation and settlement 9 Activated Carbon filter Removes chemicals from water 10 Rapid mixer Allows the water treated to mix with the chlorine PVC with metal balls. (residual chlorine) 11 Automatic level Starts and stops the submersible pump considering Aluminium. control the water level in the flocculation chamber 230 V 10 A. 12 Rough filter Retains solids 2mm screen 13 Trailer Allows to transport plant 1.6 m wide 4.0 m length 2.4 m high 14 Water tank Storage of water treated At least 5 m3 15 Valves Allow to clean filters 1”

SW17 Picture nº 1 - Trailer Lay-Out Plan

10.Rapid Mixer 6.Dosing pumps

9.carbon filter 8.Silex filter 5. Chemical solution tanks

14. Water tank 7. Electrical pump 12.Rough Filer

11. level controls

4.Floculation tank Water treated

5. Chemical solution tank 1.Generator 2.Control panel 6.Dosing pumps

3. Submersible pump

SW18 I.2. How it is Working

Step 1.

The raw water is lifted from the water source selected with submersible pump (3) to the sedimentation / flocculation tank (4). The submersible pump works while the level of the water inside the flocculation tank is in-between the maximum and minimum levels of the automatic level control (11).

Picture nº 2 - Flocculation tank and automatic level controls.

Swimming Filters pool filter

Step 2.

The raw water passes through the rough filter (swimming pool one) (12) to screen solids above (2 mm).

Picture nº 3 - Cleaning swimming pool filter.

Chemical solution tanks

Step 3.

The dosing pumps (6) inject a high concentrated solution of chlorine and a Aluminium sulphate solution to the raw water. Aluminium sulphate helps solids to concentrate and sedimentate in the tank (4) and chlorine kills the pathogens.

Step 4.

The flocculation tank allows the process of sedimentation and disinfecting during the time that the water remains inside it.

SW19 Picture nº 4 - Waterway inside the flocculation tank.

Water treated after step 4 Raw water

Flocculation & Sedimentation

Step 5.

Once the water has passed through the flocculation tank it enters inside the filter system (8 & 9). The pressure needed to pass through the filters (2.5 –2.9 bar) is provided by the electrical pump (7). The silex filter (9) removes the finest solids remaining in the water. The carbon filter (8) removes the taste and odour caused by the chemicals added in step 3.

Picture nª 5 - Water way inside the filters .

Intermediate tank

Silex filter Carbon filter

Step 6.

Finally the water passes through a rapid mixer (10) where a dose of chlorine solution is provided by the dosing pump (6). This chlorine solution is less concentrated than the one injected in step 3 and is added to leave enough residual chlorine (0.6 mg/l) in the water for storage and possible contamination after supplying it to the population. The water is stored in a closed water tank (14).

SW20 Picture nº 6 - Rapid mixer for residual chlorine.

II. Installation of a WTP.

Needed Tools

Item Amount Hoses 70 m. Electric cable 30 m. Rope 50 m. Jerry cans 25 litre 5 Gloves (for chemical products) 2 pairs A 1 litre cup (to dose the chemicals) 1 Pool tester 1 Spanner set nº 8 to 12. 1 Adjustable spanner, 100, 450 mm. 1 Screw driver set 1 Lantern 1 Teflon tape 5 Turbidimeter 1 Syringe 50 cc. (For chlorine solution) 1 Fuel Drum 200 l. At least 1. This useful and nice guideline At least 1, and read it!!.

Step 1

Place the WTP in a flat, clean area. This is necessary for the flocculation chamber to work properly. Use the front wheel (1) and the lateral metal legs (2) to level horizontally the WTP. Use the brake (3) to anchor it.

Picture nº 7 - Setting up the WTP.

1 2

SW21 Step 2

S Remove the submersible pump from its housing (fixed to the flocculation tank) and connect it to its flexible 1” hose. S Connect the end of this flexible hose to the PVC intake at the WTP. S Fix the rope to the hole at the head of the WTP and place it at the selected site into the water source. If the river bed its muddy you should prepare a cage to protect the Submersible pump, or if possible prepare a stone and gravel bed to place it on

Never use the electric cable or the flexible hose to transport or to hang the submersible pump.

Step 3

S Connect the flexible hose (2”) for waste water and drainage at the front part of the WTP. This will be the outlet of the waste water when cleaning the filters, so place the hose end at a well drained and safe distance from the water source.

S Connect the flexible hose provided to the outlet of the WTP (after the rapid mixer).

S Place the bladder tank in a higher flat surface. Anchor it well with ropes. Fence around it to protect the tank from animals, cars and people.

Step 4.

Prepare the chemical solutions.

If you can get clean water you can prepare directly the chemical solutions, otherwise you have to use the water from the WTP (later on we will explain how) and then prepare the solutions.

1.Chlorine can be presented in different ways, powder , liquid or gas , normally is recommended to get it at solid stage (HTH), as it’s more easy and safe to transport and store. First of all you should know the concentration of your chlorine powder. Try to get a 70% concentration. Follows the amount of 70% HTH to be added to 50 l of clean water in each tank depending the HTH (High Test Hypochlorite) concentration:

To make 50 l. of a 1 % chlorine solution (In the first tank, Chlorination at the flocculation chamber) HTH concentration Amount of powder 70% 700 gr 50 tablespoon The final concentration at the chlorine solution tank will be 10 000 mg/l (10 000ppm) (1%) Dosing pump Regulator at 35% (1 l/h) and estimating a water flow to be treated of 1000 l/h => 10 000 mg/l x 1 l/h = 10 000 mg/h / 1 000 l/h = = 10 mg/l (10 ppm) concentration of the water at the flocculation tank.

To make 50 l. of a 0.25 % chlorine solution (In the second tank, Chlorination in the Rapid mixer at the outlet of the WTP) HTH concentration Amount of powder 70% 175 gr 12.5 tablespoon The final concentration at the chlorine solution tank will be 2 500 mg/l (2 500ppm) (0.25%) Dosing pump Regulator at 13% (0.4 l/h) and estimating a water flow to be treated of 1000 l/h => 2 500 mg/l x 0.4 l/h = 1 000 mg/h / 1 000 l/h = = 1 mg/l (1 ppm) concentration of the water at the WTP outlet.

Note: Dosing pump regulators should be adjusted to obtain the final chlorine concentration (use pool tester), the values indicated are only indicative.

Chlorine is the most readily available and widely used chemical disinfectant for water supply. The aim of chlorination is the destruction of pathogens (in our case at the flocculation chamber) and the protection of the water supply (At the rapid mixer in the WTP). To achieve this, a chlorine dose must be sufficient to:

SW22 S Meet the chlorination demand of the water, that is, it must oxidise the contaminants (including reacting with any organic or inorganic substances). This is done at the WTP dosing a strong chlorine solution at the flocculation chamber. S Leave a residual, in order to give enough protection against further contamination. This is achieved in the WTP by ensuring a free residual of 0.6 ppm of chlorine in the disinfected water at the rapid mixer, which inhibits any subsequent growth of organism within the water supply. Higher residuals may give an unpleasant taste.

2.Many raw waters contain colloidal matter (particularly clays) in suspension. Colloids will not settle readily by natural sedimentation alone as their specific gravity is similar to water. Therefore, the colloidal particles must be encouraged to combine to form heavier particles before they can settle as sludge. This process is called coagulation and flocculation. The WTP achieve this by the addition of Aluminium sulphate at the flocculation chamber, producing sludge, subsequently this sludge must be removed and disposed safely. The most common coagulant is alum (aluminium sulphate, Al2(SO4)3.nH2O ) . The effective pH range for alum is between 6 and 8, check your water source for the pH, and if it’s not within this range find advice on other coagulants more suitable.

To prepare the alum solution in the alum WTP tank:

For the alum tank (connected to the flocculation chamber of the WTP) Add Clean water 200 gr 50 l.

The alum dosage will depend on the raw water turbidity, so always carry out a test to determine it using the turbidimeter.

Step 5.

Check that all the valves are well positioned for regular operation and all the joins in the PVC pipes are tight enough to prevent water leakage.

Step 6.

Check the generator oil level and quality and the diesel level at the generator tank.

Now you are ready to start the WTP.

III. STARTING TO OPERATE THE WTP

Step 1.

Switch off the pumps and the dosing pumps before starting the generator, as at the starting point the generator produces a peak in the voltage that can damage the electrical equipment.

Step 2.

To start the generator: S Open the starter. S Switch on the generator. S Open the diesel valve. S Check the electric cable is plugged to the control panel. S Pull strongly on the starting rope. S The generator speed should be regulated always nearer minimum (turtle) setting. At the fastest position (rabbit) the generator produces up to 260 V that can seriously damage the electrical equipment. S Check the engine is working properly, let it warm for 5 minutes.

SW23 Step 3.

S At the control panel switch on the submersible pump. S Check the water is lifted to the flocculation chamber and switch on the dosing pumps (first chlorine solution one and alum one) and check they are working (green light on at the dosing pumps control unit). S Regulate the dosing pumps: 10% for the chlorine dosing pump and 50% for the alum pump. (Later on will be described how to regulate them depending on the raw water quality).

Picture nº 8 - Dosing pumps control unit.

Step 4.

When the water has reached the high level at the third chamber in the flocculation tank:

S Switch on the second switch (electric pump). The electric pump should start working. S Check the manometers in front of both the silex and carbon filters, they should be working between 2.5 and 2.9 bars. S Switch on the second chlorine dosing pump. Check for the green led light at the control unit of the pump. Regulate it at 10%. S The switch on and off of the electric pump is regulated by sensors allocated in the head of the pump itself, so it will start and stop automatically depending on the water pressure. iV. ADJUSTING THE WTP

Before connecting the outlet hose to the final water tank:

Step 1

Check the turbidity of the raw water in the flocculation chamber (it’s open on top, so you can take a sample easily). If water is not clear enough at the third chamber increase the amount of alum solution supplied to 60%, 70 %, and so on... It will take time to see results (around 30 min.) so be patient. Also you can close the outlet valve of the flocculation tank in order to increase the contact time at the flocculation chamber, but take into account that this will decrease the water yield of the WTP.

If water is clear enough with the alum dosing pump at 50%, do the opposite, decrease step by step the dosage to 40%, 30%, and so on... up to the point where water turbidity is not acceptable.

To set an adequate dosage of alum will save money and will increase the life of the carbon filter.

When reaching the optimal alum dosage point, record it and the turbidity level (NTU), so after that you can monitor the raw water and regulate accordingly. Surface water turbidity can change quickly with variations of flow and during rainy season.

SW24 Step 2

Check the level of residual chlorine with the pool-tester using a sample of the water from the third chamber of the flocculation tank, it should be around 0.2 ppm. If this value is not reached increase the first dosing pump to 20%, 30% and so on. Do this only after getting clear water (step 1). The amount of chlorine you have to provide indicates how contaminated is the water source is.

Step 3

Check the level of residual chlorine with the pool-tester a sample of the water at the WTP outlet , it should be around 1 ppm. If this value is not reached increase the second dosing pump to 20%, 30% and so on. Do this only after getting clear and disinfected water (step 1 and 2). Check the same after 30 minutes at the water tank outlet or at the tap (if you’ve installed them), the residual chlorine concentration should be 0.6 ppm.

Remember: Residual chlorine at the third flocculation chamber: 0.2 ppm. Residual chlorine at the outlet of the WTP: 1 ppm. Residual chlorine at the outlet of the Water tank or tap: 0.6 ppm.

Step 4

Now you can connect the outlet hose to the water tank. And after 30 min. You can start supplying water (if in an emergency). It is recommended to wait for the tank full and then start supplying.

Step 5

Check that the manometers in front of the filters work at difference less than 0.7 bar. If the difference is bigger check for the valves position and if they’re correct, then it means that a filter cleaning is needed.

V. DAILY MAINTENANCE.

Before running the plant every day:

S Check turbidity of the water source. If it’s bigger or lower adjust in advance the alum dosing pump (on experience). S Refill the diesel tank of the generator. Always stop the engine before refilling. S Check the quality and level of the oil tank in the generator. S Check the water source level, move the location of the submersible pump if needed, even the plant if the hose length is not enough.

Never let the submersible pump run dry. It will be damaged in a few minutes.

S Check the chemical solution tanks level. Don’t allow the dosing pumps to run dry. S Check the bolts, nuts, metal legs and pipe connections to be tighten. Check for water leaks.

When running the WTP: S Check for strange noises, specially coming from the generator. S Check the manometers, if the difference among them is bigger than 0.7 bar you should clean the filters.

Cleaning the filters. The sludge formed by the particles that didn’t settle at the flocculation chamber will block your filters, this will produce a difference between the inlet and outlet water pressure. Then you will have to back-wash and wash both filters. This is done by mean of the valves at the front part of the WTP. The process inside the filters is as follows:

SW25 Picture nª 9 - Regular operation and back-washing of the filters.

Transparent pipe

Regular operation Back-washing Waste water

After back-washing each filter you will have to wash them to remove the sludge and drain it to the waste water. Through the transparent pipe you can check during the back washing when the water is clear enough, it will mean that the operation has finished. It can take between 10 and 20 minutes each back-washing and each washing, so the total time to clean both filters will be easily around 40 min to 1 hour. If your water source turbidity is around 20 NTU you can expect to do this operation every 2 weeks, otherwise (higher turbidity levels) will increase the frequency and time consumed in filter maintenance (up to back-wash and wash every hour for high turbidities, 500 NTU and more).

For the valve position to back-wash and wash each filter refer to the graphic that follows. Take care when cleaning the carbon filter, as you can loose the carbon particles through the valve, to avoid it you should maintain half-closed the valve and check through the transparent pipe that the water is not flowing with carbon.

SW26 Valves position for different services.

Regular operation Emptying for Transport operation

Silex Carbon Silex Carbon

Back-washing Silex filter Washing Silex filter

Silex Carbon Silex Carbon

Back-washing Carbon filter Washing Carbon filter

Silex Carbon Silex Carbon

SW27 VI. REGULAR MAINTENANCE

Flocculation tank

It is recommended to leave a 5cm layer of sludge at the bottom of the flocculation tank to increase the flocculation rate.

The frequency to clean the tank will depend in the solids on the raw water to be treated (turbidity), anyway, from time to time you should remove the sludge at the bottom of the tank. This is done by opening the valves (7,8,9) of the drainage pipes connected at the lower part of the tank and opening the drainage valve at the front of the WTP.

The WTP is provided with a 10 m. Length flexible 2” hose to spill away waste water safely.

Picture nº 10 - Flocculation tank drainage valves (open).

Submersible pump.

It is free from maintenance .

Generator.

Check the oil level at the beginning of each working day and top up if required. Oil will drain more completely and quickly if the engine is warm and the filter cap is removed. Inspect drained waste oil for the presence of the following: S Metallic debris, indicates possible internal damage of excessive wear. S Water will appear as separate globules or as a creamy oil/water mix. This can indicate leakage inside the engine. S Fuel, (check by smell) indicates fuel leakage from the fuel system. S Use a correct grade oil. The viscosity of an oil is indicated by its S.A.E. number. The one suitable for the generator provided is S.A.E.30.

Air cleaner. Restricted air flow, caused by a blocked air cleaner, can cause a loss of engine power, overheating, dirty exhaust and cylinder wear. Therefore, clean or change air elements frequently in dusty conditions. S Foam element: Clean in warm soapy water, rinse and allow to dry. Alternatively, clean in kerosene and allow to dry. When dry, soak the element in clean engine oil and squeeze to remove the excess oil before replacing.

SW28 S Paper element: Paper element filters may be for once-only use or reusable – see the engine manual. Tap reusable paper element filters on a hard surface to remove dust. Compressed air can be used to blow away dust, but only from the inside out. Do not brush the filter as dirt can become embedded in the element. Visual inspection of paper elements cannot give a good indication of their condition as it is not always possible to see if the pores are blocked with dust.

Every 50 hours: S Change the engine oil. S Check and clean/wash the air filter. S Check and clean the spark plug with a wire brush. S Every 200 hours: S Check and clean the fuel element filter. S Check and adjust the spark plug gap, if necessary. S Every 500 hours: S Clean the fuel tank. S Replace the air filter element (oil soaked foam element type) S Every 1000 hours: S Check the exhaust and inlet valve S Clearances and seating (silent blocks). VII. TROUBLESHOOTING – POSSIBLE FAULTS AND SOLUTIONS. Submersible pump. Possible faults Possible problem Solutions Pump does not Lack of electricity Verify fuses and other protection devises start Improper thermal protection Switch thermal protection or wait until is cooled. Stop by water level switch Wait for water level to be back Deteriorated discharge pipe or Check valves, Replace hose by a new one if obstruction inside the WTP pipes or damaged. valves Electric cable cut Replace it. Pump runs but Drop in water level Adjust suction head there is no flow Disconnected discharge pipe Connect pipe to outlet of pump Check valve wrongly installed Invert sense of valve. Pump stops Wrong voltage Verify voltage automatically Drop in water level Adjust suction head Pump doesn’t Total manometric head higher than Verify geometric head and loss head. deliver the rated expected capacity. Pump inlet filter obstructed Clean suction filter Wet end worm out Contact official Technical service or replace the pump.

Electric pump (Pressure unit). Possible faults Possible problem Solutions Pressure unit does not stop Gate valve closed Open Pressure switch bad adjusted Adjust Air leak in suction hose Seal joints and connectors Leakage in discharge hose Repair Pressure switch broken Replace The motor operates but there’s no flow Gate valve closed Open Air leak in suction hose Repair Insufficient pressure Leakage in discharge hose Repair Air leak in suction hose Seal joints and connectors The pressure unit continuously stops Pressure switch bad adjusted Adjust and starts Wrong air pressure in vessel Set to correct pressure Wrong voltage Adjust The pressure unit does not start Stopped by water level detector Wait till level rises Pump blocked Contact service No power Search for fault Pressure switch broken Replace SW29 Chemical dosing pumps

Possible faults Solutions The pump does not work and the green lead is off Check for electricity power Check for correct voltage Check the fuse Replace the dosing pump

The pump does not work and the lead is red Check if the tank is not empty Check the intake at the end hose (blocked) The pump does not produces any yield but it works Check the intake at the end hose (blocked) (sounds tak-tak) Air bubbles inside the pump. Clean hoses from blockage Replace the dosing pump The pump brakes the fuse frequently Check voltage

VIII. STOPPING AND EMPTYING THE WTP

You only need to empty the WTP when moving it. Daily you must only disconnect all electrical switches (pumps and dosing pumps) and after stop the generator.

For moving the WTP you should empty all water inside the plant, as the trailer cannot cope with the weight of the whole filled WTP when travelling.

To do this open all drainage and air valves ( 5, 11, 12) of the filters and the general WTP drainage valves and flocculation tank drainage valves. Leave the water completely to go out.

If you plan to store the WTP you should do the following:-

Empty the chemical solution tanks and clean carefully the hoses. Empty the gasoline tank of the generator. Clean all hose connections and store them in a proper way. Empty the water remaining inside the pressure unit (electric pump) and do the same with the submersible pump. Let them dry first to store.

Key Indicators from SHERE Minimum Standards in Water Supply and Sanitation

S 15 litres of water per person per day S Flow at each water collection point is at least 0.125 litres per second S 1 water point per 250 people S Maximum distance from any shelter to nearest water point is 500 metres. S No more than 10 faecal coliforms per 100 ml. at the point of delivery for undisinfected supplies. S For piped water supplies residual chlorine at the tap is 0.2 – 0.5 mg. per litre and turbidity is below 5 NTU. S Each household has 2 water collecting vessels of at least 10-20 litres, plus water storage vessel of 20 litres S 250 gr. of soap available per person per month S 1 washing basin per 100 people S Max. 20 people per toilet S Toilets no more than 50 metres from dwellings, or no more than 1 minute walk S Separate toilets for women and men are available in public places S Latrine soakaways are 30 metres from any groundwater source and the bottom a latrine is 1.5 metres above the water table S No dwelling is more than 15 metres from a refuse container S One 100 litre refuse container is available per 10 families, where domestic refuse is not buried on site S There is no standing wastewater around water points or elsewhere in the settlement S Storm water flows away / Shelters, paths and Wat-San facilities are not flooded or eroded by water S Water point drainage also for washing and bathing facilities is well planned, built and maintained

SW30 ERU Water and Sanitation

Specialized Water and Sanitation Module

Mobile Treatment Unit: Berkefeld (e.g. Austrian, German Red Cross) Pre-treatment 2 Centrifugal pumps NP-4-D 8 Folding tanks 8.0/15.0 m3 (raw water) 8 Tank outflow pipe 2 Stirring paddle 1 Inflow pipe 12 Buckets (17 litre) 6 Stirring paddle 500 lg. 2 Float with chain 2 Strainer C 2 Protection basket for strainer C 2 Nylon rope coils 2 Fine dust filter mask 2 Apron 2 Safety glasses 2 Eye rinsing bottle 8 Safety gloves 2 Measuring beaker 8 Float (cubitainer) 8 End support 45 2 Exhaust gas hose 22 Bottles of chlorine/HTH (2.5 kg) 30 Bags of activated carbon (2.5 kg) 24 Bags of lime hydrate (1.5 kg) 30 Bottles of ferric chloride (2.1 kg) 4 Pressure hoses 2C x 15m 20 Suction hoses 2C x 3m

Filtration 2 Filter group TWA 6/10 2 Centrifugal pumps NP-4-D 2 Raw water collector 2 Outflow hose 1c x 3.0m 2 Distributor C-DCD 2 Exhaust gas hose 100 Bags of Berkesil KE (1.0 kg) 4 Circulation hose 2C x 5m 2 Feeding hose 1C x 3m 2 Pre-coating hose 1D x 2m 6 Pressure hoses 2C x 5m 6 Suction hoses 2C x 3m

SW31 Final Treatment and Distribution 2 Centrifugal pumps NP-4-D 2 Chlorine dosing plant TWA 6/10 2 Folding tank 8.0/15.0 m3 with roof (pure water) 1 Inflow pipe 2 Tapstand 2 Tapping valve D 2 Funnel 2 Flow meter for chlorine dosator 2 Float (cubitainer) 2 Exhaust gas hose 8 Pressure hoses 2C x 5m 2 Pressure hoses 2D x 5m 6 Suction hoses 2C x 3m

General 6 Fuel jerry can 20 ltrs. 2 Pouring spout for jerry can 12 Marking tape red/white 2 Set of tools 2 Pipe wrench 2“ 4 Coupling wrench BC 2 Test kit pH/chlorine 2 Hazardous goods case 2 Filter candle 4 Seal TWA-3/6/10 10 Sealing ring C-DS 10 Hose clip 50-70-13 2 Rigid coupling, C-1 1/2“i 2 Blind coupling C 2 Hose coupling C 2 Rigid coupling, C-2“i 2 Spare glass flow meter GAW 2 Manometer 0-6 BAR 2 Hand lever, ball valve, 1 1/2 a. 2" 2 Hand lever, ball valve, 3/4 a. 3/8" 2 Hose shut-off valve 2xC 2 Repair set folding tank 2 Spare glass with ball for flow meter 2 O-ring 22x6 2 Sealing ring d200 2 Displacement bubble for dosator 2 Coupling, adapter C-D 2 Motor oil SAE 15W40 4 Teflon tape reel

SW32 Additional

20 tapstands 150 m3 storage tank (bladder 5m3/10m3 or other type) 500 m pressure hose C 1 fitting/adapter kit 1 laboratory kit 1 tools kit 1 set chemicals necessary for 1 month operation 2 centrifugal pump (heavy duty B or C) 4 water flow meter (B, C) 250m pressure hose B

SW33 SW34 ERU Water and Sanitation

Specialized Water and Sanitation Module

Mobile Treatment Unit: SETA 3000 (e.g. Spanish Red Cross)

Trailer Mounted 1 set chemicals necessary for 1 month’s operation 5 Filtration plant on trailer, complete (generator etc.) 5 Centrifugal pump Honda WH40D 5 spare parts kit for pump 5 suction hose 8m B with anti-reflux valve 5 floater 5 rope 5 submersible pump 5 pressure hose 25m C 5 raw water tanks 34m3 20 pressure hose 25m B 5 set Storz BC adapter 10 set Storz C Guillemen adapter

General 5 roll of fencing 5 Kaercher water pressure dispenser 5 fuel jerry can 20 ltrs. 10 Roll of fencing (50m) 20 Storz coupling wrenches 5 Motor oil 20W/40 5 Bladder 10m3 5 Bladder groundsheet 10 Gate valves 15 pressure hose 10m C 10 suction hose 6m C 10 T-piece with 2 valves C-CC 5 18" Stylson wrench 20 rolls of Teflon 10 Sacks of Alum (25 kg) 125 Bottles of chlorine/HTH (1 kg)

Additional 20 tapstand 150 m3 storage tank (bladder 5m3/10m3 or other type) 500 m pressure hose C 1 fitting/adapter kit 1 laboratory kit 1 tools kit

SW35 SW36 ERU Water and Sanitation

Specialized Sanitation Equipment Parts List

10 Hoes (farm type, carbon steel blade) 10 Shovels (round point, carbon steel blade) 10 Spade (square point, carbon steel blade) 10 Pick axes (carbon steel) 5 Axes (handle length 660 mm) 5 Saws (forest type, length 750 mm) 5 Hammers (carpenter) 3 Backpack sprayer (manual, 15-20 ltr, 5 bar) 1 Backpack sprayer (motorised, medium size) 200 sachets Insecticide (Deltametrine) (33g) powder 2.5% 25 kgs Chlorine/HTH 30 Overalls (cotton, size L & XL) 30 Safety goggles 30 pairs Heavy duty working gloves 30 pairs Heavy duty rubber gloves 30 Felt face mask 30 pair Rubber boots (size 40-46) 4 Plastic drums (top open, with tap at bottom) 10 Wash basin (plastic, 40 litres) 200 Soap (100 g) 10 Buckets 10-20 l (5 plastic, 5 steel) 5 Measuring jugs (1 litre graded) 1 scale (graded from100g to kg´s) 1 scale (graded up to 10 kg) 200 m Rope (8 mm, synthetic nylon) 5 Rolls of String 3mm (100m, hemp) 50 Squatting plates 3 Wheelbarrow (85 l, pneumatic wheel) 5 Rolls of plastic sheeting, Monarflex 30 Bodybags with zip 1 Latrine SanPlat Mould Box 1 Cobra Rock drill

See Mass Sanitation Module for Instructions and Details

SW37 Water and Sanitation Emergency Response Unit

(Wat-San ERU)

Treatment and Supply Module

TS1 Wat-San ERU Treatment and Supply Module

INDEX

Page No. Contents

TS2. Index

TS3. General description

TS4. General Arrangement Drawing

TS5. Pipework Sizes Drawing

TS6. The Pumping System

TS13. The Storage Tank System

TS19. Link Pipework Connections

TS21. The Water Distribution System

TS26. Bladder Tank System

TS29. Main Components and Packing Lists

TS31. Detailed Parts List of Each Sub-Kit

TS2 Wat-San ERU

Treatment and Supply Module

S Purpose To provide safe drinking water for up to 40,000 beneficiaries in emergency situations.

S Capacity S The module has the maximum capacity to treat, supply and store up to 600,000 litres of water per day. S The water quality meets WHO/SPHERE drinking water standards. S The module comprises two identical treatment and supply lines that can be erected on adjacent or different sites as the situation requires, plus four bladder tanks for separate water storage if required (i.e. at a clinic). (Each supply line provides for 20,000 beneficiaries).

S Principal tasks S Raw water is pumped from a water source to large storage tanks where sedimentation takes place. S The water then passes to a further tank where chemical treatment is carried out prior to being distributed via flexible pipework to tapstands where the beneficiaries can draw the water. S The module caters for a distance of up to 250m from water source to distribution points with the distribution points located up to 160m apart. S The module has been designed to enable local requirements (i.e. ground profile, water source types) to be accommodated. S The distribution system may be gravity fed or pumped. S The distribution system can include cattle watering and fire fighting. S It is intended that this module will be erected quickly using trained technicians. However, spares are supplied for up to two years use and adaption equipment is supplied so that the system can be developed if required to form part of a larger water treatment centre for long term use.

S Sub-Kits The module is made up for a number of sub-kits. Each is individually boxed, complete with all necessary pipe and fittings, tools, spares and instruction sheets required for their assembly on site.

S Indicative staffing patterns 1 team leader (Wat-San engineer) 4 general technicians (technician, plumber, electrician, chemical engineer) 1 logistician (optional)

S Average weight and volume Module complete: Volume: 45m3 Weight: 11,000 kgs. Single line: Volume: 26m3 Weight: 6,000 kgs.

Note: Treatment chemicals are classed as hazardous cargo. Only initial treatment chemicals are sent with the equipment so local purchase will need to be organised.

When considering the deployment of this module, consideration should be given for also deploying a Mass Sanitation Module

TS3 Wat-San ERU Treatment and Supply Module General Arrangement Drawing showing 2 Treatment Lines Pipework Sizes Drawing

Pumping pipework

P P 2” pump kit 70m3 70m3 70m3 70m3

2 x 70m3 tank kit

Link pipework kit

3 95m 95m3 95m3 tank kit

2” pump kit P P

3 5m 5m3

1 x 5m3 transport and storage bladder kit

3 10m 10m3

1 x 10m3 storage bladder kit

Distribution pipework

6 x tapstand kits

Supplied with: S Adaption and Spares Kit S Pumping Oil and Tool Kit S Additional pipe (for use where required) S Tank and Pipework Tool Kit S Chemicals S Chlorination Kit S Water testing equipment

TS4 Wat-San ERU

Treatment and Supply Module showing 1 Treatment Line only Pipework Sizes Drawing

Pumping pipework Pumping pipework 3" suction/ P supply hose, total 60 metres

70m3 70m2

Link pipework kit 10m Link pipework 3” suction/ 95m3 max. supply hose, total 30 metres

Pumping pipework 3” suction/ supply hose, total 60 metres P

5m3

Supplied with 5m3 bladder 3” suction/supply hose, total 15m

10m3

Supplied with 10m3 bladder 3” suction/supply hose, total 15m

Distribution pipework 63mm MDPE pipe, total 160m

Supplied with tapstand 32mm MDPE pipe, total 12m

Supplied with: 1 S Extra 3” suction/supply hose is available for use wherever it is required plus 100m of 2 /2” layflat hose. S A full range of spares and adapters are supplied for use wherever required and for connection to any other system.

TS5 The Pumping System

This comprises:- 1 x 2” heavy duty water pump powered by a diesel engine with spares for 2 years running. 1 x pumping pipework kit giving suction pipe, discharge pipe and bypass pipework 1 x tool kit (all tools required to set up and maintain system and pump) with fuel can and funnel with filters plus pump and engine oil.

The system limitations are:- C Max. suction lift 8m C Max. pressure head: 28m C Max. flow: 700litre/minute C Pressure relief set at: 2.5 BAR

There are two complete systems used in each line of the Treatment and Supply Lines. One for pumping from the water source to the treatment tanks and a second for pumping treated water. Another pump is provided as a spare, which can be used for pumping water between the tanks if required.

Pumping Kit

Distribution side set up Supply side set up

Suction Side

½” by pass strainer

To tank

3” reinforced hose with 3” Storz at pump end

Chemical collection

Pump (2”) fitted with 3” Storz on suction side and gate valve and 3” Storz on discharge. Pump has 2.5 bar relief valve fitted on discharge side.

Relief Pressure valve relief

3” reinforced hose with 3” Storz at pump end Double elbow for fitting over tank rim

Discharge side

TS6 Suction Line Setting Up a Chemical Suction Line

Outlet

Inlet

Suction on/off valve

Pump

Suction line 12mm hose Container

When using suction dosing ensure pump is running correctly with suction valve in off position. Then open suction valve slowly to reduce initial amount of air being sucked. Do not suck air When dosing container is empty, purge pump and suction line with clean water as concentrated aluminium sulphate or chlorine will damage the pump internals if left.

Setting up a By-pass

Inlet line 1” gate valve

‘T’ piece ½” hose (10m min.) By-pass connection

Outlet

Inlet

Pump

TS7 The Heavy Duty Pump Details

Swallow 5100 2” General Purpose Self-Priming Contractors Pump with Lombardini 15LD315 Diesel Engine

Heavy Duty D Potable Water Supply D Solids Handling 14mm

Mounting Pump and engine are close coupled together and mounted on a fabricated steel baseplate.

TS8 Pump Installation Instructions

Pumping from a water source to storage

TS9 5. It is always preferable to exploit ground water sources, as these are naturally better protected from contamination than surface sources. This pack can only be readily used for ground water sources where the water level will not drop below 7m from the surface when pumping. The static water level, when pumping is not taking place, will be above this. The pump should be fixed a small distance from the well to help prevent contamination of the water by fuel and oil spillage and to maintain the stability of the well. The strainer should be suspended just above the bottom of the well in order to avoid sucking sand. The foot-valve provided has an external diameter of 80mm and can be used in shallow, cased tubewells just greater than these diameters.

8. This kit may also be used to pump water around a distribution network. Distribution by means of gravity is much simpler and should be used whenever possible but on very flat sites pumping may be the only choice.

TS10 9. It is essential to provide a relief circulation loop in order to relieve pressure when water collection valves are closed and the pump is in operation. This comprises a length of 32mm diameter polyethylene pipe connected by a compression fitting into a threaded tee at the outlet from the strainer next to the storage tank. All threaded connections must be made air-tight by use of PTFE tape on the threads.

TS11 Operational Problems

Ensure that the engine fuel tank is kept regularly topped up with clean fuel. If a diesel engine runs out of fuel it will be necessary to bleed the fuel system to rid it of air.

Routine Maintenance Schedule Code P2 - Pumps and engines

TS12 The Storage Tank System

Each line comprises:- 2 x 70m3 and 1 x 95m3 demountable storage tanks linked together using the Link Pipework Kit. The Chlorination Kit is supplied for chlorine dosing. The Tank and Pipework Tool Kit comprises all the tools required to build the system.

The tanks should be positioned on flat ground within 5m of each other and preferably within 60m of the water source.

Tanks with Link Pipework

From supply pump

3 3 70m 70m Used for settlement tank tank

2nd outlet with valve Link pipework

95m3 tank Used for chlorination

To distribution pump

Supplied with: Tank Tool Kit and Chlorination Kit

TS13 Tank Kit

Tank Sizes

Nominal Storage Height No. of No. of Diameter Capacity (litres) (m) rings high sheets (m) 70,000 2.3 3 21 6.4 95,000 3.0 4 28 6.4

Erection Instructions The instructions below relate to 45,000 litre tanks. Refer to the end of this section for additional instructions on 70,000 litre and 95,000 litre tanks.

1. Select a site that is fairly level and firm enough to support a full tank, so that interconnected tanks can utilise their maximum storage capacity. Look for a site that is well clear of trees, to avoid problems of roots, falling branches, leaves and canopy drip (which often brings with it living organisms). Where possible, site tanks on high ground or on a small, well constructed earth platform to allow distribution by gravity. If several tanks are to be grouped together, before starting any work, you should carefully consider the layout to ensure that spacing and relative heights will achieve what you want the tanks to do

2. Where an earth platform is required, it can be constructed using hessian/plastic grain sacks covered with plastic sheeting to stabilise the sides, though permanent installations should use concrete or masonry walls to stabilise a well compacted soil core. Ideally the sides of the mound should be inclined at no more than 450 and there should be a space of at least 1 metre from the edge of the sacks to the tank sheets to allow for working room as well as platform stability.

3. When positioning tanks directly on the ground use a stick and string to mark out circles of 4.2m radius and within this circle clear away all vegetation, roots, boulders and stones. It may prove necessary to cut or fill to produce a horizontal surface but, if so, ensure that areas of fill are well compacted and protected from erosion.

Using the same centres, mark out circles of 3.2m radius and on this line dig out a narrow trench about 50mm deep into which the bottom ring can be set. (This prevents the liner squeezing out underneath). If the ground is soft and clayey, dig out a 200mm deep trench and backfill 150mm with stones and gravel to support the steel sheets.

TS14 4. If sand is available, spread a layer up to 50mm deep to cushion the liner and prevent damage. Otherwise ensure that the ground is smooth and free from all sharp projections.

5. Place liner on the ground in centre of circle. Ensure that no oil or petroleum is in contact with liner (which causes damage as well as contamination).

Choose direction of link pipework and lay first ring sheets around circumference with pipe holes in chosen locations. Use the sheet with the blanked off hole in second (upper) ring unless using alternative draw-off arrangements. .

6. Working in pairs, one person inside and one outside the ring, stand the first sheet in shallow trench and bolt the next one to it, keeping all bolt heads on the inside. Overlap with one end inside, the other end outside. To align the sheets, first use the podger (spoke) and insert bolts at top and bottom of sheets. Then insert remaining bolts. Do not fully tighten any bolts at this stage. Once the first ring of sheets is assembled use a spirit level on each joint to get it vertical and then the rest of the tank can be built up correctly from this.

7. Complete first ring of sheets and then erect second ring. Stagger laps. Choose position of blanked-off hole to be suitable for overflow outlet, if used. Tighten all bolts only when both rings are completed. When tightening, check that sheets fit snugly and that any dents or sharp edges on the inside of the tank that could damage liner are flattened or filed smooth.

Continue building rings until the full height required is reached (T70 – 3 rings; T95 – 4 rings).

Finally, on inside of tank cover joints between sheets with strip of self-adhesive tape (to protect liner).

TS15 8. Fit smaller size of split PVC capping round top of sheets. (Bend capping back to open up split then roll on and press down evenly round rim). Trim off any excess at the join. Tape capping to tank at 500mm centres.

9. Installation of flange assembly is done in two stages:- Stage 1 (see step 16 for Stage 2). Take the flange with the threaded 3” diameter pipe welded to it and, having cleaned their threads, screw 4 studs into the threaded holes so that they project 50mm on the same side as the pipe. Use 2 nuts locked against each other and a spanner if necessary. From inside the tank, pass the assembly through the holes in the tank wall. Tighten nuts and washers on the outside, flattening the corrugations slightly. Pass the first rubber gasket over studs projecting inside the tank.

Choose the lowest tank and fit a flange to the blanked-off hole for the overflow pipework. (See step 21).

10.Backfill shallow trench in which steel rings are sitting, adding soil or sand to make a fillet on the inside to support liner. Use two workers with bare feet (sandals are provided for hot weather) or rubber soled shoes, free of any oily contamination, to unfold the liner inside the tank. Hands must also be clean. Carefully pull and smooth out the base area to fit as accurately as possible. The workers inside can, by leaning on the rim of the tank, kick the liner gently into the base of the wall. The seam in the liner between the circular base and the vertical walls should lie against the fillet of soil.

11.Attach the ropes to the eyelets round the edge of the liner. Pass the ropes over the rim of the tank. Directing operations from a ladder, position and number the rope controllers. Note: Although these drawings show sheets that are interwoven, the sheets can be simply lapped with the higher rings outside the lower.

12.Start lifting the liner from the inside with the slack being taken up by the controllers on the outside to prevent it dropping back. Do not attempt to pull the liner up by heaving on the ropes from the outside.

TS16 13. Continue to lift the liner, working from a platform of about half the height of the tank, taking care to protect the liner from the pressure of the platform. Continue until the liner has passed over the top and a short distance down the outside.

14.Secure the liner in position with the plastic capping and spring clips. Release the control ropes progressively.

15.When the tank is complete, the liner seams should hang vertically and not stretch when the floor/wall seam is pushing into the corner.

Stage 2 16.With the liner correctly positioned and not under any tension, cut four small circular holes in the liner by pressing it against the end of the studs and cutting around them carefully with a sharp knife or scissors. Slide the liner over the studs and against the first gasket.

Now pass the second gasket and plain flange over the studs and wind PTFE tape on to the studs (to prevent leakage), before tightening on the inside nuts. Finally, cut the liner round the inside of the plain flange, leaving a 3” diameter outlet hole.

Fit overflow pipework at this stage if using it (See step 21).

TS17 Roof Erection

17.Screw the eye bolt on to the end of bolts joining upper and lower rings of tank sheets. Space equally round tank 4 to each sheet.

Assemble the support column from 2 pipe sections, connector and 2 flanged ends and stand column in centre of tank.

Tension equally to provide support for PVC cover.

18.Lift circular PVC cover over central column and support ropes. Tension cover over tank wall and secure to eye bolts with 6mm rope passed through eyelets.

19.When the tank is in use, one or more ropes can be released to allow cover to be lifted for delivery-pipe access but re-secure them after filling.

Finally, either tie 10 guy ropes to eye bolts spaced around tank and peg down or bank earth against outside of tanks to one-third of tank height.

TS18 Link Pipework Connections

20. Where three tanks are linked together in a group, the connections layout shown should be adopted. If, however, one tank is used on its own the following points still apply for making the connections.

Screwed connections: Clean dirty threads, file or trim where damaged. Wind on PTFE tape in a clockwise direction to ensure strong but not over-tight joint. Use strap wrench.

Hose connectors: Use pipe lubrication and push well into hose, fit clip towards end of hose and tighten bolt very firmly. Use gasket when screwing female connectors on to 3” threaded male fittings.

Cutting flexible hose: Best done with saw as squarely as possible.

Valves: Will require a hole to be excavated in the ground to allow them to be screwed on to tank flange. Backfill hole soundly to support liner. Support hose locally to tanks or valves to reduce strain on connector joint.

TS19 21. The following fittings are included in the tank fittings kit to provide one overflow 22. The inlet to the tank can be made by hanging arrangement per three tanks: a length of green flexible hose or 2 elbows C 1 no. 3” BSP hex. nipple coupled to the hose over the edge of the C 1 no. 3” BSP female threaded elbow. tank. However, if this is not supported with a C short length of 3” PVC pipe threaded at frame, over the course of time it will bend the one end. tank sheets slightly at the top, which should be avoided. Alternatively, an inlet Remove the blanking plate fitted to the arrangement with a flange and perhaps also chosen overflow outlet. Fix the flanges as a float valve could be used. Provision for this described in steps 9 and 16. On the inside of has not been made in the kits and extra the tank, screw in the nipple, elbow and pipe fittings would need to be ordered as required. as shown. Mark pipe 100mm down from level of rim of tank, unscrew, saw off and replace. Use PTFE tape on all final screw joints to avoid leaks. Finally, connect 2m to 3m of hose to outlet flange, discharge overflows safely away from base of tank.

TS20 The Water Distribution System

Each line comprises:-

Distribution Pipework Kit, 6 tapstands plus 180m of suction/discharge hose with a Spares and Adaption Kit, which will allow connection to almost all other systems likely to be found in the field.

The diagram layout shows general set up. However, the pipe lengths and positioning of the tapstands must be decided on site to suit the local requirements.

Distribution Kit

Main 3” BSP (F) branch by 2” comp. tee piece

Cut 2” pipe where required and install tapstand 2” PVC pipe

2” comp. plug

Tapstand

Tapstand with 32mm 2” comp. running by 32mm comp. fitting comp. branch ‘T’ piece

32mm PVC pipe

TS21 3” Suction/Discharge Pipe Assembly

Optional 3” (F) Storz Washer

3” hosetail (M)

3” clamp

3” high pressure hose

30m

3” clamp

3” hosetail (F) with washer and swivel

Optional 3” BSP (M) Storz

TS22 Layout Options for the Distribution Main.

1. Where possible, natural ground slope should be used to achieve a gravity flow with sufficient head available at each distribution stand. Pipelines should be laid as near as possible to a continuous slope.

2. Where the ground is flat, gravity flow can be increased by elevating the storage tanks. A compacted earth mound can be constructed by building soil up to 2m in height. For temporary works, use of hemp/plastic grain sacks covered with plastic sheeting will help to stabilise the sides of the mound, though permanent installations should use concrete or masonry walls to stabilise the soil core. Ideally the sides of the mound should be inclined at no more than 450 and there should be at least 1.0m from the inside edge of the sacks to the tank sheets to allow for working room as well as mound stability.

Where gravity supply is not possible, a pumped distribution system should be used.

3. A simple branched distribution main is often used as it provides the best access to the water points for the pipe available. The length and number of distribution stands should be determined by the needs of the population, but within the constraints of ground slope and pipe availability. Where high flows are required, more than one line of 3” Ø main may be used. In all cases the 32mm Ø branch pipes may be located at any point on the main but the length of the branch should be limited to 10m where the lack of pressure head is a problem, in order to keep friction losses to a minimum. A capped outlet should be provided for drainage and the strainer should be installed at the inlet to the main.

4. Where a distribution or pumping main has to be built quickly, 90mm PE pipe can be unrolled and laid directly on the ground without digging a trench. Coils should be placed at the highest end of the pipeline. Then the coil straps should be cut one at a time, starting at the end of the pipe, taking care that the pipe does not spring out when the straps are cut. Next unroll the pipe by holding one end in place and rolling the rest of the coil down the hill like a wheel. At a later date, when time permits, a 400mm deep trench can be dug next to the pipe and the pipe can be laid in it and backfilled.

5. The coils of pipe are connected by using compression fittings. It should not be necessary to take the compression coupling apart when making the joint. Simply clean and lubricate both pipe and coupling and loosen the coupling. Push the pipe in until it has reached the back of the coupling. Make sure that it is well past the rubber ring. It is also important to have the ends of each length of pipe lined up well so that they go squarely into the compression fitting otherwise there will be a tendency to leak.

TS23 6. The flange and gate valve are supplied with the water tank fittings. The other fittings (the hex nipples, strainer, hose connector and clip) are part of the Distribution Kit. Connect the strainer next to the tank outlet gate-valve and connect the strainer to the pipe by means of the flexible hose which will allow for any relative movement between pipe and tank. The hose may also be used to make changes in direction in the pipeline. The hose is connected to the pipe by means of a hose connector and a male thread to compression joint coupling (see figure 7). As this hose has a pressure rating of only 2 bar it should not be used in situations where this is likely to be exceeded.

7. Compression joints are used to connect the pipe to threaded fittings and these are fitted as in (5) above. Make all metal threaded joints with PTFE jointing tape and tighten with strap wrenches. Do not over-tighten plastic threaded joints.

Water Distribution Frame and Branch Connections

Water distribution points are very prone to becoming muddy from water spillage, which could constitute a health problem and be inconvenient for users. Particular care needs to be taken to ensure that this problem does not arise. The first step is to ensure that the frame is well sited, preferably on higher ground and on a slope, to encourage good drainage. Then the appropriate location to make the connection on to the main can be selected. Where pipe quantity/technical considerations dictate that distribution stands have to be grouped together, preferably no more than four should be positioned at one location. Large groupings of distribution frames do not encourage good community management of water collection points. Ideally the community should be consulted on this matter because the distribution point is the end user point.

8. Place the distribution stand upside down on the ground; screw the four legs into the sockets and tighten with a wrench so that the base plate is pointing away from the frame. Screw the 1” GS down-pipe into the centre of the distribution stand from the underside. Turn the distribution stand the right way up. Screw 3 the six /4” extension pieces into the frame.

The other end of the 1” down-pipe is already attached to the 1” galvanised 900 elbow. The 1” Ø BSP (M) x 32mm Ø UPVC compression coupling can be screwed into this elbow, after which it can be fitted to the flexible plastic pipe.

9. Remove the thread protection and screw the six water-saving valves on to the projecting pipes, using PTFE tape to make a watertight joint; make sure that the valves sit vertically, once tightened up. If fewer valves are required, screw a plug on to the end of the pipe.

TS24 10.Connect the distribution stand to the main using the 32mm PE pipe. The coils of pipe should be unrolled rather than pulled out. Connect the pipe using the compression threaded couplings. Clean all threaded fittings and make joints using PTFE tape. If pipes need to be extended, compression couplings may be used. Bury the pipeline in a shallow trench. If there is a shortage of compression fittings then heat welding or threading the outside of the pipe and using GS sockets can be used as ways of jointing the pipe.

TS25 Bladder Tank System

5m3 and 10m3 bladder tanks are provided, together with relevant pipework to give the ability to accommodate remote storage (5m3 or 10m3 bladders) or limited trucking (5m3 bladders only).

Bladder Kit Outlet

Tee piece 3” pipe green Gate valve on each outlet

Bladder/Pillow Tanks Instruction Sheet Handling Instructions (1) Site Inspection Ensure that the ground is level and free from sharp objects.

(2) Tank unfolding Remove groundsheet from carton and lay on surface where the tank is to be located. Carefully remove the tank and roll out to present the main fill/empty ports at the correct side for filling/emptying. Ensure that the tank is free to fill without restriction. Couple up the hose assembly to the fill point or locate hose in vent, top centre of tank.

Pre-fill checks (a) Check all surfaces for damage (b) Check connector is closed if not to be used for filling (c) Check that the tank is located in the correct position for filling/discharging. (d) Check that all loose items are repacked and stowed adjacent to tank (repair kit, etc.)

(3) Filling If a valve is being used, ensure it is in the open position. Open vent cap to ensure safe filling.

Warning Pump water into the tank at a reasonable pressure, checking that no items become entangled during the pumping process, putting localised stress on the tank.

Support hose if necessary. Continue pumping until nominal volume has been metered in or until the surface of the tank becomes hard. Stop pumping, close valve and remove hose. Close the vent cap.

Tighten down restraints where appropriate making sure they are taut but without putting additional pressure on the tank. Conduct an inspection of the tank for leaks.

(4) Emptying Reconnect the hose, open ball valve and commence pumping.

TS26 (5) Folding Ensure that the tank is empty and that all fittings are secure.

Carefully roll the ends of the tank into the centre ensuring that all debris is removed from the tank surface during the folding operation.

Place the tank in the case. Clean groundsheet. Roll up and place in case.

Water Testing Equipment Water testing equipment comprises a Delagua kit with chlorine measurement equipment to assess the chemicals required for water treatment.

Initial chemicals are supplied to meet the first two weeks needs. The actual chemicals and quantities required should be established within the first week on site.

TS27 Key Indicators from SHERE Minimum Standards in Water Supply

TS28 Wat-San ERU Treatment and Supply Module Main Components

The module is made by assembling the following kits as shown on the General Arrangement Diagram.

Each kit is boxed complete and includes all necessary parts, tools, spares, etc., to build the system and accommodate most variations in layout that may be required due to local terrain. 2 Supply Line 1 Supply Line Red Cross Code C 2” water pump diesel powered engine with spares for 2 years use 5 off 3 off KWATPUMCERU1 C Pumping pipework kit 4 off 2 off KWATNEACPP01 C Pumping oil and tool kit 2 off 1 off KWATTOOLPU01 C 70m3 tank kit 4 off 2 off KWATTANKR70 C 95m3 tank kit 2 off 1 off KWATTANKR95 C Link pipework 2 off 1 off KWATTANKRF13 C Tank and pipework tool kit 2 off 1 off KWATTANKRT01 C Chlorination kit 2 off 1 off KWATTREACH01 C 5m3 transport and storage bladder kit 2 off 2 off KWATTANKP05T C 10m3 storage bladder kit 2 off 2 off KWATTANKP10 C Tapstand kit 12 off 6 off KWATRAMPO6AP C Distribution pipework kit 2 off 1 off KWATNEACDP01 C Adaption and spares kit 1 off 1 off KWATNEACAS01 C Additional pipework 270m 180m KWATNEACAP18 C Water testing equipment 1 set 1 set KWATTREAWT01 C Start up chemicals 2 set 1 set KWATTREASC01 Packing List Kit Case size Volume Weight 2 Lines 1 Line each case each case No. of cases 2” water pump with spares 0.70 x 0.50 x 0.74m 0.26m2 100kgs 5 3 Pumping pipework kit 1.47 x 1.47 x 0.82m 1.78m3 219kgs. 4 2 Pumping oil and tool kit 1.47 x 0.71 x 0.90m 0.94m3 223kgs. 2 1 3 70m3 tank kit Liner & roof: 1.47 x 0.71 x 0.90m 0.94m 305kgs. 4 2 Steel: 2.93 x 0.82 x 0.56m 1.35m3 372kgs. 4 2 3 3 Liner & roof: 1.47 x 0.71 x 0.98m 1.03m 339kgs. 2 1 95m tank kit Steel: 2.93 x 0.82 x 0.58m 1.40m3 480kgs. 2 1 Link pipework kit 1.47 x 1.47 x 0.45m 0.98m3 227kgs. 2 1 Tank and pipework kit with pumping oil and tool kit ------Chlorine kit with pumping oil and tool kit ------5m3 transport bladder kit 1.47 x 1.47 x 0.45m 0.98m3 160kgs. 2 2 10m3 bladder kit 1.47 x 1.47 x 0.45m 0.98m3 192kgs. 2 2 Tapstand kit with pipe 6 on pallet 1.00 x 0.80 x 1.08m 0.87m3 220kgs. 2 1 Distribution pipework kit Fittings with link pipework kit ------2 3 1 MDPE pipe 1.90 x 1.90 x 0.37m 1.34m 126kgs. Adaption and spares kit with pumping oil and tool kit ------Pallet with 3 x 30m coil 1.48 x 1.48 x 0.85 1.87m3 190kgs. 3 additional pipework 2 Ladders 2 off 2.77 x 0.38 x 0.25m 0.27m3 18kgs. 1 1 Water testing & chemicals Varies 2m3 1,000kgs 2 1

TS29 TS30 Detailed Parts Lists of Each Sub-Kit

Water Pumps Red Cross Code: KWATPUMCERUI

Red Cross Code Quantity Description 2” pump driven by Lombardini or Hatz diesel engine. Type Swallow 5100 Supplied with spares for 1 years operation Pressure relief: Set to 2.5 bar fitted to tee piece on pressure side. KWATPUMCERUI Tee piece fitted to inlet side with 1” gate valve fitted for dispensing of chemicals Max. suction lift: 8m Max. pressure head: 28m Max. flow: 700 litre/min. Normal use: 400 litre/min at 12m head

Pumping Pipework Red Cross Code: KWATNEACPP01

Red Cross Quantity Description Code WNECGACR4F3F 1 3” BSP (F) to 4” BSP (F) adapter (steel) WNEASTNR3 1 80mm strainer to 3” BSP (M) with spring type non return (steel) WNECSTCR3-2 1 3” Storz universal seal x 2” BSP (F) WNECSTCC3SF 2 3” Storz universal seal x 3” BSP (F) 1 3” reinforced suction hose x 30m ) 1 3” Storz universal seal x 3” BSP (F) ) WNEHPVSP330T 2 3” hoseclamp (Superex 90) ) Preassembled 1 3” hose tail x 3” BSP (M) (steel) ) 1 3” hosetail x 3” BSP (F) (steel) ) WNECGABB2F2F 1 2” BSP (F) elbow (steel) WNECGANN2M2M 1 2” BSP (M) connector (steel) WNECGANN4M4M 1 4” BSP (M) connector (steel) WNECGACR3M2M 1 2” BSP (M) to 3” BSP (M) adapter (steel) 1 3” reinforced suction hose x 30m ) 1 3” Storz universal seal x 3” BSP (F) ) WNEHPVSP330T 1 3” hose tail x 3” BSP (M) (steel) ) Preassembled 1 3” hosetail x 3” BSP (F) (steel) ) 2 3” hoseclamp (Superex 90) ) WNEVBRGA3FF 1 3” BSP (F) gate valve WNECGACR4M3F 1 3” BSP (M) to 4” BSP (F) WNECGACR3M2F 1 3” BSP (M) x 2” BSP (F) WNECSTCC3SM 2 3” Storz universal seal x 3” BSP (M) WNECGAEE3M3M 2 3” BSP (F) elbow (steel) WNECGANN3M3M 1 3” BSP (M) connector (steel) WNECSTCC3SF 1 3” Storz universal seal x 3” BSP (F) WNECGANN2M2M 1 2” BSP (M) to 2” BSP (M) adapter (steel) WNECGANN4M4M 1 4” BSP (M) to 4” BSP (M) adapter (steel) 1 WNEHPVSP1/215 1 /2” hose x 15m 1 WNECBRCAIM1/2T 1 /2” hosetail x 1” BSP (M) (steel) WNECGATT3FFF 1 3” tee piece (steel) WNECGANN3M3M 2 3” BSP (M) connectors (steel) 3 WNEABACL015 2 /4” hose clip WNEVBRGA1FF 1 1” brass gate valve WNECGACR3M1F 1 3” BSP (M) x 1” BSP (F) (steel)

TS31 Pumping Oil and Tool Kit Red Cross Code: KWATTOOLPU01

Red Cross Code Quantity Description ETOOKEYS200 2 strap wrenches, 200m diameter capacity ETOOKEYS6 1 adjustable pipe wrench, 140mm diameter capacity ETOOSAWSM150 + B 1 junior hacksaw complete with 10 blades ETOOWRENV280 1 8” adjustable spanner ETOOSCDRF65 1 screwdriver 6” blade 7 3 ETOOWREN7/16 1 set combination spanners /16- /4” A.F. 1 ETOOWREN1/4 1 combination spanner /4” B.S.F. 7 3 ETOOKEYSH7/32-3/16-3M 1 set Allen keys /32”, /16” and 3mm (1 set) ETOOPLIEUN20 1 pair pliers ETOOMEAS19BL 1 set metric feeler gauges ETOOLUBRC35 1 oil can WNECSTHO2-3 1 Storz 3” spanner WTOOSPANWIV 1 Swivel fitting spanner ETOOHAMMS17 1 Mallet TVECLUBRO26 2 25 litre cans engine oil (to suit pump engine specified) in 5 ltr. tins TVECJCANM20 1 20 litre steel jerrycan for fuel TVECMVACBT20 1 funnel and strainer (large) for fuel TVECMVACBT19 1 funnel (small) for oil

70m3 Tank Red Cross Code: KWATTANKR70 Tank Steel comprising:-

WWAKRTOXIS01-2 21 Corrugated sheets 3 of which cut and drilled for pipe connections. One has a cover plate fitted. WWAKRTOXCA12 21m length of inner split capping WWAKRTOXCA25 21m length of outer split capping EHDWCLIP25 60 Capping spring clips EHDWBOLTGR01 560 ) EHDWNUTSG10 560 ) M10 x 20mm round head bolts, nuts and washers EHDWWASHF10 560 ) ETOOPODG01 1 Podger spanner WNEVBRGA3FF 2 3” BSP (F) brass gate valve APACSCOT50RB 3 rolls of self adhesive tape 3 3” BSP special through tank flange assemblies WWAKRTOXL70 1 1.25mm thick reinforced EPDM liner 14 pegs HSHEROPE06P 100 6mm polypropylene rope WTOOSEALTEFL 1 roll PTFE tape KWATREPAEPLI 1 Repair kit WWAKRTOXRO75 1 tailored conical roof cover manufactured from reinforced PVC with access flap HSHEROPE06P 300m 6mm polypropylene rope WWAKRTOXROC1 3 column sections 100mm diameter x 1m WWAKRTOXROCE 2 column end pieces WWAKRTOXROCC 3 100mm straight connectors EHDWVHDWHO10 28 retaining eyes KWATREPAF01 1 roof repair kit

TS32 95m3 Tank Red Cross Code: KWATTANKR95

WWAKRTOXIS01-2 28 Corrugated sheets 3 of which cut and drilled for pipe connections One has a cover plate fitted. WWAKRTOXCA12 21m length of inner split capping WWAKRTOXCA25 21m length of outer split capping EHDWCLIP25 60 Capping spring clips EHDWBOLTGR01 780 ) EHDWNUTSG10 780 ) M10 x 20mm round head bolts, nuts and washers EHDWWASHF10 780 ) ETOOPODG01 1 Podger spanner WNEVBRGA3FF 2 3” BSP (F) brass gate valve APACSCOT50RB 3 rolls of self adhesive tape 3 3” BSP special through tank flange assemblies WWAKRTOXL95 1 1.25mm thick reinforced EPDM liner 14 pegs HSHEROPE06P 100 6mm polypropylene rope WTOOSEALTEFL 1 roll PTFE tape KWATREPAEPLI 1 Repair kit WWAKRTOXRO75 1 tailored conical roof cover manufactured from reinforced PVC with access flap HSHEROPE06P 300m 6mm polypropylene rope WWAKRTOXROC1 3 column sections 100mm diameter x 1m WWAKRTOXROCE 2 column end pieces WWAKRTOXROCC 3 100mm straight connectors EHDWVHDWHO10 28 retaining eyes KWATREPAF01 1 roof repair kit

Link Pipework Kit Red Cross Code: KWATTANKRF13 WNECPVTT80FFF 2 3” BSP (F) GS tees (steel) WNECPVNN80FF 13 3” BSP (M) threaded GS nipples (steel) WNECPVCP80F 2 3” BSP (F) threaded GS caps (steel) WNECBRCA3M3T 10 3” BSP (F) 3” hose tail (steel) WNEABACL80-100 12 hose clips for 3” hose (Superex 90) WNECCOCP3M90 1 3” BSP (M) to 3” compression joint PVC coupling WNECPVEE80FF 2 3” BSP (F) GS 900 elbow (steel) WNEHPVRI8005 1 3” PVC pipe 500mm long, BSP (M) threaded one end WNEHEPSP3-30 1 30m coil of 3” reinforced suction hose WNEVBRGA3FF 2 3” BSP (F) brass gate valve WTOOSEALTEFL 5 rolls of PTFE tape

Tank and Pipework Tool Kit Red Cross Code: KWATTANKRT01 Red Cross Code Quantity Description 3 ETOOKEYSFJ110 1 /8” square drive cranked handle speed brace 3 ETOOSOCK12P17J 2 17mm x /8” square drive 12 point spanner socket (long reach) ETOOKEYSF40.17 2 17mm combination ring/open-end spanner ETOOKEYSF40.24 2 24mm combination ring/open-end spanner ETOOSCDRF6.5X20 2 200mm blade flared tip screwdriver ETOOFILEHRC200 1 8” half round bastard file and handle ETOOFILEN160 1 16cm knife cut 2 needle file ETOOCUTTH 1 12” adjustable hacksaw frame ETOOCUTTHB 3 12” x 24 TPI HSS hacksaw blade ETOOCUTTL5 1 Retractable trimming knife c/w 5 blades ETOOKEYS200 2 200mm capacity strap wrench ETOOMEASLS40 1 12” aluminium spirit level ETOOMEASLL01 1 line level ETOOMEASLP18 1pair line pins with 18m of line ETOOSCISSTD1 1 pair 105mm scissors TS33 APROGLOVHDL10 3 pairs gloves, 961-126 ETOOWRENV280 2 8” adjustable spanner ETOOKEYSP2.5 1 18” Stillson pipe wrench 65mm diameter capacity ETOOSAWSM150 1 6” junior hacksaw complete with 3 blades ETOOCUTTSF300 1 22-111c Surform plane ETOOCUTTSF300B 2 22-520 spare blades for above ETOOKEYS6 1 36” leader pattern heavy duty adjustable pipe wrench 140mm dia. capacity 2 3” Storz spanners WNECSTHO2-3 2 2” Storz spanners ETOOLADD4500 1 4.5m 2 part extending ladder ETOOKEYSH6L 6 6mm long shank Allan wrenches WTOOSPANSWIV 1 swivel fittings spanner

Chlorination Kit Red Cross Code: KWATTREACH01 WWTEDOSI001 3 floating tablet holders DASDCHLA7T2 50 200g slow-dissolving chlorination tablets (packed for airfreight) WMEAPOOL10 1 chlorine testing kit, range 0.1 to 1.0 mg/1 WMEAPOOL10A 200 DPD no. 1 testing tablets (packed for airfreight) WWAKWLABGUIDE 1 Oxfam guide to chlorination

5m3 Bladder Tank Red Cross Code: KWATTANKP05T Red Cross Code Quantity Description WWAKFLPT05T 1 5cu.m. PVC heavy duty bladder tank with 2 off 3” BSP (M) outlets and one capped top outlet 4” with integral relief valve. Supplied with: WNEVBRGA3FF 2 3” BSP (F) brass gate valve 15m 3” flexible hose ) WNEHPVSP315T 1 3” hosetail x 3” BSP (M) (steel) ) Preassembled 1 3” hosetail x 3” BSP (F) (steel) ) 2 3” hoseclip (Superex 90) ) WNECGATT3FFF 1 3” tee piece threaded (steel) ) WNECGANN3M3M 3 3” BSP (M) connector (steel) ) Preassembled WWAKFLPT05GS 1 Geotextile groundsheet WWAKFLPT05TH 1 6 point truck harness WNECSTCC3SM 1 3” Storz to 3” BSP (M) WNECSTCC3SF 1 3” Storz to 3” BSP (F)

10m3 Bladder Tank Red Cross Code: KWATTANKP10 WWAKFLPT10 1 10cu.m. PVC bladder tank with 3 off 3” BSP (M) outlets and one capped top outlet 4” with integral relief valve. Supplied with: WNEVBRGA3FF 3 3” BSP (F) brass gate valve ( 15m 3” flexible hose ) WNEHPVSP330T 1 3” hosetail x 3” BSP (M) (steel) ) Preassembled ( 1 3” hosetail x 3” BSP (F) (steel) ) ( 2 3” hoseclip (Superex 90) ) ( WNECGATT3FFF 1 3” tee piece threaded (steel) ) WNECGANN3M3M 3 3” BSP (M) connector (steel) ) Preassembled WWAKFLPT10GS 1 Geotextile groundsheet

TS34 Tapstand Kits Red Cross Code: KWATRAMP06AP KWATRAMP06A 1 tapstand complete with 6 taps WNEPPESR32 1 32mm MDPE hose x 12m WNECCOCR32C1M 4 32mm compression fittings x 1” BSP (M) (plastic) WNECGATT2FF1F 1 2” BSP tee piece with 1” BSP branch (steel) WNECCOCR2M63 2 63mm compression fittings x 2” BSP (M) (plastic) WTOOSEALTEFL 1 PTFE tape roll WNECGACP2M 1 2” BSP (M) plug (steel) WNEVBRGA1FF 1 1” BSP brass gate valve WNECCOCC32CC1 1 32mm compression x 32mm compression pipe joiner (plastic) WNECCOCC32CCC 1 32mm compression tee piece (plastic) WNECGACR3M1F 1 1” BSP (F) to 3” BSP (M) adapter WNECGACR3F1F 1 1” BSP (F) to 3” BSP (F) adapter

Distribution Pipework Kits Red Cross Code: KWATNEACDP01 Red Cross Code Quantity Description WNEPPESR63 1 63mm MDPE hose x 160m WNECGACR3M2M 2 2” BSP (M) to 3” BSP (M) connectors (steel) ) WNECGATT2FFF 2 2” BSP ‘T’ piece (steel) ) Preassembled WNECCOCR2M63 4 63mm compression coupling x 2” BSP (M) (plastic) ) WNECCOCP63 4 63mm hose plugs (plastic) 1 WNEHSBFL325T 4 2 /2” layflat fireman’s hose x 25m fitted hosetail to 3” BSP (M) steel one end and 3” BSP (F) steel other end. WNEVBRGA3NOZ 1 3” BSP (M) to hose nozzle with tap KWATREPASBFL 2 Hose repair kits

Adaption Fittings and Spares Red Cross Code: KWATNEACAS01 WNEVBRGA3FF 2 3” BSP gate valve WNECGANN3M3M 4 3” BSP (M) connector (steel) WNECSTCR3-2 2 3” Storz to 2” Storz universal seal WNECCATT3FFF 2 3” BSP tee piece (steel) WNECSTCC3SM 12 3” Storz universal seal to 3” BSP (M) WNECSTCC3SF 12 3” Storz universal seal to 3” BSP (F) WNECGATT2FFF 1 2” BSP tee piece (steel) WNECCOCR2M63 5 63mm compression coupling x 2” BSP (M) (plastic) WMEAPRES10 1 Pressure gauge 4”/10 bar ) WNECGATT3FF1F 1 3” BSP tee piece with 1” BSP branch (steel) ) Preassembled WNEVBRGAV1MF 1 1” BSP tee piece vent valve ) WNECGANN3M3M 2 3” BSP (M) connector (steel) ) WMEAFLOW2F 1 2” BSP water meter WNEABACL077 8 3” hose clips (Superex 90) WNECGATT3FFF 2 3” BSP tee piece (steel) WNECC0CR32C1M 3 32mm compression coupling x 1” BSP (M) (plastic) WNECGACR3F2M 3 3” BSP (F) x 2” BSP (M) connectors (steel) WNECGACR3M2F 3 2” BSP (F) x 3” BSP (M) connectors (steel) WNECCOCC63 5 63mm compression x 63mm compression joiner (plastic) WNEVBRGA1FF 1 1” BSP brass gate valve WNECGATT3FF1F 1 3” BSP to 1” BSP branch tee piece (steel) WNEVBRGA3FF 1 3” BSP brass gate valve WNECCOCR3M63 2 63mm compression x 3” BSP (M) (plastic) KWATREPASBFL 2 Pipe repair kits for 3” flexi blue pipe WNECBRCA3F3T 4 3” hosetail x 3” BSP (F) (steel) WNECBRCA3M3T 4 3” hosetail x 3” BSP (M) (steel) WNECBRCA3G 10 spare 3” hosetail washers WTOOSEALHE 5 rolls of plumbers hemp

TS35 Pipe Suction Discharge Red Cross Code: KWATNEACAP18 Red Cross Code Quantity Description 3” reinforced suction/discharge hose in 30m coils one end fitted with 3” WNEHPVSP330T coils hosetail x 3” BSP (F) plus 3” hoseclip (Superex 90). The other end fitted with 3” hosetail x 3” BSP (M) plus 3” hoseclip (Superex 90)

Water Testing Equipment Red Cross Code: KWATTREAWT01 KWATWLABDELA 1 set 1 set of Delaqua Water Testing Equipment comprising:- KWATWLABPOST 1 Delaqua dual incubator kit (37 and 44C) 12v/230v inc. consumables WWATWLABABP 1 portable steriliser kit WWATWLABMFIL 5 membrane filters and absorbent pads WWATWLABABPD 5 pad dispenser WWATWLABMF500 5 membrane lauryl sulphate broth (38.1g tub) WMEAPOOL10A 1 DPD no. 1 tablets (x 250) WMEAPOOL10C 1 Phenol red tablets (x 250) WMEAPOOL10 1 comparator (chlorine and PH) EELEFUSEG605 1 charger fuses (x 2) XLABBOTL005P 5 polypropylene bottles (x 10) for culture plus Chlorine testing: Merck Microquant Nr. 14826 pH testing: Merck Aquamerck Nr. 8038 – wider range 4,5 – 9,0) Aluminium testing: Merck Microquant Nr. 14822 Conductivity and pH: Lovibond Checkit Mikro pH+ and S Range for conductivity tester: 0 – 20000 S Refilling pack for Cl, pH, A1: Only the chemicals which are needed for the tests. Chlorine: Merck Spectroquant Nr. 14828 (DEM 200) pH: Merck Aquamerck Nr. 8043 (DEM 40) A1: Merck Microquant Nr. 14824 (DEM 200) Accessories: Thermometer pH indicator strips (Merck Nr. 9535, pH 0 – 14, DEM 15) Glass bottles, sterilisable, including glass stopper Sterile sample bags (e.g. Whirlpak) Plastic bottles (from small up to 1 litre) Buckets Scales (simple for weighing small quantities)

Start-Up Chemicals Red Cross Code KWATTREASC01 DCHPLIMESP3 200 kgs. hydrated lime packed to IATA spec. DCHPALUSG50 1,000kgs aluminium sulphate (AL 504) packed to IATA spec. DASDCHLA7G5 500kgs. calcium hypochloride (HTH) granules packed to IATA spec. All packed and certified for air or sea transport

TS36