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Snakebite- As a Cause of Death in Animals

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Snakebite- As a Cause of Death in Animals Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 3 Volume 7 Number 6 November-December, 1958 Article 20 11-1958 Snakebite- As a cause of death in animals F. C. Wilkinson Follow this and additional works at: https://researchlibrary.agric.wa.gov.au/journal_agriculture3 Recommended Citation Wilkinson, F. C. (1958) "Snakebite- As a cause of death in animals," Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 3: Vol. 7 : No. 6 , Article 20. Available at: https://researchlibrary.agric.wa.gov.au/journal_agriculture3/vol7/iss6/20 This article is brought to you for free and open access by Research Library. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 3 by an authorized administrator of Research Library. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ^ncthebih As the Cause of Death in Animals By F. C. WILKINSON, B.V.Sc, Veterinary Surgeon Fig. 1.—The common Death Adder ONAKES, which are plentiful throughout Australia, are frequently blamed for losses ^ of livestock but there are few proven cases of snakebite causing death in farm animals. The reasons for this will become evident from the following description of the common venomous snakes, their habits and the effect of injected venom on ani­ mals bitten. In order of deadliness, the common yellow cross-bands. The under-surface is venomous snakes in Western Australia can for the most part, a pale orange-yellow, be grouped as:— In distribution, Tiger Snakes are mainly 1. Tiger Snakes. confined to south of the Moore River and inland to the Great Southern Railway and These are responsible for the most bites Stirling Ranges, although some have been and possess one of the world's most potent found around Esperance. These snakes venoms. prefer damp situations where frogs, their 2. Death Adders. common source of food, abound. They These are the snakes most likely to be have at times also been known to eat trodden on, are the swiftest-striking and lizards and small birds. have the most perfect biting mechanism. The Common Death Adder and the 3. Brown Snakes. Desert Death Adder are the only two small venomous snakes (less than three These are the most aggressive, and have feet in length) which are dangerous to venom least affected by present anti- animals. Before anti-venene was avail­ venenes. Fortunately the venom is not able for treatment, 50 per cent, of the bites as deadly as that of the first two groups. from these snakes were fatal. Both the Common Death Adder and the Desert DESCRIPTIONS Death Adder can immediately be recog­ The Tiger Snake, which is by far the nised by the broad, triangular head, most dangerous reptile of the South-West slender neck and stout body. The Com­ of Western Australia, can at once be mon Death Adder is usually nearly three recognised because of its broad head, stout feet in length, greyish, brownish or body form and distinct colouration. It reddish in colour with numerous darker grows to five or six feet in length and is cross-bands. dark steel-blue or blackish, with or with­ It is to be found in nearly any part of out a large number of narrow pale orange- the State, but, due to its nocturnal habits, 705 Journal of agriculture Vol. 7 1958 Pig. 2.—The Tiger Snake 's rarely seen except in the early morning play an important part in deciding when it may seek the sun, or when dis­ whether the bitten animal dies or lives. turbed from its hiding place. Even in two snakes of the same kind and The Desert Death Adder is always less comparable size, the toxicity of the venom than two feet long and is usually reddish may vary considerably. in colour with numerous darker cross- Because the dose of venom causing bands. Its distribution in Western Austra­ death is based upon the quantity of venom lia is confined to the interior and north per pound of body weight of the bitten of the State. animal, horses and cattle seldom die as The Large Brown Snakes with their a direct result of snakebite, although lack infinite colour variations are difficult to of medical attention may result in serious differentiate into species. secondary infections at the sites of the The Dugite and Gwardar, which are the puncture marks. Pigs, for a reason main venomous species are both over five unknown, do not suffer such marked ill- feet long when fully grown. They are effects from snakebite as other animals of quite slender with a small head and no comparable size. The death-rate from distinct neck separating the head from snakebite is definitely higher in dogs than the body. Their colours vary considerably, any other farm animal. The reasons for ranging from olive-green and grey to this are that dogs commonly attack various shades of brown, often with a red snakes, and unless very alert they can or orange tinge. The colouring of the easily be bitten. Also, due to the relatively Dugite is often rather sombre when com­ small weight of the dog, the amount of pared with that of the Gwardar, which is venom injected is often sufficient to cause usually a much brighter colour. Both death where the same dose in a larger usually have a yellow under-surface. animal would not necessarily be fatal. The Dugite and Gwardar are commonly found on the Swan Coastal Plain and in SYMPTOMS AND DIAGNOSIS the wheatbelt. Because they are very fond Rarely is the offending snake seen, of mice they often enter sheds and even except in the cases where a dog attacks houses in search of their prey. a snake and is bitten during the ensuing battle. To add to the difficulty of discern­ THE SERIOUSNESS OF SNAKEBITE ing whether an animal has been bitten, The kind of snake is only one factor the presence of hair, in many cases deciding the seriousness of any snakebite. obscures the typical fang-marks. A close Many other factors such as the amount examination however, should reveal two of venom injected, the body weight of the large fang punctures in the skin with a animal bitten, the location of the bite on few smaller ones in front or behind. In the animal and the toxicity of the venom, some cases, oozing of blood from the skin \706 Journal of agriculture Vol. 7 1958 Fig. 3.—The Duglte, one of the common types of brown snake. This specimen has ex­ panded Its neck prior to strik­ ing. Normally, the head and neck are approximately equal In thickness punctures is noticed, whilst the area the venom injected by the snake. This around the bite marks is usually swollen. anti-venene if given early enough Soon after an animal is bitten, there is neutralises the venom in the bloodstream excitement and restlessness due to the before it has a chance to destroy the blood local pain produced by the fangs and the cells or to attack the central nervous venom. After this period of excitement, system. A minimal initial dose of 3,000 the animal appears normal then gradually units is required for dogs and although becomes depressed and quieter. Inco­ direct injection into the bloodstream is ordination of movement is observed until preferable, it is of value if injected under the animal is not able to stand, and lies on its side completely paralysed. At this the skin. stage, the skin is pale and cold, the pupils The normal human first-aid methods of of the eyes are dilated and the animal a ligature between the site of the bite and does not respond to stimuli such as pinch­ the heart, incision of the site of the bite ing or pricking. Muscular twitching and with washing out of the incised area, are convulsions similar to those seen in only recommended in the first few minutes strychnine poisoning are often seen just after the bite, and then only if veterinary before death. assistance cannot be obtained. Failure to Horses have been known to die within perform these procedures does not affect 48 hours after having been bitten, whilst the outcome if anti-venene is administered. sheep and dogs usually die within 24 hours. In acute cases, supporting treatment with calcium borogluconate injected under TREATMENT the skin may assist recovery. The dosages In the mediaeval period, the traditional are similar to those used in treating milk treatment for snakebite was a preparation fever. That is in cattle and horses, a containing the flesh of snakes. From this mixture of 2 oz. of calcium borogluconate single ingredient the prescription grew to and J oz. of boric acid in a pint of water contain up to 57 constituents during the is given. For sheep, one-fifth of this height of the Roman Empire. By the 15th quantity is required and for a dog about century this prescription contained 110 one-tenth of a pint only should be items, which were certified as vital injected. ingredients by physicians and pharmacists. Finally to assist recovery, the animal Today, successful treatment depends should have access to as much fluid as mainly on the use of anti-venene, a possible. The addition of glucodin to the specially-prepared product to neutralise water in the case of dogs is also advisable. 707 Journal of agriculture Vol. 7 1958 CHE KJr is a game requiring skill, great concentra­ tion, clear thinking and careful planning Chess dates back to the 7th century but its origin is debatable and has, at various times been attributed to the Persians and the ancient Hindus.
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