Den Ny Thailandske Film

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Den Ny Thailandske Film Ong-Bak: The Muay Thai Warrior/Ong-Bak (Prachya Pinkaew, 2003) Den ny thailandske film Rapport fra et af de nye kraftcentre i asiatisk film A f Anchalee Chaiworaporn Betegnelsen ‘New Thai Cinema har flo­ markeret sig med film, der skilte sig ud reret siden 2001, hvor Yongyuth Thong- fra det store hav af billige kommercielle kongthun udsendte smash-succesen Iron produktioner, så det var efterhånden klart, Ladies (Satree Lek, 2000) om et transve- at der for alvor var ved at ske noget nyt i stit-volleyballhold, der kæmper såvel for thailandsk film. Det vil dog være en over­ points på måltavlen som for anerkendelse drivelse ligefrem at tale om en ny bølge, i samfundet; og hvor også Wisit Sasana- for det eneste, de nye film har til fælles, tiengs kulørte og sidenhen kultisk dyrkede er, at de alle er udsøgt produceret. Hvor kitsch-eastern Tears of the Black Tiger (Fah heterogene de end hver især har været, talai jone, 2000) havde premiere. Før da har filmhistoriens øvrige nybølger alle havde tillige pionerer som Nonzee Nimi- været kendetegnet af en eller anden form 104 butr, Pen-ek Ratanaruang og Oxide Pang for kollektiv identitet. 1960 ernes franske afAnchalee Chaiworaporn ‘Nouvelle Vague udfordrede de etablerede Pionererne: fra tv-reklamer til det store Hollywood-konventioner med mere eks­ lærred. Før den ny thailandske film holdt perimenterende narrative teknikker, den sit indtog på biograflærrederne, udgjordes ny amerikanske film videreførte efterkrigs­ Thailands nationale filmproduktion af en tidens avantgarde- og eksperimentalfilm, lind strøm af kommercielle teenage-film. og 1970 ernes New Hollywood Cinema De fleste var henvendt til et publikum på dannede ramme om en række amerikan­ femten år og derunder - en målgruppe, ske instruktørers stilistiske, narrative og som for det meste kun gik efter klasse­ tematiske nyskabelser. 1960 ernes og 70 er- værelsesdramaer, pubertære komedier nes ny tyske film var synonym med intel­ og dreng-møder-pige’-syndromet. Dertil lektuel strenghed og politisk engagement kom et par andre elementer beregnet på et og fik afgørende indflydelse på filmskabere publikum over sytten år, men der var ho­ over hele verden, og anført af den såkaldte vedsagelig tale om et opkog af stereotype femte generation af filmskabere står den formler, gerne med popsangere i hovedrol­ ny kinesiske film som et højdepunkt af lerne. Og ingen nye instruktører kunne kunstnerisk forløsning og politisk bevidst­ slå igennem uden om de syv store studier, hed, ligesom den ny iranske film - re­ som sidder tungt på underholdningsbran­ præsenteret ved instruktører som Abbas chens forskellige grene. Kiarostami, Mohsen Makhmalbaf og Jafar Industriens sværvægtere falder i tre Panahi - m ed sine skjulte kommentarer kategorier: biografer, filmlaboratorier til det iranske samfund kan karakteriseres samt plade- og filmselskaber. Dette kom­ som en filmisk strømning af høj kunstne­ mercielle miljø er i hovedreglen baseret på risk karat. aftaler, der indgås på grundlag af gensidige Den ny thailandske film, derimod, er behov. Biograferne har brug for pladesel­ en blandet landhandel. I den ene ende af skabernes superstjerner for at kunne sælge skalaen h ar vi f.eks. Prachya Pinkaews højt filmene, mens pladeselskaberne - skønt de profilerede martial arts-film Ong-Bak: The sidder på de mediehypede superstjerner Muay Thai Warrior (Ong-Bak, 2003), der - behøver afsætningskanaler for deres er blevet et kommercielt hit i udlandet, film. En tilsvarende situation gør sig gæld­ og vi har Iron Ladies, der også nyder in­ ende i forholdet mellem biografer og film­ ternational bevågenhed, omend i et andet laboratorier. kredsløb - den er blevet en veritabel gay Ud af denne dybt kommercialiserede darling på tværs af kontinenterne. Og i industri dukkede i 1997 tre på det tids­ den anden ende, den smalle, har vi Api- punkt helt ukendte filmskabere, alle tre chatpong Weerasethakuls eksperimentelle med baggrund i tv-reklame-sektoren. kunstfilm, Pen-ek Ratanaruangs melan­ Pen-ek Ratanaruangs debutfilm som in­ kolske auteurfilm og Wisit Sasanatiengs struktør, den skæve og stilistisk eklektiske skæve, farvemættede værker, der er blevet Fun Bar Karaoke (Fan Ba Karaoke), satte prist over det meste af verden og regnes den hjemlige filmscene på den anden ende med til kernen af den ny thailandske film. ved at være den første thailandske film, Så hvis den ny thailandske film er en der fik premiere på filmfestivalen i Ber­ bølge, m å dens fremmeste kendetegn siges lin. Og hjemme i Thailand trak en anden at være mangfoldighed. tidligere reklameinstruktør, Nonzee Nimi- butr, alle generationer i biografen til Dang 105 Den ny thailandske film Iron Ladies/Satree Lek (Yongyuth Thongkongthun, 2000) Bireley and the Young Gangsters (2499 at der var noget nyt og vigtigt under op­ antapan krong muang) - en periodefilm, træk i thailandsk film: Nonzee Nimibutrs som sprængte alle hidtidige indtjenings­ romantiske spøgelsesfilm Nang Nak blev rekorder med sin skildring af gangstere en mega-succes på hjemmemarkedet, og og ungdomskultur i 1950 erne. Og sidst såvel Pen-ek Ratanaruangs farverige film på året sluttede Hongkong-fødte Oxide noir 6ixtynin9 (Ruang talok 69) som Oxide Pang sig til de to andre nye navne med sin Pangs hårdtslående, Hongkong-inspire- debutfilm, Who Is Running? (Ta fa likit), rede action-film Bangkok Dangerous (der om en ung mand, der søger at gribe ind i havde Oxides tvillingebror Danny som historiens gang efter at have læst en my­ medinstruktør) høstede internationale stisk avis, der er mere end på forkant med kritikerroser. nyhederne. I 2001 sluttede to andre reklameinstruk­ Reklamefolkene var hoveddrivkraften tører sig til det nybrydende selskab og bag den ny thailandske film. Efter at de skabte yderligere international opmærk­ nævnte tre instruktører var brudt igen­ somhed om thailandsk film: Yongyuth nem, havnede landet i 1997 i en økono­ Thongkongthun og Wisit Sasanatieng. Den misk krise oven på devalueringen af den allerede nævnte Iron Ladies - Yongyuth lokale valuta, bahten. Men mens indu­ Thongkongthuns autentisk baserede film strien som helhed henfaldt til en slags om et volleyballhold hovedsagelig bestå­ meditativ tilstand, arbejdede de tre pione­ ende af transvestitter, transseksuelle og rer videre og udsendte i 1999 alle tre deres bøsser, der skabte opsigt ved de thailand­ 106 film nr. 2, som cementerede indtrykket af, ske volleyballmesterskaber i 1996 og endte af Anchalee Chaiworaporn med at blive nationale kæledægger - var på en så særpræget måde, at tilskueren kan den første thailandske film, der fik interna­ gå opløftet fra biografen. tional succes uden for festivalkredsløbet. Og Pen-ek Ratanaruangs kommende Wisit Sasanatiengs Tears o f the Black Tiger film, Invisible Waves, ligeledes med Chri­ var til gengæld den første thaifilm, der stopher Doyle bag kameraet og Asano blev udvalgt til at deltage i filmfestivalen i Tadanobu foran det, er en film noir om en Cannes (i kategorien Un Certain Regard), sushi-kok, der bliver tvunget til at flygte hvor den skabte sensation ved at blive købt fra Hongkong over Macao til øen Phuket af Miramax for 500.000 dollars. efter at have haft en affære med hustruen De instruktører, der kom til filmen fra til en mafiaboss. reklameindustrien, udgør stadig grund­ Nonzee Nimibutr synes i øjeblikket stammen i den ny thailandske film. Men at søge i andre retninger end den visuelt det er værd at bemærke, at de har hver sin ekvilibristiske og dialogfattige stil, der helt individuelle og unikke stil. kendetegnede hans to første film, Dang Det gælder ikke m indst Pen-ek Bailey and the Young Gangsters, som tog Ratanaruang, som i dag regnes for en af afsæt i gangstergenren, og Nang Nak, hvis landets fremmeste filmskabere. Hans tred­ udgangspunkt var horrorformatet, omend je film, Monrak Transistor (2001), havde i en stærkt romantisk udgave. I sin tredje verdenspremiere i kategorien Quinzaine film, Jan Dara (2001), om en ung mand, des Réalisateurs på Cannes-festivalen, og som vokser op i et hus, der emmer af sex, siden har han vundet yderligere interna­ forsøgte Nonzee Nimibutr at udskifte gen­ tional anerkendelse med Universets sidste reskabelonerne med en friere dramatisk dage (Ruang nak noi nid mahasan, 2003), fortælling. Dette omslag ses tydeligt i hans der havde Wong Kar-wais faste fotograf, fjerde film, Baytong (OK baytong, 2003), Christopher Doyle, bag kameraet og en af som handler om en munk, der søger at tidens hotteste japanske stjerner, Asano forlade klosterlivet til fordel for en normal Tadanobu, i hovedrollen. tilværelse i samfundet udenfor. Nonzee Skønt jeg ovenfor kaldte ham auteur, er Nimibutr, som ud over selv at instruere det vanskeligt at pege på en rød tråd i Pen- ek Ratanaruangs oeuvre. Nogle af hans film - især Fun Bar Karaoke og 6ixtynin9 - kan vel bedst beskrives som kapriciøse, Citizen Dog/Mah nakorn (Wisit Sasanatieng, 2004) stilistisk skæve og hurtigt klippede sa­ tirer. Monrak Transistor, derimod, er et hverdagsdrama om ensomme storbymen­ nesker, holdt i en kulørt visuel stil, der kan lede tankerne hen på kollegaen Wisit Sasa­ natiengs Tears of the Black Tiger. Universets sidste dage handler ligeledes om ensomme storbymennesker og deres tabsoplevelser, men er - måske som følge af samarbejdet med Christopher Doyle - en mere detal­ jeopmærksom og adstadigt klippet film. Skønt emnet lyder tungt, er det formidlet Den ny thailandske film tillige har produceret flere af kollegernes lokale thailandske marked. I en blanding film og dermed haft afgørende indflydelse af dokumentär og fiktion skildrer filmen på
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