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Evaluating Landslides and Sediment Yields Induced by the Chi-Chi Earthquake and Followed Heavy Rainfalls Along the Ta-Chia River

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Evaluating Landslides and Sediment Yields Induced by the Chi-Chi Earthquake and Followed Heavy Rainfalls Along the Ta-Chia River Journal of GeoEngineering,S.-J. Chiou, et Vol. al.: 2, Evaluating No. 2, pp. Landslides73-82, August and 2007 Sediment Yields Induced by the Chi-Chi Earthquake and Heavy Rainfalls 73 EVALUATING LANDSLIDES AND SEDIMENT YIELDS INDUCED BY THE CHI-CHI EARTHQUAKE AND FOLLOWED HEAVY RAINFALLS ALONG THE TA-CHIA RIVER Shian-Jin Chiou1, Chin-Tung Cheng2, Shih-Meng Hsu1, Yan-Hsiang Lin1, and Shu-Yeong Chi3 ABSTRACT Chi-Chi (Taiwan) earthquake and the followed typhoons induced heavy landslides and debris flows in the watershed of Ta- Chia river, the sediment yields from landslides caused lots of damages on the infrastructures including dams, power plants, bridges, villages and recreative parks. In order to evaluate the geohazards due to landslides and sediment yields along Ta-Chia river, the quantitative evaluation was conducted by using remote sensing images obtained at 6 stages of major disastrous events. Furthermore, the HEC-6 program was adopted to simulate the condition of deposit of Ta-Chia river in the near future according to the case history in Japan. The results show the highest level of riverbed deposited around the Chingshan office would raise more than 20 m in addition. Among the branch creeks of Ta-Chia river, Pi-Ya-Sun creek and Ji-Ler creek brought the larger sediment yields from landslides in the sub-watershed than other creeks. The area and volume of new landslides induced by disastrous events from 1999-2005 were over 24 million m2 and 50-70 millions m3, respectively. The new landslide area induced by the rain- fall with 200-year return period will be approximately 4 million m2 in the future. If the great earthquakes no longer occur, the sediment yields in the Ta-Chia main river will reduce with time and the riverbed will be scoured after 30 years. Therefore, it seems that the geological condition will be gradually stable in the future. Key words: Chi-Chi earthquake, typhoon, landslide, sediment yields. 1. INTRODUCTION Ta-Chia river is one of the abundant water resources in cen- tral Taiwan. Along the main river, there are seven hydro power plants of Taipower Company (TPC), which are Techi, Chingshan, Kukuan, Tienlun (including New Tienlun), Maan, Houli and Sheliao (as shown in Fig. 1). After the catastrophic Chi-Chi earthquake and the followed typhoons, including Toraji typhoon in 2001, Mindulle typhoon in 2004, Aere typhoon in 2004, and Haitang typhoon in 2005, caused wide spread landslides. The huge volumes of colluviums were flushed into riverbed. Debris flows were also occurred in the tributaries of Ta-Chia river and Note: The dots are branch power plants; the stars are stations. deposited as fan shapes in the river junction, which silted up the Fig. 1 The six reservoirs and seven branch power plant along river channel and raised the flood level (Lin et al., 2004). These Ta-Chia river geohazards destroyed most of the infrastructures and villages nearby the river, especially the hydropower generation facilities. In order to assess the impact of the huge amounts of landslides 2. BACKGROUND and sediment yields along Ta-Chia river to propose the strategy of mitigation, the remote sensing technology and the comprehen- 2.1 Topography and Geology sive survey on landslides and sediment yields was conducted. This paper presents the result of these works. Topography The study region is located at the Her-pin village of Taichung County, the watershed is between Techi dam and Manuscript received December 10, 2006; revised August 1, 2007; Kukuan dam (shown as Fig. 2). The length of main river in accepted August 2, 2007. 1 Researcher, Sinotech Engineering Consultants, Inc., Taipei 110, the study region is 13.87 km and the watershed area is 181.6 2 Taiwan, R.O.C. (e-mail: [email protected]) km . The inclinations of steep slopes of the Ta-Chia river 2 Researcher (corresponding author), Sinotech Engineering Con- bank are always more than 40 degrees. The riverbed eleva- sultants, Inc., Taipei 110, Taiwan, R.O.C. (e-mail: tions range from 950 to 1,500 m. The higher mountains in the [email protected]) 3 study region are Dasyue Mountain (3,530 m) in the northern, Manager, Sinotech Engineering Consultants, Inc., Taipei 110, Tai- wan, R.O.C. the Tachien Mountain (3,594 m) in the eastern, and Bikuda 74 Journal of GeoEngineering, Vol. 2, No. 2, August 2007 tendency after Chi-Chi earthquake, but that on the down- stream (Pailu Bridge station during 1978-2003) presents ob- viously increasing tendency. The regression of sus- pended-load discharge as a function of water discharge is shown in Fig. 3. Fig. 2 The study region and 6 branch creeks Mountain (3,341 m). There are 6 branch creeks in the study region, which are Ju-Lian-Pin creek, Wu-Min creek, Pi-Ya-Sun creek, Dern-Shan creek, Ji-Ler creek, and Bi-Tan creek. Geology The rock formation of the study region belonges to the cen- tral portion of Syue Mountains. The strata of the study region are Tachien sandstone layer in Eocene epoch age and Chiayang layer from Eocene epoch to Oligocene epoch age. The Tachien sandstone strikes in northeastern to southwestern direction, and the lithologic character of them is almost metamorphic sandstone with thick layer, granular texture, and blocky failure type. But some portions are shown with slate Fig. 3 Regression of suspended-load discharge and metamorphic shale alternately. Chiayang layer and Tachien sandstone layer always reveal alternately in the Eo- cene epoch age. The lithologic character of Chiayang layers is thick layered, black or dark gray slate. There are sometimes 3. RECOGNITION OF GEOHAZARDS USING fine sandstone revealed within the layers, and the cleavage REMOTE SENSING IMAGES also well developed in Chiayang layers. 3.1 Selection of Remote Sensing Images 2.2 Hydrology and Meteorology In order to evaluate the landslides and the sediment Rainfall yields transported in the riverbed, aerial photos and satellite images of 6 stages were used. They were stage 1 before Chi- The rainfalls and water resources are abundant in the Chi earthquake, stage 2 after Chi-Chi earthquake, stage 3 after study region. The annual rainfall is about 2,500 to 3,000 mm Toraji typhoon, stage 4 after Mindulle typhoon, stage 5 after in average. However, more than 75 of annual rainfall is al- Aere typhoon and stage 6 after Haitang typhoon, and the indi- located from May to September. The rainy seasons begin in vidual dates of the remote sensing images of the stages are April and the most of rainfall increased in June to August. listed in Table 1. Moreover, the heavy rainfall with more than 500 mm per day is usually occurred in the typhoon season. The dry seasons 3.2 Natural Disastrous Events begin in October till the next April, and just hold 25 annual Earthquake rainfall totally. The largest earthquake within 50 km of the study region Discharge and Suspended Load from 1900 to 2005 is Chi-Chi earthquake, magnitude MW 7.6, The discharge is 3,752 cms in 200-year return period of and focal depth 8 km. Some magnitudes of aftershock were time in Kukuan at the end of the study region (TPC, 2006). also greater than MW 6. The study region is located on the The suspended-load discharge on the upstream of Ta-Chia hanging wall of Chelungpu fault rupture area. Therefore, the river (Sungmao station during 1986-2004) remains the same intensity of ground motion was almost higher than 250 gal S.-J. Chiou, et al.: Evaluating Landslides and Sediment Yields Induced by the Chi-Chi Earthquake and Heavy Rainfalls 75 Table 1 The dates of the remote sensing images the maximum daily rainfall is 617.5 mm; the sustained rainfall was accumulated to 1,000 mm in three days. Stage Aerial Photos SPOT Image (3) Aere typhoon occurred on 08/23/2004-08/26/2004, the 1 Before Chi-Chi earthquake 1997.12.21 a1999.09.10 1999.04.01 maximum daily rainfall is 314 mm; the sustained rainfall 2 After Chi-Chi earthquake 1999.10.31 a2000.12.09 1999.10.31 was accumulated to 411 mm in three days. 3 After Toraji typhoon 2001.08.14 a2003.02.21 2001.11.18 (4) Haitang typhoon was occurred at 07/16/2005-07/20/2005, 4 After Mindulle typhoon 2004.07.07 a2004.07.30 2004.07.21 the maximum daily rainfall was 312 mm; the sustained rainfall was accumulated to 335 mm in three days. 5 After Aere typhoon 2005.01.21 2004.10.12 6 After Haitang typhoon 2005.08.01 a 2006.01.21 The aerial photos were used to identify the landslides of dif- ferent stages. The left side of Fig. 5 shows the new landslides induced by Chi-Chi earthquake with color of black, the right side of Fig. 5 shows the increased landslides induced by a series of heavy rainfalls with black color. However, it reveals that Chi-Chi earthquake triggered the great majority of landslides. Before Chi-Chi earthquake After Chi-Chi earthquake Induced by Chi-Chi earthquake Induced by those heavy rainfalls Fig. 5 The new landslides with black color induced by Chi-Chi earthquake and heavy rainfalls (the color of old landslides is gray) After Toraji typhoon After Mindulle typhoon 3.3 Identification of Geohazards Distribution in Aerial Fig. 4 The SPOT images of the study region Photos The aerial photos were adopted to identify the geohazards during Chi-Chi earthquake and triggered a lot of landslides. at different stages. It was very useful to identify the large- Figure 4 are the SPOT images of the study region, which scale topographic migration.
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