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Exploring Counterfactuals in English and Chinese. Zhaoyi Wu University of Massachusetts Amherst
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 1-1-1989 Exploring counterfactuals in English and Chinese. Zhaoyi Wu University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1 Recommended Citation Wu, Zhaoyi, "Exploring counterfactuals in English and Chinese." (1989). Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014. 4511. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1/4511 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EXPLORING COUNTERFACTUALS IN ENGLISH AND CHINESE A Dissertation Presented by ZHAOYI WU Submitted to the Graduate Schoo 1 of the University of Massachusetts in parti al fulfillment of the requirements for the deg ree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION February, 1989 School of Education © Copyright by Zhaoyi Wu 1989 All Rights Reserved exploring counterfactuals IN ENGLISH AND CHINESE A Dissertation Presented by ZHAOYI WU Approved as to style and content by: S' s\ Je#£i Willett^ Chairperson oT Committee Luis Fuentes, Member Alfred B. Hudson, Member /V) (it/uMjf > .—A-- ^ ' 7)_ Mapdlyn Baring-Hidote, Dean School of Education ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The completion of this dissertation would not have been possible without the help and suggestions given by professors of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and the active participation of Chinese students in the discussion of counterfactuals in English and Chinese. I am grateful to Dr. Jerri Willett for her recommendation of references to various sources of literature and her valuable comments on the manuscript. -
Introduction of Master Supervisors In
Introduction of Master Supervisors In College of Economics and Management (1) Professor Xu Zhao 赵旭; (2) Professor Jianhua Zhao 赵建华; (3) Professor Xiaoyan Zhang 张晓燕; (4) Professor Cailing Xue 薛才玲 (5) Professor Jiangtao Tan 谭江涛; (6) Professor Chaohui Qin 覃朝晖; (7) Professor. Lina Luo 罗丽娜; (8) Professor Zhengwei Huang 黄正伟; (9) Professor Ying Hu 胡莺; (10) Professor Xuemei Han 韩雪梅; (11) Professor Yuefang Duan 段跃芳; (12) Professor Xuefeng Ding 丁雪峰; (13) Professor Houqing Cai;蔡厚清; Curriculum Vitae Associate Professor Xu ZHAO PERSONAL & CONTACT DETAILS Name Xu ZHAO Academic Title PhD Management Science and Engineering Master of Management Bachelor of Engineering Postal Address College of Economics and Management,No.8 Daxue Road, Yichang City, Hubei Province, P.R. China 443002 Office Address Room G1602, G building , College of Economics and Management, China Three Gorges University Date/place of birth: August, 1982/ Yichang City, Hubei Province, P.R. China Telephone (Office): +86 - 717 -639 9458,mobile phone +86 18671785266 E-mail: [email protected] TERTIARY EDUCATION September 2010 – Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. June 2014 China PhD February 2005 – China Three Gorges University, Yichang, P.R. China July 2008 Master of Management September 2000 – WUHAN University, Wuhan, P.R. China July 2004 Bachelor of Engineering Associate Professor XU ZHAO EMPLOYMENT July 2014 – Present College of Economics and Management ,China Three Gorges University. o Associate Professor at the College of Economics and Management o Research fellow of Research Centre for Reservoir Resettlement—the Key Humanities and Social Sciences Research Base of Hubei Province, China. o Teach the following subjects: Management Research Method, logistics system simulation, Computational Social Science, Social Network Analysis. -
Gutenberg Publishes the World's First Printed Book
Gutenberg Publishes the World's First Printed Book The exact date that Johannes Gutenberg published his first book - The Bible - isn't clear, although some historians believe the first section was published on September 30, 1452. The completed book - according to the Library of Congress - may have been released around 1455 or 1456. What is for sure is that Gutenberg's work, published on his printing press, changed the world. For the first time, books could be "mass produced" instead of "hand copied." It is believed that 48 originals, in various states of repair, still exist. The British Library has two copies - one printed on paper, the other on vellum (from the French word Vélin, meaning calf's skin) - and they can be viewed and compared online. The Bible, as Gutenberg published it, had 42 lines of text, evenly spaced in two columns: Gutenberg's Bible was a marvel of technology and a beautiful work of art. It was truly a masterpiece. The letters were perfectly formed, not fuzzy or smudged. They were all the same height and stood tall and straight on the page. The 42 lines of text were spaced evenly in two perfect columns. The large versals were bright, colorful and artistic. Some pages had more colorful artwork weaving around the two columns of text. (Johannes Gutenberg: Inventor of the Printing Press, by Fran Rees, page 67.) Did Gutenberg know how important his work would become? Most historians think not: Gutenberg must have been pleased with his handiwork. But he wouldn't have known then that this Bible would be considered one of the most beautiful books ever printed. -
Introduction to Neijing Classical Acupuncture Part II: Clinical Theory Journal of Chinese Medicine • Number 102 • June 2013
20 Introduction to Neijing Classical Acupuncture Part II: Clinical Theory Journal of Chinese Medicine • Number 102 • June 2013 Introduction to Neijing Classical Acupuncture Part II: Clinical Theory Abstract By: Edward Neal As outlined in Part I of this article, the theories and practices of Neijing classical acupuncture are radically different from the type of acupuncture commonly practised today. In essence, Neijing classical acupuncture is Keywords: a form of clinical surgery, the goal of which is to restore the body’s circulatory pathways and tissue planes to a Acupuncture, state of dynamic balance. In its clinical application, Neijing classical acupuncture is a physician-level skill built Neijing, classical, upon a sophisticated understanding of the innate patterns of nature and an in-depth knowledge of the structure history, basic and physiology of the human body. Neijing classical acupuncture does not depend on point-action theory - the principles conceptual framework that dominates most current thinking in modern acupuncture - for its therapeutic efficacy. Rather, the goal of Neijing classical acupuncture is to regulate the different tissue planes of the body in order to restore the free circulation of blood, and in doing so allow the body to return to its original state of balance and innate self-healing. I. Background theoretical descriptions of acupuncture were outlined The detailed writings laid down in the original texts in the original medical texts where their core principles of Chinese medicine during the later Warring States period (475-221 BCE) and Western Han Dynasty (206 that is the least understood today.3 BCE-9 CE) represent a comprehensive theoretical system that has stood the test of time for over two History of the Lingshu family of texts millennia. -
Assessing the Spatial Accessibility of Healthcare Services in Huangmei County Using GIS
Assessing the Spatial Accessibility of Healthcare Services in Huangmei County using GIS Haoyun Wang Final Paper for Theory and Practice of Public Informatics Professor Clinton Andrews December 17, 2018 1 Assessing the Spatial Accessibility of Healthcare Services in Huangmei County using GIS Abstract: Large disparities exist in the development of urban and rural areas in China, especially in the field of healthcare. It is common to see remote rural areas suffer from a shortage of medical resources while urbanized cities and towns enjoy a higher level of accessibility to healthcare service. This research uses Huangmei County, the author’s hometown, as a case study and aims to define and evaluate spatial accessibility and spatial inequity (i.e. unequal spatial accessibility in healthcare services for rural and urban areas) through ArcGIS. Finally, it proposes recommendations for decision-makers in healthcare planning to increase people’s spatial accessibility to healthcare services. Keyword: healthcare services, GIS, spatial accessibility, spatial equity 1. INTRODUCTION Although China has witnessed great progress in economic development during the past decade, large disparities still exist in the development of urban and rural areas in China, especially in the distribution of public services, such as schools, hospitals, and transit. It is common to see remote rural areas suffer from a shortage of public services while urbanized cities and towns enjoy a higher level of accessibility to public services. The Chinese government has proposed the equalization of public services at the National Congress to spur efforts to increase public services in undeveloped areas and other places that need them most Among the host of public services, healthcare service is considered as one of the fundamental services. -
China Reform Monitor No. 1426 | American Foreign Policy Council
China Reform Monitor No. 1426 August 5, 2020 Joshua Eisenman Related Categories: Democracy and Governance; Economic Sanctions; Human Rights and Humanitarian Issues; International Economics and Trade; China; Taiwan CHINA FACES MASSIVE FLOODS... In the first week of July, torrential rains in Hubei affected some 3.5 million people, resulting in an economic loss of $644 million. About 100 miles downriver from Wuhan, in Huangmei county, rainfall triggered a landslide that buried nine villagers. In Hubei, Hunan, and Jiangxi, tens of thousands of personnel have been mobilized and thousands of families have been relocated. To ease pressure on the swollen Yangtze River, the Three Gorges Dam is reducing the amount of water it releases downstream. "As long as I can remember, this year is the hardest one for me in the past 50 years," said one Hubei resident. (Wall Street Journal, July 9, 2020) ...RAISING QUESTIONS ABOUT THE THREE GORGES DAM As the Yangtze River, its tributaries and lakes (including Dongting and Poyang) have hit record water levels, a fierce debate has arisen about the Three Gorges Dam. About 2.9 billion cubic meters of floodwater has been stored by the dam, and "detailed scheduling" of water discharges has "effectively reducing the speed and extent of water level rises on the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze," said Vice Minister of Water Resources Ye Jianchun. But others disagree. "One of the major justifications for the Three Gorges Dam was flood control, but less than 20 years after its completion we have the highest floodwater in recorded history. The fact is that it cannot prevent these severe events. -
Chinese Inventions - Paper & Movable Type Printing by Vickie
Name Date Chinese Inventions - Paper & Movable Type Printing By Vickie Invention is an interesting thing. Sometimes, an invention was developed to fulfill a specific need. Other times, it was simply a chance discovery. Looking back in history, there are two Chinese inventions that fell into the first category. They are paper and movable type printing. Long before paper was invented, the ancient Chinese carved characters to record their thoughts on tortoise shells, animal bones, and stones. Since those "writing boards" were heavy and not easy to carry around, they switched to writing on bamboo, wooden strips, and silk. The new alternatives were clearly better, but they were either still heavy or very costly. Then, during the Western Han dynasty (202 B.C. - 8 A.D.), paper made its debut. Its inventor is unknown. When paper first came out, it was not easy to produce in large quantities. And its quality was poor. Several decades later, a palace official named Tsai Lun (also spelled as Cai Lun) had a breakthrough in the papermaking process. He experimented with different materials and eventually settled on using tree bark, rags, and bits of rope to produce paper. He presented his first batch of paper to the emperor of the Eastern Han dynasty in 105 A.D. Tsai Lun's technique of making paper became an instant hit! It was quickly introduced to Korea and other countries nearby. In 751 A.D., Arabs learned the technique from the Chinese soldiers they captured in a war. They passed it on to Europe and, eventually, other parts of the world. -
Four Great Inventions of China Many of the Greatest Inventions in Human History Were First Made in China
History Topic of the Month Four Great Inventions of China Many of the greatest inventions in human history were first made in China. By the 13th century, China was an innovative and exciting place to live. Travellers from Europe discovered things there that were beyond imagination in Europe. When the explorer Marco Polo arrived in China, he encountered a Contributer: © Patrick Guenette / 123rf country vastly different from his home of Venice. In his book, The Travels of Marco Polo, Polo describes cities Cai Lun (AD c.57 – 121), was a Chinese courtier official. He is believed to with broad, straight and clean streets (very different from his be the inventor of paper and the home in Venice) where even the poorest people could wash papermaking process, discovering in great bath houses at least three time a week (again very techniques that created paper as we different from hygiene in Europe). would recognise it today. China celebrates four particular innovations as “the Four Great Inventions” — they were even featured as a part of the opening ceremony for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. So, what were these four great inventions? Writing it all down: Paper The first of the great inventions was something we all use almost every day: paper. Many different materials had been used for writing things down, like bamboo, wood (both hard to store and write on) or silk and cloth (much more expensive). Types of paper have been found in archaeological records dating back thousands of years, but it was very difficult to make. It wasn’t until AD c.105 that a quick and easy way of making paper was invented. -
The Equality of Kowtow: Bodily Practices and Mentality of the Zushiye Belief
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Apollo Journal of Cambridge Studies 1 The Equality of Kowtow: Bodily Practices and Mentality of the Zushiye Belief Yongyi YUE Beijing Normal University, P.R. China Email: [email protected] Abstract: Although the Zushiye (Grand Masters) belief is in some degree similar with the Worship of Ancestors, it obviously has its own characteristics. Before the mid-twentieth century, the belief of King Zhuang of Zhou (696BC-682BC), the Zushiye of many talking and singing sectors, shows that except for the group cult, the Zushiye belief which is bodily practiced in the form of kowtow as a basic action also dispersed in the group everyday life system, including acknowledging a master (Baishi), art-learning (Xueyi), marriage, performance, identity censorship (Pandao) and master-apprentice relationship, etc. Furthermore, the Zushiye belief is not only an explicit rite but also an implicit one: a thinking symbol of the entire society, special groups and the individuals, and a method to express the self and the world in inter-group communication. The Zushiye belief is not only “the nature of mind” or “the mentality”, but also a metaphor of ideas and eagerness for equality, as well as relevant behaviors. Key Words: Belief, Bodily practices, Everyday life, Legends, Subjective experience Yongyi YUE, Associate Professor, Folklore and Cultural Anthropology Institute, College of Chinese Language and Literature, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PRC Volume -
An Investigation of the Huangmei Opera Film Genre Through the Documentary Film Medium
Yeong-Rury Chen A Fantasy China: An Investigation of the Huangmei Opera Film Genre through the Documentary Film Medium DDes 2006 Swinburne A Fantasy China: An Investigation of the Huangmei Opera Film Genre through the Documentary Film Medium A Doctoral Research Project Presented to the National Institute of Design Research Swinburne University of Technology In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Design by Yeong-Rury Chen August 2006 Declaration I declare that this doctoral research project contains no material previously submitted for a degree at any university or other educational institution. To the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference is made in the text of the project. Yeong-Rury Chen A B S T R A C T This doctoral research project intends to institute the study of the unique and significant Huangmei Opera film genre by pioneering in making a series of documentaries and writing an academic text. The combination of a documentary series and academic writing not only explores the relationship between the distinctive characteristics of the Huangmei Opera film genre and its enduring popularity for its fans, but also advances a film research mode grounded in practitioner research, where the activity of filmmaking and the study of film theory support and reflect on each other. The documentary series, which incorporates three interrelated subjects – Classic Beauty: Le Di, Scenic Writing Director: Li Han Hsiang and Brother Lian: Ling Po – explores the remarkable film careers of each figure while discussing the social and cultural context in which they worked. -
UC GAIA Chen Schaberg CS5.5-Text.Indd
Idle Talk New PersPectives oN chiNese culture aNd society A series sponsored by the American Council of Learned Societies and made possible through a grant from the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation for International Scholarly Exchange 1. Joan Judge and Hu Ying, eds., Beyond Exemplar Tales: Women’s Biography in Chinese History 2. David A. Palmer and Xun Liu, eds., Daoism in the Twentieth Century: Between Eternity and Modernity 3. Joshua A. Fogel, ed., The Role of Japan in Modern Chinese Art 4. Thomas S. Mullaney, James Leibold, Stéphane Gros, and Eric Vanden Bussche, eds., Critical Han Studies: The History, Representation, and Identity of China’s Majority 5. Jack W. Chen and David Schaberg, eds., Idle Talk: Gossip and Anecdote in Traditional China Idle Talk Gossip and Anecdote in Traditional China edited by Jack w. cheN aNd david schaberg Global, Area, and International Archive University of California Press berkeley los Angeles loNdoN The Global, Area, and International Archive (GAIA) is an initiative of the Institute of International Studies, University of California, Berkeley, in partnership with the University of California Press, the California Digital Library, and international research programs across the University of California system. University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu. University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. -
History of the Book in China Oxford Reference
9/1/2016 40 The History of the Book in China Oxford Reference Oxford Reference The Oxford Companion to the Book Edited by Michael F. Suarez, S.J. and H. R. Woudhuysen Publisher: Oxford University Press Print Publication Date: 2010 Print ISBN13: 9780198606536 Published online: 2010 Current Online Version: 2010 eISBN: 9780199570140 40 The History of the Book in China J. S. EDGREN 1 The book before paper and printing 2 Tang to Yuan (7th–14th centuries) 3 Ming to Qing (14th–19th centuries) 4 The 20th century 1 The book before paper and printing nd th Although the early invention of true paper (2 century BC) and of textual printing (late 7 century) by *woodblock printing profoundly influenced the development of the book in China, the materials and manufacture of books before paper and before printing also left some traces. Preceding the availability of paper as a writing surface, the earliest books in China, known as jiance or jiandu, were written on thin strips of prepared bamboo and wood, which were usually interlaced in sequence by parallel bands of twisted thongs, hemp string, or silk thread. The text was written with a *writing brush and lampblack *ink in vertical columns from right to left—a *layout retained by later MSS and printed books—after which the strips were rolled up to form a primitive *scroll binding (see 17). The surviving specimens of jiance are mostly the result of 20th th rd century scientific archaeological recovery, and date from around the 6 century BC to the 3 century AD.