DOCSLIB.ORG

Distribution Strategy of Volvo Cars Last-Mile Logistics with Direct to End-Consumer Sales

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Distribution Strategy of Volvo Cars Last-Mile Logistics with Direct to End-Consumer Sales Dis tribution strategy of Volvo Cars last-mile logistics with direct to end-consumer sales Master’s thesis in Supply Chain Management MARCUS BROSTRÖM ROBERT SVANTESSON DEPARTMENT OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMICS DIVISISION OF SERVICE MANAGEMENT AND LOGISTICS CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Gothenburg, Sweden 2021 www.chalmers.se Report No. E2021:034 REPORT NO. E 2021:034 Distribution strategy of Volvo Cars last-mile logistics with direct to end-consumer sales MARCUS BROSTRÖM ROBERT SVANTESSON Department of Technology Management and Economics Division of Service Management and Logistics CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Gothenburg, Sweden 2021 Distribution strategy of Volvo Cars last-mile logistics with direct to end-consumer sales MARCUS BROSTRÖM ROBERT SVANTESSON © MARCUS BROSTRÖM, 2021. © ROBERT SVANTESSON, 2021. Report no. E2021:034 Department of Technology Management and Economics Chalmers University of Technology SE-412 96 Göteborg Sweden Telephone + 46 (0)31-772 1000 Cover: Volvo Cars, 2021 Gothenburg, Sweden 2021 Distribution strategy of Volvo Cars last-mile logistics with direct to end-consumer sales MARCUS BROSTRÖM ROBERT SVANTESSON Department of Technology Management and Economics Chalmers University of Technology Abstract The development of e-commerce has evolved fast during the past decades within all commercial products with several different pick-ups and delivery options, return options, and interaction of both online and offline interaction. Companies are required to adapt to new trends and customer behavior which is also affecting the sales and distribution of cars. The impact of Covid-19 has enabled companies to move into more digital interaction with its customers due to limited physical interaction, which has also led to a demand for better remote communication. The thesis has investigated the direct-to-consumer strategy, including what digital and operational capabilities are necessary to establish a successful last-mile delivery of cars in the automotive industry. The data collected through the literature review and interviews complemented each other and was presented in the empirical findings. From the empirical findings, it can be concluded what and how trends and customer behavior shapes OEM's business model, challenges and opportunities with benchmarking last-mile delivery services in the e-commerce industry, and what digital and operational capabilities can support last-mile logistics. Furthermore, the SWOT analysis and Porter's five forces regarding the empirical findings were discussed in the last chapter. These models provided valuable insights into Volvo's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats regarding implementing the direct-to-consumer strategy and last-mile delivery services. Additionally, Porter's five forces give a broader picture of shaping strategy to be profitable in a market characterized by fierce competition. Keywords: Distribution, Strategy, Last-mile logistics, Business model, Wholesale model, Automotive industry, E-commerce, Direct sales. v Acknowledgement . It has been a developing journey with many learnings and challenging parts but help from both internal and external actors has made this project feasible. We want to thank Volvo Cars and our company supervisor Ove Lindmark for his support and dedication during this Master´s thesis. He has shown a genuine interest during the process and provided us with helpful suggestions along the way. We also want to thank all internal and external interview participants at Volvo Cars for taking the time to share their knowledge and expertise with us. They provided us with valuable insights which were hard to find in the literature and widened our perspectives regarding our research questions. Finally, we want to thank our supervisor and examiner at Chalmers, Gunnar Stefansson, who has guided us through this Master´s thesis and provided us with the proper guidelines and valuable inputs. Gothenburg, May 2021 _________________________ _________________________ Marcus Broström Robert Svantesson vi Table of content Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................... v 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Introduction of Volvo Cars .................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Purpose ........................................................................................................................................... 2 1.4 Research questions ............................................................................................................. 2 1.5 Scope and limitations............................................................................................................... 2 2. Literature review.......................................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Business model ........................................................................................................................... 3 2.1.2 Traditional business model in the automotive industry ............................... 4 2.1.3 Emerging business model in the automotive industry ................................... 5 2.1.4 Agent model ......................................................................................................................... 7 2.1.5 Trends & Customer behavior ...................................................................................... 9 2.1.6 Transformation from indirect to direct sales ................................................... 10 2.2 Distribution channels ........................................................................................................... 12 2.2.1 Single-channel logistics, multi-channel logistics and Omni-channel .... 12 2.2.2 Customer journey, Customer experience and Touchpoints ...................... 13 2.2.3 The role of dealership .................................................................................................. 14 2.2.4 Build to order and Build to stock ........................................................................... 14 2.3 Distribution services ............................................................................................................. 15 2.3.1 Last-mile delivery .......................................................................................................... 15 2.3.2 Third Party Logistics .................................................................................................... 16 2.4 Digital & Operational capabilities ................................................................................... 16 2.4.1 Platforms ............................................................................................................................ 16 2.5 Tools and Methods ................................................................................................................. 17 2.5.1 Porter’s five forces ........................................................................................................ 17 2.5.2 SWOT analysis ................................................................................................................. 18 3. Methodology ................................................................................................................................ 21 3.1 Research Strategy ................................................................................................................... 21 3.2 Ethics ............................................................................................................................................ 21 3.3 Trustworthiness ...................................................................................................................... 22 3.4 Start-up with Volvo Cars ..................................................................................................... 22 3.5 Interviews held with Volvo, affiliates and LSP ......................................................... 23 3.6 Research Approach ................................................................................................................ 24 4. Empirical findings ..................................................................................................................... 25 viii 4.1 Volvo's wholesale model ..................................................................................................... 25 4.2 Benchmarking last-mile delivery services in e-commerce compared with the automotive industry ............................................................................................................. 26 4.2.1 Challenges when benchmarking with e-commerce ...................................... 26 4.2.2 Opportunities when benchmarking with e-commerce................................ 28 4.3 Consumer trends within automotive .......................................................................... 32 4.3.1 Digital interaction .......................................................................................................... 32 4.3.2 Ownership ........................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • V60/S60 Polestar S60/V60 POLESTAR WE ARE POLESTAR Read More at Nextpolestar.Com Or Volvocars.Com/Us 03
    v60/s60 polestar S60/V60 POLESTAR WE ARE POLESTAR Read more at nextpolestar.com or volvocars.com/us 03 WE ARE POLESTAR WE ARE POLESTAR WHEN DRIVING MATTERS ALL ROADS & CONDITIONS MEET THE POLESTAR VOLVO PAGE 03 PAGE 04 PAGE 06 PAGE 08 LEARNINGS FROM THE INTELLISAFE SENSUS SUSTAINABLE DRIVING TRACK PAGE 12 PAGE 13 PAGE 14 PAGE 11 “...the goal is always the same: To deliver best possible results. No matter what.” Polestar is defined by an ambition to be among EXTERIOR COLORS WHEELS & TIRES INTERIOR the top contenders in world motorsport and to PAGE 17 PAGE18 PAGE 19 PAGE 21 bring forward the strength and agility inherent in Volvo cars. Whether it’s winning championships, or developing performance cars, the goal is always the same: To deliver best possible results. 37,6 39,3 No matter what. 68,9 38,5 FIND OUT MORE AT 58,4 58,4 NEXTPOLESTAR.COM OR VOLVOCARS.COM/US FACTS & FIGURES41,9 33,5 62,5 37,1 PAGE 23 109,3 36,1 73,4 182,5 82,6 37,4 39,3 68,9 38,0 58,4 58,4 41,9 33,5 62,5 37,1 109,3 36,1 73,4 182,5 82,6 S60/V60 POLESTAR WHEN DRIVING MATTERS Read more at nextpolestar.com or volvocars.com/us 04 WHEN DRIVING MATTERS “All Polestar products are developed for people like ourselves – for those who appreciate driving with full control.” Polestar is about motorsport, and motorsport Regardless of surface or purpose, optimal is about driving. That’s why we focus on one driveability is what makes a driver feel safe thing only: optimizing driveability.
    [Show full text]
  • 2018 GENEVA-MOTORSHOW.Pdf
    /GENEVA MOTOR SHOW 2018 Geneva is the best show to get an overview of the future of the European and broader auto industry as there are always significant launches of new vehicles and concepts of the future. One thing that is clear is that the industry is facing dramatic change. The car world has been shaped by petrol heads, and the idea that the future of the automobile will be dominated by electric, autonomous and shared vehicles is an unavoidable reality that is not that easy to take. Some car makers are embracing the change, some are fighting against it, and some seem to be in a a state of paralysis. The show had a multitude of Visions, Vizzions, Mission e’s and i’s. A vast array of supercars, AMG’s, M’s and SV’s And a variety of classics from the past, showing a certain nostalgia of this fast changing world. The industry for the last 100 years has been perfecting “the ultimate driving machine”, faster, bigger, sexier and more expensive. The industry has optimised the design process with masterful surfacing, fit and finish, the finest engineering, and the glossiest of marketing. It now has to reinvent itself, as the architecture, driving emotion and customer needs change. I have picked out some of the themes and highlights from this years show. /AROUND THE SHOW /THEMES /EV and HYBRID PERFORMANCE Some of the stand out cars of the show, introducing a new crisp/clean design language, where white signified electric. Jaguar i Pace 6 Mission E Cross Touring / Volvo XC40 / Polestar / Lexus UX /SUPERCARS As a clear evidence of the gowth of the ultra high net worth market, there is a growing offering of low series and bespoke manufacture of super cars.
    [Show full text]
  • Freedom to Move in a Personal, Sustainable and Safe Way
    VOLVO CAR GROUP ANNUAL REPORT 2020 Freedom to move in a personal, sustainable and safe way TABLE OF CONTENTS OVERVIEW 4 2020 Highlights 6 CEO Comment 8 Our Strenghts 10 The Volvo Car Group 12 Our Strategic Affiliates THE WORLD AROUND US 16 Consumer Trends 18 Technology Shift OUR STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK 22 Our Purpose 24 Strategic Framework HOW WE CREATE VALUE 28 Our Stakeholders 30 Our People and Culture 32 Product Creation 38 Industrial Operations 42 Commercial Operations MANAGEMENT REPORT 47 Board of Directors Report 52 Enterprise Risk Management 55 Corporate Governance Report FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 60 Contents Financial Report 61 Consolidated Financial Statements 67 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements 110 Parent Company Financial Statements 112 Notes to the Parent Company Financial Statements 118 Auditor’s Report 120 Board of Directors 122 Executive Management Team Freedom to move SUSTAINABILITY INFORMATION 124 Sustainability Management and Governance 129 Performance 2020 PERSONAL SUSTAINABLE SAFE 139 Sustainability Scorecard 144 GRI Index Cars used to be the symbol for personal freedom. Owning a car meant that you had the We commit to developing We commit to the highest We commit to pioneering 146 TCFD Index means to be independently mobile – that you owned not just a vehicle, but choice as and building the most per- standard of sustainability the safest, most intelligent 147 Auditor's Limited Assurance Report on sonal solutions in mobility: in mobility to protect technology solutions in Sustainability well. Nothing of that has changed, but the world we live in has. The earth, our cities and to make life less compli- the world we share.
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Specifications
    TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS POLESTAR S60 V60 ENGINE / PERFORMANCE Engine Drive-E 2.0 I4 supercharged and Drive-E 2.0 I4 supercharged and turbocharged Petrol turbocharged Petrol Drive All Wheel Drive All Wheel Drive Displacement 1969cc 1969cc Power 270kW @ 6000rpm 270kW @ 6000rpm Torque 470Nm @ 3100-5100rpm 470Nm @ 3100-5100rpm Acceleration 0-100km/h (sec) 4.7 4.8 Top speed limited (km/h) 250 250 Fuel economy (combined) (L/100km) 7.8 8.1 CO2 (g/km) 181 188 TRANSMISSION Automatic 8-Speed Adaptive Geartonic with Neutral Control and Sport+ mode STEERING System Polestar unique Electrical Power Assisted Steering (EPAS) Turns to lock 2.58 Turning circle (metres) 11.9 CHASSIS MacPherson Strut, Polestar Coil Springs, Öhlins Shock Absorbers, Stabilizer Bar Chassis E, Polestar • • BRAKE Front Polestar/Brembo 6 Piston Brake Calipers, Ventilated and Floating Brembo Discs Rear Rear Ventilated Discs WEIGHT Tare Weight (kg) 1686 1730 FUEL TANK Capacity (litres) 67.5 67.5 POLESTAR S60 V60 MODEL / ENGINE AVAILABILITY AUDIO AND COMMUNICATION Sensus Connect Premium Sound by Harman Kardon: AM/FM radio, 1-CD/DVD, MP3, 12 speakers, • • Dirac Live® sound enhancement system, 7” colour screen with Connected Service Booking AUX, USB and iPod connectivity • • Bluetooth® phone connectivity, including audio streaming • • Audio controls in steering wheel • • Navigation with voice control • • Digital Radio (DAB) $300 $300 SUPPORT SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT Front and rear parking sensors • • Adjustable speed limiter and trip computer • • Rain sensor with Tunnel Detection • •
    [Show full text]
  • & S6m Cross Country
    & s60 Cross Country S60_MY18_5_V0.indd_0054P_S60_MY18_5_V0_ITit.indd 1 1 2017-10-31 13:3215:18 S60_MY18_5_V0.indd_0054P_S60_MY18_5_V0_ITit.indd 2 2 2017-10-31 13:3215:18 Innovation for people Made by Sweden. In Volvo Cars innoviamo continuamente per rendere migliore la tua vita. Ogni automobile, ogni tecnologia ed ogni progetto è il risultato di una visione chiara – mettere le persone al centro di tutto ciò che facciamo. Questa visione, che ci ha guidato fin dall’inizio, prende ispirazione dalla Svezia, un Paese che valorizza le persone come individui e nel quale le convenzioni vengono messe alla prova. È una cultura con un ricco patrimonio di design e un modo unico di guardare il mondo. Questa visione ci ha ispirato nell’inventare soluzioni che hanno salvato molte vite e che hanno cambiato la storia automobilistica, come la cintura di sicurezza a tre punti di ancoraggio e gli airbag laterali. E con la nostra nuova generazione di modelli continuiamo lungo questa tradizione. Design scandinavo e moderno lusso svedese si combinano per arricchire la tua esperienza di guida. La tecnologia intuitiva di Sensus ti semplifica la vita e ti permette di restare in contatto con il mondo, mentre i nuovi propulsori Drive-E bilanciano potenza reattiva ed efficienza ai vertici della categoria. Le nostre innovazioni IntelliSafe ti supportano mentre guidi, rendono ogni viag- gio più confortevole, piacevole e ti aiutano a prevenire gli incidenti. Comprendiamo cosa è importante per la gente. Questa cono- scenza costituisce la base di tutte le innovazioni che creiamo. Innovazioni che migliorano la vita. In Volvo Cars progettiamo le auto intorno alle persone.
    [Show full text]
  • Xc40 T5 Awd R-Design Mpg Mpg
    2021VOLVO Fuel Economy and Environment Gasoline Vehicle Fuel Economy Volvo Car USA LLC You spend www.volvocars.com/us Small SUV 4WD range from 16 to 120 XC40 T5 AWD R-DESIGN MPG MPG. The best vehicle rates 141 MPGe. PERFORMANCE AUTHORIZED RETAILER PRICING ...................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................... $ 2,250 2.0L Turbo-Charged, Direct Injected Engine VOLVO CARS TAMPA 7230 IMPORTER'S SUGGESTED LIST PRICE P.O.E.: $ 40,950.00 22 30 248 HP @ 5500 RPM and 258 lb-ft Torque @ 1800 RPM 6008 N. DALE MABRY HWY 25Combined city/hwy city highway more in fuel costs 8-Speed Geartronic Automatic Trans w/ Start-Stop TAMPA, FL 33614 R-Design Features over 5 years All-Wheel-Drive with Instant Traction Laminated Panoramic Moonroof with Power Sunshade Front McPherson Strut & Rear Multi-Link Suspension compared to the Anti-Lock Braking Sys (ABS) w/ Hill Start Assist Nubuck & Nappa Leather Upholstery Advanced Electronic Stability Control (ESC) R-Design Front Grille, High-Gloss Black Mesh and 4.0 gallons per 100 miles average new vehicle. Electric Power Assisted Steering Lower Outer Grille 19" R-Design Alloy Wheels with All-Season Tires Glossy Black Integrated Roof Rails ......................................................................................................WARRANTY Sport
    [Show full text]
  • XC60 T8 E-AWD POLESTAR Mpge MPG Gallons PERFORMANCE AUTHORIZED RETAILER PRICING Per 100
    2020Volvo Fuel Economy and Environment Plug-In Hybrid Vehicle Electricity-Gasoline Fuel Economy Small SUV-4WD range from 16 to 120 MPGe. The best vehicle rates 136 MPGe. Volvo Car USA LLC Electricity + Gasoline Gasoline Only You save www.volvocars.com/us Charge Time: 3hours ( 240 V) XC60 T8 E-AWD POLESTAR MPGe MPG gallons PERFORMANCE AUTHORIZED RETAILER PRICING per 100 ...................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................... 0.1 miles 3.7 kW-hrs $ 0 2.0L Super & Turbo-Charged, Direct Inject Engine VOLVO CARS RAMSEY 3464 IMPORTER'S SUGGESTED LIST PRICE P.O.E.: $ 69,500.00 gallons per per 100 27 27 with Electric Motors 267 RED SCHOOLHOUSE ROAD 57 miles 100 miles in fuel costs combined city/highway 27combined city/highway 8-Speed Geartronic Automatic Trans w/ Start-Stop SPRING VALLEY, NY 10977 Metallic Paint 645.00 57 over 5 years Combined 415 HP and 494 lb-ft Torque Driving Range (328 HP Direct Injected w/ 87 HP Electric Motor) compared to the Akebono Brakes with Gold Color Calipers Protection Package Premier* 605.00 Electricity + Gasoline Gasoline Only Adjustable Öhlins Dampers 0 6 12 25 520 average new vehicle. Polestar Engineered Front Strut Bar 22" Alloy Wheel w/Summer/Performance Tires 800.00 All Electric range = 0 to 18 miles 19 miles Adjustable Drive-Mode settings 21" Forged Alloy Wheel w/Summer/Performance Tires Destination Charge 995.00 Fuel Economy & Greenhouse Gas Rating (tailpipe only) Smog Rating (tailpipe only) ......................................................................................................WARRANTY Annual Fuel cost MPG 48 Month/50,000 Mile Limited Warranty Coverage Total Suggested Retail Price: $ 72,545.00 144 Month Corrosion Protection "Unlimited Mileage" Refer to Warranty Info Book for Specific Limitations.
    [Show full text]
  • Car Wars 2020-2023 the Rise (And Fall) of the Crossover?
    The US Automotive Product Pipeline Car Wars 2020-2023 The Rise (and Fall) of the Crossover? Equity | 10 May 2019 Car Wars thesis and investment relevance Car Wars is an annual proprietary study that assesses the relative strength of each automaker’s product pipeline in the US. The purpose is to quantify industry product trends, and then relate our findings to investment decisions. Our thesis is fairly straightforward: we believe replacement rate drives showroom age, which drives market United States Autos/Car Manufacturers share, which drives profits and stock prices. OEMs with the highest replacement rate and youngest showroom age have generally gained share from model years 2004-19. John Murphy, CFA Research Analyst Ten key findings of our study MLPF&S +1 646 855 2025 1. Product activity remains reasonably robust across the industry, but the ramp into a [email protected] softening market will likely drive overcrowding and profit pressure. Aileen Smith Research Analyst 2. New vehicle introductions are 70% CUVs and Light Trucks, and just 24% Small and MLPF&S Mid/Large Cars. The material CUV overweight (45%) will likely pressure the +1 646 743 2007 [email protected] segment’s profitability to the low of passenger cars, and/or will leave dealers with a Yarden Amsalem dearth of entry level product to offer, further increasing an emphasis on used cars. Research Analyst MLPF&S 3. Product cadence overall continues to converge, making the market increasingly [email protected] competitive, which should drive incremental profit pressure across the value chain. Gwen Yucong Shi 4.
    [Show full text]
  • XC60 T8 POLESTAR ENGINEERED Volvo Car USA
    2021Volvo Fuel Economy and Environment Plug-In Hybrid Vehicle Electricity-Gasoline Fuel Economy Small SUV 4WD range from 16 to 120 MPGe. The best vehicle rates 141 MPGe. Volvo Car USA LLC Electricity + Gasoline Gasoline Only You save www.volvocars.com/us Charge Time: 3hours ( 240 V) XC60 T8 POLESTAR ENGINEERED MPGe MPG gallons PERFORMANCE AUTHORIZED RETAILER PRICING per 100 ...................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................... 0.1 miles 3.7 kW-hrs $ 0 2.0L Super & Turbo-Charged, Direct Inject Engine VOLVO CARS MARIN 5482 IMPORTER'S SUGGESTED LIST PRICE P.O.E.: $ 69,500.00 gallons per per 100 25 28 with Electric Motors 619 FRANCISCO BLVD. EAST 57 miles 100 miles in fuel costs combined city/highway 27combined city/highway 8-Speed Geartronic Automatic Trans w/ Start-Stop SAN RAFAEL, CA 94901 Polestar Features 57 over 5 years Combined 415 HP and 494 lb-ft Torque Polestar Optimized T8 Twin Engine Plug-In Hybrid Driving Range (328 HP Direct Injected w/ 87 HP Electric Motor) compared to the Akebono Brakes with Gold Color Calipers Nappa Leather Front Sport Seats and Leatherette Electricity + Gasoline Gasoline Only Adjustable Ohlins Dampers Rear Seats with Open Grid Textile 0 6 12 25 520 average new vehicle. Polestar Engineered Front Strut Bar Akebono Brakes with Gold Color Calipers
    [Show full text]
  • Volvo V60 Polestar Your Own V60 Polestar Is in Reach
    PRICE AND SPECIFICATION Model Year 2017 Edition 1 VOLVO V60 POLESTAR YOUR OWN V60 POLESTAR IS IN REACH Volvo has always led the way in innovation, with products that continue to influence and shape the entire car industry. But that’s never been our motivation. You are. Every car, and every world first we introduce, is designed around you… to keep you safer on the road and more at ease behind the wheel. To bring extra excitement to every journey and improve your whole driving experience. Polestar was founded as a motorsport team in 1996 and with its latest model, brings what it has learnt on the race track to the road. The V60 Polestar has been developed for those who share a passion for driving - that driving really matters and that a true driver's car should enable you to enjoy driving all year, on all roads and in all weather conditions. It continues the proud heritage of fast Volvo estates like the racing 850 BTCC, a tradition deeply routed amoungst Volvo enthusiasts. 2 VOLVO V60 POLESTAR VOLVO V60 POLESTAR PRICING 1) REC ON THE P11D HP CO2 BIK % BASIC £ VAT £ RETAIL £ ROAD £ VALUE £ V60 POLESTAR 367 186 34 40,466.67 8,093.33 48,560 49,665 49,110 1) P11D value for BIK purposes is the retail price plus delivery charge. BIK % shown for the 2016/17 tax year All ‘On The Road’ prices quoted in this price list include Volvo standard national delivery charge, inclusive of number plates and VAT at £550 and vehicle tax as of 1st April 2016 (as set by the government).
    [Show full text]
  • 1/38 Life Cycle Assessment — Carbon Footprint of Polestar 2
    Life cycle assessment 1/38 — Carbon footprint of Polestar 2 2 Life cycle assessment 2/38 — Disclaimer Disclaimer This report is informational only and (1) is based solely on an analysis of Polestar 2 (model year 2020) and Volvo XC40 petrol internal combustion engine (model year 2020) and does not include information regarding any other Polestar or Volvo Cars vehicle and (2) does not create any commitment regarding current or future products or carbon footprint impacts. Life cycle assessment 3/38 — Contents Contents Executive summary 4 Author 6 Terms and definitions 7 1 General description of life cycle assessment (LCA) 9 1.1 Principles of LCA 9 1.2 LCA standards 9 2 Methodology 11 2.1 The products 11 2.2 Way of working overview 11 2.3 Methodology to define vehicle material composition 11 2.4 Goal and scope definition 12 2.4.1 System boundaries 13 2.4.2 Function, functional unit and reference flows 13 2.4.3 Allocations 14 2.4.4 System expansion 14 2.4.5 Assumptions and limitations 14 3 Life Cycle Inventory analysis (LCI) 15 3.1 Material production and refining 15 3.1.1 Aluminium production and refining 15 3.1.2 Steel production and refining 16 3.1.3 Electronics production and refining 16 3.1.4 Plastics production and refining 16 3.1.5 Minor material categories, production and refining 16 3.1.6 Electricity use in materials production and refining 16 3.2 Battery modules 17 3.3 Manufacturing and logistics 17 3.3.1 Logistics 17 3.3.2 Manufacturing 17 3.4 Use phase 17 3.5 End-of-life of the vehicle 18 3.5.1 Process description 18 4 Results for
    [Show full text]
  • S60 & V60 Polestar
    Volvo S60 & V60 Polestar We’re POLESTAR “...the goal is always the same: To deliver best possible results. No matter what.” Polestar is defined by an ambition to be among the top contenders in world motor­ sport and to bring forward the strength and agility inherent in Volvo cars. Whether it’s winning championships, or developing performance cars, the goal is always the same: To deliver best possible results. No matter what. Contents WHEN DRIVING LEARNINGS FROM SUSTAINABLE RIMS & TYRES | 19 MATTERS | 02 THE RACE TRACK | 08 DRIVING | 14 INTERIOR | 20 ALL ROADS & INTELLISAFE | 10 EXTERIOR | 16 CONDITIONS | 04 FACTS & FIGURES | 22 SENSUS | 12 COLOURS | 18 MEET THE POLESTAR VOLVOS | 06 volvo Polestar WHEN DRIVING MATTERS “All Polestar products are developed for people like ourselves – for those who appreciate driving with full control.” Polestar is about motorsport, and motor- grip and control. The race track and open wheel. All Polestar products are developed sport is about driving. That’s why we focus road may be far apart, but both are equally for people like ourselves – for those who on one thing only: optimising driveability. demanding. Regardless of surface or appreciate driving with full control. A Polestar vehicle – be it a race car or road purpose, optimal driveability is what makes In other words, when driving matters. car – is always designed to deliver optimal a driver feel safe and confident behind the volvo Polestar ALL ROADS, ALL CONDITIONS, ALL YEAR ROUND “In our minds, this is the optimal performance car.” The best way to experience the driveability and control of the S60 and V60 Polestar is to go for a test drive.
    [Show full text]