An Examination of Haribhadra's Aphoristic Text on Jain Yoga, The
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An Examination of Haribhadra’s Aphoristic Text on Jain Yoga, the Yogaviṁśikā, and its Illumination in the Commentary of Yaśovijaya Vina Shah A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (Research) Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences University of Sydney August 2017 Page "1 of "136 Statement of originality This is to certify that, to the best of my knowledge, the content of this thesis is my own work. This thesis has not been submitted for any degree or other purposes. I certify that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work and that all the assistance received in preparing this thesis and sources have been acknowledged. Vina Shah Page "2 of "136 Contents Abstract ……………………………………………………………………… 5 Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………… 6 Abbreviations ………………………………………………………………… 7 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ON AUTHORS 1.1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………… 9 1.1.1. Aims of this thesis ………………………………………………… 9 1.1.2. Edition consulted and literature review …………………………… 10 1.1.3. Usage and conventions……………………………………………… 12 1.1.4. Outline of chapters ………………………………………………… 13 1.2. Haribhadra ……………………………………………………………… 14 1.2.1. The works of Haribhadra…………………………………………… 16 1.2.2. Haribhadra’s texts on yoga .………………………………………… 19 1.3 Ya#ovijaya ..……………………………………………………………… 23 1.3.1. Jain commentarial tradition ………………………………………… 29 1.3.2. Ya#ovijaya’s commentarial approach to the Yogaviṃśikā ..………… 33 CHAPTER 2: THE MAJOR THEMES OF THE YOGAVIṂŚIKĀ 2.1. Introduction .……………………………………………………………… 35 2.2. Religious activity ………………………………………………………… 36 2.2.1. Five divisions of Yoga ..…………………………………………… 38 2.2.2. Caityavandana .…………………………………………………… 42 2.2.3. Caityavandana as a true religious practice………………………… 44 2.3. Purity …………………………………………………………………… 47 2.3.1. The concept of karma ……………………………………………… 47 2.3.2. The stages of spiritual development ……………………………… 49 2.3.2. The significance of mental purity………………………………… 49 Page "3 of "136 2.4. The path to liberation …………………………………………………… 54 2.4.1. Correct conduct …………………………………………………… 56 2.4.2. Liberation ………………………………………………………… 61 2.4.3. Meditation without support ..……………………………………… 63 2.4.4. Results of meditation without support …………………………… 67 3. CONCLUSION..…………………………………………………………… 68 Appendix I …………………………………………………………………… 71 Appendix II …………………………………………………………………… 120 Bibliography …………………………………………………………………. 121 Page "4 of "136 Abstract This thesis examines the eighth-century Śvet%mbara mendicant Haribhadra’s distinctive conception of yoga in his Prakrit text in verse, the Yogaviṁśikā, with an emphasis on the Sanskrit commentary of Ya#ovijaya, the renowned Śvet%mbara mendicant who flourished in the seventeenth century. The focus is on nine of the twenty verses which constitute the Yogaviṁśikā. The thesis is presented in the form of two main chapters accompanied by Appendix I which contains an annotated translation of the complete text together with those portions of the commentary relating to the nine verses. The commentary on the verses not selected has been excluded. The first chapter deals with the life, times and works of both the author and the commentator and the second chapter discusses each of the key concepts of Haribhadra’s formulation of yoga. He states that all religious activity, done with a pure mind, that is instrumental in bringing about liberation is yoga. Underlying this definition of yoga are the fundamental Jain doctrines of karma and the fourteen stages of spiritual development, the tenet of dvi-dharma, purity, devotion and the path to liberation. Ya#ovijaya explains these concepts in his commentary while drawing upon Haribhadra’s other works on yoga, including the Yogabindu, the Ṣoḍaśakaprakaraṇa and, to a lesser extent, the Yogadṛṣṭisamuccaya. Through his commentary, Ya#ovijaya shows to what extent the Yogaviṁśikā is a valuable work on yoga philosophy and the importance, for both the Jain mendicant and layperson, of the daily practice of the veneration of the Jina as the religious activity instrumental in bringing about liberation. Page "5 of "136 Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude to Paul Dundas for pointing me in the direction of this text thereby considerably broadening my outlook on Jainism which would also have been a source of great joy for my devout Jain parents. A special thank you to my supervisor, Mark Allon, for his support, guidance, valuable suggestions and, most importantly, for his encouragement when I was faced with the obstacle of hesitation and doubt. I would also like to convey my deep appreciation to Ulrich Timme Kragh for providing much inspiration, ideas and invaluable direction in the early part of this journey while Mark Allon was on sabbatical. A special thank you is due to Professor Kamal Chand Sogani and Shakuntala Jain for their generous time in teaching me Prakrit and for their stimulating discussions on Jainism. I would like to express my reverence to Sadhvijī Jinmati who was so generous with her time and patience in providing her insight into the depth of Ya#ovijaya’s commentary. Notwithstanding all this help, I take full responsibility for any errors or misinterpretations in this thesis. Page "6 of "136 Abbreviations 'S Āyāraṅgasutta/Ācārāṅgasūtra HYBh Hāribhadrayogabhāratī JA Jñānārṇava of Śubhacandra MW Monier-Williams Online Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899 (P Ṣoḍaśakaprakaraṇa of Haribhadra (Pc. Ṣoḍaśakaprakaraṇa commentary by Ya#ovijaya SBT Svopajñabhāṣya and the ṭīkā of Siddhasena on Tattvārthasūtra of Um%sv%ti SS Sarvārthasiddhi of P)jyap%da (with Tattvārtha Sūtra of Um%sv%ti) s.v. sub voce (under the word) trans. translation TSū Tattvārthasūtra of Um%sv%ti YB Yogabindu of Haribhadra YDb Yogabhedadvātriṃśikā of Ya#ovijaya YDS Yogadṛṣṭisamuccaya of Haribhadra Page "7 of "136 YDSc. Yogadṛṣṭisamuccaya auto-commentary by Haribhadra YDV Yogalakṣaṇadvātriṃśikā of Ya#ovijaya YŚ Yogaśataka of Haribhadra YV Yogaviṃśikā of Haribhadra YVc. Yogaviṃśikā commentary by Ya#ovijaya Y$%! Yogaśāstra with Svopajñavṛtti of Hemacandra YSū Yogasūtra of Patañjali § section Page "8 of "136 Chapter 1: Introduction and background on authors 1.1. Introduction The central concern of Jainism, which dates from about the sixth century B.C.E., is adherence to the tenet of non-violence and, as a corollary to this, a non-absolutist doctrinal approach. Jain philosophy and practice, including the tenet of non-violence, and the concept of yoga which includes the notion of meditation (dhyāna) and the path to liberation as consisting of correct faith, understanding and conduct, have considerably influenced Indian history and intellectual traditions. 1.1.1. Aims of this thesis The primary aim of this thesis is to provide an annotated translation of the eighth-century Prakrit text, the Yogaviṁśikā, by Āc%rya Haribhadras)ri1 along with its seventeenth- century Sanskrit commentary on selected verses by Mahop%dhy%ya Ya#ovijaya. An additional object is to contextualise and examine in detail Ya#ovijaya’s illuminating commentary in relation to the key aspects of yoga identified by Haribhadra in the opening verse of the Yogaviṁśikā—religious activity, purity and liberation. Neither an annotated translation of the Yogaviṁśikā nor an examination of Ya#ovijaya’s commentary on it has yet been produced in English. The term yoga is used throughout the Indian religious traditions and dates from the very earliest times in the history of the Indian subcontinent. S%*khya and Yoga were well established systems by the time the highly influential Jain mendicant-scholar Haribhadra flourished in the eighth century. He was apparently the first member of the Śvet%mbara sect to align the Jain concept of yoga with its more familiar counterparts associated with the Hindu and Buddhist traditions. Ya#ovijaya renewed interest in Haribhadra’s works on yoga through his commentaries and also by composing many texts on yoga and meditation himself. Ya#ovijaya has been described by various scholars as one of the most important Jain intellectuals of the pre-modern period and, arguably, in all of Jain history. The fact that such a great intellect and prolific author chose to revive interest in the work 1 To render this thesis more readable, the traditional way of addressing Jain mendicants with their full title and honorific prefixes and su+xes has not been strictly adhered to. Page "9 of "136 of Haribhadra on yoga from nine centuries before his time indicates the significance of both their contributions to the understanding of yoga in the Jain tradition. For this reason, the focus is on Ya#ovijaya’s commentary. As it is beyond the scope of this thesis to translate and consider the entire commentary by Ya#ovijaya, I will concentrate on the commentary for nine selected verses (i.e. 1, 2, 3, 9, 10, 17, 18, 19 and 20). Broadly speaking, the length of commentary for each verse was taken as an indication of its significance for this dissertation. Nevertheless, it was the relevance of the selected verses for Haribhadra’s formulation of yoga in the first verse that eventually determined their selection. In particular, verse 1, 2, 3, 19 and 20 are considered most directly pertinent to the concepts of religious activity, purity, correct conduct and liberation. In this context verses 9, 10, 17 and 18 were also chosen as they relate to the special religious activity of the veneration of the Jina image and the concept of devotion, a significant feature of Haribhadra’s expansion of the notion of yoga in the context of Jainism. 1.1.2. Edition consulted and literature review For the purposes of this thesis, the third edition2 of the Hāribhadrayogabhāratī, ed. 'c%rya Vijaya Abhaya#ekhara and published by Divyadar#ana Trust, Dholakā has been consulted.3 It is referred to as HYBh ed. and is listed as a primary source in the bibliography. This edition contains Haribhadra’s four Yoga texts—the Yogaviṃśikā (YV) with commentary by Ya#ovijaya (YVc.) p. 1-20, the Yogaśataka (Y$) with auto- commentary p. 21-65, the Yogadṛṣṭisamuccaya (YDS) with auto-commentary (YDSc.) p. 66-132 and the Yogabindu (YB) with auto-commentary p. 133-304. As indicated above, very little scholarly analysis has been published in English on the Yogaviṁśikā.