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Sedimentary Impacts from Landslides in the Tachia River Basin, Taiwan

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Sedimentary Impacts from Landslides in the Tachia River Basin, Taiwan ARTICLE IN PRESS GEOMOR-02793; No of Pages 11 Geomorphology xxx (2008) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Geomorphology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/geomorph Sedimentary impacts from landslides in the Tachia River Basin, Taiwan Chien-Yuan Chen ⁎ National Chiayi University, Dept. of Civil & Water Resources, No. 300, Syuefu Rd., Chiayi City 60004, Taiwan article info abstract Article history: A case study of coseismic landslides and post-seismic sedimentary impacts of landslides due to rainfall Received 6 May 2008 events was conducted in the Tachia River basin, Taichung County, central Taiwan. About 3000 coseismic Received in revised form 9 October 2008 landslides occurred in the basin during the ML 7.3 Chi-Chi earthquake in 1999. The deposits from these Accepted 20 October 2008 landslides provided material for numerous debris flows induced by subsequent rainfall events. The estimated Available online xxxx 4.1×107 m3 of landslide debris produced in the upland area caused sediment deposition in riverbeds, and flash floods inundated downstream areas with sediment during torrential rains. The landslide frequency-size Keywords: distributions for the coseismic landslides and the subsequent rainfall-induced landslides were analyzed to Landslides Sedimentary deposits determine the sediment budgets of the post-seismic geomorphic response in the landslide-dominated basin. Frequency-size distribution Both the coseismic and the rainfall-induced landslides show a power–law frequency-size distribution with a Power–law rollover. It was found that the rainfall-induced landslide magnitude was smaller than the coseismic one, and that both have comparable negative scaling exponents in cumulative form, of about −2.0 for larger landslides (>10−2 km2). This may be attributed to ongoing movement or reactivation of old landslides, and a natural stabilisation of small landslides between 10− 4 and 10− 2 km2. It is proposed that the characteristics of geological formations and rainfall as well as changes in landslide area are reflected in the power–law distribution. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction of landslide debris is a function of the transport capacity of the stream at thesiteofblockageinducedbylargelandslides(e.g.Korup, 2005a,b). Following the ML 7.3 Chi-Chi earthquake in 1999 in Taiwan, the Landslides can be modeled by a power–law distribution for frequency sudden occurrence of thousands of coseismic landslides became a versus magnitude (Stark and Hovius, 2001; Guzzetti et al., 2002; Chen et al., substantial concern to national and local authorities. The area studied 2007). Van den Eeckhaut et al. (2007) reviewed existing studies, and found in this research, the Tachia River basin in central Taiwan, suffered an average scaling exponent α of −2.3 for the non-cumulative landslide numerous coseismic landslides as well as debris flows and flash floods frequency-size distribution. Chen et al. (2007) demonstrated the existence due to subsequent rainfall events (Ku et al., 2006; Chiou et al., 2007). of a power–law in the landslide frequency-size distribution for Chushui The mass wasting by rainfall also induced new and further extension of Creek in Taiwan. They also speculated that the landslide frequency-size landslides, riverbank erosion, and massive floodplain and in-channel curve could be useful to reveal the critical state of the watershed. aggradation. The flash floods caused inundation in downstream areas In this study, the sedimentary impacts from landslides following the and blockage of connecting roads (NCDR, 2004). Major post-earth- rainfall events were examined to quantify the post-seismic sedimentary quake pulses include those resulting from the impact of Typhoon Toraji characteristics of the Tachia River basin. The frequency-size distribution in 2001 (Cheng et al., 2005), Typhoon Mindulle in 2004 (Chen and for the post-seismic landslides was investigated. Because landslides are Petley, 2005), and typhoons Aere and Haitang in 2004 and 2005 (Chen the major sediment supply mechanism in the study area, the power–law et al., 2008). Table 1 lists the sequence of major rainfall events that have characteristic of the frequency-size distribution was examined to better triggered landslides in the basin since the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake. understand the potential control of rainfall characteristics and rock Hovius et al. (2000) studied the characteristics of landslide sediment types on sediment supply. production and delivery to the channel network in the Central Range of easternTaiwan. Long-term (>25 yr) monitoring has shown that the rivers 2. Site location do not transport significant amounts of sediment unless the sediment is provided by hillslope mass wasting in the catchments. Also, the removal The Tachia River is located in Taichung County in central Taiwan. It originates in the Central Mountain Range, and has a length of 140 km and a basin area of 1,336 km2. This river is one of the main water ⁎ Tel.: +886 5 2717686; fax: +886 5 2717693. resources in central Taiwan for power generation, water supply, and E-mail address: [email protected]. recreation. The five main dams for water resource usage along the river 0169-555X/$ – see front matter © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.10.009 Please cite this article as: Chen, C.-Y., Sedimentary impacts from landslides in the Tachia River Basin, Taiwan, Geomorphology (2008), doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.10.009 ARTICLE IN PRESS 2 C.-Y. Chen / Geomorphology xxx (2008) xxx–xxx Table 1 slumps and debris flows blocked the road during torrential rains. Landslide initiating events in the basin studied Fig. 3a depicts the coseismic landslides in the upper basin along the Event Rainfall characteristics (NCDR, 2005a) No. 8 expressway. Numerous regolith slides and debris flows blocked Time interval Max. cumulative and rainfall the expressway after the earthquake. Fig. 4a,b shows the debris that intensity in the basin buried a sentry post during Typhoon Toraji in 2001 and the rock Chi-Chi EQ (1999) 09/21 – avalanche that impacted a power plant during Typhoon Mindulle in Typhoon Toraji (2001) 07/28–07/31 482 mm, 95 mm h− 1 2004. Further, a bridge that connects the expressway to the down- – − 1 Typhoon Mindulle (2004) 07/01 07/05 1680 mm, 133 mm h town area was destroyed by a debris flow (Fig. 4c). Typhoon Aere (2004) 08/23–08/26 1383 mm, 76 mm h− 1 Typhoon Haitang (2005) 07/15–07/21 no information Typhoon Matsa (2005) 08/04–08/06 1243 mm, 90 mm h− 1 3.2. Techi Reservoir The Techi Reservoir is located in the upper part of the basin, and are, from downstream to upstream, the Shigang, Maan, Tianlun, Guguan, has a catchment area of 592 km2. Operations at the reservoir ceased and Techi (Fig. 1). The Techi Reservoir, located deep in the mountain, is when Typhoon Mindulle-induced debris masses jammed the drainage the most important engineering project for water resources in the basin. tunnel (Fig. 3b,c). The elevation of the basin ranges from nearly 4000 m down to sea level. There are five townships in the basin, with Heping and Renai 3.3. Guguan area Townships located in the upper reaches of the mountainous areas. The No. 8 expressway is the main traffic artery to the upstream areas and The Guguan hot springs resort area, situated downstream of the the Techi Reservoir (Fig. 2a). Guguan Dam, was impacted by landslide debris from the upper basin, following torrential rains. As shown in Fig. 5a,b, the Guguan Power 3. Historic landsliding episodes and their impact Plant drainage tunnel was inundated by a flash flood with a deposition of 18 m during Typhoon Toraji in 2001 and up to 30 m during Typhoon There have been three major landslide episodes in the basin in Mindulle in 2004. Massive landslide debris also overwhelmed the recent years: the Chi-Chi earthquake induced shallow regolith hotel compound in the resort area. landslides, and typhoons Toraji and Mindulle in 2001 and 2004 induced landslides, debris flows, and sedimentation by flash floods. 3.4. Debris flows in the basin The ML 7.3 Chi-Chi earthquake in 1999 triggered 2999 landslides and their total area in the basin was 31.4 km2 (SWCB, 2001, Fig. 2b). According to field investigations after Typhoon Toraji in 2001, there About 74% of the coseismic landslides occurred in regions with vertical were 73 debris-flow prone creeks in the basin (Council of Agriculture, ground motions greater than 200 gal, while about 81% occurred in 2003), primarily located between the Shihang Dam and the Guguan regions with mean horizontal peak ground accelerations (PGA-H) Dam (Fig. 2c). Typhoon Mindulle produced further 36 debris flows greater than 150 gal (Khazai and Sitar, 2004). The basin suffered over distributed throughout the seismic-induced landslide area between 250 gal of mean PGA-H. After the strong seismic energy of the the Guguan Dam and the Techi Dam (Lee et al., 2004). There were 27 earthquake loosened the soil mantle, Typhoon Toraji in 2001 caused villages located in the middle and upper areas of the basin. These 359 reactivated and 237 new landslides (SWCB, 2001). Later Typhoon villages were isolated after the rainfall-induced landslides and debris Mindulle in 2004 triggered another 907 landslides in an area of flows because some bridges were destroyed. Fig. 5c,d shows a debris 32.2 km2 between the Tianlun Dam and the Techi Dam (Chi et al., flow originating from a reactivated coseismic landslide during 2004). The landslides were mainly distributed in the central, Typhoon Mindulle in the Songher Tribal area that buried more than mountainous areas of the basin (Fig. 2a). 40 houses. 3.1. No. 8 expressway 4. Analysis of factors controlling landslide distribution and magnitude The No. 8 expressway is a historical trunk road between western Potential controls of landslide distribution and magnitude ana- and eastern Taiwan that crosses the Central Mountain Range.
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