UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS - UFMG Faculdade De Direito Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Direito

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UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS - UFMG Faculdade De Direito Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Direito UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS - UFMG Faculdade de Direito Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito Aléxia Duarte Torres Liberdade religiosa e discurso de ódio: uma contribuição para a formação de parâmetros razoáveis na formação normativa e aplicação judicial Belo Horizonte 2019 Aléxia Duarte Torres Liberdade religiosa e discurso de ódio: uma contribuição para a formação de parâmetros razoáveis na formação normativa e aplicação judicial Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada em 28/02/2019 à banca de defesa de dissertação do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais como requisito à obtenção do título de Mestre em Direito. Linha de pesquisa: “Poder, Cidadania e Desenvolvimento no Estado Democrático de Direito” Área de estudo: Teoria Constitucional, Direitos Humanos e Instituições Democráticas. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Bernardo Gonçalves Fernandes. Belo Horizonte 2019 Torres, Aléxia Duarte T693l Liberdade religiosa e discurso de ódio : uma contribuição para a formação de parâmetros razoáveis na formação normativa e aplicação judicial / Aléxia Duarte Torres. – 2019. Orientador: Bernardo Gonçalves Fernandes Dissertação (mestrado) – Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Direito. 1. Direito – Teses 2. Ódio – Aspectos jurídicos – Teses 3. Liberdade religiosa (Direito constitucional) – Teses 4. Liberdade religiosa (Direito internacional) – Teses 5. Liberdade de expressão – Teses 6. Discriminação religiosa – Teses I. Título CDU(1976) 342.727 Ficha catalográfica elaborada por Juliana Moreira Pinto – Bibliotecária CRB 6/1178 AGRADECIMENTOS A Deus, por ser tão presente e real, um bom Pai, um fiel amigo e um grande consolador e incentivador. Aos meus pais, Helena e Alexandre, pelo amor, carinho, suporte, presença e encorajamento por toda a vida. A minha mãe, pelas conversas diárias, desabafos, choros, afagos e orações. Por mesmo de longe, ser tão presente. As minhas irmãs, Mylena e Alice, por serem minhas melhores amigas, pela compreensão e por dividirem comigo as tarefas do cotidiano. Ao meu noivo, Washington Júnior, pelo companheirismo e pelos depósitos constantes de amor, deixando a caminhada muito mais leve. A todos os amigos preciosos, que fazem a vida mais divertida. Ao Grupo de Ação Política, à Alliance Defending Freedom, ao Instituto Acton, C-FAM, ICLARS, Lagoinha Mineirão, ao L’abri e a Associação Brasileira de Cristãos na Ciência, pelos ensinamentos sobre vocação, fé e trabalho. Ao Professor Bernardo Gonçalves, pela, flexibilidade e pela maestria no ensino do Direito Constitucional. Ao Professor Giordano Bruno, por ser uma luz de destaque, por sua humildade, gentileza e por inspirar a todos nós na arte da docência. Ao Professor Bruno Wanderley, pelo acompanhamento na trajetória acadêmica desde a graduação e ao Professor Victor Sales, pela coragem e dedicação nos ensinamentos sobre o Direito e a Religião. Ao Professor Rodolfo Viana, pelas discussões frutíferas na disciplina de Direito Político e Discurso de Ódio, além da parceria na organização do Livro em comemoração aos 30 anos da Constituição da República. A todos os colegas do grupo de pesquisa em Herman Dooyeweerd, pelas conversas de sábado de manhã sempre muito produtivas e instigantes. À Casa Afonso Pena, aos professores, colegas do Mestrado e aos servidores da Secretaria, principalmente à Cynthia e ao Saul que sempre me atenderam com muita gentileza e estavam prontos para tirar as minhas numerosas dúvidas. Ao CNPq, pelo financiamento parcial dessa pesquisa. RESUMO A existência de terminologias variáveis, vagas e muitas vezes inconsistentes sobre o discurso do ódio é um desafio frente à busca de parâmetros para aplicação em casos judiciais e a construção das normativas de restrição, principalmente no que tange ao discurso de ódio no contexto religioso. Nessa busca, é essencial conciliar a garantia da liberdade de expressão com a liberdade religiosa e dar abertura para a externalização da fé e da doutrina no espaço público. Assim, essa dissertação é dedicada a mapear, primeiramente em um panorama filosófico, os principais pontos pertinentes ao discurso de ódio e ao discurso religioso, e em seguida, detalhar os movimentos e documentos internacionais gerados por grupos e organizações internacionais no sentido de garantir a convivência e o exercício das liberdades em um ambiente de cosmovisões pluralistas. Uma vez constatada a inexistência de entendimento consolidado no Brasil sobre essa matéria, esse mapeamento é realizado na esperança de contribuir para a formação e o desenvolvimento de parâmetros razoáveis que atuem de forma menos vaga na conceituação do discurso de ódio e não acabem por excluir a interação e o envolvimento dos grupos religiosos na esfera pública. Palavras-chave: 1. Discurso de Ódio. 2. Liberdade Religiosa 3. Religião. 4. Discurso Contrarreligioso. 5. Liberdade de Expressão. 6. Proselitismo Religioso. ABSTRACT The existence of variable, vague, and often inconsistent terminologies about hate speech is a challenge for the pursuit of parameters for application in judicial cases and the formation of restrictive norms, especially regarding hate speech in the religious context. In this pursuit, it is essential to reconcile the guarantee of freedom of expression with religious freedom and to allow the externalization of faith and doctrine in the public space. Thus, this dissertation is dedicated to map, first in a philosophical panorama, the main points regarded to hate speech and religious speech, and then to detail the movements and international documents generated by international groups and organizations in order to guarantee the coexistence and the exercise of freedoms in an environment of pluralistic worldviews. Once the inexistence of a consolidated understanding in Brazil on this matter has been verified, this research aims to contribute to the development of reasonable parameters that act less vaguely in the conceptualization of hate speech and do not result in the exclusion of the interaction and involvement of religious groups in the public sphere. Keywords: 1. Hate Speech. Religion.2. Freedom of Expression. 3. Religious Liberty.4. Religious Proselytism. SUMÁRIO 1. INTRODUÇÃO .................................................................................................... 10 CAPÍTULO 1: O CENÁRIO FILOSÓFICO DO DISCURSO DE ÓDIO ........................ 16 1.1 O conceito de discurso de ódio na perspectiva de Jeremy Waldron ............. 16 1.1.1 A questão do discurso de ódio em uma sociedade bem ordenada ............. 21 2.1 O argumento da legitimidade democrática e a participação individual segundo Ronald Dworkin ....................................................................................................... 25 2.1.1 As normas de civilidade e a autodeterminação da comunidade em Robert Post ..................................................................................................................... 31 CAPÍTULO 2: O DISCURSO RELIGIOSO NA ESFERA PÚBLICA E O DISCURSO DE ÓDIO .................................................................................................................... 36 2.1 O discurso de ódio no contexto religioso: ofensa e indignidade ......................... 42 2.2 Críticas à doutrina religiosa versus críticas ao indivíduo .................................... 44 2.3 A questão da tolerância ..................................................................................... 47 2.4 O caso da Associação Alliance Defending Freedom e da The Family Research Council .................................................................................................................... 55 2.5 Pautas sensíveis e o caso Boisson v. Lund na Corte Canadense ..................... 58 CAPÍTULO 3: AS NORMATIVAS INTERNACIONAIS E OS PARÂMETROS PARA JULGAMENTO EM CASOS RELACIONADOS AO DISCURSO DE ÓDIO ............... 63 3.1 Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos, a Declaração Americana dos Direitos e Deveres do Homem e o Pacto Internacional dos Direitos Civis e Políticos ................................................................................................................................ 65 3.2 A Declaração Americana dos Direitos e Deveres do Homem e a Convenção Americana sobre Direitos Humanos ........................................................................ 68 3.3 A Convenção Internacional sobre Eliminação de Todas as Formas de Discriminação Racial ............................................................................................... 69 3.4 Declaração sobre a Eliminação de Todas as Formas de Intolerância e Discriminação Baseadas na Religião ou Crença ..................................................... 70 3.5 Marco Jurídico Interamericano sobre o Direito à Liberdade de Expressão ........ 71 3.6 Declaração Conjunta sobre Difamação de Religiões e sobre Legislação Antiterrorista e Antiextremista ................................................................................. 76 3.7 A Resolução 61/164 de Dezembro de 2006: “Combatendo a Difamação das Religiões” ................................................................................................................ 78 3.8 A conferência de Durban ................................................................................... 84 3.9 Camden Principles ............................................................................................ 85 3.10 Convenção Interamericana contra o Racismo, a Discriminação Racial e Formas Correlatas de Intolerância e a Convenção Interamericana
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