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An Intelligent Framework for Dynamic Web Services Composition in the Semantic Web

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An Intelligent Framework for Dynamic Web Services Composition in the Semantic Web AN INTELLIGENT FRAMEWORK FOR DYNAMIC WEB SERVICES COMPOSITION IN THE SEMANTIC WEB DHAVALKUMAR THAKKER A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Nottingham Trent University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy October 2008 This work is the intellectual property of the author, and may also be owned by the research sponsor(s) and/or Nottingham Trent University. You may copy up to 5% of this work for private study, or personal, non-commercial research. Any re-use of the information contained within this document should be fully referenced, quoting the author, title, university, degree level and pagination. Queries or requests for any other use, or if a more substantial copy is required, should be directed in the first instance to the author. Acknowledgements Acknowledgements I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my director of studies, Dr Taha Osman. His expertise, understanding, encouragement and personal guidance have provided an excellent basis for the present thesis. I would also like to extend thanks to my supervisors, Dr Evtim Peytchev and Professor David Al-Dabass for their guidance, advice, and input regarding this research. I am also grateful to the Maryland Information and Network Dynamics Lab Semantic Web Agents Project (MINDSWAP) members Bijan Parsia and Evren Sirin for providing open source access to the OWL reasoners Pellet and the OWL-S API. I believe that intensive courses like PhD are impossible to succeed without the patience and support of a caring family. I owe my loving thanks to my wife Neha, without her encouragement and understanding it would have been impossible for me to finish this work. My special gratitude is due to my father and brother for their loving support. My adopted home in London with Thacker family has always been a great place to relieve the stress of studies. I owe them a big gratitude for providing such an environment. Acknowledgement is also due to my wonderful friends Raxit, Sonali, Kunal, Amee, Vivek and Gangotri for being part of this long journey. My friend Vassias Vassiliades deserves special mention for his help during my stay in Nottingham. Finally, to friends and colleagues who have not been mentioned, thank you for your ideas and informal discussions. I Abstract Abstract As Web services are being increasingly adopted as the distributed computing technology of choice to securely publish application services beyond the firewall, the importance of composing them to create new, value-added service, is increasing. Thus far, the most successful practical approach to Web services composition, largely endorsed by the industry falls under the static composition category where the service selection and flow management are done a priori and manually. The second approach to web-services composition aspires to achieve more dynamic composition by semantically describing the process model of Web services and thus making it comprehensible to reasoning engines or software agents. The practical implementation of the dynamic composition approach is still in its infancy and many complex problems need to be resolved before it can be adopted outside the research communities. The investigation of automatic discovery and composition of Web services in this thesis resulted in the development of the eXtended Semantic Case Based Reasoner (XSCBR), which utilizes semantic web and AI methodology of Case Based Reasoning (CBR). Our framework uses OWL semantic descriptions extensively for implementing both the matchmaking profiles of the Web services and the components of the CBR engine. In this research, we have introduced the concept of runtime behaviour of services and consideration of that in Web services selection. The runtime behaviour of a service is a result of service execution and how the service will behave under different circumstances, which is difficult to presume prior to service execution. Moreover, we demonstrate that the accuracy of automatic matchmaking of Web services can be further improved by taking into account the adequacy of past matchmaking experiences for the requested task. Our XSCBR framework allows annotating such runtime experiences in terms of storing execution values of non-functional Web services parameters such as availability and response time into a case library. The XSCBR algorithm for matchmaking and discovery considers such stored Web services execution experiences to determine the adequacy of services for a particular task. We further extended our fundamental discovery and matchmaking algorithm to cater for web services composition. An intensive knowledge-based substitution approach was proposed to adapt the candidate service experiences to the requested solution before suggesting more complex and computationally taxing AI-based planning-based II Abstract transformations. The inconsistency problem that occurs while adapting existing service composition solutions is addressed with a novel methodology based on Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP). From the outset, we adopted a pragmatic approach that focused on delivering an automated Web services discovery and composition solution with the minimum possible involvement of all composition participants: the service provider, the requestor and the service composer. The qualitative evaluation of the framework and the composition tools, together with the performance study of the XSCBR framework has verified that we were successful in achieving our goal. III Table of Contents Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................I ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................II TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................IV LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................... VII LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................IX LIST OF ACRONYMS ................................................................................................. X CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION........................................................................... 1 1.1. WEB SERVICES ................................................................................................... 1 1.2. WEB SERVICES COMPOSITION ............................................................................. 5 1.2.1. Web services discovery and matchmaking.................................................... 6 1.2.2. Flow management......................................................................................... 6 1.3. SEMANTIC WEB ................................................................................................. 8 1.3.1. Semantic Web Architectures ......................................................................... 8 1.3.2. Semantic Web meets Web services.............................................................. 10 1.4. RESEARCH DIRECTION ..................................................................................... 12 1.4.1. Motivation................................................................................................... 12 1.4.2. Application Example................................................................................... 13 1.4.3. Research Questions..................................................................................... 15 1.4.4. Problem Statement ...................................................................................... 16 1.4.5. Proposed Solution....................................................................................... 16 1.5. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................................................. 17 1.6. THESIS STRUCTURE .......................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE SURVEY............................................................ 21 2.1. WORKFLOW MANAGEMENT THEORY BASED APPROACHES ............................... 21 2.1.1. Composing services using BPEL ................................................................ 24 2.1.2. Composition using WS-CDL ....................................................................... 25 2.1.3. Adoption of Workflow-based approaches................................................... 27 2.2. SEMANTIC WEB -BASED COMPOSITION .............................................................27 2.2.1. Semantic Web services................................................................................ 27 2.2.2. Semantic Mark-up for Web services: OWL-S ............................................. 28 2.2.3. Reasoning about the Service Semantics...................................................... 31 2.2.4. Potential Facilitation to the composition participants ............................... 37 2.3. EVALUATION OF COMPOSITION TECHNIQUES .................................................. 37 2.4. CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................. 44 CHAPTER THREE: BRIDGING GAP BETWEEN WORKFLOW AND SEMANTICS BASED WEB SERVICES COMPOSITION..................................... 45 3.1. INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS PROCESS EXECUTION LANGUAGE (BPEL).........46 3.2. HYBRID FRAMEWORK FOR WEB SERVICES COMPOSITION ................................ 49 3.2.1. The Implementation Scenario ....................................................................
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