Nyasa District Baseline Report 2013 - Revised

NYASA DISTRICT BASELINE REPORT 2013 - REVISED

INTERGRATING POVERTY-ENVIRONMENT-GENDER OBJECTIVES IN DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT PLANS

FOR ACCELERATING ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY Prof. A.V.Y. Mbelle (Ph.D)

2013

Department of Economics; University of Dar es Salaam i

Diversity of economic opportunities Meagre catch of sardines and Rice irrigation in Ngindo Hotel construction at Kilosa fish Mhalo beach

Environmental challenges Defiance? Evidence of fire Processing of sardines “dagaa” Heavy fishing at river despite the forbiding notice Ruhuhu mouth

Opportunities Sun drying dagaa Livestock keeping - Kilosa Butchery at Mbamba bay

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS i

List of Tables Iii

List of Figures Iv

Abbreviations and Acronyms V

Acknowledgement Vii

Executive summary Viii

I BACKGROUND INFORMATION 1

II NYASA DISTRICT: GENERAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 5

III PEOPLE, POVERTY AND ENVIRONMENT 11

IV NYASA DISTRICT PRIORITY SECTORS FOR POVERTY ERADICATION 17

V NYASA DISTRICT PRIORITIES IN EACH PRIORITY SECTOR 18

VI NYASA DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND BUDGET 22

VII NYASA DISTRICT HUMAN RESOURCES, TOOLS AND COORDINATION 26 MECHANISMS FOR MAINSTREAMING POVERTY REDUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION OBJECTIVES STRATEGIC PLAN AND BUDGETS IN THE SECTORS OF AGRICULTURE, FISHERY AND FORESTRY

VIII WOMEN AND YOUTH PARTICIPATION/INVOLVEMENT IN PLANNING 30 AND BUDGETING IN AGRICULTURE, FISHERY AND FOREST SECTORS IN NYASA DISTRICT

IX KEY GEOGRAPHICAL SITES (VILLAGES OR AREA/LOCATION IN A 31 VILLAGE) IN THE DISTRICT FOR IMMEDIATE ACTIONS /INTERVENTIONS IN AGRICULTURE, FISHERY AND FORESTRY FOR ACHIEVING “BIG RESULTS NOW” iii

X SUGGESTIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS FOR INTEGRATING AND 32 IMPLEMENTING POVERTY-ENVIRONMENT NEXUS IN NYASA DISTRICT

XI PROPOSED POVERTY-ENVIRONMENT BASELINES, TARGETS AND 35 INDICATORS

X11 CONCLUSION 39

REFERENCES 40

ANNEXES 43

1. Examples of Poverty-Environment Nexus 43

2. Generic Output and Impact Framework 44

3. Statistical Analyses Results 45

TABLES

Table Description Page

1.1 Nyasa District: Selected Population Characteristics, 2012 4

2.1 Results - Nyasa District: Main and Secondary Activities, 2013 6

2.2 Results - Nyasa District Sources of Income 2013 6

2.3 Nyasa District Residents Who Applied for NMB Loans at Mbinga Branch 9

3.1 Results: Average Monthly Income in Nyasa District, 2013 (TShs) 11

3.2 Results - State of forestry environment in Nyasa compared to about three 13 years ago

3.3 Results: Causes of Deterioration in forestry environment, Nyasa 13

3.4 Results - State of forestry environment in Nyasa compared to about three 14 years ago

6.1 Nyasa District Financial Report 2013/14 25 iv

6.2 Table 6.2: Nyasa District Budget Allocation to Poverty-Environment- 25 Gender and Climate Change Initiatives 2013/14

7.1 Nyasa District - Economic Tools Applied to Support Strategic Planning on 27 P-E Mainstreaming

7.2 Nyasa District – Budgeting and Expenditure Processes 28

10.1 Results: Nyasa District - Recommended Interventions in Agriculture 32

10.2 Nyasa District - Recommended Interventions in Fisheries 33

10.3 Results: Nyasa District - Recommended Interventions in Forestry 33

11.1 Nyasa District Objectives, Baselines, Targets and Indicators 35

FIGURES

Figure Description

1.1 Nyasa District Council 3

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

BRN Big Results Now

CC Climate Change

CCM Chama cha Mapinduzi

CMT Council Management Team

CSC Capacity and Sustainability Centre

LGMD Local Government Management Database

MCB Mbinga Community bank

MDG Millennium Development Goal

MTEF Medium Term Expenditure Framework

NAIVS National Agricultural Inputs Voucher System

NBFI Non-bank Financial Institution

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

NMB National Micro Bank

O&OD Opportunities and Obstacles to Development

PEI Poverty Environment Initiative

SACCOS Savings and Credit Cooperative Society

TASAF Tanzania Social Action Fund

UNEP United Nations Environmental Management Programme

URT United Republic of Tanzania

UTT Unit Trust of Tanzania

PFM Participatory Forest Management

VICOBA Village Community Banks vi

WDC Ward Development Committee (WDC) vii

Acknowledgement

Production of this report was made possible with the support of United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Dar es Salaam Local Office which funded the field work. The Department of Economics, University of Dar es Salaam ably serviced the work.

Special thanks go to Nyasa District Commissioner, Hon. Ernest N. Kahindi and Nyasa District Development Director, Mr. Nunduma for their utmost support and guidance during field work. District technocrats were exemplary in the areas of their expertise in providing the required information. Mr. Komba went the extra mile in compiling these reports. In same vein, the candidness and openness of respondents deserves special mention.

Mr. Hilmar Tilia provided valuable support during field work with Economist Jerome Maganga Ndomba handling both field logistics and actual co-administration of interviews. The support of the two is greatly acknowledged.

While those acknowledged helped shape this report, errors and omissions remain mine.

Prof. A.V.Y. Mbelle

December 2013

viii

Executive summary

Introduction and background

The overarching objective of this report is to present baseline information that aims at establishing current status and future targets, milestones and indicators to measure and assess poverty- environment-gender nexus in Nyasa District, Tanzania; with a view to improving development planning in terms of ability to integrate poverty-environment-gender objectives for sustainable economic development.

The expectation is that District capacities to mainstream and implement environmental sustainability, poverty reduction, gender and climate change linkages into district and sector development plans will be enhanced, starting with agriculture, forestry and fishery as well as develop financial mechanisms.

Poverty –Environment Indicators are used in order to facilitate the development of tools for integration of environment into development plans and budget processes as well as assisting in monitoring the linkage between bio-capacity and human poverty. It is worth noting that when the environment is degraded by 1%, poverty increases by 0.26% (Capacity and Sustainability Centre and United Nations Environmental Programme, 2007).

General Economic Socio condition The livelihoods of the majority of Nyasa inhabitants revolve around Lake Nyasa.

The main preoccupation of Nyasa residents is agriculture (65.5 percent) followed by fishing (17.2 percent) and employment (10.3 percent). The three main sources of income are agriculture (69 percent of respondents), followed by employment and business (10.3 per cent each). Nyasa District is poorly served with financial infrastructure. There is no single commercial bank, nor non-bank financial institution (NBFI). There are no special considerations for women nor are there facilities for environment or climate change in the financial infrastructure.

People, Poverty and Environment Residents of Nyasa District view being split from relatively wealthy Mbinga as an opportunity and not a pointer to harder times to come. Nyasa is one of the poor districts in Tanzania. According to 2012 estimates, the per capita income was Tanzanian Shillings 660,000 per year, below the national average of TShs 995,931 (about United States Dollars 628.9) per year, in same year. By 2013 per capita income estimates, about 41.4 percent of Nyasa district inhabitants have incomes below the national average.

At minimum, about 10 percent of Nyasa district population is basic needs poor. About T.Shs 421,244,520 (USD 263,278) per month in cash transfers is needed to restore the population of Nyasa district in poverty, to the basic needs poverty line.

The main environmental challenge is deforestation which has led into multiple negative consequences.

District priorities

The main priorities for Nyasa District are Agriculture, fishery, forestry and environmental conservation. Other priority areas are ICT, physical infrastructure, education and financial services.

District priorities in each priority sector

In Agriculture the priorities were spelt out to be irrigation agriculture, transforming agricultural pattern from subsistence farming to commercial farming, introduction of new cash crops and construction of warehouses.

The priorities that were delineated in Fisheries are boat building; modern fishing gear, fish market and deepening value chain (such as through acquisition of cold storage facilities).

In forestry, the key priorities are establishing tree nurseries, and planting of trees; as well as promoting bee keeping.

Community radio and information centers are the key ICT priorities.

In education, improving and strengthening education by constructing special primary and secondary schools and dormitories for girls. In addition provision of education institutions beyond secondary level (to Vocational Education and Training centers, colleges and institutions of higher learning).

District Development Plan and Budget

Nyasa District does have a Strategic Plan and a Development Plan with both having incorporated poverty, environment and gender objectives. The district (LGA) budget includes resources and activities for achieving poverty reduction and environmental conservation objectives. A Monitoring and Evaluation plan exists, and it includes indicators for poverty, environment and gender.

The years/dates of the key planning and budget tools are: Strategic Plan(s): 2011/2012 - 2015/2016 Development Plan(s)2014/2015-2018/2019; Budget: 2013/2014 – 2014/2015 and M&E 2013/2014 – 2014/2015. A coordination mechanism exists for integrating or mainstreaming poverty-environment objectives in agriculture, fishery and forestry sectors. Nyasa District has an elaborate mechanism for setting targets and indicators. x

Human Resources, tools and coordination mechanisms for mainstreaming poverty reduction and environmental conservation objectives Strategic Plan and budgets in the Sectors of agriculture, fishery and forestry

The main challenge that the District faces is in manpower (both inadequate and requiring further capacity building in specific areas). Departments lack expertise in measurement of natural resource accounting and incorporation in national accounts and use of natural wealth values „beyond GDP‟ measurements in order to improve P-E gender and CC mainstreaming into budgeting processes.

Of critical importance is the need for modern work equipment in ICT in all Departments.

Youth and women participation/involvement on plan and budget in agriculture, fishery and forest sectors

Women and youth are involved in agriculture, fishery and forest planning and budgeting at early stages through village and ward level meetings.

In terms of agricultural production, involvement of women is high while in fisheries women engage more in processing fish.

Key geographical sites (villages or an area/location in a village) in the District for immediate actions /interventions in agriculture, fishery and forest for achieving Big Results now

The following areas were identified for specific interventions in order to achieve “Big Results Now”:

Lundo, Ngumbo, Nkalachi, Kwambe, Kilosa, Mbamba bay, Ndengere, Ngingama and Ng‟ombo - agriculture;

Lituhi, Mbaha, Ngumbo, Mkili, Liwundi, Kihagala, Liuli, Lipingo, and Mbamba Bay – Fisheries;

Kilosa, Mtipwili, Tingi, Luhangarasi, Liparamba, Kingirikiti and Chiwanda - Forestry.

Suggestion/recommendation for integrating and implementing poverty-environment nexus

Agriculture Recommended interventions in agriculture included introduction of new crops irrigation and construction of warehouses.

Forestry: the main recommended interventions are beekeeping, followed by forestation/planting of trees.

Fisheries: modern fishing methods and gear was the main recommendation of stakeholders. xi

Specific recommendations were made for improving delivery of financial services. These included establishment of commercial banks in the District, rural banking: financial education to the people in villages, economic empowerment of women, reliable physical infrastructure; use of tree lots as collateral, and mobile banking services.

Conclusion

Nyasa District has all what it takes to unleash growth potential and reduce poverty fast. There are challenges that need to be addressed at both the National level and at the District level. At the former, is the urgent need to upgrade Mbinga – Mbamba Bay road to tarmac condition in order to stabilize both production and movement as well as open the district to further investments. At the district level, environmental education and awareness need to be stepped up in addition to finding local- based solutions such as forestation, overseeing implementation of by-laws, etc.

NYASA DISTRICT BASELINE SURVEY REPORT 2013: INTERGRATING POVERTY-ENVIRONMENT-GENDER OBJECTIVES IN DEVELOPMENT PLANS FOR ACCELERATING ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

1.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

The main objective of this Chapter is to present background information to the report. The Chapter has two sections, the first, providing context of the report and the second, general information on Nyasa District.

1.1 Context of report

This is the second draft of the report. The report was first presented at a stakeholders‟ workshop on December 20th, 2013. Comments received from the stakeholders have been fully incorporated in this report.

This report presents the findings of the mission that visited the Nyasa District with the objective of undertaking a survey to fulfill three key objectives; namely, to: (i) finalize the concept note including clarifying objectives, implementation approach and results expectations among key implementers of PEI project (ii) carry out a rapid baseline information that aims at establishing current status and future targets, milestones and indicators to measure and assess poverty-environment-gender nexus (iii) review existing resource materials such as MTEF and District Strategic Plan, prepare and produce the relevant contents of the project particularly for Nyasa District.

The main objective of the survey was to derive information that would help improve development planning in Nyasa district, in terms of ability to integrate poverty-environment-gender objectives for sustainable economic development

Specific objectives

 Carry out a rapid baseline information that aims to establish current status and future targets, milestones or indicators to measure progress of poverty-environment-gender nexus carry out a rapid baseline information that aims to establish current status and future targets, milestones or indicators to measure progress of poverty-environment-gender nexus

 Review existing resource materials such as MTEF and Strategic Plan, prepare and produce the relevant contents of the project

Expected outcome 2

 “Enhanced national and district capacities to mainstream and implement environmental sustainability, poverty reduction, gender and climate change linkages into district and sector development plans (Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery) and develop financial mechanisms in Tanzania”

Context of baseline study

The context of the baseline study is provided by broad definition of the concept of sustainable development that incorporates four elements.

a) Generic concept of sustainable development

Sustainable development is defined as “pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for future generations” (World Commission on Environment and Development 1988). In this regard then environmental sustainability seeks to maintain a stable resource base, avoiding over-exploitation of renewable resource systems or environmental sink functions, and depleting non-renewable resources only to the extent that investment is made in adequate substitutes

b) Social sustainability: this is ability to achieve distributional equity, adequate provision of social services including health and education, gender equity, and political accountability and participation c) Economic sustainability is the ability to produce goods and services on a continuing basis, and to avoid extreme sector imbalances which damage agricultural or industrial production. d) Institutional sustainability revolving around predictability of “rules of the game”.

Poverty –Environment Indicators (PEI) facilitate the development of tools for integration of environment into development plans and budget processes. Further they assist in monitoring the linkage between bio-capacity and human poverty. Capacity and Sustainability Centre (CSC) and United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) 2007, for example estimate that when the environment is degraded by 1%, poverty increases by 0.26%. It is thus important for Nyasa district to monitor environmental quality.

1,2 District profile

Location and topography, rainfall pattern

Nyasa district lies between latitudes 10015‟ N and 11034‟S and longitudes 34024‟Wand 35028‟E. The district covers a total of 3,811 square km. It is one of the remotest districts in Tanzania and borders Mozambique to the South and Malawi to the West (separated by Lake Nyasa which covers 28,000 3 square km; is 550 km long; 80 km wide and 758 metres deep. The lake covers 30,800 square km of which 5,760 square km or 18.7 percent is Tanzania resource). Within Tanzania the district borders Ludewa District to the North and Mbinga and Songea districts to the East.

In terms of topography, Livingstone mountain range forms the main divide leading to narrow stretch of lowland to Lake Nyasa. Mpepo division occupies the mountain range, jutting out from the mainly lowland area. The range is source to rivers which then empty waters into Lake Nyasa (apparently the only source of the lake water throughout the stretch of Nyasa District). The perennial rivers are Ruhuhu, Lukali, Liweta, Ngano, Lumumba, Mnywamaji, Ndumbi, Yola, Nkalachi, Yungu, Mbuchi, Mbawa, Lwika, Luhekei and Chiwindi. Rainfall pattern is uni-modal, lasting from December to April. The climatic condition is warm throughout the year, with Mpepo division experiencing relatively cold condition.

Nyasa District was established on 08th March 2013 through Government Gazette No. 87 (in effect on 09.05.2012); having been hived off from Mbinga District. The District headquarters is Kilosa though no construction work has commenced. District functionaries are housed in rented facilities from individuals, at Mbamba Bay. Residents of Nyasa District view being split from relatively wealthy Mbinga as an opportunity and not a pointer to harder times to come. Division of assets between Mbinga Council and Nyasa Council is yet to be completed despite an agreement that was reached on 17th February 2013. The assets include shares in CRDB Bank; Mbinga Community bank (MCB), Unit Trust of Tanzania (UTT); about TShs 600 million ; forest reserves, Makita market and ten cows from Utiri farm.

In general, baseline data for the district are not readily available (being a new district). The process of compiling district data is in progress.

Administratively the district is run on a hierarchy of 354 hamlets; 73 villages 15 wards and three divisions. According to 2012 Population and Housing Census, Nyasa district has 146,160 inhabitants of whom 71,392 (48.8 percent) are males and 77,442 (51.2 percent) females.

Figure 1.1: Nyasa District Council

Table 1.1 Nyasa District: Selected Population Characteristics, 2012 S/No. Ward Population (number) HH size Sex ratio Total Male Female 1 Liparamba 9,673 4,868 4,805 4.5 101 2 Tingi 23,028 11,711 11,317 4.9 103 3 Chiwanda 7,084 3,421 3,663 4.8 93 4 Mtipwili 7,102 3,361 3,741 4.5 90 5 Kingerikiti 15,875 7,680 8,195 5.0 94 6 Luhangarasi 7,970 3,811 4,159 4.8 92 7 Kilosa 7,816 3,764 4,052 4.5 93 8 Mbamba bay 10,066 4,811 5,255 4.3 92 9 Lipingo 8,945 4,379 4,566 4.5 96 10 Liuli 12,611 6,058 6,553 4.4 92 11 Kihagara 10,321 4,998 5,323 4.9 94 12 Ngumbo 3,933 1,921 2,012 4.6 95 13 Liwundi 4,906 2,453 2,453 4.4 100 14 Mbaha 6,972 3,406 3,566 5.0 96 15 Lituhi 9,858 4,750 5,108 4.5 93 TOTAL NYASA 146,160 71,392 74,768 4.7 95 Source URT 2013, p.102 5

The wards vary considerably in terms of size and population characteristics. The largest population size, 23,028 people is in Tingi ward while the lowest, 3,933 people in Ngumbo ward. Tingi also has the highest sex ratio of 103 percent. The largest household size averaged 5.0 members (Mbaha and Kingerikiti) while the smallest average was 4.3 members for Mbamba bay ward.

These diversities have implications in terms of targeting and delivery of interventions. For example, if the intention is to lift many people out of poverty, with the assumption of poverty levels being same across wards, then Tingi ward should be targeted.

On the other hand, if the intention is economic empowerment of women, relative to men, then Mbamba bay ward should be targeted. In terms of sheer numbers, on the other hand Tingi ward with a population of 11,317 females should be targeted. The least female populations are found in Ngumbo and Liwundi wards (respectively 2,012 and 2,453).

2.0 NYASA DISTRICT: GENERAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS

In this Chapter we provide the general socio-economic condition in three sections: livelihood sources; economic activities and state of social services delivery.

2.1 Livelihood sources

Overarching importance of Lake Nyasa

The livelihoods of the majority of Nyasa inhabitants revolve around Lake Nyasa.

Main Activity: Fishing Supporting Domestic Fetching Water for Women in Fish Chores School Needs Business

2.2 Economic activities

Main and secondary activities

The main preoccupation of Nyasa residents is agriculture (65.5 percent) followed by fishing (17.2 percent) and employment (10.3 percent) as shown in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1: Results - Nyasa District: Main and Secondary Activities, 2013

Fishing Agriculture Business Livestock Formal Occupation (%) keeping Employment main activity 17.2 65.5 3.4 3.4 10.3 secondary activity 3.4 6.9 6.9 Source: Computed from survey data (Nyasa survey 2013) The main secondary activity is business and animal husbandry

Sources of income

The three main sources of income are agriculture (69 percent of respondents), followed by employment and business (10.3 per cent each) as shown in Table 2.2.

Table 2.2: Results - Nyasa District Sources of Income 2013 Source of income Animal Formal (%) Agriculture husbandry Business Fishing employment other main source 69.0 3.4 10.3 6.9 10.3 secondary source 7.8 43.1 13.7 13.7 2.0 19.6

As will be noted, although fishing is second in terms of preoccupation it is fourth as an important source of income.

Production sectors

Agriculture

Nyasa District has about 381,100 ha of which 150,600 ha (39.5 percent) are suitable for agriculture. The main cash crops that are grown are coffee and cashews while the main food crops are maize, paddy, beans, cassava, sweet potatoes, irish potatoes.

In the past agriculture has been depending solely on rain water with farmers harvesting only once a year. Introduction of irrigation technology has enabled farmers to harvest twice a year. A contrast of practices can be reflected on two schemes captured below photographed on same day during the month of October 2013. Lwika - Ngindo irrigation scheme (1,304 acres) taps water from River 7

Nyomboka enabling farming throughout the year. On contrast, Mbande scheme in Mbamba bay – Kilosa (750 acres) depends on rain water to supply the irrigation infrastructure so constructed.

Lwika Ngindo Scheme- Irrigated Using Water Kimbande Scheme: Relying on Rain Water for from River Nyomboka irrigation

Supply of modern fertilizers is low, satisfying only 25.1 percent of demand (15,428 tonnes) while agricultural input vouchers only 28 percent of total demand of 9,945 tonnes. This state of affairs threatens the District target of increasing, for example, production of food crops from 159,924 tonnes in 2013 to 239,886 tonnes in 2018.

Fishing

Nyasa district is endowed with 297,900 ha of Lake Nyasa waters with about 165,000 tonnes of over 500 different fish species including copadichromis spp (ntaka/mbalule); diplotaxodon spp (vituwi); ramphochromis spp (hangu), bathyclarias (kambale) synodontis njassae (ngolokolo), engraulicypris sardella (usipa/dagaa), opsaridium-microlepis (mbasa), labeo (ningu), bagrus (mbufu).

On average about 6,000 tonnes of fish are harvested per year (5,892 in 2012). Due to low technology fishing gear, fisher folk operate within two kms when the potential is 40 kms. The main technology in use is traditional canoe, which limits “deep sea” ventures and thus lowering productivity of fishing effort.

Traditional Fishing canoe – Processing of dagaa Processing fish through most in use smoking

Livestock keeping

This activity is mainly carried out on a small scale. In June 2013, the District had about 18,410 herds of cattle, 38,016 goats; 2,799 sheep and 57,896 pigs. Keeping of other ruminants and poultry is on a smaller scale, and is common for households.

Bee keeping

Nyasa district has 15 beekeeper groups, with about 846 beehives (554 modern beehives and 292 traditional beehives made from tree barks). Output of honey is at around 5,076 kg and wax at 339 kg.

Mining

The mineral wealth of the district comprises of gold gems etc, mainly exploited by small scale miners. The main mining sites are in Mpepo, Kihurunga and “Dar pori” (“bush” Dar es Salaam; so dubbed because of availability of all types of goods and services like in Dar es salaam, the country‟s capital and sold at exorbitant high prices).

Power

The district is not connected to the national grid; nor does it have collective source to service government offices and the people. Few small power generators mainly owned by individuals symbolize the power of electricity.

Transport

The main modes of transport for residents of Nyasa district are road and marine. There are also two aerodromes, one at Kilosa and the other at Liuli, both dormant. The road network is made up of 1,025 km of which only 628 km (or 61.3 percent) are passable throughout the year).

Fuelling of both government and private transport vehicles relies on informal sellers using bottles and gallons as there is no single petrol station in the District.

Marine transport is serviced by canoes and small boats which are not sea worth for ferrying passengers. The service of two marine vessels is erratic and capacity low.

Communication

Nyasa district has poor communication services (radio, television, phone, etc.)

Financial services

Nyasa District is poorly served with financial infrastructure. There is no single commercial bank, nor non-bank financial institution (NBFI). Two banks, CRDB and MCB located in Mbinga have desk facilities at retail shops of individuals, for collecting inquiries from potential customers. There are few SACCOS with entry and exit history being common. A few village community banks (VICOBA) are operational; all faced with small capital constraint. Nyasa residents, however, are able to maintain bank accounts with Mbinga-based commercial banks. A Case of National Microfinance Bank, the longest established is illustrated (Table 2.3).

Table 2.3: Nyasa Residents Who Applied for NMB Loans at Mbinga Branch, 2011-2013 (TShs) Males Females Year Applicants Amount Amount Applicants Amount Amount Amount (number) applied for granted (number) applied for granted applied (Total) 2011 42 54,000,000 54,000,000 0 0 0 0 2012 72 112,000,000 112,000,000 2 2,000,000 2,000,000 114,000,000 2013 164 388,000,000 388,000,000 11 24,000,000 24,000,000 114,000,000 Source: Mbinga NBC

As can be seen from Table 2.3, there has been growth in the number of applicants especially male applicants. Amounts granted increased also with the rate of increase being highest for female applicants.

Further discussions with the branch Manger revealed that there is no special window for women nor are there facilities for environment or climate change.

The typical challenges that women in Nyasa district face in accessing financial services include dominance of men in owning most of the major means of production such as land, that can be used as collateral. 10

Further, campaigns and education on women empowerment in the District are at a very low level as most of the population live in scattered villages where these campaigns and education are difficult to reach. Third is the issue of poor infrastructure. Inaccessibility throughout the year is another challenge as most of the population is found in villages /remote areas where transport facilities are not available throughout the year hence failing to reach them or them accessing financial facilities which are mostly found in the district townships. Villages such as Dar pori, Mpepo, Tingi are not accessible during the rainy season.

2.3 Social services delivery

Education

Nyasa district has 98 primary schools with total enrolment of 30,913 pupils (15,270 or 49.4 percent boys and 15,643 or 50.6 percent, girls. The pass rate in STD 7 exams is 51.7 (2012) with 1,609 having been selected to proceed to Form I (818 or 50.8 percent boys and 791 or 49.2 percent girls.

The District has 15 secondary schools (of which, one private) with combined enrolment of 5,337 (2,797 or 52.4 percent boys and 2,540 or 47.6 percent girls.

Nyasa District has no education provider beyond secondary level.

Health

The health delivery infrastructure comprises of 28 health centers of which two hospitals (both owned by faith organizations). The District has achieved reductions in HIV transmission from 4.5 percent in 2011 to 3.8 percent in 2012; incidence od malaria from 49 percent to 42.1 percent during same period; Under-five mortality from 16/1,000 in 2010 to 10/1,000 in 2012. d

Water

About 38 percent of the District population has accesses to piped water. Lake Nyasa provides most of the water requirements for households in close proximity to the lake shore. Rivers provide another source.

3.0 PEOPLE, POVERTY AND ENVIRONMENT

By all indicators, Nyasa is one of the poor districts in Tanzania. According to 2012 estimates, the per capita income was Tanzanian Shillings 660,000 per year, below the national average of TShs 995,931 (about United States Dollars 628.9) per year, in same year. The average for Nyasa district is in fact that for Mbinga District before it was split into two districts. With great certainty the average is below that. This average, though, masks a lot of differences across villages and households, some of which are ridden with various forms of vulnerability and insecurity. Estimates for 2013 show per capita income of more than Tanzanian Shillings one million. Thus about 41.4 percent of Nyasa districts inhabitants have incomes below the national average.

A rapid appraisal of monthly incomes confirms the level of incomes being below the average of TShs 660,000 as shown in Table 2.1.

Table 3.1 Results: Average Monthly Income in Nyasa District, 2013 (TShs)

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Below 30000 3 10.3 10.3 10.3

30001 - 50000 1 3.4 3.4 13.8

50001 - 100000 8 27.6 27.6 41.4

100001 - 500000 13 44.8 44.8 86.2

500001 - 1000000 3 10.3 10.3 96.6

Over 1000000 1 3.4 3.4 100.0

Total 29 100.0 100.0 Source: Computed from survey data (Nyasa survey 2013)

Generally though, the opinion is that there have been positive changes in livelihoods over the past three years or so.

There are no estimates of the incidence of poverty for Nyasa district. The estimates that exist are for

Mbinga district (before it was split), provided by HBS 2000/01. The incidence of poverty (Po) was

28 percent and depth of poverty (P1) at 7, considered moderate meaning that average efforts are required to lift the poor out of poverty.

Non income poverty indicators 12

Though Nyasa district is not faring well in income poverty, the same cannot be said of non-income measures. Access to education and health places the district at better scores (See Chapter 3).

We attempt to estimate the current incidence of poverty (Po) for Nyasa district using HBS 2011/12 and our survey results on income levels as reported in Table 1.2. Unfortunately HBS 2011/12 results did not report incidence of poverty at district level.

According to HBS 2011/12, food poverty line was Tanzanian Shillings 26,085 per month and basic needs poverty line was Tanzanian Shillings 36,482 per month. Accordingly at minimum, about 10 percent of Nyasa district population is basic needs poor (earning incomes of less than TShs 30,000 per month). Relatedly the same percent are at the brink of food poverty. It is worth noting that the incidence of poverty in rural areas of Mainland Tanzania is 33.3 percent for basic needs and 11.3 percent for food poverty (national average at 28.2 percent and 9.7 percent respectively; and poverty gap index at 7.9 for rural areas and 6.7 national average meaning that rural populations are deeper in poverty – they are further away from the poverty line).

P1 has implication on interventions as it can quantify the amount of money transfer in absolute terms that would be needed to lift the poor out of poverty. For example, using HBS 2011/12 results and population size for Nyasa (146,160 inhabitants) this yields results as follows:

Bringing the poor in Nyasa District to poverty line:

Poverty gap (0. 079) x population (146,160) x Basic Needs Poverty line (T.Shs 36,482 per month) = T.Shs 421,244,520 (about USD 263,278 per month) per month. This is the monthly amount of money in cash transfers required in order to bring the poor of Nyasa district to the basic needs poverty line.

Environmental quality

There is general consensus that the state of the environment has deteriorated compared to the past. Thus greater efforts are required to restore the state of the environment in order to improve livelihoods.

Forestry About 96 percent of respondents were of the opinion that the forestry environment has deteriorated as shown in Table 3.2. 13

Table 3.2 State of forestry environment compared to about three years ago Freque Perce Valid Cumulativ

ncy nt Percent e Percent Valid Somehow 1 3.4 4.0 4.0 good Not good 24 82.8 96.0 100.0 Total 25 86.2 100.0 Missi System 4 13.8

ng Total 29 100.0

All four groups were of the same opinion that the state of forestry environment has deteriorated.

Table 3.3 Results: Causes of Deterioration in forestry environment, Nyasa

Frequen Valid Cumulative cy Percent Percent Percent

Valid Bush fires and 23 79.3 95.8 95.8 wanton cutting of trees

Low awareness 1 3.4 4.2 100.0

Total 24 82.8 100.0

Missin System 5 17.2 g

Total 29 100.0

Fishery

About 87.5 percent of respondents expressed dissatisfaction with the state of the fishery environment, compared with what it was during past years. 14

Table 3.4 Results - State of forestry environment in Nyasa compared to about three years ago

Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Good 1 3.4 4.2 4.2

Somewhat good 2 6.9 8.3 12.5

Not good 21 72.4 87.5 100.0

Total 24 82.8 100.0

Missing System 5 17.2

Total 29 100.0 Source: Computed from survey data (Nyasa survey 2013) Out of four groups which assessed state of the fishery environment, three were of the opinion that it has deteriorated.

Environmental degradation caused by mining activities

The main challenge to mining is resultant potholes which are left unfilled after project closure thus making it impossible for trees and grass to regenerate.

Environmental pollution from fish processing Fish processing is done using fuel wood and cooking oil. Fuel wood usage translates to deforestation while cooking oil emptied directly into lake water harms living organisms in the lake.

Negative environmental impact of cooking oil being emptied into the lake

After boiling dagaa the cooking oil which was used in the process is emptied on the beach. Apart from beach pollution this also endangers living organisms. Cooking oil is organic, low density (relative to water) and does not bond with water molecules. When emptied into the lake many other incidences witnessed recently in oil and gas exploration/drilling activities, cooking oil forms a layer on the surface of the lake water.

This is detrimental to the ecosystem in that the oil layer prevents oxygen from penetrating or dissolving into lake water. The oxygen gas is needed by lake plants, fish and other organisms for their transpiration. Extended lack of oxygen leads to massive destruction of life in the lake.

Trans-district activities causing degradation

Nyasa District is bordered by the Livingstone mountain range to the North, for most of the District‟s profile. The range is in Mbinga district and is source to rivers that transact the District before emptying into Lake Nyasa. Upstream degradation in the form of wanton deforestation and frequent bush fires have had negative environmental consequences downstream (Nyasa District). The effects have included less rain, scant water at lower sections of rivers, loss of forests, dry river beds, etc.

It was hinted that dug-out canoes are now made beyond the Livingstone mountain range in Mbinga District, for lack of trees of appropriate size in Nyasa District. The canoes have then to be dragged from point of making up the mountain range and down to point of use and often arrive damaged for any use in fishing. In the past, canoe making used to be done within the basin.

Second impact has been “climate change”. In Lituhi, for example, cassava trees planting used to take place after March but nowadays planting has to take place before the month of March otherwise the crop does not grow to maturity.

Another consequence is on operation of Panton “MV Ruhuhu” which serves at the border with Rudewa district. Residents pointed out that in the past, at that particular point in time (when photographed) the river had plentiful flow that could support operation of the Panton.

Grinding of Liyombo coal from Mbinga District used to be done close to the Lake Nyasa shore since 2011 before Local Authorities banned it. The processed coal, in one-tonne bags used to be transported to Malawi (to power sugar factories) and Mbeya, Tanzania (to power Mbeya cement firm). Apart from dust pollution, sizable quantities of coal ended up in the lake waters. Apart over five times the coal self ignited due to high temperatures causing fires.

Bush fire Raveging Coal from Liyombo in Mbinga MV Ruhuhu rendered Livingstone mountain range District being processed by unoperational because of low in Mbinga District lake Nyasa shore Ruhuhu river water level

Trans-boundary environmental resources

Sharing a border with another territory brings with it environmental issues that need to be considered; and laws that need to be operationalized and made to apply commonly.

Point of shipping coal to Malawi and negative environmental impact Coal is an organic sedimentary rock largely composed of the element carbon. However, there are a number of other associated elements, and in this particular case, sulphur. When sulpher is exposed into a lake, given needed/required

temperature, sulphur can react with water molecules (e.g. H2O) to form sulphuric acid (but less concentrated).

This acid will lower pH of lake water leading to acid water. This is lethal to proper functioning of lake creatures. There are so many details to address here, but life is endangered severely. When lake water becomes acidic it is more likely to form acid rain (rf water cycle).

4.0 NYASA DISTRICT PRIORITY SECTORS FOR POVERTY ERADICATION

Agriculture

The livelihoods of people in Nyasa district depend much on agriculture as a source of both food and cash crops. However, due to the low technology in use, yields are far below the potential. Interventions in agriculture will thus greatly reduce poverty.

Fishery

Lake Nyasa is the main source of fishery activities in the District especially so when other sources such as rivers have declined in importance. Fishery resources fulfill household protein requirements as well as cash income. Overtime productivity of fishing effort has been declining thus threatening both food intake and incomes from sales. Since fishery is an important source of livelihood, interventions in this sector will assure inhabitants of improved livelihoods.

Forestry

The state of forestry is challenging in many respects and needs special attention. Forestry resources play many important roles to the inhabitants of Nyasa District. Foremost forestry fulfills household consumption needs (fuel wood, lighting, etc) and secondly investment needs (building poles; dug-out canoes, etc). In addition they provide source of rain for feeding rivers which empty into Lake Nyasa. Further, forestry resources support other functions such as bee keeping, medicinal, shade, etc. These functions of forestry resource have been greatly eroded with many adverse consequences such as reduced flows of rivers.

Deforestation has taken place on a considerable scale in both Mbinga side and Nyasa side of the main divide, the Livinstone mountain range. In order to restore the forestry functions interventions will need to involve Mbinga District which provides the divide from which the rivers flow.

Forestry is thus a District priority which has a great bearing in improving people‟s lives.

Environment conservation

All evidence point out to environmental degradation in Nyasa District in all livelihood sources. Though people are aware of the consequences of their actions, they are often forced to degrade the environment because of lack of alternatives to livelihood sources.

The many functions of the natural environment (both use and non-use value) calls for prioritizing environmental conservations in terms of direct interventions such as forestation and indirect through awareness raising and finding local solutions. 18

Other priority areas

ICT

ICT plays a great role in revolutionizing society towards improving livelihoods. It bridges the knowledge divide and facilitates both production and consumption through reducing transactions cost. The state of ICT in Nyasa District is not facilitative to both. Difficulties are experienced in disseminating information; communication as well as improving productivity such as using ICT for finding markets and prices for agricultural produce and fishery. ICT is thus a priority in the quest for improving people‟s livelihoods.

Infrastructure

Development experience has rich lessons on the importance of infrastructure in facilitating movement of people as well as goods and services. Nyasa District faces a number of challenges in this respect in all modes of transport (road, marine and air). Having a reliable transport system requires investments in all the three areas and is thus a priority.

Education

The importance of education is acknowledged world- wide. For Nyasa District education is a priority given the many challenges that hinder delivery in terms of both quantity and quality. Achieving equity is desired in the District in order to grant equitable opportunities to girls, the physically challenged as well as reaching adults who will be able to improve their productivity and livelihoods.

5.0. NYASA DISTRICT PRIORITIES IN EACH PRIORITY SECTOR

Agriculture

Irrigation agriculture

Irrigation farming: apart from Lake Nyasa waters, the district is endowed with 15 perennial rivers all emptying into Lake Nyasa and accounting for 52 percent of the Lake‟s inflow. This provides immense opportunities for irrigation farming

Identified areas for rice cultivation: Lundo (2,562 ha – currently only 44.3 percent is utilized; and only one tractor is available). Lituhi is another site with great potential for irrigating 2,800 ha (Lituhi used to be called “mini Dar” because of large population size – about 12,000 inhabitants by then compared to a population of 8,000 inhabitants at Mbinga, the then District headquarters).

Potential area for paddy or Potential paddy irrigation Potential paddy irrigation fish pond at Mhalo agriculture - Ngindo agriculture -Lituhi

Transforming agricultural pattern from subsistence farming to commercial farming

Coffee - Mpepo,Tingi,Ndondo and Liparamba;

Paddy - Lundo, Kimbande, Ngumbo, Kwambe, Nkalachi, Ngingama and Ng‟ombo.

Introduction of new cash crops

The crops are cash crops such as cocoa, sunflower and cashew nuts.

Cocoa - Kihagala,Liuli, Lipingo Cashwnuts - Ngumbo,Liwundi,Mbaha,Lituhi,chiwanda & mtipwili

Sunflower - Lhangarasi,Liparamba,Tingi,Kingirikiti

Construction of warehouses

The District has plans for constructing warehouses in 15 wards. In addition, capacity building to farmers will be undertaken for production, processing and packaging.

Fisheries – boat building; modern fishing gear, fish market, deepening value chain.

Establishing and strengthening fisheries groups along for the first forty identified groups.

Promoting use of modern fishing facilities such as engine-powered modern fishing boats (trawlers, seine); as well as capacity building especially in production, processing and packaging.

Establishing and construction of fish collecting centers/markets and cold storage facilities (rooms, vans) at main collection points (Lituhi, Liuli, Mbamba bay).

Construction of fish ponds where rivers flow into the Lake. 20

ICT – Community radio, Information centers.

The centers will offer ready access to information on agricultural activities such as timely availability of inputs, control of diseases; markets and prices (of fishing activities as well).

Other areas of immediate attention

Infrastructure

Upgrading Mbinga-Mbamba stretch to tarmac condition and improving rural or feeder roads by connecting the low land and highland sides (Chiwindi-Dar pori; Chimate-Tingi, Mkalole- Kingirikiti,Lundo-Mapera, Litembo-Ngumbo, Mango-Matiri).

Education

Construction of dormitories for girls and girls secondary school with capacity to enroll Forms I to VI.

Develop and strengthen education by constructing special schools–primary and secondary at least one in each division.

Livestock

Formulation of land use plans to various villages to curb the inflow of livestock from various places and determine the land capacity for livestock keeping in all villages of Nyasa district council.

Environment conservation and Forestry

Establishing tree nurseries, and planting of trees;

Promoting bee keeping;

Creating awareness to the villages on environmental issues;

Establishing and strengthening villages environment committees;

Supervising and taking decision on environmental issues based on rules and regulations guiding environmental matters in localities;

Protecting and safeguarding forest reserves established in various villages;

Demarcating all reserved forest areas and water sources; 21

Planting of fruit trees.

Education

Improving and strengthening education by constructing special primary and secondary schools and dormitories for girls. In addition provision of education beyond secondary level. Construction of Vocational Education and Training centers, colleges and institutions of higher learning is a matter of urgency.

Equal opportunities in school “Unequal opportunities?”

This photo was taken during class hours. These girls were gathering manganiwa (foreground in bowel) by the lake shore

Tourism

Establishing animal zoos, recreation centers and construction of hotels. In addition, promoting isles that are in close proximity (Mbamba bay, Lundo, Hongi, etc) as tourist magnets.

6.0 NYASA DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND BUDGET

A Monitoring and Evaluation plan exists, and it includes indicators for poverty, environment and gender

The years/dates of the key planning and budget tools are: Strategic Plan(s): 2011/2012 - 2015/2016 Development Plan(s)…2014/2015-2018/2019 Budget: 2013/2014 – 2014/2015 M&E 2013/2014 – 2014/2015.

District development plan and budget explicitly integrate and mainstream poverty reduction and environment management objectives. A coordination mechanism exists for integrating or mainstreaming poverty-environment objectives in agriculture, fishery and forestry sectors.

Councilors participating in the Council Chairman introducing Briefing District functionaries on Consultations mission objective of mission

Setting of targets There are different ways that the District uses in setting targets, depending much on the nature of the sector. 23

Integrating poverty-environment-gender objectives in Plans

This is done through prioritization during planning. It was however acknowledged that knowledge was not sufficient.

Integrating poverty-environment-gender objectives in Budget

Use is made of guidelines issued by Ministry of Finance and TAMISEMI for budget. In the process the following are emphasized where project will be implemented: commitment of the community, gender balance and availability of funds.

Indicators set and used by District

Integrating poverty-environment-gender objectives in Plans

In setting the indicators the District uses the following methods:

 Checking normal community living style  Using National censes reports (statistics)  Using Villages & Ward reports  Using LGMD-(Local Government Management Database)

Targets

. Household daily, monthly and annual income; . %ge of households owning fishing gear; . %ge of households able to take three meals a day; . %ge of households owning an ox-plough; . %ge of households with a radio and/or Television; . %ge of households with motor cycle or bicycle; . %ge of households with iron-sheet roofs or better roofing materials . %ge of children 13 years or less who are orphaned; . %ge of households owning a tractor; . Number of children under 13 years in household; . % of households not owning land; . % of households within 400m of improved water points . Number of people per functioning public water supply point; . Number of people per improved (piped + protected) water supply point.

Integrating poverty-environment-gender objectives in Budgets

In setting the indicators the District uses the following methods:

 Using National census reports (statistics);  Using Villages & Ward reports; 24

 Using LGMD-(Local Government Management Database).

Targets:

. %ge of elected women representatives in the village Council; . %ge of elected women representatives on the local Council; . %ge of locally generated revenue spent on development; . %ge of Villages/Mtaa which submitted minutes of at least three regular village council meetings; . %ge of Villages/Mtaa with audited accounts; . %ge of Villages/Mtaa with bank accounts; . %ge of Villages/Mtaa with development plan and budget; . %ge of Villages/Mtaa with development plan.

Views on planning and budgeting Households were of the view that the planning process was satisfactory (53.6 percent of respondents). On integration of environmental considerations in planning, about 75.9 percent of respondents ranked it as normal.

The main challenges to mainstreaming environmental issues were identified as inadequacy of skills (38.5 percent of respondents), followed by financial constraints and insufficient number of staff (25.6 percent each).

Mainstreaming of environmental issues in budget was assessed as being done (58.6 percent of respondents) out of whom 41.4 percent saw the mainstreaming to be to a lesser extent. All groups regarded the mainstreaming as normal.

With respect to gender mainstreaming 55.1 percent of respondents were of the view that gender issues are mainstreamed with 44.8 percent of these pointing out that the mainstreaming was to a lesser extent.

An elaborate Financial report exists for the District as shown in Table 6.1.

Table 6.1: Nyasa District Financial Report 2013/14 Vote Estimates July-August 2013 September 2013 July-September % 2013/2014 2013 A: Revenue Own source 862,675,500 28,764,440 15,073,900 43,838,340 5 Subvention from 9,039,061,275 40,136,700 - 40 0.44 central government Donors 13,888,319,776 - 87,864,445 87,864,445 - Total 23,790,056,551 68,901,140 102,938,345 171,839,485 5.44 B: Expenditure Own source 862,675,500 29,934,127 9,960,500 39,894,627 5 Subvention from 9,039,061,275 12,422,000 15,573,675 27,995,675 0.31 central government Donors 13,888,319,776 - - - - Total 23,790,056,551 42,356,127 23,534,175 67,890,302 5.31 Source: Nyasa District Council The District‟s budget also reports specifically on allocations to P-E, gender and CC initiatives as shown in Table 6.2.

Table 6.2: Nyasa District Budget Allocation to Poverty-Environment-Gender and Climate Change Initiatives 2013/14

SN FUNDER Allocation to P-E Allocation to Gender Allocation to CC

1 Own source

2 LGCDG 90,000,000.00 75,000,000.00

3 Donors 153,039,000.00

4 LGCDG-IN 40,000,000.00

Source: Nyasa District Council

The main challenges to Planning and Budgeting in Nyasa District relates to delays in receiving development funds.

7.0 NYASA HUMAN RESOURCES, TOOLS AND COORDINATION MECHANISMS FOR MAINSTREAMING POVERTY REDUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION OBJECTIVES STRATEGIC PLAN AND BUDGETS IN THE SECTORS OF AGRICULTURE, FISHERY AND FORESTRY

Agriculture

At District headquarters there are five officers. Nyasa District has 33 agricultural extension officers (livestock, six; agriculture, 27) out of total requirement of 161 (livestock 73 and agriculture 88) a shortfall of 79.5 percent. Knowledge on participatory planning is quite challenging for both categories. The officers have not been exposed to further training, workshops, seminars nor study tours.

The Department lacks expertise in measurement of natural resource accounting and incorporation in national accounts and use of natural wealth values „beyond GDP‟ measurements in order to improve P-E gender and CC mainstreaming into budgeting processes.

Planning

The experts in this Department are Economists and Statisticians. The required number of staff is three, but only one Economist is manning the Department. The staff acquired skills through normal education progress. There has been no further capacity building in terms of training, attending workshops and seminars, nor study tours.

Capacity building is critically required in natural resource accounting and incorporation in national accounts –use of natural wealth values „beyond GDP‟ for improving P-E gender and Climate Change mainstreaming into budgeting processes.

Forestry

There are two staff at district headquarters and two at ward and village level, all trained through normal schooling. There has been no capacity building through further training (retooling), workshops, seminars, Study tours etc. Both carders need further capacity building in forestry issues. The required number of staff is fifteen (15).

There have been no institutional, legal or financial reforms undertaken to improve planning processes and budgeting on PE mainstreaming.

The Department is manned by one officer, a range inspector, having acquired skills through normal school training. At ward and village levels there are no officers. The officer has not been exposed to further training workshops, seminars, study tours etc. Like in other Departments there have been no institutional, legal or financial reforms undertaken to improve planning processes and budgeting on PE mainstreaming.

Table 7.1: Nyasa District - Economic Tools Applied to Support Strategic Planning on P-E Mainstreaming

Economic tool Planning Forestry Fisheries Availability Applicability Availability Applicability Availability Applicability Calendar meeting from yes yes yes yes yes Yes Village level to Council level

Funds No None No None No None Computer (Laptop) & No Minimal No None No None accessories

Soft wares No None No None No None Internet services No Yes through No None No None modems Transport facility No Yes using few No None No None means available Planning Guidelines Yes yes Yes yes Yes Yes

Data storage and No No No No No No management Source: Nyasa District Planning Office

Coordination mechanism for integrating or mainstreaming poverty-environment objectives in agriculture, fishery and forestry sectors does exist.

There are a number of coordination mechanisms that at used at the District level as shown in Table 7.2.

Budgeting and expenditure processes (both government and private sector) that integrate P-E, gender and CC objectives in targeted priority programs and projects and funding guidelines.

Table 7.2 Nyasa District – Budgeting and Expenditure Processes

SN Budget process Availability Applicability

1 Village budget assembly Yes Yes

2 Ward Development Committee (WDC) Yes Yes

3 Department budget meeting Yes Yes

4 Budget Council Management team (CMT) Yes Yes

5 Finance committee Yes yes

6 Stakeholders Meeting Yes Yes

7 Full Council budget Yes Yes

8 RCC budget Yes Yes

Barriers or challenges

Legal context

No reforms have been undertaken in terms of institutional, legal, financial etc. in order to improve national planning processes and budgeting on PE mainstreaming

Financial

Financial resources are centered at the top. The District budget is often reduced leading to the District receiving little from the central government to support the planned District budget.

Administration: there is inadequate and sometimes lack of coordination between Regional administration and District level, for example, there is no direct contact between fisheries regional headquarters and district level. The formulation of policies does not involve all people/communities and stakeholders.

Livelihood sources

The district faces a number of challenges in the main sources of livelihood. 29

In agriculture, the level of mechanization is very low. Out of a total of 71,082 farmers in the district, 67,173 (94.5 percent) use the hand hoe; only 3,554 farmers, (about 5.0 percent) use tractors and 0.5 percent use ploughs. The number of agricultural extension officers is 33, about 25.6 percent of the required number of 128. Availability of tractors is at 9.1 percent.

Out of the total 381,100 ha of District area, only 150,600 (39.5 percent) are arable and much less cultivated. During 2012/2013, for example, only 75,300 ha (about 50 percent) were cultivated.

Potential land for irrigation is estimated at 10,600 ha of which only 4,030 ha (38.0 percen) is under irrigation.

The requirement of modern fertilizers during 2012/13 was 15,428 metric tonnes but only 3,874.9 metric tonnes (about 25.1 percent) were availed. The District also received only 28 percent of agricultural voucher requirements.

Fishing, which is another important economic activity is also facing the main challenge of technology – use of traditional canoes able to penetrate only 2 km. This has led to low fish catch, for example 5,892 tonnes in 2012, (only about 3.5 percent of potential). The District has 20 engine powered boats compared to the requirement of 500. There are neither physical markets nor cold storage facilities to support fishing. Processing for preservation is non- existent leading to post harvest losses if the fish are not consumed immediately. Value chain is non- existent.

Road network

Only about 628 km (61.3 percent) of the District‟s total 1,025 km road network is passable throughout the year.

Education

The education sector faces a number of challenges – availability of classrooms at primary school level is at 74.9 percent; desks at 62 percent and teachers at 68.4 percent. Standard seven pass rate in 2012 was at 51.7 percent below the national average. There is no education provider beyond secondary level in the District. 30

Water

Access to potable water within 400 meters is low at around 38 percent.

ICT dis-connectivity

The geographical position of Nyasa district and state of physical infrastructure including marine services, makes it very difficult to disseminate information. The district is dis-connected from National communication channels such as radio and Television due to remoteness from the broadcasting centers. Mobile phone services are not reliable and are only accessible by chancing.

These are not “on lookers” by the road side! This point at Kitolaki hill top in Mbaha is where mobile phone users “assemble” in order to access network (making and receiving calls, use of sms and recharging air time vouchers). During evening hours the gathering swells. There are many inconveniences such as loss of secrecy on conversations as crowd gets bigger; lost productive time; etc. This photo was taken mid-day when the gathering is at its thinnest).

Internally, information has to be communicated physically which becomes even more difficult during rainy seasons. This state of affairs does not only deny the inhabitants of Nyasa district current national, regional and global news, but also access to developmental information which originates from the District headquarters.

8.0. NYASA YOUTH AND WOMEN PARTICIPATION/INVOLVEMENT ON PLAN AND BUDGET IN AGRICULTURE, FISHERY AND FOREST SECTORS

Women and youth are involved in agriculture, fishery and forest planning and budgeting at early stages through village and ward level meetings.

In terms of agricultural production, involvement of women is high while in fisheries women engage more in processing fish. 31

Women Processing Fish

9.0. KEY GEOGRAPHICAL SITES (VILLAGES OR AN AREA/LOCATION IN A VILLAGE) IN THE DISTRICT FOR IMMEDIATE ACTIONS /INTERVENTIONS IN AGRICULTURE, FISHERY AND FOREST FOR ACHIEVING BIG RESULTS NOW

The development challenges that Nyasa District faces can be addressed through, among other solutions, identification of areas that can deliver quick wins. In this regard the following were identified:

Agriculture: Lundo, Ngumbo, Nkalachi, Kwambe, Kilosa, Mbamba bay, Ndengere, Ngingama and Ng‟ombo;

Fisheries: Lituhi, Mbaha, Ngumbo, Mkili, Liwundi, Kihagala, Liuli, Lipingo, and Mbamba Bay;

Forestry: Kilosa, Mtipwili, Tingi, Luhangarasi, Liparamba, Kingirikiti and Chiwanda.

10.0. SUGGESTIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS FOR INTEGRATING AND IMPLEMENTING POVERTY-ENVIRONMENT NEXUS IN THE DISTRICT

This Chapter presents a summary of the views of respondents on recommendations for addressing poverty-environment nexus. The recommendations are with respect to agriculture, fishery and forests.

Agriculture Table 10.1 shows the recommended interventions in agriculture. Introduction of new crops tops the list (expressed by 37 percent of respondents) followed by irrigation (22.6 percent) and construction of warehouses (19.4 percent).

Table 10.1: Results: Nyasa District - Recommended Interventions in Agriculture

Responses

Frequency Percent

1 Introduction of new crops 23 37%

2 Irrigation 14 22.6%

3 Improving physical infrastructure 2 3.2%

4 Construction of warehouses 12 19.4

5 Agricultural inputs 7 11.3%

6 Coffee huleries 3 4.8%

7 Education on modern agriculture 1 1.6%

Total 62 100.0 Source: computed from field survey

Fisheries

Modern fishing methods and gear was the main recommendation of stakeholders as shown in Table 10.2.

Table 10.2: Results: Nyasa District - Recommended Interventions in Fisheries

Responses

Frequency Percent mapendekezo ya miradi (uvuvi)a Modern fishing 4 14.3%

Research on fish resource 2 7.1%

Modern fishing gear 15 53.6%

Processing 3 10.7%

Markets 2 7.1%

Education 1 3.6%

Fish ponds 1 3.6% Total 28 100.0% Source: computed from field survey

Forestry

The main recommended interventions are beekeeping (40.8 percent of respondents), followed by forestation/planting of trees (36.7 percent).

Table 10.3: Results: Nyasa District - Recommended Interventions in Forestry

Responses

Frequency Percent

Mapendekezo ya miradi (msitu)a Kuwa na mashamba darasa kwa kila kijiji 3 6.1%

Upandaji miti 18 36.7%

Ufugaji nyuki 20 40.8%

Elimu-kujenga uwezo 2 4.1%

Hifadhi ya wanyama 2 4.1%

Mbegu misitu 1 2.0%

Vyanzo vya maji kulindwa 3 6.1% Total 49 100.0% Source: computed from field survey

Recommendations for Financial services in Nyasa District

The recommended interventions are:

 Establishment of commercial banks in the District  Rural banking: financial education to the people in villages  Economic empowerment of women  Reliable physical infrastructure;  Use of tree lots as collateral;  Mobile banking services. 35

11.0. Proposed poverty-environment baselines, targets and indicators

Table 11.1 Objectives, Baselines, Targets & Indicators Objective: To increase income per capita. Baselines Population of Nyasa district estimated at 146,160 inhabitants of whom 71,392 (48.8) male and 77,442 (51.2 percent) female (NBS, 2012). Per capita income of TShs 660,000 (2012) Targets Population growth maintained at or below national growth level and size matches the productive capacity of the District; Income per capita of TShs 1,600,000 by 2025. Indicators % growth of population, size in absolute figures, District Gross Domesic Product, per capita income. Objective: To reduce income poverty. Baselines According to PHDR 2005 about 28% of the district’s population lived below the national basic needs poverty line (2013 estimates 10%). Targets Reduce population below the basic needs poverty line to 19% by 2015 (using 2013 estimates, to 7%) . Indicators National basic needs poverty line. Objective: To shift employment to sectors other than agriculture, livestock and fishery. Baselines Agriculture, livestock and fisheries employ more than 70% of the total residents. Targets Develop other sectors of the economy i.e. tourism, fish farming, trading, and beekeeping Indicators % decline in people employed in agriculture, livestock and fishery. Objective: To increase employment growth in tourism, fish farming, beekeeping and trading. Baselines Majority of population in Bunda district (over 80%) depend on agricultural crop production and livestock keeping as the main source of income and livelihood. Targets develop other sectors of the economy i.e. tourism, fish farming, trading, and beekeeping. Indicators Relative % increase in people employed in tourism, fish farming, beekeeping and trading. Objective: To establish and increase irrigation infrastructure. Baselines Three irrigation infrastructure; irrigation technologies are not practiced on large extent and scale in Nyasa district. 36

Targets To construct at least 2 irrigation schemes per annum (to completion) Indicators Number of Hectors and schemes that are completed and are operational. Objective: To reduce dependence on charcoal and firewood. Baselines Inability to provide alternative source to charcoal and firewood for cooking and few number of staff and low budget to support Environment office meet its objectives Targets Introduce alternative technologies to conserve forests; increase number of staff; increase budget. Indicators Number of innovative projects formulated and implemented as alternative sources to charcoal and firewood; number of staff and increase in budget. Objective: To incease access to clean and safe water. Baselines Nyasa District has 38% of its people enjoying clean and safe water from pipe networks and bore holes Targets At least 43.8% of district inhabitants accessing safe and clean water within 400 metters from pipes and bore holes by 2015. Indicators % of people accessing piped and boreholes water. Objective: To combat illegal fishing. Baselines Illegal fishing in Lake Nyasa is mainly through use of small mesh gear and fishing at fish breeding sites Targets Use of small mesh gear and fishing at river mouths completely stopped Indicators % and fishing effort (number) decline in use of banned fishing gear; incidence of fishing at river mouths Objective: To coordinate forest management. Baselines Weak institutional set up in coordination of forest management Targets Quarterly joint meetings and increased resource for coordination (personnel, funding). Indicators Number of joint meetings per quarter. Objective: To ensure that District Development Plans (SP) and MTEF exisist and include p-e objectives. Baselines Existence of Strategic Plan (SP) & Medium Term Expenditure Framework Plan and Budget for Financial Year 2013/14-2015/2016 (MTEF) for Nyasa District; few Planning staff; ill equipped. Targets High quality SP & MTEF by 2017; increase number of staff in Planning department; equipp staff appropriately, capacity building Indicators # Objectives in each sector, # of activities in each sector, # level of resources allocated, number of staff in Planning Department; number of equipment, training.. Objective: To integrate p-e-g objectives Baselines Nyasa District development plans and budgets explicitly integrate poverty reduction and environment management objectives. The integration of poverty- environment objectives has been clearly expressed Targets P-E-G objectives explicitly integrated and implemented. Indicators Number of objectives in each sector, number of activities in each sector, level of resources allocated. 37

Objective: To promote best practices for forest management in order to increase household food security and income generation and conservation of forests. Baselines Wanton felling of felling of trees and no compliance to Forest Act No. 20 Targets Reducing the rate of cutting trees by 20%, in order to conform to Forest Act No. 20 and ensure forest cover by implementing reforestation through establishing tree nurseries with capacity of 2,750,000 seedlings. In addition, to facilitate District Council staff to conduct frequent Forest Patrol for at least 10 days per month for 12 months. Indicators % of forest cover, frequency or number of forest patrols per annum Objective: To promote and implement best practices in land management, with the aim of improving access, quality and equitable land management services Baselines 41 out of 73 villages surveyed; key offices have bad working conditions and inadequate skilled personnel on land law. Targets Ensuring staff skills and office working conditions are improved by June 2015, land staff to conduct land allocation meetings and to conduct 20 training sessions on land law by June 2016. Complete survey of remaining 32 villages by June 2015

Indicators Number of equipment for land office, facilities for land office, staff trained, number of villages surveyed Objective: To promote natural resources conservation for reducing environmental degradation. Baselines Fast and high rates of environmental degradation in all forms (deforestation, soil degradation and depletion of fish stocks leading to extinction of some species) Targets Reducing environment destruction by 80% and natural resources conserved by June 2016, conducting environmental education to people living close to Livingstone mountain range by June 2015, to carry out natural resources monitoring to establish the natural resources status in the district by June 2015; monitoring of fish stock by type. Indicators % reduction in degradation, number of awareness and education sessions, number of trees planted and monitored, fish stock by type. Objective: To promote environmental conservation for Household food security and income generation in the district through increased agriculture production and fish catch Baselines Household food security and income generation in the district. About 94.5% of farmers use traditional hand hoe; Food crops production at 159,924 tonnes in 2013; irrigated area is at 4,030 hectors and construction of irrigation infrastructure Kimbande, Mkali and Lundo Schemes; 20 modern fishing boats; 1,550 traditional fishing canoes. Fish catch about 5,892 tonnes (2012) worth T.Shs 4.7 billion Targets To facilitate training to 30 villages development committee prioritizes agricultural activities and construction of fish market by June 2015. Improvement of irrigation area from 4,030 hectors to 10,600 hectors by June 2016 through increasing number of schemes (Lituhi); increase level of agricultural mechanization to 219 tractors (146 low power and 73 heavy duty) Achieve production of food crops to 239,886 tonnes by 2018; increase number of modern fishing boats to 200 by 2016; increase fish catch sustainably to 20,000 tonnes per year to reach 80,000 tonnes per annum by 2015. Indicators Number of Hectors and schemes that are completed and are operational.; number of modern fishing boats; number of tractors Objective: To ensure fisheries environment is improved. 38

Baselines Poor fishery services and condition and low revenue at less than 3.9% of potential Targets By June 2014, improving fisheries working condition by 80% and increase fisheries revenue collection by 75% by June 2014. Indicators % improved services, number of modern fishing and % of revenue collection. Objective: To improve policy, planning and monitoring by facilitating planning staff with skills and means to conduct monitoring and evaluation. Baselines Inadequate skills in planning and absence of monitoring and evaluation as required; ill equipped personnel. Targets 73 villages facilitated and motivated to have village technicians with different skills in planning, implementing, monitoring and evaluating development projects by 2016; Increased involvement of various stakeholders in supporting development projects in the district; Improved system of preparing developmental plans which are gender sensitive from village to district level by 2016; Improved data management and storage systems; Improved and strengthened community based management information system in 15 wards by 2016 By June 2015, facilitate staff from Planning Department office to conduct monitoring and evaluation; facilitating daily operations of district office by June 2015. Indicators Number of staff facilitated, number of monitoring and evaluation conducted and reports; ICT equipment supplied to Planning Department Objective: To strengthen participatory planning, implementation monitoring and evaluation system Baselines No regular socio-economic and environment data collection Targets Facilitating collection, processing and analysis of socio-economic data by June 2015 Indicators % increase in data collection and data sets. 39

12. CONCLUDING REMARKS

Nyasa district has many potentials for improving people‟s livelihoods. High and rapid growth as well as substantial poverty reduction are achievable. There are challenges that need to be addressed at both the national level and at the district level. Upgrading Mbinga-Mbamba Bay road to tarmac condition will stabilize production and movement as well as open the district to further investments.

Modern technologies in production and services are especially needed.

At the district level, environmental education and awareness are important in addition to finding alternatives. Community local- based solutions such as afforestation, overseeing implementation of by-laws, etc. should be encouraged. 40

REFERENCES

Asheim, Geir B., Wolfgang Buchholz and Bertil Tungodden (2001). "Justifying sustainability." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Vol 41 No 3, 252-268.

Barbier, E. B. (1987). The concept of sustainable economic development. Environmental Conservation, 14(2), 101-110.

Bossell, Hartmut, ed. (1999). Indicators for Sustainable Development: Theory, Method, Applications: A Report to the Balaton Group, p.2. Winnipeg, Canada: International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD).

Capacity and Sustainability Centre/United Nations Environmental Programme, 2007. Poverty and Environment Indicators 2007-2013.

Daly, Herman E. (1994). “Operationalizing Sustainable Development by Investing in Natural Capital,” in AnnMari Jansson et al. eds., Investing in Natural Capital: The Ecological Economics Approach to Sustainability. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.

Department of Economics (2013). “Sustainable Local Ecosystem-based Solutions to Poverty- Environment Problem: Case Study of Lake Victoria Basin” Report to Environment for Development project, University of Dar es Salaam

Jonathan M. Harris, (2000). Basic Principles of Sustainable Development. G-DAE Working Paper No. 00-04: Global Development and Environment Institute, Tufts University

Juhudi Development, 2012 – Risk Assessment Study in the Forestry and Fishery Sectors for Tanzania Revenue Authority

Linn, JF, A. Hartman, H.Kharas, R. Kohl and B. Massler (2010). “Scaling up the fight against rural poverty, An institutional Review of IFAD‟s approach” Report to IFAD

NORAD,2009. “Norwegian Environmental Action Plan Baseline Study” Report.

Norton, B. G and Toman, M.A.(1997) „ Sustanability: Ecological and economic perspectives‟, Land Economics, 73(4), 553-568.

Nyasa District Council 2013. “Council Meeting on Ward Development Reports”, 30/10/2013, Mbamba Bay

Republic of Kenya,2011. Poverty and Environment Indicators Report, Nairobi

United Nations (UN), 2000. Millennium Declaration, New York 41

UNDP (2012): Support to Implementation of Catalytic Actions for the MAF – Tanzania, Project Proposal Document, UNDP, Dar-es-Salaam

UNDP (2013). “The Challenge We Face” MDG Gap Task Force Report 2013.

United Republic of Tanzania (URT) 1999. Tanzania Development Vision 2025, Planning Commission, Dar es Salaam

URT, (1999). Proposed National Action Programme to Combat Desertification, Vice President‟s Office, Dar es Salaam, 59 pages.

URT. 2000.Composite Development Goal for the Tanzania Development Vision 2025, Planning Commission, February URT, 2005. Poverty and Human Development Report 2005, Mkuki na Nyota Publishers, Dar es Salaam

URT (2005) National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty, Ministry of Finance Dar es Salaam

URT,2009. Kilimo Kwanza, Tanzania’s Green Revolution, Dar es Salaam URT(2009). The Fisheries Regulations, 2009, Dar es Salaam

URT 2009. “Kanuni za Uvuvi na Ufugaji Bora wa Samaki Kibiashara” Ministry Livestock and Fisheries Development, Ministry Livestock and Fisheries Development, URT (2010): Millennium Development Goals Report, PO-PC, Dar es Salaam

URT (2010) National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty, Ministry of Finance, Dar es Salaam

URT (2010). Tanzania: Millennium Development Goals Report, Ministry of Finance, Dar es Salaam

URT (2011). Tanzania Long Term Perspective Plan, President‟s Office, Planning Commission, Dar es Salaam

URT (2011). Accelerating Progress Toward the MDGs: Country Action Plan 2010-2015, Dar es Salaam

URT(2013). “Public Expenditure Review for the National Agriculture Input Voucher System” (NAIVS), Draft Report, MAFC, Dar-es-Salaam

URT 2013. Fisheries Annual Statistics Report 2012, of Ministry Livestock and Fisheries Development, Fisheries Development Division, Dar es Salaam

URT 2013. Population Distribution by Administrative Units; 2012 Population and Housing Census Volume I, National Bureau of Statistics, Dar es Salaam, March 42

World Commission on Environment and Development, 1988. Our Common Future: Oxford University Press, Oxford, England ANNEXES

1. Examples of Poverty-Environment Nexus

Poverty Issue Potential Influence on Environmental and Natural Poverty Indicators Related Resource Issue to Environment

Agriculture, Forestry & Fishery: Economic Access/tenure to productive land and common property Percent population suffering status and resources; from hunger opportunities Robust farming and forestry practices/techniques. Foods derived from own lands, common lands, forest products and fisheries Strength of farmers’ organizations Population increase Out or in-migration of Population

Food Security Drought or flood coping mechanisms, water Frequency of food insecurity.

Harvesting. Percentage of rural children under five who are underweight, wasted, stunted

Use of adapted plants and other species

Proper forest management and strategies to fight pests

Water & Education Time required to collect water and firewood Proportion of boys and girls

completing primary school

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2. Generic Output and Impact Framework

Objectives Outputs, Activities and Outcomes: Impacts Assumptions/Risks Participation Impacts Knowledge

Assumptions/ Institutionalization

1.. Increase knowledge about and Activities Performed Knowledge Created Behaviour change of Conducive national and local appreciation of good local, 1.Participatory studies/surveys Awareness/technical/ policies (see Annex 4) in line functioning ecosystems national and international 2. Demonstration for and coaching operational insights with national goals, plans and 2. Reduce degradation of local participants private and institutional Bolstered motivation actors which yields international agreements/ through conservation and 3. Media-exposure of positive impacts of sustainable use acceptance and support for different kinds: obligations and the Millennium environmental/ changes 3. Increase yields and higher value • Environmental Development Goals. sustainable production development efforts to bolster Institutionalization taken place: support • Economic International economic 4. Institutionalize Formalization of environmental 4. Development of high value, efforts through agreements, • Social situation may worsen improvements via legislation, tradable products or creation permits, sign-ups for voluntary work, • Civic Consider various scenarios of enforcement and changing local of other income streams national and local budgets. norms • Technical climate change, 4. Involve new participants Laws passed and enforced. • Cultural etc. from various sectors Non-compliance punished

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3. Statistical Analysis Results

Divisions within Nyasa district

HHsaq1d tarafa

Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid RUHEKEI 20 69.0 69.0 69.0

Ruhuhu 4 13.8 13.8 82.8

Mpepo 5 17.2 17.2 100.0

Total 29 100.0 100.0 Source: Computed from survey data (Nyasa survey 2013)

3. Gender of the respondents

Table below presents distribution of respondents by gender HHsbq1b jinsia Cumulative

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent Valid ME 23 79.3 79.3 79.3 KE 6 20.7 20.7 100.0 Total 29 100.0 100.0 Source: Computed from survey data (Nyasa survey 2013)

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6. Level of education

HHsbq1e kiwango cha juu cha taaluma Cumulative

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent Valid praimari 10 34.5 41.7 41.7 sekondari 12 41.4 50.0 91.7 chuo 1 3.4 4.2 95.8 universiti 1 3.4 4.2 100.0 Total 24 82.8 100.0 Missing System 5 17.2 Total 29 100.0 Source: Computed from survey data (Nyasa survey 2013)

Table1 HHsbq1d_1 shughuli muhimu ya kiuchumi Valid Cumulative

Frequency Percent Percent Percent Valid Uvuvi 5 17.2 17.2 17.2 Kilimo 19 65.5 65.5 82.8 Biashara 1 3.4 3.4 86.2 ufugaji 1 3.4 3.4 89.7 Mwajiriwa 3 10.3 10.3 100.0 Total 29 100.0 100.0 Source: Computed from survey data (Nyasa survey 2013) 47 | P a g e

HHM2 umiliki wa ardhi

Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid ndiyo 18 62.1 94.7 94.7

hapana 1 3.4 5.3 100.0

Total 19 65.5 100.0

Missing System 10 34.5

Total 29 100.0 Source: Computed from survey data (Nyasa survey 2013)

HHM5 Je kaya ina miti ya kisasa

Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Ndiyo 10 34.5 52.6 52.6

Hapana 9 31.0 47.4 100.0

Total 19 65.5 100.0

Missing System 10 34.5

Total 29 100.0 Source: Computed from survey data (Nyasa survey 2013) 48 | P a g e

HHM9 Kaya inavyojitosheleza kwa chakula

Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid ndiyo 18 62.1 94.7 94.7

hapana 1 3.4 5.3 100.0

Total 19 65.5 100.0

Missing System 10 34.5

Total 29 100.0 Source: Computed from survey data (Nyasa survey 2013)

sq1ai_1mchakato= (hali ya mchakato) uboreshwaji wa mipango katika ngazi ya wilaya/Halmashauri/Tarafa/Kata/Kijiji

Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Inatosheleza / Inaridhisha 15 51.7 53.6 53.6

Haitosheleze / Hairidhishi 13 44.8 46.4 100.0

Total 28 96.6 100.0

Missing System 1 3.4

Total 29 100.0 Source: Computed from survey data (Nyasa survey 2013) 49 | P a g e

13. Uzingatiaji wa maswala ya mazingira (Inazingatiwa kwa kiwango gani)

sq3ai_uMazingira=Uzingatiaji wa masuala ya mazingira (inazingatiwa kwa kiwango gani)

Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Kikubwa 4 13.8 15.4 15.4

Kawaida 22 75.9 84.6 100.0

Total 26 89.7 100.0

Missing System 3 10.3

Total 29 100.0 Source: Computed from survey data (Nyasa survey 2013)

Uzingatiaji wa maswala ya mazingira (Inazingatiwa kwa kiwango gani)

sq3ai_uMazingira=Uzingatiaji wa masuala ya mazingira (inazingatiwa kwa kiwango gani)

Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Kikubwa 4 13.8 15.4 15.4

Kawaida 22 75.9 84.6 100.0

Total 26 89.7 100.0

Missing System 3 10.3

Total 29 100.0 Source: Computed from survey data (Nyasa survey 2013) 50 | P a g e

HHM1a_1 Je kadiri ya mtazamo wako, kumekuwa na mabadiliko yoyote katika hali ya maisha ya jamii kwenye kijiji hiki katika miaka mitatu iliyopita?

Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Ndio - Hali imeboreka 17 58.6 89.5 89.5

Ndio - Hali imekuwa mbaya 1 3.4 5.3 94.7 zaidi

Hapana - Hakuna mabadiliko 1 3.4 5.3 100.0

Total 19 65.5 100.0

Missing System 10 34.5

Total 29 100.0 Source: Computed from survey data (Nyasa survey 2013)

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Aina ya kikundi

Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid KIMBANDE GROUP(KILIMO 1 25.0 25.0 25.0 CHA UMWAGILIAJI)

FARAJA WOMEN GROUP 1 25.0 25.0 50.0 (CHAMA CHA AKINA MAMA)

SONGAMBELE GROUP 1 25.0 25.0 75.0

VIONGOZI WA 1 25.0 25.0 100.0 TARAFA,KATA NA VIJIJI

Total 4 100.0 100.0

“Aina ya kilimo”

HHM3 Aina ya kilimo

Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Kawaida 19 65.5 100.0 100.0

Missing System 10 34.5

Total 29 100.0

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“Uzingatiaji wa masuala ya jinsia katika mipango ya wilaya / Halmashauri.”

sq4a_mazKilimo=Hali ya mazingira katika kilimo / ardhi ikilinganishwa na miaka iliyipita

Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Inaridhisha 5 17.2 20.0 20.0

Inaridhisha kiasi 10 34.5 40.0 60.0

Hairidhishi 10 34.5 40.0 100.0

Total 25 86.2 100.0

Missing System 4 13.8

Total 29 100.0

State of forestry environment compared to about three years ago

Valid Cumulative Frequency Percent Percent Percent

Valid Not good 4 100.0 100.0 100.0

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sq7i_uborMaisha=uboreshwaji wa hali ya maisha (maoni ya ziada)

Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Jamii iwezeshwe kifedha 2 50.0 66.7 66.7

Taasisi za fedha zipunguze 1 25.0 33.3 100.0 masharti ya mikopo,riba,muda wa marejesho

Total 3 75.0 100.0

Missing System 1 25.0

Total 4 100.0

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sq4cv_mazMsitu1=Kama hairidhishi nini kimesababisha hali hiyo?

Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Misitu inavunwa ovyo na 2 50.0 66.7 66.7 uchomaji moto

Ongezeko la watu 1 25.0 33.3 100.0

Total 3 75.0 100.0

Missing System 1 25.0

Total 4 100.0

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Groups State of Environment in Fishery Compared to about three years ago

Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Somewhat good 1 25.0 25.0 25.0

Not good 3 75.0 75.0 100.0

Total 4 100.0 100.0

Changamoto zilizopo katika kuzingatia masuala ya mazingira katika Wilaya - Mipango

$chamazngira Frequencies

Responses

N Percent Percent of Cases changamoto zilizopo masuala Sheria 4 10.3% 18.2% ya mazingiraa Rasilimali fedha 10 25.6% 45.5%

Idadi ya wataalam 10 25.6% 45.5%

Utaalamu / ujuzi / taaluma 15 38.5% 68.2%

Total 39 100.0% 177.3% Source: Computed from survey data (Nyasa survey 2013) 56 | P a g e

. “Uzingatiwaji wa masuala ya mazingira katika bajeti ya Wilaya / Halmashauri.”

Table 1 sq3b_mazBajeti=Uzingatiwaji wa masuala ya mazingira katika bajeti ya wilaya / Halmashauri

Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Imezingatiwa 5 17.2 25.0 25.0

kwa kiwango Kidogo 12 41.4 60.0 85.0

Bajeti ni kidogo sana 1 3.4 5.0 90.0

Haizingatiwi 1 3.4 5.0 95.0

wastani 1 3.4 5.0 100.0

Total 20 69.0 100.0

Missing System 9 31.0

Total 29 100.0 Source: Computed from survey data (Nyasa survey 2013)

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“Uzingatiaji wa masuala ya jinsia katika mipango ya Wilaya / Halmashauri.”

sq3c_jinsMipango=Uzingatiaji wa masuala ya jinsia katika mipango ya wilaya / Halmashauri

Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Imezingatiwa 3 10.3 14.3 14.3

Imezingatiwa kwa kiwango 13 44.8 61.9 76.2 kidogo

Kwa kiasi kikubwa 4 13.8 19.0 95.2

Kuwajengea uwezo wa kina 1 3.4 4.8 100.0 mama

Total 21 72.4 100.0

Missing System 8 27.6

Total 29 100.0 Source: Computed from survey data (Nyasa survey 2013)

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sq1ai_1mchakato= (hali ya mchakato) uboreshwaji wa mipango katika ngazi ya wilaya/Halmashauri/Tarafa/Kata/Kijiji - vikundi

Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Haitosheleze / Hairidhishi 4 100.0 100.0 100.0

sq1aii_2mchakato= (hali ya mchakato) Kama haridhishi unafikiria ni nini kinasababisha - vikundi

Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Mfumo 3 75.0 100.0 100.0

Missing System 1 25.0

Total 4 100.0

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sq3ai_uMazingira=Uzingatiaji wa masuala ya mazingira (inazingatiwa kwa kiwango gani) - vikundi

Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Kawaida 4 100.0 100.0 100.0

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sq3aii_1chMazingara=Changamoto zilizopo katika kuzingatia masuala ya mazingira katika wilaya - vikundi

Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Mfumo 1 25.0 25.0 25.0

Sheria 2 50.0 50.0 75.0

Rasilimali fedha 1 25.0 25.0 100.0

Total 4 100.0 100.0 61 | P a g e