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Home , Buru, Maluku (province), Morotai, North Maluku, Seram Sea, West Papua (province)

ISSUE NO. 6 / FEB / 2021

newsletter Talking USAID SEA PROJECT: IMPACTS & EXPERIENCES

SUSTAINABLY MANAGING MARINE AND COASTAL RESOURCES IN

USAID SUSTAINABLE ECOSYSTEMS ADVANCED (USAID SEA) PROJECT Contents

Implementing an ‘Ecosystem Approach To Fisheries Management’ 2

Promoting Sustainable Fisheries and Securing Marine Biodiversity through Marine Protected Areas 8

Supporting Marine Spatial Planning for a Sustainable Future 12

SPOTLIGHT ON Innovations 14

A Multi-Scaled Approach to Supporting Law Enforcement 16

Impact Stories from the Field: Communication Platforms Support Front-Line Enforcement 19

Incentivizing Change 21

Impact Stories from the Field: Alternative Livelihood Opportunities 22

Impact Story from the Field: Flying Fish in 25

Changing Behaviors for a Sustainable Future 26

Building the Skills for Change 32

Supporting a Robust Legal and Regulatory Framework for Sustainable Marine and Coastal Management 34

Editor's Choice Photo 35

Cover photos clockwise from top: Biophysical survey in Lease Island MPA, , in October 2020 (CTC/ Purwanto); Small-scale fisher in , Maluku (USAID SEA/Ben Khan); Catch Recording with shrimp fishers in South , West (WWF/Inayah); USAID SEA Project partner Marine Change conducting an underwater survey of critical reef habitat in , (Marine Change/Alex Westover); The community around Seribu Satu Sungai Teo Enebikia MPA contributing to a Public Consultation for the Zoning and Management Plan (RPZ), conducted by USAID SEA in South Sorong, (USAID SEA/Chris Rotinsulu). i | Talking SEA No. 6 Editorial his final issue of the Talking SEA Newsletter (No. 6) is packed with Tthe tangible results of the USAID Sustainable Ecosystems Advanced (USAID SEA) Project that began in 2016 and ends March 2021. The Project has been supporting the sustainable use and management of fisheries and other marine resources in Indonesia, working closely with our government counterparts in the Ministry of Marine Alan White, Ph.D. Chief of Party Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF) and through the provincial fisheries offices in North Maluku, Maluku and West Papua. Our overall mission is to build the Finally, to ensure that EAFM, MPAs, and MSP capacity of government and non-government entities succeed, people need to understand the value of the that have significant roles supporting and ensuring that work. Without an appreciation of the objectives, Indonesian fisheries and marine areas are under wise people will not change their behaviors to take stewardship and management with benefits accruing to the necessary actions to conserve and manage local stakeholders. resources. Thus, we also put a major focus on behavior change and education. Part of the recipe At first, it might appear easy to support marine for behavior change is having incentives to support conservation and fisheries management in three that change (e.g., income from , stable fish provinces and partially across FMA 715. But, if you ask catch, rights to local fishing grounds, etc.). our core staff and 13 NGO and university partners, they will say otherwise. Rather, the SEA Project has I am amazed at how much we accomplished in the been a complex undertaking that to succeed had to be USAID SEA Project. I thank our core staff and all the fully integrated across a range of sectors and activities, staff of our partner NGOs for their excellent work and coordinated among actors so that synergies from and being part of this complex undertaking. I see the the activities support the long-term outcomes of project whole as an interconnected organism, where enduring capacity, sustainability, and improved marine all parts depend on each other to function properly. ecosystems. The positive results reflect that interconnectedness of the SEA Team and the interface with all the This last issue sums up the results of our work. government agencies and communities with whom Implementing an ‘ecosystem approach to fisheries we have worked. Success depends on collaboration, management’ (EAFM) is already a daunting task and coordination, and being very strategic in the is often considered to be inclusive to all aspects of activities undertaken in consultation with our fisheries and marine resource management. But the counterparts, from the MMAF to the smallest reality of fisheries management means it must be village in the field. Marine and fisheries resources broken into tangible sets of activities. The marine management and conservation cannot succeed biodiversity conservation track established marine without the buy-in and support of all stakeholders. protected areas (MPAs) that contribute to enhancing fisheries, protecting critical habitats, and bringing We hope you found the Talking SEA Newsletters benefits to local communities. Then, the higher-level useful. We appreciate your interest, and your planning task of marine spatial planning (MSP), which feedback is always welcome! All of the USAID SEA requires provincial-wide planning, is essential to secure Publications are available until 2025 on the USAID the most valuable marine sites and fishing areas to be SEA website (www.sea-indonesia.org). We are also free from damaging activities. Ensuring that fisheries launching a new publication of lessons learned from rules are followed and the MPAs are enforced requires the Project: Sustaining Indonesia’s Marine Environment: coordinated and effective law enforcement, and, Lessons Learned from the USAID SEA Project. Please supportive policies must be in place to legally guide avail of these publications and we are happy to have these plans and activities. served you as our audience.

Talking SEA No. 6 | 1 T promoting sustainable fisheries in FMA FMA in 715. fisheries sustainable promoting and EAFM advancing on Project SEA USAID the the we explore pages following the In (3) (2) (1) EAFM: Promoting sustainablefisheries 2 | 2016, the USAID SEA Project committed to to committed Project SEA 2016, USAID the In 2000s. late the in planning fisheries regional and national guide to began EAFM Indonesia, In whole. as a afishery of complexities the considers EAFM Instead, isolation. in fisheries on focus to tended that practices management fishing conventional to alternative an as globally emerged has EAFM decades, recent In approach tofisheriesmanagement (EAFM). APPROACH TO FISHERIESMANAGEMENT’ IMPLEMENTING AN‘ECOSYSTEM supporting three key areas of work: work: of key areas three supporting MPA SocializationinBuano, Maluku.

Talking SEA No. 6

strengthening fisheries governance. fisheries strengthening and monitoring, fisheries for systems establishing FMA in 715, fisheries for strategies harvest assessing of and the status stocks developing focused onimplementinganecosystem Indonesia, theUSAID SEAProject o promote sustainablefisheriesineastern impact of of “[EAFM is] an approach to fisheries tofisheries “[EAFM is]anapproach management anddevelopment that strives to balance diverse societal tobalancediverse strives objectives, by taking intoaccount the knowledge and uncertainties the knowledge anduncertainties about biotic, abiotic, andhuman components ofecosystemsand Responsible Fisheries. Rome. ISBN92-5-104897-5; p.6. their interactions andapplying ](2003). FAO Technical Guidelinesfor UN FAO [Food and Organizationofthe fisheries withinecologically fisheries an integrated to approach meaningful boundaries.”

Photo: CTC ANCHOVIES Raja Ampat, West Papua REEF FISH REEF FISH EAFM advances North Maluku Maluku in Eastern Indonesia FLYING FISH Fakfak, he USAID SEA Project focused West Papua SMALL on implementing EAFM in five PELAGIC FISH prioritized fisheries in FMA 715. T across FMA 715 The selected fisheries are vital to fisher and coastal Once completed, these assessments formed the communities’ livelihoods, and face increasing basis of management plans for each target fishery; pressure and risks from overfishing, destructive becoming the first completed harvest strategies in fishing and unsustainable fishing practices. Indonesia! The first step toward securing these fisheries For each fishery, the management plans identify key was to assess the status of the stocks. Data for issues to address (challenges), operational objectives these assessments included primary data (fresh (interventions) and target reference points (targets) from the field) and secondary data (existing in for sustainability, and lay out key measures and various studies and reports). Information was indicators of success (see our map on the next page gathered through collaborations between the for a snapshot of these elements for each fishery). MMAF Center for Fisheries Research (Pusat Riset Perikanan—Pusriskan) and Marine Research The area (in ha) that each harvest strategy covers Agency (Badan Riset Perikanan Laut—BRPL), is tailored to its target species’ ‘stock unit’: the area the provincial fisheries officesDinas ( Kelautan where a specie's reproductive cycle occurs plus dan Perikanan—DKPs), and USAID SEA Project the range of movement of that stock (delineated by partners (WWF, WCS, UKIP, and MDPI). genetics studies, bathymetric analysis and observed distribution/migration patterns). Using this data, stock assessments were undertaken following a three-step process: The small pelagic fish harvest strategy area covers 21,786,624 ha, based on the distribution/migration (1) training BRPL researchers and academic of small pelagic species between the Weber and counterparts from UKIP and UNIPA in new Lydekker lines (natural ecological boundaries). and improved data-limited methodologies for stock assessments1; Two of the other target fisheries also occur within the boundaries of the small pelagic fish (2) analyzing and interpreting the fisheries data management area: through these methodologies to assess the • The fisheries management plan for reef fish in status of the stocks; and North Maluku covers 41,600 ha, based on the (3) reviewing the results with the National coral coverage around island. Commission Fisheries Resources Assessment • The area of focus for reef fish management in (Komisi Nasional Pengkajian Sumber Daya Ikan— Maluku covers 33,800 ha, based on the coral Komnas Kajiskan), senior MMAF researchers coverage around . and senior scientists from the Indonesian The remaining two fisheries’ areas are in West Papua: Institute of Sciences (Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan • The anchovies fisheries management plan in South Indonesia—LIPI), and through various national covers 75,593 ha and is based on the and international fora. fishing grounds observed during regional studies. 1 Methodologies included: (i) the length-based spawning • The flying fish management plan in Fakfak potential ratio [LBSPR] method, (ii) the length-based covers 638,798 ha, delineated by the species’ Bayesian biomass [LBB] method, and (iii) the non- equilibrium biomass dynamic model (NE-BDM); and fishing grounds. training included risk assessment procedures and projections on biomass, fishing mortality, and yields. continued on page 4

Talking SEA No. 6 | 3 SEA supported harvest strategies for prioritized fisheries in FMA 715 The combined area covered by these harvest strategies is more than 22.5 million ha: an area larger than the entire nation of Cambodia, and more than double the area of South Korea! Not only does this achievement mean there is an enormous area under improved management, it also more than quadrupled the USAID SEA Project’s aim to advance EAFM in at least 5.1 million ha of marine and coastal waters in FMA 715. #

REEF FISH NORTH MALUKU ANCHOVIES, WEST PAPUA q fish biomass q yields by traditional fishers q vessel productivity q stocks juveniles & small sizes caught q local income potential competition with lift-nets prohibition on hook sizes # 13 · Lydekker W E S T · limit on lift-net operators · closed fishing seasons P A P U A (max 10) closed fishing areas (via MPAs) Line · · lift-net zone (3km away from village coastlines) 1 reduction in fishing effort · t · reduced fishing time · 20 SPR (13 days at new moon) · relative biomass =1 · opening markets for · relative fishing mortality =1 local-caught products to · fish length at first capture = access supply chain (for optimum length of indicator species pole and line live-bait) · 10 increase in vessel productivity · 10 reduction in juvenile mortality N O R T H M A L U K U · 20 SPR · 50 communities benefiting SMALL PELAGIC, FMA 715 from home-based processing q fish biomass

q productivity qq fisher income M A L U K U FLYING FISH, WEST PAPUA fishing pressure roe production (# vessels & vessel capacity) q low benefit/participation of local communities juveniles caught 0 km Weber Line Produced by SSIC. lack of robust data in setting allowable catch rates

· reduced # fishing days · limit on # outsider vessels REEF FISH, MALUKU · reduced # fishing days

q fish population/biomass · development of local-based supply chain

opportunities and apprenticeships q vessel productivity · 10 reduction in fishing effort q 30 SPR capture of non-target species · 80 of MSY and FSMY for total allowable catches · relative biomass =1 · · relative fishing mortality =1 · reduced # fishing days · increase local participation and government · fish length at first capture ≥ 20 cm · closed fishing seasons revenue generation from the fishery

· CPUE @ 139 tons/vessel/year · closed fishing areas (via MPAs) q

Challenges Increasing 6 SEA No. Talking MSY = maximum sustainable yield · 30 SPR FMSY = fishing mortality that produces MSY · relative biomass =1 Interventions q Decreasing FMA 715 4 | CPUE = catch per unit effort · relative fishing mortality =1 SPR = spawning potential ratio · fish length at first capture = optimum length of indicator species Targets 0 50 100 200 km EAFM: Promoting sustainable fisheries SEA supports increased fish catches at key sites

ow do you know if the fishery fishers in Bay, West Papua, experienced interventions you’ve put in place an average 41 percent increase in catch! These Hare working? One approach used results suggest sustainable fisheries measures by scientists is to assess fishers’ ‘catch per implemented at these sites were effective. unit effort’ (CPUE) by regularly measuring Management measures included the establishment the amount of fish caught by a fisher/vessel of community surveillance teams, awareness (catch) in a fixed block of time (effort). Over and reduction of destructive fishing practices, the long term it is possible to see changes in zonations for MPAs to support stock growth and catch results for fishing effort. managed access regulations in some areas. For example, if fishers at one point in time are Meanwhile, handline fishers in Maluku saw a slight regularly catching 10 kg of fish in one hour, and decline in fish catches in East Seram, Central at a later point in time are routinely catching Maluku and West Seram (-3 percent), while purse only 5 kg of fish in one hour, this indicates that seine fishers North Maluku (, North and the availability of fish (stock) in the water may be South Halmahera) found their catches remained diminishing and the fishery may be under threat. steady (only a 1 percent increase), suggesting more effort is required to implement, and Conversely, where data show that the amount promote compliance with, sustainable fisheries of catch (kg) per unit of effort (hour) is stable interventions. – or even increasing – it can indicate that the availability of stock is maintained or improving. It is important to note that this data is reliant on a relatively short-term data set, and to truly assess Under the USAID SEA Project, CPUE was change over time longer term data is needed. measured in four key fisheries, revealing increased Provided CPUE data collection is ongoing, it fish yields in North Maluku and West Papua. should be possible to see the long-term impact of Handline fishers in North Maluku (Tidore Islands, these management measures on fisheries in these South Halmahera and Morotai Island) experienced key sites. # an average 20 percent increase in fish catches over the Project period, while folding trap shrimp

Handline fishers Purse seine fishers ORTH MALUKU + 20% ORTH MALUKU + 1% Project start Project end Project start Project end

MALUKU – 3% Folding trap shrimp fishers Project start Project end WEST PAPUA + 41% Project start Project end

Talking SEA No. 6 | 5 More small fishing vessels registered than ever before in Indonesia

onitoring a fishery is essential to Why is vessel registration understand whether interventions important? are working and if the fishery M To maintain stocks in any given fishery it is is being managed sustainably. necessary to know, and ultimately manage, the Under the USAID SEA Project, a range of number and size of fishing boats permitted in the activities were implemented to support area. This is known as managing ‘fishing effort’. fisheries monitoring. By law, fishing vessels over 10 gross tonnage • Small-scale fisher logbooks were designed, (> 10 GT) require licenses and permits to developed, tested, and rolled out in target operate1, while small fishing vessels of less than areas across FMA 715 to capture and or equal to 10 GT (≤ 10 GT) do not require document data on fisheries’ catches (yields licenses but are expected to be ‘registered’. and species). This led to a draft regulation to However, small vessel registration is not the support small-scale fisher logbooks being used ‘norm’ for fishers, or fisheries officers, at any level more widely across the country. of government. Nearly all small-scale fisheries— • Various innovations were tested to track accounting for around 85 percent of Indonesia’s vessel movements and build a better picture of entire fishing sector—are unregistered. Low where fishers fish, how long their fishing trips levels of registration creates a significant challenge take, what times they fish, etc. Innovations to to monitoring fishing pressure. support supply chain traceability were also piloted at several sites with private sector operators (more information on page 14). • And finally, small fishing vessels were registered at an unprecedented level in FMA 715. 1 Indonesian Fishery Law no. 31/2004 jo no. 45/2009

1 # vessels registered 20 2 1 BPKPPas kecil 137 BPKP 62 16 Pas ecil 531 SIPI 3 4 150 400 72

3 145

TGT H 170 WEST 550 189 PAPUA 34 400 90 163 H 468 412 400 56 OUTSIDE TGT H FMA 715 NORTH MALUKU

1 TGT H MALUKU

6 | Talking SEA No. 6 EAFM: Promoting sustainable fisheries

Steps to Register Fishing Vessels ≤ 10 GT

Thrh their reresentties ishin essel wners iniil r lletie esrin eert 1 rs rere the llwin inte ents r eriitin esres the ishin t eistrtin Pas Kecil 2 essel n hes n rthiness ertiite enttin 3 1 eest r essel Incomplete documents will be returned for esreent review (to no ) ht ientiitin r essel wnershi Mehnis letter

C OA ST G UA R D

Thrh their reresentties ishin essel wners rere ents r eriitin isheries nsetr 4 rinil istrit inte rinilistrit r essel eistrtin nr rinil T inspects the vessel and 5 iles hsil nsetin ert 1 eest r hsil he Incomplete documents will be returned for 6 essel n review (to no ) eest r ht ssrt hts ht Pas Kecil n rthiness ertiite thrie ernent enies inle API – fishing gear (alat pengangkap ikan); BPKP– proof of vessel registration (Bukti Pencatatan Kapal tes 1 nr nerest Perikanan); KSOP – Harbormaster Office and Port Authority (Kantor Kesyahbandaran dan Otoritas tes rinilistrit nr rinil T Pelabuhan); UPP – port administration unit (Unit Penyelenggara Pelabuhan)

What did the USAID SEA Project do? To address this challenge, the USAID SEA Project These efforts resulted in a total of 1,639 vessels supported the MMAF Directorate of Vessel being registered over the life of the project (far Licensing and Fishers and the provincial DKPs to exceeding the original SEA target of 1,200). Each intensify and streamline the registration process of these vessels was verified through one or and establish an integrated national-provincial more of the following registration documents: small-scale fishing vessel database. This work • A proof of registration document (Bukti involved: Pencatatan Kapal Perikanan—BPKP) • gaining national-level commitment for vessel • A boat registration certificate Pas( Kecil) registration between the Directorate of • A fishing permit Surat( Izin Penangkapan Ikan— Vessel Licensing, the Ministry of Home Affairs, SIPI)2 Ministry of Transportation, Coordinating This achievement goes beyond any previous Ministry for Maritime Affairs, and the efforts to register small-scale vessels in Indonesia, provincial DKPs in FMA 715; and has set a precedent for other of the • creating a streamlined six-step system for nation to aspire to replicate. # registering vessels; and • actively supporting fishers, government agencies and associated stakeholders to register vessels. 2 This is relevant for vessels between 5 and 30 gross tons.

Talking SEA No. 6 | 7 MPAs: Maintaining and enhancing marine biodiversity, improving productivity PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES AND SECURING MARINE BIODIVERSITY THROUGH MARINE PROTECTED AREAS

Using Indonesia’s MPA management effectiveness he creation and effective management scorecard (EKKP-3-K),1 assessments were of marine protected areas (MPAs) has undertaken at each of the MPAs at the start proven to be an effective approach T and end of the Project, revealing dramatic to maintaining and enhancing marine improvements in management effectiveness. biodiversity, particularly in areas of coral, These assessments cover five levels, from Level 1 seagrass, and mangrove ecosystems. MPAs (MPA initiated) to Level 5 (MPA self-sustaining), serve to protect marine habitats and provide with each level provided a score from 0 to 100. refuge for a wide array of marine species, Across the USAID SEA Project portfolio of MPAs including endangered, threatened and management effectiveness improved by an average protected species. MPAs also enhance the of 243 percent. productivity of fisheries by protecting the breeding and spawning sites of commercially This is an impressive result, but is still only the important species, enabling them to increase beginning. Key next steps for all of these sites in biomass and restock neighboring fishing is the establishment of on-site management and areas through the ‘spillover effect’. systematic management processes to secure these MPAs for the long term. We hope that The USAID SEA Project supported the design, the foundation provided through support from development, establishment, and management USAID SEA will continue to inspire and motivate of 14 MPAs across North Maluku, Maluku the key provincial government agencies, their and West Papua, covering a combined area of counterparts, communities, fishers, and 1,630,106 ha. With project support, nine of the associated resource users, to work together MPAs were formally gazetted under ministerial into the future to ensure the MPAs are optimally decrees and management and zoning plans were effective and ultimately self-sustaining. # developed for all of them in collaboration with local communities and district and provincial government agencies. 1 Evaluasi Efektivitas Pengelolaan Kawasan Konservasi Perairan, Pesisir dan Pulau-Pulau Kecil - EKKP-3-K. FISHING AREA NO-TAKE ZONE

MPAs and 'no-take' zones protect the breeding and spawning sites of commercially important species, allowing them to spillover and restock neighboring fishing areas. Source: WWF, 2015. Produced by SSIC.

8 | Talking SEA No. 5

sstine = Status baseline (2015/17, baseline (2015/17, MMAF) end of USAID SEA Project (Sept, 2020) (current ranking completed having up to 100 scores in previous levels) management in effectiveness overall # = Percent increase = Highest score at = MPA Sites= MPA = Highest score by

Leel 1 initite Leel ne Key T0 T1 MPA + % Leel estlishe Leel sel Leel till ne Management effectiveness levels effectiveness Management 11 82 1 1

T1 T T1 BERAU BAY & BAY BERAU USA LASI 62 KOO-EIDE T 1 1 57 SOUTH 1 T T1 SORONG 82 SORONG 1 T T1 AY-RHU AY-RHU 1 SAWAI 86 SAWAI 1 T1 T WIDI 90 1 T1 T T1 T MOROTAI 81 MOROTAI LEASE 91 T T1 81 1 MARE BUAO 82 BUAO T1 T T T1 of MPAs in the USAID SEA MPA Portfolio 2015/17–2020 Portfolio in the USAID SEA MPA of MPAs MPA management effectiveness ranking and improvement management effectiveness ranking and improvement MPA km 0 0 2 86 SULA 86 1 T T1 0 0 1 1 T1 T MAKIA-MOTI 0 5 URAICI 86 T1 T 0

Talking SEA No. 5 | 9 MAKING A DIFFERENCE: USAID SEA MPAs stabilize and increase reef health ….

ne of the measures of success of the These are impressive results considering that USAID SEA Project was the status these MPAs have only recently been formally Oof reef health in the MPAs supported declared through ministerial decree and, to date, by the Project. Reef health is determined zone compliance and the management of the by the percent of hard coral cover (HCC) area has principally fallen to local community observed during underwater transect surveys. surveillance groups (pokmaswas)! This suggests Without protection, reef health is expected high levels of voluntary compliance from resource to deteriorate over time due to ongoing users to cease destructive and/or extractive detrimental practices, including destructive practices such as coral gleaning and harvesting. fishing, extraction of habitat (such as coral In total, the areas showing improved biophysical gleaning), damaging fishing gears, and trophic condition came to (which is the changes from overfishing. 16,596 ha combined total of the stable or improved In the USAID SEA Project portfolio of MPAs, no-take zones surveyed). Further on-site MPA eight sites were selected for baseline surveys management measures and ongoing surveys between 2016–18, and were surveyed again will be necessary to assess the longer-term in 2020 to assess reef health over time1. All impacts of protection at these sites; but these the surveys were conducted in the planned preliminary findings are encouraging, and show ‘no-take’ zones of the MPAs, where the that demarcating protected areas can make a USAID SEA Project has worked with the tangible difference to sustainable marine and provincial government, local governments, coastal management. and communities to establish fully protected areas, off-limits to fishing, coral gleaning, = Fish biomass and other extractive practices. = Hard Coral Cover = significant increase The surveys revealed that nearly all the sites had MT = significant decrease managed to maintain stable reef health through MPA protection, with two sites even showing = stable increases in hard coral cover through this time. ** = highly significant In particular, one site (Mare MPA in North Maluku) showed a statistically ‘highly significant’ M increase in coral cover between 2017 and 2020, G and another (Morotai, also in North Maluku)

showed a ‘significant’ increase.

1 These surveys following standardized protocols based on Ahmadia G.N, Wilson J.R. & Green A.L. (2013). Monitoring Protocol for Assessing Marine Protected Areas in the Coral Triangle. Coral Triangle Support Partnership; and USAID (2020) SEA Project reef health monitoring protocol. USAID Sustainable L Ecosystems Advanced Project. . NORTH MALUKU 10 | Talking SEA No. 6 …. But ‘fishing and fusiliers’ can confound

the impact for livelihoods Photo: CTC/Purwanto Biophysical survey in Lease MPA

Another indicator used by the USAID SEA This suggests that while there may have been a Project to assess changes in the MPAs over time reduction in destructive or damaging gears used was the measure of ‘fish biomass’. This is assessed at these sites over this time (thus the stable or in terms of the number of kilograms (kg) of fish improved reef health), fishing may nonetheless be per hectare (ha) observed during underwater continuing at unsustainable levels within these MPAs visual census surveys. These surveys were also (as the no-take zones are not yet enforced), leading conducted in the eight selected MPAs, revealing to declines in biomass. This presents a concern some interesting findings. for the fishers and communities that rely on these Mare MPA in North Maluku showed a ‘highly resources for their livelihoods; overextraction significant’ increase in fish biomass between of fish from these refuges will reduce the ability baseline and end of project surveys — increasing of these areas to restock neighboring fishing from an average of 189 kg/ha to 559 kg/ha. This grounds and provide a sustainable source of marine is interesting because Mare was also the site products. showing the greatest improvement in reef health However, the results may also be skewed by the (coral cover) in this period, suggesting that the presence of Fusiliers (Caesionidae) at these sites. local management at the site is having some Known as the ‘surveyor’s nemesis’, these schooling considerable impact in terms of measurable planktivores1 are common in the waters of these biophysical results. MPAs, and often present in very high densities, Three of the MPAs (Widi, Guraici and Lease) making up a large part of the fish biomass on the showed stable levels of reef fish biomass (i.e., no reefs. Their presence or absence during a survey can statistically significant difference over time), while affect results as they can sway biomass calculations the remaining four MPAs (Morotai, Sula, Koon- considerably. Therefore, longer term, repeat surveys Neiden and Sawai) showed ‘significant’ (and ‘highly will be necessary to gain a clearer picture of what is significant’) levels of decrease in reef fish biomass happening in these MPAs in terms of fish biomass. over the project term. Survey results should inform and guide fishery management measures, and the findings so far highlight the importance of restricted fishing activities in protected zones in MPAs. While the seemingly ‘endless ’ provides plentiful areas for harvesting the bounty, these few protected areas are the only ‘off-limits’ refuges for marine species to exist without threat of extraction, L somewhere to breed undisturbed, reproduce and grow in stock, and to ensure the richness and heritage of Indonesia’s are secured, for today and for future generations. #

1 A planktivore is an aquatic organism that feeds on MALUKU planktonic food, including zooplankton and phytoplankton.

Talking SEA No. 6 | 11 MSP: An important governance tool SUPPORTING MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE Photo: WWF/Ehdra Beta Masran WWF/Ehdra Photo: ffectively managing coastal and marine resources requires understanding Participatory MSP mapping in West Papua Province. Eutilization practices and designating (1) Initiation — Establishing the provincial MSP which areas are appropriate (or not working groups, securing funding, and appropriate) for particular activities through a acquiring necessary governor approvals for political process. Therefore, spatial planning is plan development. an important governance tool, and in recent years, it has become a worldwide practice for (2) Data Collection — Collation, analysis and defining and governing the use patterns of mapping of a considerable amount of physical nations’ land and sea. and thematic data; overlaying biophysical, oceanographic, bathymetric, socioeconomic and In Indonesia, marine spatial planning (MSP) governance data onto base maps and thematic maps for review and preliminary designation of “… determine[s] appropriate marine spatial utilization areas. spatial utilization of water areas, (3) Technical Consultation — Verification and developed with consistent provisions validation process with MMAF to ensure all for spatial structures and patterns, key steps aligned with Ministerial Regulation and determin[es] permissible activities, no. 23/2016. non-permissible activities, and activities (4) Draft Plan Production — Drafting a spatial zoning plan and associated draft regulation permissible only with relevant licenses” documentation.

(law no. 27/2007 and law no. 1/2014). (5) Public Hearings — Reviewing the plan through extensive public consultation and Every province is mandated to produce a marine incorporating feedback. spatial plan for their provincial waters1 for better (6) Finalization and Adoption — Completing the marine management and local economic benefits. draft MSP local regulation, approval by the Beginning in 2016, the USAID SEA Project Provincial Regional People’s Representative supported North Maluku, Maluku, and West Council and Ministry of Home Affairs, and Papua Provinces to achieve this mandate. finalizing the provincial regulation. The plans were developed through a six-step These steps were achieved for Maluku by August process: 2018, North Maluku by September 2018, and West Papua by December 2019. Each of the plans outline 1 These marine spatial plans are known as Rencana a range of utilization zones and together provide Zonasi Wilayah Pesisir dan Pulau-Pulau Kecil (RZWP- spatial planning for the management of an area 3-K) as stipulated under laws no. 27/2007 and no. totaling 17,312,391 ha within FMA 715 waters. 1/2014 on coastal and small islands management.

12 | Talking SEA No. 6 Summary MSP Zonation WEST PAPUA for the USAID SEA Total MSP coverage: 7,276,052 ha Project focus provinces in FMA 715

NORTH MALUKU MALUKU Total MSP coverage: Total MSP coverage: 7,942,405 ha 2,093,933 ha GENERAL UTILIZATION Tourism: 45,511 ha Coastal and small islands: 36,359 Underwater: 5,454 Water sports: 3,697 Capture Fisheries: 4,133,154 ha Pelagic: 2,369,039 Pelagic and Demersal: 1,727,493 Demersal: 36,622 GENERAL UTILIZATION GENERAL UTILIZATION Tourism: 17,531 ha Tourism: 100,571 ha Aquaculture: 174,687 ha Water sports: 10,181 Underwater: 95,723 Mangrove: 685 ha Underwater historical sites: 4,514 Coastal and small islands: 4,848 Coastal and small islands: 1,928 Capture Fisheries: 1,838,095 ha PROTECTED AREAS Underwater: 908 Pelagic: 1,704,571 MPAs: 2,549,531 ha Capture Fisheries: 6,832,284 ha Demersal: 133,525 MPA – no zoning: 1,168,027 Pelagic: 6,185,593 Aquaculture: 14,370 ha MPA – sustainable fishing: 1,013,418 Pelagic and Demersal: 604,981 MPA – limited use: 321,914 MPA – core: 30,571 Demersal: 41,710 PROTECTED AREAS Aquaculture: 16,845 ha MPAs: 132,052 ha MPA – other: 13,446 MPA – seasonal closure (sasi): 2,154 Coastal and Small Islands PROTECTED AREAS Protected Areas: 8,846 ha Coastal and Small Islands MPAs: 566,315 ha Protected Areas: 345,343 ha Coastal and Small Islands Marine Wildlife Reserves: 16,110 ha Protected Areas: 509,431 ha Other Conservation Areas (marine nature reserve): 11,030 ha Notably, each plan includes areas dedicated for marine and coastal protection. Within FMA 715, North Maluku allocated approximately 14 percent of its provincial waters for protection and Maluku 7 percent, while West Papua allocated a staggering 40 percent of its marine waters for protection. These allocations enable the development of more MPAs and other forms of marine managed areas, including community- managed sites. Importantly, all three of the province’s plans have allocated the area 0–2 nautical miles from the shoreline as customary use, specifically for resident communities. This is a new and unique inclusion in MSP in Indonesia, and — as well as many other lessons learned through the development of these plans — has been held as exemplary by the national government. Each province is now producing and sharing their own best practice approaches and recommendations to wider provinces. #

Talking SEA No. 6 | 13 SPOTLIGHT ON INNOVATIONS SUPPORTED BY THE USAID SEA PROJECT

PROCESSES

AN ENGAGEMENT MODEL FOR MSP INCORPORATING ROBUST PROCESS: A USAID SEA led participatory approach to INSTITUTIONAL MANAGEMENT facilitate, coordinate and engage fisher and adat communities FRAMEWORKS INTO POLICY in the MSP process, enable multiple stakeholders to score and PROCESS: Advancing methodological weigh prospective utilization patterns, and apportion roles and approaches to policy development and responsibilities to agencies for technical support. revisions through the incorporation of robust IMPACT: North Maluku, Maluku and institutional frameworks, e.g., designing West Papua are now in the top ranked institutional steps for pokmaswas, draft provinces for MSP nation-wide. Other revisions for siswasmas, and advancing MPA provinces have expressed interest in networks and associated national guidelines. replicating this engagement model. IMPACT: Promoting new opportunities for systematic policy enhancement and PROCEDURES FOR THE strengthened governance. PARTICIPATORY DESIGN AND ESTABLISHMENT OF TURFs/ MANAGED ACCESS AREAS PROCESS: Rare (Raja Ampat) and ILMMA (Seram Island) facilitated the participatory design and establishment of TURFs/Managed Access Areas through mediating community tenure claims, mapping boundaries, and implementing area- specific harvest control strategies. IMPACT: Procedures and process steps provide a framework for replication in other regions for the advance of rights-based fisheries management.

HANDHELD DEVICES FOR OCEAN EYE CELL PHONE APP FISHERIES DATA COLLECTION TOOL: A conservation app that enables TOOL: Field-based fisheries catch data visitors to an area to log key marine species collection systems (OurFISH, MDPI— they observe in the wild, with each log supplier app, etc.) with robust protocols generating payments to the local communities that record and upload data in real time. for protecting their marine environment. Compatible with MMAF’s central I-Fish database. IMPACT: Provides a powerful incentive for communities to protect marine fauna IMPACT: Enables fishery catch analysis instead of fishing or hunting for monetary and real-time monitoring of stock gain. Also enables citizen observations health. System users include fishery to contribute to scientists’ understanding managers, scientific researchers, the of species movements and locations. private sector and communities. Ocean Eye is being trialed in Morotai.

14 | Talking SEA No. 6 TOOLS

SEANODE MSP GEOPORTAL DATABASE TRACETALES APPLICATION FOR TOOL: SEANODE operates TRACKING TUNA SUPPLY CHAINS on LINUX and is equipped TOOL: A digital tally-based system to replace paper- to house all provincial spatial based recording and improve the traceability of products data, MSP thematic data, and within a processing company; enabling clear supply chain official guidance documents. labeling and tracking from source to sale. IMPACT: Provides a mechanism to monitor and IMPACT: TraceTales is installed in the processing evaluate the progress of MSP facilities of PT. Harta Samudra in , Ambon, in Indonesia, securely store and manage data and and Morotai. The Morotai operations are now information for users, and support permits and 100 percent paperless. licensing systems for sustainable marine utilization. TRAFIZ APPLICATION FOR TRACKING TUNA THROUGH TRADERS NON-EQUILIBRIUM BIOMASS TOOL: A cell phone app alternative to paper-based DYNAMICS MODELING (BDM) recording of transactions among fishers, middlemen and suppliers. FOR STOCK ASSESSMENTS IMPACT: Deployed at 15 suppliers across eight sites TOOL: A statistical analysis in FMA 715, the app supports traceability and market tool to support the effective transfer of products through the processor supply chain. testing of available data (pre-analysis) and utilization of approved data (analysis) to determine stock status OFFLINE SIMKADA—PROCESS AND APP assessments. FOR FISHING LICENSES IMPACT: Provides an alternative model to inform and TOOL: A system and storage application guide fisheries management planning. Supports trend to integrate vessel registration data from analyses and the formation of ranging scenarios for remote areas into a central database. fishery projections. IMPACT: Supports regions where limited internet access prevents operationalizing the online SIMKADA one-stop-center process. MPA ALERT SYSTEM USING VISIBLE INFRARED IMAGINING RADIOMETER GPS VESSEL TRACKING SYSTEMS TO SUITE (VIIRS) DATA IDENTIFY FISHING GROUNDS

TOOL: Developed with support from NOAA, the TOOL: Systems that use satellite system detects boat activity at night in a defined area technology to track fishing vessels’ (such as an MPA core zone) from lights >1,000 watts. movements (e.g., Spot Trace and Pelagic Data Systems) and relay them to a IMPACT: Collated data correlates with Vessel central database. Compatible with I-Fish, the systems can Monitoring Systems (VMS) and Automatic reveal the scale of fishing pressure in an area. Identification Systems (AIS) data and extends existing capabilities to capture the movement of vessels. Has IMPACT: Enables real-time tracking and trend analysis the potential to provide data to assess zone compliance of fishers’ movements; helps identify fishing locations, in MPAs, enable real-time reactive enforcement, patterns and pressures. Supports management planning and reveal trends to inform MPA management. and monitoring.

Talking SEA No. 6 | 15 L Law Enforcement: Supporting effective marine and coastal management gone on to enact measures in their home home their in measures enact to on gone 12 have already whom of training, PSM received 109 and inspectors instructors PSM become to and mentoring skills-building high-level received trainers MMAF Project, the Through Inspectors. PSM for course training aseven-module and procedures, operational standard accompanying with ports designated PSM on (no. 52/2020) decree ministerial (no. 39/2019) associated and implementation PSM on regulation ministerial MMAF an ports at vessels inspecting for process a systematic primarily agreement, PSM the implement to measures necessary the of development the supported (NOAA-OLE) Enforcement Law of Office Administration Atmospheric and Oceanic National U.S. the and Project SEA USAID The and investigations. inspections including port-based ports, their entering vessels of management the improve to effort aconcerted make nations signatory all which 43/2016), no. Regulation through (Presidential (PSM) Measures’ State ‘Port instigate to agreement binding internationally an ratified Indonesia of 2016, in Government So the facilities. and infrastructure enforcement limited and ocean vast Indonesia’s to due problematic profits. wild-capture marine in fishers for loss billion billion per year 20 USD enormous an economy Indonesian the to cost estimated is fishing (IUU) unregulated Nationally, and sitelevels. law enforcement atthenational,provincial, successfully supportedseveraladvancesin SUPPORTING LAW ENFORCEMENT A MULTI-SCALED APPROACH TO 16 | and Ambon). , (in Jakarta, vessels IUU tackle to ports Talking SEA No. 5 management. The USAID SEAProject of effectivemarineandcoastal aw enforcement isacriticalcomponent 2 T . T ackling IUU fishing at sea is costly and and is costly sea at fishing IUU ackling hese measures included producing producing included measures hese illegal, unreported, and and unreported, illegal, 1 , with a corresponding USD 4 USD acorresponding ,with 3

M 11 rt tteMesres nsetrs Trinin Mles inrtin rerril 3 2 1 1 MMAF &USAIDSEA Project(2018). StateoftheSea: Indonesia, Volume Cabrel, R. etal. (2018). Rapidandlasting gainsfromsolvingillegalfishing, The USAIDSEAProject(2018). Indonesia’s USGovernment Supports Fisheries and Critical Marine Habitats inIndonesia. Marine andCritical Fisheries Jakarta, pp. 156. One: Resource Managementfor Small-Scale ofMarine An Overview nature.com/natecolevol Nature Ecology&Evolution, Vol 650(2), 2018,April pp. 650–658: governmentsupports--efforts-to-stop-iuu-fishing/ toStopIUUFishing:Efforts compliant to all other signatory nationsglobally.compliant toallothersignatory has successfully prevented IUUfishingproducts Benoa Port by preventing thelandingorsaleof Having inPSMtrainingsince2018, participated Mr. Yogi Effendi Darmawan (PSDKPInspector) catch, refueling orfulfillingany othershipping n insetin stlishin from foreign-flagged vessels from entering needs, andreporting thevessels asnon- te 2 ents eriin ishin essel 3 https://www.sea-indonesia.org/u-s- ers rews ntin insetins n essels ishin hsil 4 nsetin ish th 5 ntin nlsis n inins 6 www. insetin ertin 7 the Photo: USAID SEA/ David Hermanjaya law enforcement practices in their communities. # communities. their in practices enforcement law in engagement proactive shown had (298) members pokmaswas all of 55 percent than more 2020, By legislation. of stages final the in currently Project) SEA USAID by the supported (also regulation ministerial adraft in outlined system surveillance community-based new the with aligns field the in tasks guide help to Handbook Pokmaswas practical and a quick pokmaswas distribution and training levels) for page next the on (see map our training initial-level receiving 20 afurther with level, advanced to through trained were pokmaswas 18 field, the In trainers). 7master and trainers, advanced 65 1trainers, stage (28 course the deliver to trained were instructors Ninety-three future. the in rollout national its for trainers training and course the refining of aims the with advanced) to (initial program training pokmaswas athree-stage trial and develop to MMAF the with worked also Project The provinces. West and Papua Maluku, Maluku, North across regions different from 14 members, community and 534 fishers of membership acombined with (pokmaswas), groups limitations MPA zoning with comply and exist) they (where strategies harvest and regulations fishing local with scale, local At the on patrol in Waisum Village waters, Sula, Maluku North La NafsahuIdrus, leaderof Tanjung Deko Pokmaswas, . T he USAID SEA Project supported the establishment of 38 community-based surveillance surveillance community-based 38 of establishment the supported Project SEA USAID he law enforcement is vital to ensure fishers and other resource users conform conform users resource other and fishers ensure to vital is enforcement law . T o further support these groups, the Project also developed developed also Project the groups, these support o further Photo: CTC/Kasman activities. monitoring regular implement can and threats and challenges, conditions, of local understanding greater their through enforcement law to support critical provide pokmaswas groups, local As associations/NGOs. local from representatives and leaders, traditional leaders, religious fishers, leaders, community female and male both of consist can Pokmaswas area. an managing and supervising effectively for system acommunity-based siswasmas, a as known is what implement pokmaswas Generally, • • • • be: to are considered pokmaswas Specifically, activities. monitoring and surveillance, patrol, undertaking and awareness promoting as such needs, its and area coastal particular to a relevant tasks specific assigned be can and field the in management marine support to work situations conflict local concerning particularly environment, marine the supervise to responsibilities Pokmaswas are groups community a partner group to fishery enforcement officers officers enforcement fishery to group a partner system management coastal overall the of part surroundingthe community to reporting and rules fishery of implementation the supporting citizens exemplary of a collection implementation of fishery legislation fishery of implementation for personnel the monitoring support activities surveillance conducting in investigators service civil and sistem penawasansistem masyarakat berbasis . T he handbook substance (Fisheries Act 45,2009). Talking SEA No. 5 , or , or allocated . T hey hey | 17 Pokmaswas Distribution, Stages of Training Achieved and Training Curriculum

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STAGE 1: INITIAL STAGE 2: INTERMEDIATE STAGE 3: ADVANCED

1. Pokmaswas Role, 1. Communication Ethics 1. Village Planning Function and Main 2. Safety Principles 2. Provincial Action Assignment 3. Management of Sensitive Issues Plan for Alleviating 2. Marine Ecosystem 4. Management Plan for Fisheries and MPA Destructive Fishing Threats and Potential 5. Surveillance Network and Protection 3. Self-reliance and 3. Resource Management for Pokmaswas Contribution of 4. Reporting Management 6. Basic rules on the criminal code related Pokmaswas to Villages 5. Pokmaswas to Marine and Fisheries Violations 4. Entrepreneurship Organizational 7. Pokmaswas Organizational 5. Pokmaswas Network Development (Internal) Development (Internal & External) Development (External) KNOWLEDGE FOCUS KNOWLEDGE

1. Monitoring 1. Effective Communication 1. Advanced 2. Reporting 2. Evidence Management Communication Skills 3. Technology Usage 3. Monitoring Skills (Bargaining, Promotion, 4. Pokmaswas Logbook 4. Information and Data Management Negotiation, Diplomacy) 5. Reporting Management (Recording) 2. Entrepreneurship 6. Pokmaswas Organizational 5. Pokmaswas Organizational Development 3. Statute and By-laws SKILLS BUILT Development (Internal) (Assessment for improvement) Development

Three Modules Six Modules Four Modules 24 hours (3-day minimum) 24 hours (3-day minimum) of training 18 hours (2.5-day of training minimum) of training FORMAT

18 | Talking SEA No. 6 Law Enforcement: Impact Communication Platforms stories from the field Support Front-Line Enforcement

eal-time communication technologies hold great potential for enforcement Rin the 21st century. As connectivity and communication platforms develop at almost exponential speed, it is more important – and opportune – than ever to use these technologies to aid enforcement and sustainable management. In March 2019, Pak Pilimon Anjamsaru was going about his patrols with the Pokmaswas Knasaimos team members on a bright and sunny day. They looked out across the Saifi District waters in South Sorong, on alert for any activities that might violate the fishing and conservation rules in their area. After only a few moments, they spotted andon (outsider) fishers It was early morning when Pokmaswas Hena Berkarya hauling catch out of one of the South Sorong MPA's set off on their patrols in June 2020. Heading through protected zones. the Buano MPA (Maluku), they were disturbed to discover compressor fishers and other illegal fishers Picking up his phone, Pilimon contacted the MMAF harvesting from the core zone — the most protected, Control Center immediately – using the new ‘SMS off-limits area of the MPA. They quickly alerted the Gateway’ he had learned about through his USAID Maluku Marine and Fisheries Office and the MMAF SEA Project training – and reported what they were Surveillance Unit in Ambon through the WhatsApp seeing. group. The Surveillance Unit advised the Pokmaswas Within moments the Directorate General of Marine members to keep watch and, if they made contact, and Fisheries Resources Surveillance instructed the provide educative information only (i.e., inform the Technical Management Unit of Marine and fishers about the MPA, the protected core zone, the Fisheries Resources Surveillance and West Papua DKP importance of protection, and the damage caused by to investigate the incident, successfully acquiring data destructive fishing activities). and evidence against the andon intruders. While the Hena Berkarya members followed these WhatsApp is another platform that provides for instructions, the surveillance station dispatched a immediate individual and group communication team to the area. When they arrived, they were able and is almost ubiquitous among eastern to find the perpetrators thanks to the communications Indonesian fishers. The pokmaswas and provincial and location services of WhatsApp, and formally surveillance agencies in North Maluku and collected evidence from the site and communicated Maluku have established WhatsApp groups to aid with the perpetrators regarding the dangers and communication. penalties of destructive fishing. continued on page 20

Talking SEA No. 6 | 19 T Law Enforcement: Supportingeffectivemarineandcoastalmanagement continued from from continued intercept location. The Pokmaswas’ swift action, continued monitoring, and effective effective and monitoring, continued location. action, intercept swift Pokmaswas’ The an to boat police the guide to fishers destructive the observe and monitor to continued Pokmaswas the island, the towards headed and boat their launched crew Police the While Halmahera. South in Water Police the contacted immediately team the distance, asafe Keeping action. in perpetrators the see could they until craft their guided and instantly attention their caught sea the in detonating explosives 2020, of sound the March in Maluku) (North Island Rajawali approached Ruru Kie Pokmaswas As 20 | # court. in trial of evidence.stages final the through going now is case The seize and fishers bomb the arrest to able were police the meant communication, pokmaswas were encouragedtogalvanizelocal USAID SEAProject's three focusprovinces, material operationalcontributions. Across the GroupsCommunity Surveillance Win LocalSupport WEST PAPUA: PAPUA: WEST communication equipment. and motorboat another for funds community allocate to village’stheir commitment ProvinceMaluku and won of Governor Vice the from boat apatrol received Sawai TohaPokmaswas Putih MALUKU: Sorong. PSPL Loka MMAF from camera underwater an and aprinter, alaptop, a15 engine, with HP Deko NORTH MALUKU: long-term viability, withconsiderablesuccess. support andleveragefundsmaterialsfor DKP West Papua. DKP from flashlights and units, GPS cameras, digital binoculars, vests, received Sorong and Metamani Siganoi, Udang, Mangewang, Pokmaswas Knasaimos, Talking SEA No. 6 from Sula Islands received a longboat alongboat received Islands Sula from communities, aswellfinancialand on appreciation andsupportfrom local he sustainabilityofpokmaswasrelies page 19page from South from South

Pokmaswas TanjungPokmaswas from from for operations. fuel and alongboat of purchase the review to Fund Village their from won acommitment and Prabowo Edhy Minister MMAF from sets communication radio two received Buano from Berkarya Hena Pokmaswas PSPL Sorong. Loka through MMAF from activities surveillance in aid to radios portable and cameras, binoculars, of aset engine, outboard an a longboat, received Sorong South Kokoda Pokmaswas Mr MutiinGay, recipient ofaboatgrant from MalukuDKP from from assist surveillance efforts. surveillance assist DKP provided a boat to grant Maluku response, awelcome In years. two under in times three fishers by destructive wrecked boat his had has monitoring, unity Putih of leader passionate Gay,Mr. the Mutiin that show entries logbook Patrol and Diskominfo radio station. # station. radio Diskominfo and West Papua DKP from patrols for frequency radio a dedicated and surveillance equipment and receivedFakfak communication Matan Nusa Pokmaswas and motivator for comm- for motivator and Pokmaswas Toha from from

Photo: DKP Maluku Incentives: markets, livelihoods, and tenure INCENTIVIZING CHANGE etting people to change to sustainable practices can be hard. Providing Gincentives — either positive or negative — can have a big impact on the change process. For example, a negative incentive to stop people Markets for from destructive fishing might be the provision of increased law enforcement in an area (and Sustainable Fisheries the threat of legal recourse for individuals who air Trade for fisheries is a certification continue to operate illegally). A positive incentive scheme intended to incentivize for those same destructive fishers might be to sustainable and equitable fishing provide alternate gears or livelihoods to assist them F practices. To be certified by Fair Trade, in changing their bad behaviors. fishers need to commit to using sustainable The USAID SEA Project provided three forms of methods to harvest and manage their positive incentives to promote change: fisheries. In return, they are assured a fair and reliable market price for their (1) Markets for sustainable fisheries products. (2) Opportunities for alternative livelihoods This arrangement ties sustainable management (3) Increased security of tenure over marine to optimal earnings and protects the fishers resources. against fluctuations in world market prices. The end consumers of the fish pay a premium Fisher Associations and Number of Members for the certified products in the knowledge that their purchases are environmentally sustainable and socially responsible.

inr l The USAID SEA Project (with partners MDPI) rii 28 38 Tn nn implemented Fair Trade programs in six 28 31 34 key sites across North Maluku and Maluku. Mrii ir The program involved 418 tuna fishers Mlh who formed 16 fisher associationsand an oversight fisher committee. Through sh these groups, all fishers learned and were Lt required to meet the Fair Trade standards related to sustainable resource management, 17 14 environment and biodiversity protection, r Tn erinin Mnili MANDIOLI fundamental human rights, empowerment and community development, and sustainable Tn BISA 18 16 17 trade. As a result, fishers could access Fair nn sh Trade markets with U.S. export companies. 51 Tn n ers Tn They received improved rates for their 45 rii sustainably caught yields and benefited from SANANA erh ntr rii the Fair Trade Premium Fund, whereby grants Tn 21 rii 18 15 15 inh totaling 1,199,405,500 IDR (approximately USD 86,000) were provided to the fishers' PARIGI communities for sustainable development activities. #

Talking SEA No. 6 | 21 Incentives: Impact stories from the field Alternative Livelihood Opportunities

roviding opportunities for alternative or additive communities in Lease livelihoods to fisher communities can have multiplier launched a brand new tour Pbenefits. With other avenues for earning income, package for motorcyclists, focused threats to the marine environment from unsustainable on benefit streaming to local practices (such as overfishing) can be reduced. Livelihoods homestays, cafés, and operators. can also be developed that incentivize the protection of a q healthy marine and coastal environment to attract optimal business (such as tourism). Under the USAID SEA Project, a range of alternative and additive entrepreneurial activities were advanced, providing improved economic benefits to 1,116 people.

Helping businesses operate sustainably Tourism in MPAs can provide enormous potential benefits (in terms of alternative livelihoods and income generation) as well as challenges if not managed appropriately (e.g., environmental damage from mass tourism, habitat loss to make way for development, pollution, etc.). To help businesses operate sustainably, the USAID SEA A summary Tourism Business Plan Project supported five existing tourism operations to explore and local Communication Strategy and implement environmental and social improvements developed through support from — the Lisa Bahari Hotel and Ora Beach Resort in Sawai, USAID SEA Project helped the the Mahu Lodge and Putih Lessi Hotel in Lease, and the communities of Ay-Rhun MPA planned Leadership Islands Indonesia eco-resort in Widi. In to identify sustainable marine addition to this, the SEA Project conducted carrying capacity tourism opportunities that align assessments for dive sites in Morotai, Sawai, and Koon-Neiden with conservation objectives. MPAs to identify tourism targets and limits for sustainable operations for inclusion in the MPA management plans The Project also produced a practical handbook on The Tour Guide Association of ‘Sustainable Tourism around MPAs’ (in collaboration with Fakfak, West Papua (52 community MMAF and the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric members), was established Administration) and developed an associated training course with support from the USAID to guide businesses, operators, and emerging entrepreneurs SEA Project to ensure visitors to adopt and implement sustainable and equitable practices. # and related stakeholders apply sustainable tourism practices both inside and outside the Fakfak MPA.

22 | Talking SEA No. 6 PPPs Inspire Collaborative Change Public private partnerships(PPPs) for marine and coastal management have advanced considerably in recent years. Bringing together the public and private sectors to work collaboratively for mutually beneficial goals can prove highly effective and leverage considerable human and financial resources to advance sustainable development.

Morotai District Island Fisheries Agency, Dive Operators, WCS & Marine Gili EcoTrust Change Nusa Laut The Indonesian Community Leaders Liveaboard Association Management of mooring buoys for safe anchorage Charismatic Species at Work of tourism vessels and to ensure no anchor damage occurs on the reefs in the MPAs (Morotai and Lease). OceanEye is a conservation app that enables tourists in an area to make small payments for North Maluku PT. Leadership Provincial Government Islands Indonesia every key species they see alive during their visit and Widi Islands (e.g., turtles, dolphins, sharks, whales, etc.). Such District Government payments actively incentivize the protection and Collaborative management of 75,000 ha within Widi conservation of these species. Under the USAID MPA through MOU arrangement (35 years): providing SEA Project, the app was trialed in Morotai. support for monitoring, patrols, data gathering, promoting MPA/conservation awareness, and Results are promising and suggest considerable exemplifying sustainable and equitable marine tourism potential for the roll out of this app nationally practices. Arrangement has leveraged approximately and possibly even globally! USD 5 million investment (bridge funding) for operational development.

Tourism and livelihood development in Mare and Morotai In the villages of Galo Galo, , Kolorai A range of outputs supported these livelihood (Morotai), and Maregam (Mare), USAID SEA developments: supported the establishment of four tourism • Village Regulations for pokdarwis groups (Kelompok Sadar Wisata—pokdarwis). • Tourism guidelines for communities and sales With a combined membership of 64 people, these agents (including pokdarwis members) groups provide budding entrepreneurs a platform • MOU with ‘CV Taksa’ company to support the for learning, seeking investment and support, and community businesses beyond the engagement connecting with government tourism agencies for with USAID SEA Project (GG & Maregam) joint sustainable planning. • Pokdarwis regulation for a community benefit- Also in Galo Galo and Maregam, more than 100 sharing system (Galo Galo only) people benefited from new livelihood opportunities • District Tourism Department decree in developed through the Project. Intended to aid support of pokdarwis (Maregam only) coastal communities in transitioning from extractive • Community business plans for: tourism, soap practices to sustainable income generation, activities production (Galo Galo & Maregam), salted fish include soap production and sustainable tourism and associated merchandise (GG), and pottery development in both communities, as well as salted (Maregam) fish production (Galo Galo) and pottery production and market expansion (Maregam).

Talking SEA No. 6 | 23 The handover of the signed CFA management plan from the Chief of the Adat Council to the head of the Raja Ampat BLUD Incentives: markets, livelihoods, and tenure Photo: Rare Increased Security of The USAID SEA Project promoted security of tenure in three key locations: Tenure Over Marine Raja Ampat, West Papua Resources Through partner Rare, 36 customary fisheries ecurity of tenure over marine areas were successfully designated in Mayalibit resources, particularly in traditional Bay and Dampier Strait using a ‘TURF’ approach Scoastal communities with a history of (territorial user rights for fisheries). Together, coastal custodianship, can be a powerful these sites cover 261,156 ha, with approximately incentive for sustainable management. This 10 percent allocated for ‘no-take zones’ and security generally relates to fishers having the remainder for ‘limited fishing zones’. This preferential access to the fishing grounds TURFs network is the biggest in Indonesia, proximal to their villages, delineated by directly benefiting 7,888 community members. historical ties and customary understanding. Such privileged access can have a meaningful Fakfak, West Papua impact on regulating fishing effort in an Through partners CI, four communities area and ensure local communities benefit established seasonal closure sites through optimally from the marine harvests. traditional tenure arrangements (sasi). These sites Overall, 28,189 people gained increased cover a combined area of 12,037 ha and support security of marine tenure through USAID SEA 903 community members. Project support. This has, in turn, incentivized the protection and sustainable management Seram Island, Maluku of 275,831 ha of marine waters. Creating and Through partner ILMMA, 24 marine managed developing locally managed sites at this scale areas were successfully designed, established, and is unprecedented in Indonesia, and provided designated through local customary and formal a range of lessons learned and best practice district regulations in Central Maluku and West approaches for replication in wider areas, as an Seram. This resulted in security of tenure over a essential and effective incentive for sustainable combined 98,000 ha of coastal waters, benefiting community-based management. a population of 19,398 village residents. #

24 | Talking SEA No. 6 Talking SEA No. 5 | 24 EAFM: Impact story from the field Flying Fish in Fakfak Securing Sustainability, Boosting Local Benefits

lying fish eggs are a lucrative, high-value commodity used in many Japanese dishes, Fsuch as sushi and sashimi. West Papua is host to substantial egg (roe) harvesting grounds, estimated to contribute over 60 percent of Indonesia’s total roe production, Flying fish egg harvesting boat in West Papua Photo: UNIPA Photo: with a calculated market value of 11 million USD/year. Roe export markets include , opportunities for post-harvest activities for Korea, Russia, , China, America, and local households to benefit from this resource, Sweden, and global demand is growing, putting including local processing and direct shipping immense pressure on this resource in the wild. through partnerships with export companies. Roe harvesting began in West Papua in 2001, led These measures are proposed to be implemented by seasonal South fishers seeking new within a fishery management cycle following sources of roe because their local stocks were the government budgeting timeframe, including decimated by overexploitation. In Fakfak, over- allocations for monitoring, evaluation, and an harvesting of stocks has caused a sharp decline in adaptive management mechanism system. This roe availability over the last decade. The majority management plan enables West Papua to meet of fishers are outsiders andon( ) who take their national targets for flying fish management (as harvests to for processing and per MMAF Ministerial Decree no. 69/2016), and export, with little to no benefits for people locally. andon fishery management (MMAF Ministerial Decree no. 36/2014); and locally secures the To address these issues, the USAID SEA fishery for sustainable production, boosts the Project, together with UNIPA and the West local economy, and strengthens provincial Papua Marine and Fishery Office, developed fisheries management institutions. # a flying fish management plan. This plan outlines strategic steps to reduce overexploitation, enhance Development (RPJMD), Strategic (RESTRA) & Annual Plans

the sustainability and productivity Recommended next Agreement on Agreement implementation management steps between of the stock, and promote (fishing) cycle (adaptive for the next fishing provinces on management) cycle between fishery benefit streaming locally. West Papua management Provincial steps for the next

T T overnment and management The plan includes measures to Fakfak District cycle Peak fishing season control the number of andon vessels NO C AN B MA AP MA N L A P OCT based on maximum sustainable yield Review process by West Papua andon West Papua and DATA targets and control the number of scientific panel: flying fish South Sulawesi - Evaluation of management meeting on fishing days during the peak season. performance of working group management T TH MTG management steps, based meeting steps for next BY REIOAL TECHICAL on the achievement of cycle, including IMPLEMETATIO UIT (UPTD) / Additionally, the plan promotes an indicators and targets public PROVICIAL FISHERIES OFFICE - Evaluation of fish consultation apprenticeship program for local and stocks, socio-economy (DKP) / UIVERSITIES (KAMPUS) young fishers to enter harvesting or and governance supply chain activities and outlines H MTG THGHT TH (LOBOOKS, PERMITS, SALES AD FISHI COMPAY SALES DATA) Flying fish fishery management cycle 25 | Talking SEA No. 5 Talking SEA No. 6 | 25 BCC: Catalyst for success CHANGING BEHAVIORS FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE mplementing EAFM, establishing MPAs, preparing marine spatial plans, and promoting law enforcement – the four pillars of the USAID SEA Project (and indeed Ialmost all marine and coastal management projects) – have one thing in common: They are about managing people. They are about adjusting individual and organizational behavior patterns to achieve a sustainable future. They are about people taking responsibility for and amending their actions that undermine the viability of the marine environment. Whether you are trying to improve fisheries by getting fishers to use environmentally friendly techniques, or working to protect marine habitat by closing access to an area of the sea, what you are really trying to do is change people’s behavior. Changing behaviors is a slow, transformative process, and requires a multi-faceted approach. Therefore, in order to change behaviors among target communities and marine practitioners, the USAID SEA Project embedded behavior change communication (BCC) techniques across the four pillars of work. BCC techniques involved: • identifying and mapping target audiences • identifying, recruiting, and training champions for change, • developing and distributing tailored messaging to target audiences, and • building coalitions for change. Photo: ILMMA/Sandra Tjan ILMMA/Sandra Photo: Florence Tanikwele, Seram Island Sea Champion, teaching children from her community as she collects fish data. 26 | Talking SEA No. 6 Champions for Change

hampions are influencers and peers within target societies who can Cinspire change. Through the USAID ‘SEA Champion’ program, a total of 525 individuals from the three provinces of focus were identified, recruited, and trained to become ‘change agents’. This included public figures such as teachers, village government officials, youths, local leaders, public health and fishery extension officers, and those with a commitment for change, from fisher wives and fishers, to collectors and boat captains. • 324 Champions went on to demonstrate measurable leadership and the ability Number of champions and to successfully influence their societies women's representation to adopt and support interventions and activities for marine and coastal sustainability. Some of the range of activities to promote behavior change included: TOTAL encouraging fishers to complete logbooks, 324 leading communities in coastal clean-ups, champions coordinating village involvement in MPA design, galvanizing communities to set MALUKU aside local areas for marine protection, and 130 actively promoting awareness of sustainable champions marine management practices. 23 women • 15 of these change agents excelled in their efforts, and were recognized as ‘Champions of Champions’, becoming regional role WEST models and mentors. PAPUA Through the USAID SEA Project’s efforts 115 in gender mainstreaming, the women’s champions representation among the champions steadily increased over the project term, resulting in 16 percent of all champions being women. 10 women Of particular note, Maluku province achieved excellent women’s representation (23 percent ORTH of all Maluku champions). MALUKU 79 SEA Champions were the catalysts for much of champions the Project’s success at the site-level. # 13 women

Talking SEA No. 6 | 27 Championsof Champions

120,507 Maximizing Messaging People Exposed to SEA Messaging nder the USAID SEA Project, thousands of different informational and awareness- 1,12 raising collaterals, materials, print and 36,95 U 222 media products were generated and distributed orth West ational Maluku Papua to promote behavior change in target audiences. Maluku To assess the impact of behavior change messaging, the number of people exposed to SEA messages were estimated using a variety of approaches. For example, where people were given materials directly or were personally involved/engaged through SEA messaging, they were counted and recorded individually. Where materials were instead positioned in strategic locations in communities, estimates were made of the proportion of a community that Photo: USAID SEA/M. Ichsan was likely exposed to the messaging (considering Fish identification and sustainable fisheries principles training with fisheries officers in North Maluku using positioning and location of materials). Generally, an educational flipchart developed by USAID SEA. collaterals positioned in key community locations that were potentially visible to the entire population were recorded as having reached an estimated 10 percent of that population. Collaterals disseminated through various media (online, radio etc.) were estimated to have reached the average audience (readership, listenership or viewers) of that media channel. Calculations and supporting evidence revealed a total of 198,825 people were exposed to SEA messaging across the target project areas. # Photo: USAID SEA Champions spread the SEA message on public radio in West Papua.

28 | Talking SEA No. 6 Building Coalitions for Change o galvanize partnerships and collaborations for change, the USAID SEA Project supported the establishment of a range of fora, bringing together practitioners and Tstakeholders and providing crucial platforms for action. Seventy-five wide-ranging fora were established with USAID SEA Project support, including community surveillance groups (38), fisher associations, (16) fisher committees (3), technical working groups (9), community tourism groups (5), traditional adat groups for the environment (2), and capacity building groups (2). These groups have a combined membership of 1,419 people, actively engaging in and advancing change in their societies. #

isher ittees1 eers Coordinating fisher associations (1) and tuna and skipjack fisheries province-wide (2) Tehnil rin 1 isher ssitins Grs 1 eers eers Expert groups to guide provincial Formal democratic associations marine resources and fisheries established for the purpose of participating in Fair Trade activities management and MPA management SEA Supported str adat Grs Forums it ilin eers Grs 1 eers Community groups to manage Teams for developing national marine resources and fisheries under work competency standards customary law and/or agreements training certifications

nit Tris Grs sws eers 11 eers Community surveillance groups established Local sustainable tourism and livelihood to promote compliance and support patrols development groups () and guide association (1) and monitoring activities in MPAs

Talking SEA No. 6 | 29 BCC: Catalyst for success Measuring Behavior Change

common way to measure behavior change is to use Prochaska’s model,1 which A outlines the process that people tend to go through when changing their behaviors. The pre-action phase (the stages of pre- contemplation, contemplation, and preparation) occurs before any actual behavior change takes place. This is followed by the action phase, which is when a behavior is adjusted. Finally, there is the maintenance phase, which is when a new behavior is fully embraced and becomes a person’s ‘norm’.

Prochaska’s model of the stages of behavior change P-ACTION

COTEMPLATIO

PRE-COTEMPLATIO PREPARATIO ACTIO MAITEACE

Produced by SSIC. Key sites were selected at the start of the USAID Observed behavior changes were related SEA Project to assess baseline behaviors using a to various aspects of the broader Project systematic behavior change modeling approach. aims. Some of the documented examples of a The aim was to re-assess these sites again at successful transition to the action phase in target the end of project term to provide a measure of communities included: change. Unfortunately, the Covid-19 pandemic • caring for the local environment through hindered the undertaking of several inter- involvement in coastal clean-ups and improved personal surveys in 2020 and limited SEA’s ability waste management, to collect the necessary data. Nonetheless, where • sustainable fisheries management through assessments were possible, behavior changes completion of fisher logbooks and were successfully evidenced in at least advancement of fisher vessel registration, and , with the expectation that further 1,471 people • marine resource management and assessments would have revealed more changes. conservation, as evidenced by the protection and promotion of ETP species, MPA zone design and compliance, completed village regulations for local marine managed areas (LMMAs), and the establishment of customary 1 Prochaska, J.O., DiClemente, C.C., and Norcross, J.C. fishing areas (CFAs). # (1992). ‘In search of how people change. Applications to addictive behaviors’. American Psychologist, 47(9), pp. 1102–1114.

30 | Talking SEA No. 6 “Now when we accidentally catch sharks or turtles, we release them to the sea. In the past, we did not know that they were protected species. Fishers used to keep them and sell them in the market.” SARNO LAJIWA, TUNA FISHER Madapolo Village, South Halmahera, North Maluku Photo: CTC/Yoga Putra CTC/Yoga Photo: p Community members in North Maluku recognize the importance of ETP species protection, and fishers actively return by-catch to the sea or record ETP species incidences in their logbooks. 165 people are documented as actively promoting the protection of ETP species. u Community members, village leaders and fishers from Buano and Lease MPAs in Maluku Province exemplify active leadership and engagement in MPA zoning designs. In total, 304 people are recorded as progressing from the pre-

contemplation to action stage. CTC Photo: “Don’t throw your garbage to the sea, let’s keep our beach clean and our seas full of fish.” AMIR MUKADAR, SEA CHAMPION Juanga Village, Morotai, North Maluku

t Amir used to practise destructive fishing. Now, he is one 171 people who actively organize, implement and engage in coastal clean-ups in their respective areas. Every Friday, he encourages

Photos: WCS Photos: participation in his community.

Talking SEA No. 6 | 31 BUILDING THE SKILLS FOR CHANGE USAID SEA SUPPORTED TRAINING

3,042 people trained 1 100 national- to local-level government, community members, wen fishers, and broader marine resource users ORTH 25 MA ,6 L av. 608 people/year L U 75 A K U O w 6 focus areas I 1 en , 8 11 T A 1 0 wen 50

1 W s 5 wen E t 0 S n T 8 1 , 25 P i U A rti P K U LU A, A 772 M 1 0 LE LE LE LE LE LE MSP MSP MSP MSP MPA MPA MPA MPA MPA BCC BCC BCC wen MPA MSP BCC EAFM EAFM EAFM EAFM EAFM Incentives Incentives Incentives Incentives Incentives Av. 25% women’s participation 1 1 1 1 33% of participants in Maluku The number of people trained was measured as those attending SEA supported or delivered training courses � half of locally specific training attendees that were more than two full days in length (pre covid-19), or through serial online courses (during covid-19). 40% of MSP training participants

141 training courses Institutionalizing capacity building Generating a cadre of proficient trainers with the necessary facilitation tools, competencies, institutionalized and formally adopted courses and modules for EAFM MPA MSP LE BCC ICETIVES long-term skills-building for marine and coastal stakeholders.

National Port Inspectors Pokmaswas Community NATIONAL 1 31 COURSES Competency for PSM Surveillance Groups Standards MMAF, USAID SEA, MMAF, PSDKP, Training NOAA-OLE NORTH SKKNI Centers, USAID SEA MALUKU 1 1 CTC, USAID SEA 7 Training Modules 3 PokmaswasTraining Modules 38 COURSES Curriculum and training developed for PSM (initial, intermediate, advanced) Inspectors programs designed 12 TOT Modules MALUKU fisheries surveillance 1 1 2 SKKI (MPA Outreach 109 MMAF Master Trainers COURSES 6 and MPA Marine Tourism and port officers trained Provincial Trainers qualified to Management) formally (101 men, 8 women) 65 deliver training (through TOT) WEST adopted through MMAF Alumni from 2017–2018 PAPUA Training Centers now lead training courses 1 Training manual for pokmaswas 28 COURSES

32 | Talking SEA No. 6 BUILDING THE SKILLS FOR CHANGE USAID SEA SUPPORTED TRAINING

3,042 people trained 1 100 national- to local-level government, community members, wen fishers, and broader marine resource users ORTH 25 MA , 6 L av. 608 people/year L U 75 A K U O we 6 focus areas I 1 n , 8 11 T A 1 0 wen

50

1 W s 5 wen E t 0 S n T 8 1 , i 25 P rti U A K PU U A L , A 1 772 M 0 LE LE LE LE LE LE MSP MSP MSP MSP MPA MPA MPA MPA MPA BCC BCC BCC wen MPA MSP BCC EAFM EAFM EAFM EAFM EAFM Incentives Incentives Incentives Incentives Incentives Av. 25% women’s participation 1 1 1 1 33% of participants in Maluku The number of people trained was measured as those attending SEA supported or delivered training courses � half of locally specific training attendees that were more than two full days in length (pre covid-19), or through serial online courses (during covid-19). 40% of MSP training participants

141 training courses Institutionalizing capacity building Generating a cadre of proficient trainers with the necessary facilitation tools, competencies, institutionalized and formally adopted courses and modules for EAFM MPA MSP LE BCC ICETIVES long-term skills-building for marine and coastal stakeholders.

National Port Inspectors Pokmaswas Community NATIONAL 1 31 COURSES Competency for PSM Surveillance Groups Standards MMAF, USAID SEA, MMAF, PSDKP, Training NOAA-OLE NORTH SKKNI Centers, USAID SEA MALUKU 1 1 CTC, USAID SEA 7 Training Modules 3 PokmaswasTraining Modules 38 COURSES Curriculum and training developed for PSM (initial, intermediate, advanced) Inspectors programs designed 12 TOT Modules MALUKU fisheries surveillance 1 1 2 SKKI (MPA Outreach 109 MMAF Master Trainers COURSES 6 and MPA Marine Tourism and port officers trained Provincial Trainers qualified to Management) formally (101 men, 8 women) 65 deliver training (through TOT) WEST adopted through MMAF Alumni from 2017–2018 PAPUA Training Centers now lead training courses 1 Training manual for pokmaswas 28 COURSES

Talking SEA No. 6 | 33 SUPPORTING A ROBUST LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK for Sustainable Marine and Coastal Management

aws and regulations provide the and enacted, they each require legal backing to foundation upon which robust ensure they can be implemented and enforced. governance of the marine and coastal L Under the USAID SEA Project, support was environment can flourish. Without clear provided to the development, drafting, or legal statutes, comprehensive policies, and revision of , 42 of which transparent operational procedures, it is 58 legal statutes successfully reached ‘stage 2’ of being ‘endorsed’. impossible for resource users to understand This includes statutes related to all four key and comply with regulations and challenging pillars of the USAID SEA Projects work (EAFM, for governments and other legal entities to MPAs, MSP, and Law Enforcement), as well as enforce the law. statutes related to marine governance. # In Indonesia, a range of legal statutes exist related to marine and coastal governance, with many Stage 1: Stage 2: Stage 3: updated and amended over time to meet the Initiated Endorsed Implemented nation’s evolving needs. Additionally, as more 58 statutes 42 statutes 1 statute marine management systems are developed

EAFM MSP 23 Customary village regulations on land, coastal, and 3 Provincial regulations on marine spatial plans (RZWP- marine natural resource management in target 3-K) for North Maluku, Maluku, and West Papua communities throughout West Seram and Central Maluku in Maluku province 3 Accompanying governor regulations for implementing the plans in North Maluku, Maluku, and West Papua 2 Governor statutes endorsing FMPs (for snapper and grouper in North Maluku, and flying fish in West Papua) 1 Joint village regulation ratifying agreements for land, coastal, and marine natural resource management in LAW ENFORCEMENT Kobisonta and Kobisadar communities in Central Maluku 3 Governor regulations on combating destructive fishing 1 Mayoral Regulation on the Management of Marine in North Maluku, Maluku, and West Papua Resources Based on Local Wisdom in Community Customary Law in the Raja Ampat District of West 2 Ministerial regulations: (a) on community participation Papua (no. 42/2019) in surveillance of marine and fisheries resources, and (b) 1 Local regulations on fisheries resource management in on the implementation of the PSMA guidelines North Salawati and Central Salawati, Raja Ampat, West 1 Ministerial decree designating PSM ports (no.52/2020) Papua 1 Marine and fisheries compliance strategy and manage- 1 Logbook policy for small-scale fishers ment framework for national and provincial levels 1 Functional definition of small-scale fisheries in Indonesia 1 Standard operating procedures (SOPs) for the technical implementation of PSMA for the Indonesia PSM Secretariat

MPAs 8 MMAF decrees for MPA declarations (Morotai, Mare, GOVERNANCE Guraici, Widi, Makian-Moti, and Sula in North Maluku; 3 Sets of Regional Medium-Term Development Plans Koon-Neiden in Maluku; Berau Bay and Nusalasi in (RPJMD) and provincial fisheries offices strategic plans for West Papua) North Maluku (2019–2024), Maluku (2019–2024), and 1 MMAF regulation (no. 31/2020) on MPA Management, West Papua (revision only, 2017–2022). amending a 2010 MMAF regulation (no. 30/2010) 1 Support framework for Village Funds to ensure local 1 Technical Guidelines for MMAF regulation no. 13/ fisheries management and MPAs in coastal villages, with PerMen-KP/2014 on MPA Networks lessons learned from the USAID SEA Project areas

34 | Talking SEA No. 6 Editor’s Choice Photo

Photo: CTC/Yoga Putra

Fishers do not work in isolation. Their work depends on the involvement, help and support of the people around them. Their families, their wives, sons and daughters; their fellow fishers, friends and wider community members. It is only by working shoulder to shoulder that a fisher’s job is done, as exemplified in this photo from Majiko Daeo Village in Morotai, North Maluku, where everybody is working together to land the boat at the end of a day of fishing. These values — of working collaboratively, of embracing all sectors of society, and of recognizing the important roles of women, youths, and wider community members in coastal management — were at the heart of the USAID SEA Project. Promoting sustainable fisheries cannot rely solely on engagement with fishers, and protecting marine biodiversity cannot be limited to the people directly gleaning or using the resource. It requires the engagement of all sectors of society to come together, work together, and support one another to pursue a sustainable and prosperous future for all. #

Talking SEA No. 6 | 35 Partners Activities under the USAID SEA Project, led by Tetra Tech, were implemented by a consortium of partners at the national, regional, and local level.

2016–2021 2016–2021 2016–2021 WWF implemented multi- Focusing on North Maluku, Advancing level interventions, including: WCS’s work included: capacity coordinating activities in coordinating activities building to West Papua; undertaking with the North Maluku support the fisheries assessments; government agencies; undertaking effective advancing the design and implementation fisheries research and supporting design, establishment and management of an Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries intervention design and implementation of MPAs, CTC’s work included: Management (EAFM) through Fishery for EAFM; addressing destructive multi-level training and skills-building; Improvement Projects (FIPs) and fishing practices and the illegal wildlife promoting the engagement of local wider incentivization mechanisms; trade; supporting the establishment communities and the empowerment supporting the effective management and effective management of MPAs; of MPA champions; supporting of MPAs; advancing sustainable marine promoting law enforcement and the effective design of MPA sites; tourism across sites; and enhancing enhanced capacity at the provincial level. promoting species management. skills and capacity at a range of levels. Sites: North Maluku (Morotai, Ternate, Sites: North Maluku (Sula); Maluku Sites: North Maluku (Ternate, Tidore, Mare, Guraici, , Widi) (Buano, Lease, Ay-Rhun) Tidore, Weda); Maluku (Sawai, Koon, Buano Islands); West Papua 2017–2020 2017–2020 (South Sorong, Sorong, Bintuni) Work focused on Work focused on establishing a network reforming fisheries 2017–2021 of locally-managed marine areas; management through the building skills to enhance community establishment of territorial Focusing on the development and governance; advancing tenurial rights user rights for fisheries utilization of a tailored economic rate and livelihood initiatives to promote (TURFs) to incentivize behavior change of return (ERR) methodology as a tool sustainable fisheries management. in target communities in order to to model use-patterns and economic enhance fisheries productivity and considerations in target areas, Marine Sites: Maluku (West Seram, advance sustainable livelihoods. Change’s work aimed to optimize Central Maluku) investment decisions surrounding both Sites: West Papua (Mayalibit Bay, fisheries and sustainable tourism. 2017–2019 Dampier Strait) Provided direct social Sites: North Maluku (Morotai, Mare, and economic benefits to 2017–2019 Widi); Maluku (Sawai, Lease) local communities through Supported the creation the development or of incentives for tuna 2017–2020 enhancement of community businesses, fishers (pole-and- including nature-based tourism. line and hand line) to promote sustainable fishing practices, Sites: North Maluku (Morotai, Mare) Focusing on large pelagic (tuna) fisheries, advance skills, and progress towards MSC certification across Fisheries work involved: promoting incentives 2017–2019 through Fair Trade and associated Management Area (FMA) 715. Focused on anchovy schemes for the adoption of EAFM fisheries, UKIP supported Sites: Fishing ports in Maluku, practices; supporting research, design, research, fishery North Maluku, & West Papua and management for sustainable fisheries; intervention design, and sustainable establishing fora and building skills. fisheries management in target areas. 2017–2019 Sites: North Maluku (, Bisa [Obi/ Sites: West Papua (Misool, Kabui) Bacan], Sula); Maluku (Sawai, Parigi, Bula) 2017–2019 Supported the development of MPA 2017–2019 Promoted improved networks for each province and across governance of flying FMA 715, and building capacity in Supported fish resources in the technical aspects of MPA design the target areas, including as fishery management tools. design, development, establishment, research and community engagement and co-management of new Sites: FMA & province-wide. to improve sustainability of the fishery, MPAs in target areas. and enhance fisher income and welfare. Sites: West Papua (Fakfak) Sites: West Papua (Fakfak)

36 | Talking SEA No. 6 Talking SEA No. 6 | 37 Talking SEA: A publication for fisheries and marine conservation practitioners produced biannually by the Agency for International Development (USAID) Sustainable Ecosystems Advanced (SEA) Project (2016 – 2021). The USAID SEA Project is implemented by Tetra Tech with a consortium of 13 implementing partners. It supports the Government of Indonesia to improve the governance and sustainable management of fisheries and marine resources, and to conserve biological diversity at local, district, provincial, and national levels.

Talking SEA is made possible through the support of USAID as provided under contract no. AID-497-C-16-00008. Talking SEA is distributed without cost to stakeholders and others upon request. Articles may be quoted or reproduced in other publications with associated referencing.

Editors: Alan White and Tiene Gunawan Managing Editors: Eleanor Carter and Laura Kola Design, Layout and Graphics: Laura Kola

Comments and correspondence are welcome and should be directed to: The Editors: [email protected]; [email protected]; or [email protected]

DISCLAIMER: This newsletter is made possible by the generous support of the American People through USAID with the close collaboration of the Government of Indonesia. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Tetra Tech and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States’ Government.

USAID SEA Project Office: Sona Topas Tower Floor 16 Jl. Jendral Sudirman Kav.26 JAKARTA 12920, INDONESIA www.sea-indonesia.org @USAIDSEA

Wave element created by Starline - Freepik.com 38 | Talking SEA No. 6