IN THIS ISSUE HARLEM AGAINST THE DRAFT LETTERS FROM HANOI HOW DO WE STOP THE WAR?

VOLUME 3 NO:5 BLACK STUDENTS ON THE MOVE Across the country and particularly in the South a new black student move­ ment. is taking shape. Howard University s,tudents ran General Hershey off a speakers platform at their school in protest of .the and the draft. They are now fighting compulsory ROtC. At Southern University in Louisiana black students have been demonstrating for changes .in dorm rules, rules about cars, and for changes in faculty hiring practices. During one of" the d'emonstra­ tions a campus cop went berserk and shot artd wounded five students. He is being charged with aggravated assault. Below we give accounts of the' activity in Nash- ville and at Texas Southern University. .' RIOT COPS bust black student after police attacked Fisk dorms. Hopefully, this new militant black student movement 'will have the effect of giving new vitality t~' the predominately white student movement. Already, we think the students at Howard University hav~ taught something to activists at NASHVILLE Berkeley and elsewhere. You don't sit still for Government speakers so they can give their side. The Howard students realize clearly that the governJIlent's point of view 'completely dominates all the news sources ,of the country. Has the Pres-. ident ever given ·equal time to the anti-war movement on any of his prime tele­ casts to the nation? To speak of free speech, when the government has control COPS ATTACK of all sources of communication, is to play the fool. The Iioward students .under­ stand this, now maybe a-lot more people will see it too.. In the next year black students will be building a strong movement. SNCC plans to take several hundred black students off the campus and into the field this summer. There they can gain some organizing experience, and in the fall BLACK STUDENTS they can begin to move effectively on their campuses for'student control. '. NashVille, Jefferson riot squads and began shooting. The cops street is the main drag in this city. It claimed they shot into the air. However, runs for about a mile with Fisk Uni­ two students were shot in the neck: sev­ versity on one end and Tennessee state eral were wounded in the arms and legs. College on the other. All along the strip The riot squad tJ:1en surrounded the entire BLACK , POWER REVOLT are restaurants, bars, and motels. On two campus are and drove around with Saturday night April 8 the manager of guns and other riot equipment ready for the University Dinner Club called the use. police on one black student over a personal COPS LIE . dispute. The other students around felt Back a Fis!t. a Dean had entered the AT TEXAS SOUTHERN that the arrest was uncalled for and set dorms and asked the students to move HOUSTON, TEXAS -- Texas Southern University is an all-black college controlled up a picket line around the place. This to their respective dorms. The students by whites. Six blocks up the street is the University of Houston. Cops at TSU carry guns, attracted many more studen~s to see what . refused, claiming that they would only be cops at the U. of H. do not. The curfew for girls at TSU is 9 p.m., at the U. of H. it is was happening. attacked by the cups who were stationed 11 p.m. The food is better at the U. of H. Texas Southern offers no courses in the modern The owner of the restaurant, a black outside. The dean went out to speak with branches of engineering and technology. Last month the racist control of Texas Southern man, came down and seeking to avoid the cops. He came back to the waiting was seriously shaken by a Black Student Power movement on campus. trouble began discussions with the pickets. students and told them the police bad said The TSU Friends of SNCC group had By this time the street was blocked off it was alright for them to go to their been thrown off campus and its faculty by onlookers. Police had begun to reroute own dorms. When the students emerged Increase all salaries of'TSlJ faculty advisor fired, because of its mflitancy. traffic. from the dorms, the police ruthleScsly and maintenance personnel to the level· Demands' that they be reinstated were attacked them again. ot white campuses, 'THE SET-UP turned down by' the Administration. On Remove Dean James B. Jones from the Then it begun. For an "unkownreason" SNCC WORKERS ARRESTED March 28 a boycott was called, closing Draft Board. "We feel that Dean Jones the' cops let a bus pass through their By Sunday evening, over 100 black stu­ down th~ school. Doors 'were barricaded uses his power on the Draft Bo<).rd to put blockade of the street rather sending it dents and citizens were in jail: over 50 with 2 x 4's borrowed from a nearby the fear of death into young men and as . around the demonstration. Thewhite drive, people had been injured by police gun­ construction project. 200 students sat a disciplinary practice to further oppress rather than "feeling'" his way through the­ fire and billy clubs. Three SNCC workers down in the middle of Wheeler Street, the entire male student body!' crowd, forced his way through.' This (E'rnest Stephens, George Ware, and Sim­ a busy thoroughfare passing through. the Disarm the 'campus police. angered the students andtheybegan booing muel Schutz) who were returning to Nash­ center of the campus. the bus driver and the cops. ville from another city were stopped in The Administration's response was to STUDENTS PADLOCK DOORS At that point a black plainclothes officer their car and questioned by the riot cops. ask that a warrant be issuedfor the arrest On the morning of April 3 a mass ran out into the middle of the street, The police spotted SNCC literature in the of Lee Otis Johnson, who had been sus­ rally was addressed by Reverend F. D.' pulled out his gun, and began firing into car, and on that evidence arrested two pended from TSU for organizing a SNCC Kirkpatrick, Co-Chairman of the Friends the air. Enraged and confused by this SNCC workers for "inciting to riot". demonstration against Mayor Louis Welch of SNCC; Lee Otis Johnson; and Franklin action, the students began to throw rocks They were placed under $2,500 bond each. of Houston. The police explained to John­ Alexander, national chairman of c.le Du ' and bottles at the cops, who began to The third SNCC worker was charged with son's father that the charges would be Bois Clubs. move on them with the first shots. "vagrancy" apd also taken to jail. dropped if J ofinson .promised to stay away Around noon, groups of students placed ItSHOOT~NG IN THE AIR!' By Monday night April 10 the black from the TSU campus. This act of political chains and padlocks on the doors of all students had learned a lot about dealing intimidation caused the movement to class buildings. Others stood at the doors The shooting had alerted a nearby riot with cops. A demonstration was hdd at broaden its demands. New demands were: with picket signs. 500 students gathered squad, which entered the area. 'Swinging Tennessee state College protesting the Drop all charges against Johnson and in the middle of Wheeler Street and sat clubs the cops forced the students into presence of the occupation forces on their reinstate him in school, down, blocking the traffic. The police the dorms of Fisk University. The' cops campus and in their part of town. The. Change the curfew hours to the same riot squad set up roadblocks around the claimed that they were also shooting into students also began to raise demands as en the white campuses, campus. the air, but several girls were wounded about .kind of education that they were All disciplinary action to go through a DUMP FOOD in their dormitory. The cops forced their . getting. "What kind of a "Negro" college student court whose powers shall be at Inside the cafeteria, students dissatis- way into the men's dorms through the is this, that will not permit a course on least equal to that of the Dean of Students, fied with the "present slop" began dump­ the windows. Afro-'American history to be taught?" Replace the present slop served in ing trays of food on the "flo?r. Others Meanwhile a sympathy demonstration the cafeteria with edible nutrition, formed at Tennessee State College a mile : i' .. CONT.INUED ON P. 10 CONTINUED ON P ..10 down the s+reet. The cops moved their .. PAGE 2 THE MOVEMENT MAY.1967

• •'I " ·~ • •• ~i ••• ~ ••••• ~i ••••••••••••••• S······~·,i~ "·"·"-I·..•.. ·E'D IT0 R I ALS 11 11 .. LETT-=:R . THE MOVEMENT ,M'AY DIE! SAVE THE MOVEMENT .... LETTERS ON THE DRAFT To the Editor, Dear MOVEMENT: Dear Readers, The Movement is up tight - We may not be able to put out our next issue. We are A friendly letter of criticism to The . Here is a $5.00 donation to the be·st already two months behind on our printing bill. 'Movement, one of the best revolutionary paper on the West Coast. Please renew In the past the bulk of our income came from Friends of SNCC groups, bu~ much of rags around. '.. my ,sub also'. that has been lost lately as Friends of SNCC gtoups become less active. :' We can expect our rulers to see'k more I would like to ask some questions If we are to continue publishing we must have increased support from'other areas. ,and more men for their army. about your "Hell No 'to the Draft" edi-' So this is a plea to all of you who write us the great letters saying The Movement is The $64 question is wh~ther we can torial,. and make some comments of my the best paper around: Bend money; give gift subscriptions; urge friends to 'subscribe: get enough young guys White and Black, own. sell the paper on your campus. to stay out of the Army. I don't think we I agree with you that the draft is a The need is urgent. We must almost double the present number of paid subscriptions. can. In this April issue, along with your terrible, racist institution that is used to Please contribute today. Help keep the Movement alive... editorial "To Hell With The Draft" there force men to murder for American ag­ ,was an article which indicated that eco­ gression. But I wonder if the draft is the nomic pressures... and socialpressures main problem. Sh0uld it be our main figures strongly in the decision of going' target? Or even a'target at all? BLACK STRUGGLES ON 'in. And economic pressures are getting It seems to me that the draft is just a heavier, not lighter. On the other hand, tool that could be easily eliminated and During the past month the Movement has received serveralletters from,projects m more and more guys with a conscious replaced with another evil just as bad or Mississippi. These remind us very vividly that, while Mississippi is largely silent understanding of the oppressive nature worse. The draft takes those unemployed, these days, a great deal is still happening there. Projects struggle on m3?Y communi­ of the system are preparedto make sacri­ and those who are working; as,opposed to ties, manned by local people, without access to the resources of SNCC or any other fices. The question is, or shouldbe, where those going to college or those who have civil right organization. They are also without even that slight protection which the can I- andthe guys I'm wor,king with ­ a job "vital to the ·national interest." publicity of 1964 and 65 gave them. best apply our understanding? Where are, But couldn't the draft be eliminated and Negroes are still brutalized and murdered with horrifying regularity. We just don't key weak points to hit at? Should we replaced ,with a system of high paying hear much about it anymore. advocate staying out when it means: a) •'incentives'" ? Couldn'tthe Army become a Economic conditions for blacks grow steadilyworse. There are black people starving splitting to , b) going under-' source of high paying jobs for those of in Mississippi. ground or, c) going to jail? I think not. us who otherwise would be out of work? The much applaUded civil rights legislation of f964 and 65 has made little change. For the majority who are not going to Then the Army would be made up ofpro­ Most Negroes still don't vote, and even where they do vote, their candidates don't be prepared for these steps...we will fessional soldiers (some Army brass favor win. Most schools are still segregated. All the work of the early 1960's barely cracked be irrelevant in our individualistic this, plan as more economical). the surface of the racist South. morality play. Furthermore, we will be Probablyi:hen even more black men These determined people deserve and need all the support you can give t!tem. Read saying that going in is a defeat, y.rhereas would join for the "better standard of their letters. See what you can do to help. • ' if we concentrate on the nature of the living." Then it would look like they had war and the system in our con­ a "free choice" and the Army policies frontations and stress the necessity of would be hal>der to oppose.. because it j collective effort to smash the system, would look like: we ·were trying to put ' MOSS POINT, MISS. MARKS, MISS. we will be raising the political lever of them out of a job. those going in and·still l1)aintain for them , Also the Army could 'say,"lf a man Dear Movement, .Dear Friends, and for revolutionary organizers the Per­ doesn't want to fight in Vietnam, he can spective of hitting the monster in his', get some other job someplace else." But I recently returned for a few days to We are writing you asking for help! belly. In his vital armed forces, so whe'n civilian jobs are not available, the Moss Point, Mississippi,' where I previ­ All the poor Negroes here 'are starVing. necessary to him in this epoch. "choice" becomes one big hoax. ously had worked with the FreedomDemo­ They need food and' clothing. 'So will 'It seems to me that the Movement And what if another Watts comes up? cratic Party. A handful of local people you please send us ,some money. Send it (paper and people) should reconsider our It will. Wouldn't it be easier to convince remain active there, and have been sub­ direct to me and I will see that all of present perspective of StayOut:We should unwilling draftees to your side than highly jected to increased police harrassment, them get help that need it. ' pay more' attention to the importance of ~ paid mercenaries? In, South America th'ey which has resulted in several beatings We have an' adult school. And we need working in the factories in the period' have found this to be true. and arrests. They are now working and money to help run it. We have 10 volunteer which is' bringing greater oppressions to Would it hot be better for Stokeley to making plans to form a stronger organiz­ center's to run the adult schools. most working people. We ShOllld expose accept the draft and organize the sentiment ation involving a greater portion of the If you need any more information call and organize' against union sell-outs as of the Gl's against the war? Than to be local people and would very much like 326-9441 and ask for Rev. L. C. Coleman well as the owners. While supporting stashed in a dark prison cell? volunteers to come down. here in Marks, Mississippi. people who fightthe draft from a position It seems to me that the war itself should Most likely I will be returning to Moss There are peoples here who do not of opposition to the system, we should be the main target. We should get out ­ Point within the next few months and have a place to stay. We need your help. shift to a Resist Outside/ReSIst Inside' no matter how the Army gets its men, would appreciate anyone interestedgetting Weare fighting for freedom. within the priority of exposing the nature Some of these ideas I thought up on my in touch with me. I would then be able On April 19, 1967 we had a county­ of the war and the system. Don't get me own, and some I got, from'others. I still to give your more information and put wide meeting. We ask for the Valley wrong, I'm not advocating that we advise do not know all the arguments,on all sides, you in touch with Moss Point people who Green Church but the pastor Rev. L. H. guys to enlist or that we enlist our­ and I would like to know more about your could tell you about the projects they Hills wouldn't unlock the doors. Mrs. selvesI But when revolutionaries get position. Could you~ give me some more have in mind and the exact needs volun­ Fannie Hamer was suppose to have been drafted, we should seriously consider answers? Thank you. teers could fill. here. Mr. Lawrence Guyot was here. where our talents can best be utilized. J ody Ramsland In Freedom Earl Silbar. And best of luck to the MOVEMENTI R. F. D. 2 Box 301 I L. C. Coleman ' , Ill. Mt. Kisco, New York 519 Cotton Street Sincerely, Marks, Mississippi Dave Warren • MOBILIZATION THE MOVEMENT WELFARE GROUP is published monthly by The April, gives the complete silent The Movement Press treatment to the Spring Mobilization against the War in Vietnam. Why? Is 449 14th Street the killing and murdering over? , 94103 BOYCOTTS STORE Max Mandel 626-4577 Berkeley, California EDITORIAL GROUP Picketing began at 10:00 a.m. on Thurs­ .. , California- Terence Cannon Joe Blum day, March 30,1967 at the market. Leaf­ Bobpi Cieciorka William Mandel On March 30, 1967, members of Citi­ lets distributed by the group on Saturday , Mike Sharon Ellen Estnn zens for Creative Welfare, a group of asked patrons to boycott the store but Brooks Penney, . Dave Wellman Pueblo del Rio housing project residents, "don't burn" it. Thirty (30) persons dem­ Hardy Frye, Carolyn Craven continued their boycott of Gambo's A&T onstrated at the store asking passerbys' HOLLY SPRINGS, MISS. market at 55th Street and Holmes Ave. not to burn it - as the owner would only LOS ANGELES STAFF Under an agreement reached the previous collect insurance and move to another Dear Friends, Karen Koonan Saturday, the store owner was to have place to continue the exploitation. Three 399-8734 cut prices, cleaned up his store, and hours of demonstrations were sufficient Weare still here trying to get peoples Bob Niemann improved meats and vegetables. Accord­ for the owner who proceeded to negotiate registered to vote. We are also working P,O. Box 117 ing to Mrs. Turner, president of the or­ the following agreement: on the election trying to get Negroes in 308 Westwood Plaza ganization, the changes were to have been 1. Cut prices on 50 major items from offices, and we need your help again. So Los Angeles 24, California made by Tuesday but the owner did not live 10-3010. please come to our aid by, helping us. 2. Upgrade the fresh meat department. up to his part of the bargain. Only a few We need food, clothing, shoes of all sizes CHICAGO STAFF prices, she said, were dropped. "Unless 3. Start to provide fresh vegetables. large and small and money. ·So please Mike James there are changes made we will have no The group is also working to determine don't let us down. Tell your friends about 4533 N. Sheridan Rd, alternative but to picket the store," said what policies govern evictions from their us and ask them to help us out by sending Chicago, Ill. Mrs. Turner, "and this is not Jhe only public housing project. us something to'help support this election. market in' Los Angeles that overcharges Freedom, SUBSCRIPTIONS poor people." Puebio del Rio housing Citizens for Creative Welfare $2 per year, individual copies, pro,iect is located in the Avalon area, 1825 E 51st Street Annie Bogard $7 per hundred per month, non­ which is one of the areas which rates Los Angeles, California 200 Rust Ave•• commercial bulk subscriptions lower on economic scales than Watts. Phone: 582-4698 (Mrs... E. Jones) Holly Springs, Miss... Advertising: $4 per column inch ;:.

MAY 1:967" THE MOVEMENT ' PAGE 3

FORM COUNCIL

LOS ANGELES, CALIF. -- At the head Affairs is mostly a waste of taxpayers of some 40 school 'groups in the South money. They are supposed to help solve - -- - Central Los Angeles area, Mrs. Margaret problems but what they do is sweep MRS. WRIGHT (CENTER) stands with a coffin at L.A. City Hall demonstration of United Parents Wright is leader by concensus of the them under a rug. There are maybe 5 Council. United Parents Council. The group force­ good ones in the whole bunch -- who really fully demonstrated earlier this month on know the community-- the money for principals would clam up and I couldn't of stupidity that makes me know 1 have the question of crossing guards for the the rest of them (there are twenty eight) get nothing out of them. I got awfully ,to fight." black schools of LOs Angeles. The group can go to the kids for materials and suspicious about that. Mrs. Wright, a youthful appearing appeared, 100 strong, at Los Angeles City textbooks. grandmother of three, describes herself Hall to express their 'concern about the NEGRO HISTORY as "just a housewife:' She deals with lack of crossing guards in the elementary school problems for United Parents jn, schools and to tell the city Council to stop ADVISORY BOARD her spare time, while her major job is passing the buck on the issue. "I serve ort the Compensatory Edu­ "Once I asked the Board to conSider operating a nursery school of her own, WARRAlnS cation Advisory Board, but the Adminis­ putting Negro History into the curriculum. The entry-w.3Y to the school is covered One member told me "lf you had any with pictures of black heroes -- from Mrs. Wright states that the issue tration just tries to keep us divided. histor.y W~ might put it inl It's that kind Garvey to King. • revolves around' 'warrants", which turn There is supposed to be one board -­ out not to be laws at all, but policies they break us up into three -- then do set by a sub-committee of the Police their damndest to keep the three groups Commission. •'They tried to make us fighting. I keep trying to unify them so think it was law, but we found out for that we can have some say in how that ourselves." The group may be forced to Federal moriey is spent." get those warrants changed. "Our demon­ Asked how she got involved in these strations have brought the issue out into issues, Mrs. Wright stated, "1 just got HEAD START PROTEST the open", she says, "Its been in the mad -- one day the children at one by L

Julius Lester and Charlie Cobb, SNCC neck, I'm a rich American to them. And field secretaries, are in NorthVietnam as they're right. As poor as laminAmerica, representatives of SNCC and as investi­ here I'm rich and they want money. C. and gators for the War Crimes Tribunal. Fol­ I are, of course, oddities and crowds lowing are excerpts from letters which gather whenever we stop on a corner. they si:mt back to SNCC. First place I've been where I couldn't hang out on the block. ***** Well, off to Hanoi tomorrow, Take care, 16 March 67 Julius Dear SNCC, Phnom Penh, Cambodia The people with the Tribunal seem dis­ March 16, 1967 organized and untogether. We have to watch ourselves in terms of how much we let Dear SNCC, ourselves be used. They don't know how to deal with me andCharlie, which is good. Julius and I arrived this morning from We deliberately keep 'them off balance in Paris at 9 A.M. temp, was 80 and getting order to keep from being used. The, hotter. We had some trouble with visas Tribunal's a good thing, if for no other because our names had been mis-spelled reason than it has the American govern­ so we weren't expected --- and because ment scared. I think SNCC people should we were "Americans" therefor not to be A KINDERGARTEN in the prOVincial town Nam Dinh south of Hanoi. It was bombed on Sept. 15, be aware of what our participation means: liked, and certainly not to be trusted and (1) I guess it's our first big move into to. be given a hard time. We got over the 1965. The words above the entrance mean: "Make our children healthy". (photo from Felix Greene's the international arena. It is one thing to hump by explaining what we were here VIETNAM VIETNAM.) talk against the war, demonstrate and it for and were placed on a bus whicn tarried is another to send two people to Hanoi us into town. The war seems and is very close. The Because we were in an official car, bord~r to collect evidence against the war., We We got a look at the countryside through. Cambodian/Vielnam is only 36 people who noticed us looked in with are the only American political group doing the bus window. It looks like the Missis­ miles away. Just walking through the city FRIENDLY curiosity (the difference quite so" The U.S. of course will seek to use sippi delta --- it really does only wetter; I can sense the fact of war, and we are striking from Phnom Penh where they this to isolate us from the black com­ but I knew that I had traveled the roads considered (and we are infact) aggressors. are trying to figure how to hustle you!) munity and it is our responsib1l1ty to see and paths and fields lsaw. The houses of There has been bombing on the Cambodian At the hotel, talked with some DRV that this does not happen. This can be course were differently styled but still side of the border, which is a major (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) people more easily discussed when Charlie and share cropper shacks in the Mekong Delta. factor in Cambodian anti-americanism. So, and learned that our stay in Vietnam will I return. (2) We became more vulnerable The people in the countryside have very while nobody yet' has yelled "Yankee go be divided in 3 periods: 1. general or­ as individUals". C. anc~ r we:re. aware of sad eyes and work very hard. They are home", the fact of war can be felt. ientation in Hanoi, 2. travel to the prov­ at least one agent keeping tabs on us. We also a very brown people --- some almost VIETNAM PLANS inces, and 3. return to Hanoi for dis­ were stopped briefly by French inteli­ black. They would look into the bt ; as it Tommorrow we leave for the north. cussion and statements. gence on leaving Paris this morning. passed with a hard-to-take mixture of We had hoped to get into the south, but We met an english doctor who talked Thus, 'each person in SNCC is being deference and hate. On top of the diffi­ a major push taking place there makes to us very briefly as he was on the way watched, since C. and I are viewed as culty at the airport, the ugliness of being that 1mpossible and the whole area is to one of the provinces. He said that th2 representatives of an organization; not as "American" was driven home. sealed off. We expect to be northfor about U.S. was systematically bombing schools, medical fac1l1ties and exposed villages. individuals. This points up more and more URBAN POVE RTY a month, and you won't be hearing from the need for theoretical' discussions, and us while we're there, but will write you All documentary materials we have read There is no poverty as ugly and op­ organizational dlscinline. No longer are we as soon as we can. so far bear him out. pressive as urban poverty. Phnom Penh .watched by the- c~a~kei COilS-in the south We will be traveling, looking at the Woke up early the next morning. Bombs is the capitol city of Cambodia, which alone. Cracker cops the world over now effects of the war; particularlyinvestigat­ or shelling in distance.' Thought I was is governed by a prince. While I grew up watch. We must understand with our ing U. S. war crimes. Also will be engaged dreaming, but Julius heard them too. in the urban east of the U.S. which is hearts what -we mean when in extensive dialogue re: parallels of our perhaps the center of urban poverty in the ROLE IN VIETNAM we say revolution: It sounds radical and two (not independent of each other I feel) U.S., there is nothing quite like what I've We are playing a dual role, investigat­ that's SNCC's tradition, but revolution is struggles and generally getting a sense seen this day in Phnom Penh. ing U.S. war crimes and representing a total kind of committment and way of of what the country aspires to be. Julius was offered a girl before he got SNCC. The SNCC thing is our political seeing and there is no plea you can cop HELLO TO EVERYBODY, out of the bus here in the city. Getting' task. We w1ll have a chance (we havebeen if caught. into the gotel was a matter of constantly Regards, informed) to talk with victims from the Charlie PARIS shaking your head saying no to people South; with stUdents, with women (who Tried to make contact with some approaching you with various hustles and play important roleshere); andlearn about Africans in Paris --- in a bar, which "services". Dear SNCC, Vietnamese movement: The DRV War seemed to be an African hangout, but What cuts most is the children: asleep Crimes Commission is hosting us, our their heads seemed to be totally inhabited in alleys, begging in the streets; working Being greeted at the airportbybeautiful first talk with them was good if a bit by the desire to be French, while talking in some of the dingiest, dirty places in vietnamese women handing us a bouquet stiff and formal, but after all this is black. Charlie and I got on the plane after the city. of the most colorful collection of flowers a country at war. It will get easier as we much hl1-ssle with the French who were The city smells of urine, rotting food, I've ever seen can only be inadequately stay (our visa's are good until May 4th). very upset about us going to Cambodia and sweat. There is not enough of any­ described as wonderful. The garrish Very little about SNCC is known. stoke­ (still don't know why) and kept talking and thing basic and what there is is ridicu­ americanization of much of Asia that we ly's name is known, but again, very little finally pUlled out a big thick book and lously high. We walked around at midday had seen was completely washed away in about him. We need to have some long, turned to a page marked POLICE. Now I with camera equipment probably worth the warmth of that moment. We were serious discussions with DRV about SNCC. don't know no french, but!figuredPOLICE more than the yearly income of most of escorted into a reception room to wait Aside from the problems of language :md didn't refer ~o a recipe for gravy. the people we saw. We went back to our for ourbaggage to be checked through, having to talk through an interpreter, the room to leave it there. and I sipped tea. fact that they only know of us through CAMBODIA , U.S. press, etc., there are problems of Phnoum Penh (Cambodia) has been a terminology (e.g. "field secretary" has lesson in neo-colonialism. The first thing little or no meaning, but "organizer of we saw coming off the plane were French community," "cadres," CLICKS; or"im­ army officers. Inside the airport it was perialist landowner" means "plantation weird to come up against french speak­ owner.") I· can get pretty complicated. We must be the first blacks in gener­ ing orientals. It seems that outside the U.S., you must know french. Their in­ ations to visit Hanoi; the hair throws them fluence is everywhere. The Cambodian I think. chicks with their hairdos, western dress STATISTICS and heels. The entire day was just seeing Here are some statistics which you may how the west rules the world. We looked or may not have: More bombs than were out the window of our hotel room and used in Africa and Europe during world there's a big Shell station. A little further war 2 have been dropped on Vietnam-­ a huge sign that says HOWDY! It is hard over 300,000 have been dropped in the to feel that you're out of America. --- the North alone. Here in the North, 88 hos­ movie theatre showing Davy Crockett and pitals and medical fac1l1ties; 296 schools; Elvis Presley flicks, the cigarette stands' 80 churches and 30 pagodas have been selling Phillip Morris, Marlboros, etc., bombed. On the other side of the picture, . the Come Alive You're in the Pepsi Gen­ 7000 american planes have been shot eration calendars, Coke signs, the Avenue down. We have seen bombed areas right Charles deGaulle. in the midct1f' of Hanoi. A lot of our Essentially they feel the same problem stay w1ll be investigating these bombings. we do (1) learning how not to think white It has just occured to me that Afro­ and (2) controlling the economy of their Americans were historically the first country --- racism and exploitation. Yet, colored people of the world to be sub­ you see very few whites on the street. It jected to U.S. aggression (over 400 years is apparent that the world will have to go ago, continUing right up to today.) through a long period of de-Americaniza­ Regards, tion --- a long, bloody, period. Charlie There is much povertyhere and because P.S. Expecting war to expand greatly in I walk around with cameras around my THE MAIN street of Hanoi, today. (photo from Felix Greene's VIETNAM VIETNAM.) north during next few weeks....· - ~-- --'---".~~~'~-----

The enemy is

HARLEM AGAINST THE DRAFT. By Flo Kennedy thetic persons who can offer support to the tablishmentarian New York Times bust draft refuser. right out crying if a fly and speck should Three thousand or more black men, Following is a list of steps to be taken land on either the Movement, news women and youngsters cut a path through by any young man who is conscientiously about which the Times seldom sees "fit the hundreds of thousands who packed New opposed to war: to print," or the civil rights movement, York City's parks and streets at the 1. Write a letter to draft board asking which, from reading the Times, one might Spring Mobilization Against the War In for Form 150 immediately. suppose was composed of boogie man Vietnam, on Saturday, April 15, 1967. A. If you are religiously opposed to stories about Stokely Carm~chael and It was a raw, damp day, and the "for­ war fill out form. Floyd McKissick and Uncoln Lynch, and ward march" for the groups assembled S. If you are morally or politically Uncle Remus tales by \Vhitney Young and was an hour or so behind schedule. The revolted by the war, write out objections Roy Wilkins. marshals were having a time keeping the and submit to lawyer to see if objections So big has become Roy Wilkins as an thousands of people who had assembled meet test of U.S. v. Seeger, 85 S. Ct. apologist for go-slow techniques to dis­ before eleven to hold their positions. 850. courage galloping racism, that 1 am fully Impatient thousands of marchers began C. If board rejects objections appeal to prepared to go anywhere, meet anybody, streaming around the classified clusters State Appeal Board (in New York, Col. and suffer any penalty to join in an NAACP of women's groups, academies, many Boughton, Selective Appeal Board, Al­ card burning. (My this year's dues prob­ in caps and gowns, political groups, Mid­ bany, N.Y.)." ably haven't been paid. Anyway, let's west and Southern contingents, and pro­ The other notable contributor to the keep it that way). fessional groups who were impatiently newsletter, which emanates from 139 West waiting their marching orders. l25th Street, where jim Haughton has his LIKE HAM AND RYE Suddenly, hundreds of black people came Harlem Unemployment Center, is Bob There's nothing wrong with General tearing through the grumbling, chilly Browne, whose excellent speech to the Westmoreland making speeches to the marchers. The crowds parted like the aforementioned Black Anti-Draft Confer­ press assembled to hear the Establish­ divided for the children ofIsraei. ence of january 21, 1967, is printed in ment "party line" at New York's Wal­ Some of the blacks were singing, not the full. dorf Astoria. Militarists and media go usual freedom songs, but different chants. hand-in-hand like ham and rye. No great "Hell, no, we won't go," and "Down with DOVIE SUE AND MARTIN LU howls of angUish were heard when Cardi­ LBj" reverberated through Central Park. Almost more interesting than the me­ chanics of rousing the black community nal "Killer" Spellman or "Bloody Billy" was the reaction of the American public Graham traveled 'round the worid to encourage the slaughterers of non-whites ANTI-DRAFT CONF, as reflected, possibly distorted, by the ~ Back in january of 1967, the first anti­ media, to the ·coalition of the barely in Southeast Asis. Conceding of course, W that it's only coincidental and/or irre­ ...J draft conference of a regional or national breathing civil rights movement and the 0:: levant that they and the Dominicans and character of which I'd heard (and I'd been thriving anti-war protest. If blonde Dovie < Congolese, are non-white, what do Es­ J: listening) was held. The conveyors were Sue had married black Martin Lu, you tablishmentarian religious hustlers care < called The Black United Action Front. I wouldn't have heard greater rage, indig­ U. about the "Thou Shall Not Kill" com­ o wouldn't have missed it for the world. nati0'1 and dismay than you did when the mandment? I- . In its newsletter of April 4, 1967. the Reverend Martin Luther King dropped the The name of the game is the same: l~ Coordinating Committee of Black Organi­ heavy, clammy, hand of the Establish­ 0.. Keep the nigger in his place, put him in zations Against The Draft described the ment, momentarily, and reached out jail or kill him. But the late news is that 4 Harlem movement and its plans for join­ toward the pale, wan hands of the (barely the black people have had the game, and ing the peace march. The following is integrated) peace marchers, or the they're getting almost smart enough not to Why Amol In Vietnam? part of jim Haughton's article: "peace-niks," as the ever so clever "The Black United Action Front, a Establishmentarians are most wont to call get into a pOSition to be put in jail and/ or killed in sufficient numbers to be coalition of many gral1s-roots organiza­ them. My Enemy 19- "kept in place," set up for them by their tions, is once again in full swing. Inprep­ If milky-white Dovey Sue had become racist government and its mistress, big aration for the April 15th Anti-War Mobi­ bethrothed to Black Martin Lu, the tones business. •A GOVERNMENT THAT KEEPS ME POOR lization, thousands of leaflets are being would be easily classified. There would The "breakthrough" of the marchers distributed and posters pastedup through­ be sounds Signifying outrage, hostility • THE SLUMLORDS "for Harlem is symbolic of the growing out the community. Sound trucks are going to Martin Lu, and accusations of betray­ impatience with the war in the black • THE SYSTEM THAT DOES NOT EDUCATE ME up and down side streets and avenues, al directed to Dovey Sue. But here, there community. May it thrive and flourish. • THE SYSTEM THAT DOES NOT PROVIDE JOBS and Black people are being informed of is an attempt to pretend concern both for their responsibility, nay, obligation, to •A POLICE STATE THAT PRACTICES VIOLENCE the and the civil rights • AGAINST ME. march in protest against johnson's racist, movement. Couldn't you die? ATLANTA, GA.-- Cleveland Sellers, genocidal war in Vietnam. joke Number One:- A New York Times Program Director of SNCC, has refused •A GOVERNMENT THAT ONLY THINKS OF ME IN Through the work of BUAF thousands TIMES OF WAR TO DIE FOR IT editorial allowed as how Martin Luther induction into the army. He is challeng­ of Black people will march on April 15th King's attempt to join the civil rights ing the decision of the Selective Service MY FIGHT IS IN THE U. S.A. . and for the first time in New York Gity movement and the peace movement will System on the grounds that blacks are U.s. GET OUT give massive organizedexpression to their result in a disservice to both move­ systematically excluded from th.e draft deep disgust at racist U.S. imperialism's ments. boards•• OF VIETNAM NOW! aggression against the heroic people of Wouldn't the racist, segregated, Es- Vietnam who are in a great .armed strug­ gle for their political independence. Their stn.;ggle is inseparable from our struggle for Black liberation. American imper­ ANNOUNCEMENT ialism and its stooges, black and white, BLACK STUDENTS is the common enemy to the colored Frank Greenwood, producer of "Burn peoples of all continents." Baby Burn", is beginning a phone­ That same issue included an interesting in radio program on KPFK in Los article by Conrad Lynn, which also bears TO BE C.O. S Angeleso repetition: over 100 black students ofthe Atlanta Uni­ "Young Black men who are opposed to Mr. Greenwood will discuss Afro­ ATLANTA, GEORGL'\. - Seventy More­ versity Center. Georgia Representative the draft or the racist war in Vietnam julian Bond and Dr. Martin Luther King American and African History, and house Colleg€. students announced at a should take immediate steps to fight being press conference here March 31 that they endorsed the petition. Over half the facul­ the problems of the American black ~nto inducted the U.S. Army. By appealing will apply for sta­ ty of Morehouse College signed a petition ghetto. within the Selective Service System it is tus. endorsing the action taken by the students~ TUESDAY NIGHTS possible to fight the draft''with a minimum Several black student leaders circulated The black students ~xpressed hope that 11 porn. to 1 a.m. of expense. If the young man decides to a petition asking that black men become similar action would take place on other refuse induction when he must enlis the • KPFK-FM 90.1 conscientious objectors and work within black college campuses throughout the services of a lawyer and be prepared to the country ".to regain control over their south. Over 150 Spelman College women undertake the costs of a trial. These individual lives and dest!nies," have signed petitions supporting the action costs may be offset by organizing sympa- The press conference was attended by of the Morehouse men. + . EDITORIAL I III II HUWOO WE STOP THE WAR?

Many readers have asked us why THE MOVEMENT did not publicize or more "dangerous" forms-, draft refusal, "We Won't Go" discuss the April Mobilization Against the War in Vietnam. One reason is that rallies. They are very afraid that we will get the mass support that will enable we felt it would be given full (though not necessarity accurate) publicity in the us physically and politically to PREVENT the furthering of this war. They saw commercial press. The other reason. more important, was a sense of uneasiness the path that the Black Revolt took from the March on Washington to , on the Editorial Board, a feeling that though the Mobilization was "good", it and they are determined that the peace movement, now clearly allied with the was somehow not enough, off base, inadequate. One Board member bitterly de­ movement, will not follow this path. scribed it as "dancing in the streets. having fun while Vietnamese are being Mobilizations are not the most we can do; they are not news; they are roasted to death." background. Mark Twain, who wrote essays opposing the American imperialism Others backed it strongly, but most of u's were afraid that it was futile. in the Philippines in the last century, said, "If this is traitorous, then I am a We'd seen it before-the march on Washington, the marches during the Cuban Mis­ traitor and proud of it." We say it again:. The mass marches are the least we can sle Crisis, the March into Cicero-people marching, but not getting anywhere. do. If they are "traitorous," then the actions to come, will be traitorous ten THE IMPORTANCE OF MASS MARCHES AND RALLIES IS THAT THEY times over. We must stop the war, not by protesting alone, but by PREVENTING MOBILIZE THE PUBLIC SUPPORT THAT MAKES POSSIBLE ACTIONS WHICH it. TRULY THREATEN THE GOVERNMENT'S POLICY. Without the tacit support Several readers (see LETTERS) take issue with our opposition to the draft. of the black community, SNCC's radical actions would be impossible. Stokely We don't think that by refusing to go into the Armed Forces we will force the Carmichael would be just an alienated "firebrand" and Muhammed Ali a lone government to create a professional army. We think .the Administration wants to hold-out who could be dismissed. It is the active, a1).dpassive, support they are take America's young people and mold them into supporters of our increasingly given that makes them political threats. aggressive foreign policy by subjecting them to military and other government­ Let us therefore look with pleas.ure on the mass mobilizations, not because controlled programs at an early age. The government needs popular support in 100,000 or 200,000 is a magic number that will make politicians and military men order to survive. Draft refusal is an effective way to deny it that popular support. crumble, but because they represent the sentiment that will make more "danger­ politically and physically, at the present time. ous" actions possible. The peace movement WILL escalate. It will develop to the point where the government must either stop the war or crush the movement. The groundwork for repression is always laid by men like Westmoreland who at= tack "defeatists" and "traitors at home". *************** We must strike at the source' of manpower for the Armed Forces. (Anti We must not forget that when Westmoreland denounces peace marchers as Draft Unions). We must expose the individuals involved in war research (see traitors, he is speaking the-words which President Johnson wants the public to FROM THE CONFIDENTIAL GOVERNMENT FILES, this issue). We must hear. As we were marching, our Armed Forces were dramatically escalating the prevent the movement of war goods (Port Chicago). We must prevent their manu­ war, not in response to "North Vietnamese aggression," but clearly in response facture (sit ins and strikes at the plants). We must educate the members of the to the marches in America. Columnists and editorials repeated Washington's' Army and let them know that though we sympathize with them as friends and message: Peace marches only lengthen the war; they are self-defeating and citizens, we do not support the actions they are forced to carry out. We must traitorous. And the Administration is trying to prove in blood that this is true. It unseat the politicians that promote the war. We must deny tacit public approval is attempting to label as traitorous the inoffensive, legal and undangerous forms to those who make money out of the slaughter. of protest in order to scare us off from escalating the anti-war movement into We have the support. Now we must end the war." !!HELL NO, WE WON'T GO!" DRAFT REFUSERSTO MEET

.:. I' ;.0.' M .' J:" ~ BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA - On at the Walden School a conference to discuss those who have taken the pOSition of non-cooperation by means of such acts as civil dis­ total non-cooperation with the draft will be held. Total non-cooperation with the draft obedience and deliberate, massive violations of the Selective Service Act. means that a man of draft age will refuse any def.erment. such as 2-S or l-Y. and will "The lesson of the Nuremburg War Crimes Trials was that a fundamental 'law of refuse to be inducted if he should pass the physical and mental tests of the Selective humanity' exists," the statement continued: 'which transcends the law of the state. 'Ibe Service System. individual has the obligation and therefore the right to fight against his nation's inhuman The conference will discuss the different reasons for taking such a position. Men who activity .by whatever means are at his disposaL The War in Vietnam is such an activity. have served time in jail for this sort of activity will explain the nature of prison. The The massive destruction of the Vietnamese crop lands, the burning of villages, the na­ legal aspects of non-cooperation will be talked about. Plans for the following months will palming of men, women and children, the torturing of civilians and prisoners of war all be announced and explained. There will be an opportunity to meet men from around the atest to the inhuman and cruelnature of the American Government's policy in that country. West who will be coo'rdinating activities in the month::; ahead. Work for these activities ..As each man incurs guilt to the extent that he fails to engage in active opposition to will be divided up among those who decide or who have decided to make this commitment. his country's inhumane policies, we as men refuse to take part in. that war and totally The conference will not be a forum for every view on the draft and the war. It will be a dissociate ourselves from that war and the institutions -- specifically the draft - wflich place for men to gather who are thinking seriously of non-cooperation and participating in enable the United States Government to can'y out its policy of genocide in Vietnam." a movement which centers around that activity. . For more information call Steve Hamilton or Lenny Heller in Berkeley at 849-4950. In a statement to THE MOVEMENT .the group said; , 'We realize that dissociation from Address: 2502 Telegraph, Berkeley, California. Or David Harris or Dennis Sweeney at this country's war of genocide on the Vietnamese people carries with it the risk and 323-0529 in East Palo Alto. Address: 2269 Cooley Street. probability of a severe prison sentence. The perils of non-cooperation. however, do not These men are organizers of the Bay Area Organizing Committee for Draft Resistence .. require passive acceptance of individual or collective martyrdom. We intend to Eupport .. SDS FORMS ANTI-DRAFT UNIONS CHICAGO, ILL. - Students for a Democratic Society has begun a nation wide move to organize anti-draft unions. The activity began back in December at the SOS National Council Meeting. The results are that at least 20 campuses (listed below with people to DRAfT UNION CONTACTS contact) now have an anti-draft union. Each union decides how it will oppose the draft, so that all around the country many differenLtactics for draft refusal and avoidance are being Here is a list of national and regional contacts for those interested in draft resistence developed. work. Following that is a list of campuses where there are currently draft resistence For example, at Michigan State University the SDS Chapter has set up a three part groups. For those of you interested in contacting the groups on the list, you may do so by program: writing to the national office. 1. To provide counselling and information to draft age men who oppose the Vietnam war Jeff Segal (national draft resistence coordinator) and are looking for alternatives to the draft, This includes political or religious Con­ 1608 W. Madison St., Chicago, llL 60612 scientious Objectors or emmigration to Canada. Tom Bell 2. To mobilize opposition to the war through an Anti-Draft Union. The Union has two 107 Dryden Rd., Ithaca, NY petitions. One reads "We, the undersigned, are young Americans of draft age opposed to Mark Harris U.S. intervention in Vietnam. We hereby form an Anti-Draft Union and declare our in­ Peace and Freedom Center, 221 Xenia Ave., Yellow Springs, Ohio tention to: Refuse to fight against the people of Vietnam; refuse to be inducted into the Levi Kingston (national draft resistence traveller) armed forces of the U.S.; resist the draft; and aid and encourage others to do the same." SDS National Office or 4319 Melrose, Los Angeles, CaliL The other petition, which is being circulated among women and non-draftable males Mark Klieman (Northern Calif. field secretary) reads: "We th~ undersigned citizens of the U.S. declare our support and encourage­ 1079 San Pablo #1, Albany, Calif'., 94706 ment of all men who will: refuse to fight against the people ofVietnam: refuse to be Morty Miller (New England draft resistence traveller) inducted into the armed forces of the U.S.; and resist the draft." 27 Day St., New Haven, Conn. 3. To carry out a draft project for the general purpose of publicizing protest against Doug Norberg (Southern CaliL field secretary) the war. 4319 Melrose. Los Angeles, CaliL More information on SDS activity can be gotten from the 3DS National Office at 1608 Bob Pardun (Texas-Oklahoma field secretary) West Madison. Chicago, IlL 60612 or from the contacts given below. Also the March POB 8519, University Station, Austin, Texas 27, 1967 issue of New Left Notes. the newspaper of SDS has further information and Mendy Samstein discussion of the anti-draft movement...... 338 E. 11th St., New York, NY .. PAGE 8 THE MOVEMENT' MAY 1967 GETS 6 MONTHS JR. HIGH STUDENTS STRIKE Los Angeles, California Students at Bancroft Junior High School torial that appeared in that pUblication's SUPREME COURT in this city protested and sat-in over com­ third issue called on the students to pro­ plaints about the student code of be­ test. havior. Most of the complaints concerned The editorial reads in part: " •••W·ear the rules governing dress and grooming, whatever the hell you please, and do DENIES BLACK PLEA which the protesting students would like whatevery you want, you have to show the to see radically altered. administration that you want to be your­ The Supreme Court of the United States, A Greenville police officer, a Negro, Protests started Wednesday, April 19, self. • ." Many Ces*red staff members in full retreat from its role as protector told MacLaurin to move on ·01' be arrest­ when· a leaflet (printed secretly at the are among those suspended. of civil rights .. has refused to hear the case ed. Believing i~ his right to spe~k freely, .school printshoP) announced a protest The Code of Dress Which the students of a SNCC Field Secretary. Charles Mac­ MacLaurin kept on speaking, and when ar­ . rally and called for a sit-in strike in a're protesting contains the following stand­ Laurin, organizer in the Delta region of rested, went limp and was dragged off. the courtyard ~fter lunch. During the ards: Girls: natural hair, modest dresses, Mississippi, was arrested in on He was tried in the Greenville Muni­ morning a Mr. Engel, head of the L.A. tie shoes, and bobby socks. Forbidden charges of "disturbing the peace" and cipal Court, without legal representation, School Board's Secu.rity Section, was at are casual clothes such as shifts, stock­ "reSisting arrest." and found guilty. He appealed the case BancrOft checking the situation. ings of any kind, tennis shoes, and make­ The day before his arrest, MacLaurin and was tried again, in the Washington up other than lipstick. had attended the trial of several black County Court, which held TWO TRIALS, Rule #1 for boys states, "Hair should Reaction be cut closely at the sides and back." Greenville residents on trial for playing one on each count. MacLaurin was sen­ By eleven 0'clock another leaflet an­ Sunglasses are forbidden for all. Last ball in a •'for white only" public park. tenced to 90 days and a $50 fine on each nounced "The Protest's A Bust" - the When they were found guilty, MacLaurin count. Charging t;hat the count of "dis­ principle of Bancroft, Mr. Paul SChwartz; week the administration made a concession addressed a group of 50 black persons turbing the peace" was in defiance of his had accomplished a last minute cancella­ on the girls' rules: buckled shoes are now promitted. gathered in front of the courthouse. He right of freedom of speech and that he tion by conSUlting with some of the more told them that the conviction was unwar­ did not resjst arrest, MacLaurin appealed militant students and inviting those in­ Some students would also like to revise ranted and suggested that blacks register to the Washington County c;ircuit Court. terested to meet with him after school Rule '#4 of School Discipline Policy which to vote in order to correct this injustice. This court upheld the earlier conviction. for dIscussion. states, "Do not indulge in fondling or A further appeal before the Mississippi More than a hundred students came to handholding." Supreme Court was decided against Mac­ the after school discussion, but the militant Laurin. Finally an appeal forCer­ students were not satisfied by the results. More Protests tiary was placed before the U.S. Supreme Mr. Schwartz repeatedearlier assurances On Thursday, the students, convinced SOMALI TRIBESMAN Court, requesting that the case be re­ that dress and grooming code revision that the administration had not showed I viewed. The Supreme Court, with three was under consideration and asked the any concrete willingness to act upon' ! justices dissenting, refl5ed the reviewthat students to use established channelS to urgently felt student grievances, passed CLASH WITH FRENCH decision of the racist courts that had voice their complaints - the Student Coun­ out another leaflet, saying "Sit in today. I acted in clear violation of MacLaurin's cil, elective leadership class, homroom Don't go to 5th period." AFRAMERICAN NEWS SERVICE civil and human rights. discussions, etc. That nQon about 125 students chanted -- The divide-and­ On February 1 of this ye

"I ,~'"

-' -

MAY 1967 THE MOVEMENT PAGE ~ LONELY STRUGGLE IN- APPALACHIA WOMEN FIGHT TO SAVE UNION

'"-,

(:.~~~ _.. ~~_., , , THE HOM£oHhe union's shop stew~(i:1 burned mysteriously after the strike began. THE UNION strike office . ''''l J.~ , =...; '~-t 'I :.r'., ,,'4

I• "vie haveri't'received one'dimefrom the international; and the company can't understand Workers were forbidden to be absent before the strike. The Blue Ridge plant why we're still on strike. Th~y 'don't understand that we're not' asking for more money; without a doctor's excuse. After three used to be more, efficient than any of we just want to betreatedlike humans. If you lose what self respect you got, then it seems unexcused absences, they were fired. , Levi's other 11 factories. Now, a large to me you don't have much of anythi~g,left." Inability to find a babysitter so 'they could part of the slacks they produce are sent work overtime on Saturday was no ex­ back to be redone, because the workman­ BLUE RIDGE, Ga, -Seven months ago, company, and a key phrase in most of its cuse. They were forbidden to talk to ship is so poor. management:~ 450 workers walked out of a clothing fac- .' clauses is''inthe opinion of each other during working hours. In one Levi has filed suits against both the tory in this smallnorthGeorgia communi- - ·TIiis makeif·managemell:t the' Sole jU'dge of ' section, they were-forbidden to use the ILGWU and the Chemical Workers' inter­ membersidf'tfiE!f{t'i;J~ion ty. They were its own fairness except in cases involVing national uniotl$~',charging they have con­ in,thec8unty,~ndtheywere a~d bathroom without a doctor's note saying ,ever organized . local or federal laws, it nullIfies most they had a kidney infection. spired to deprive the company of its pro­ refusing to put up any longer with un- complaints. And always the section heads picked on fits. Both suits arefor five million dollars. bearable working conditions. Another problem is that, inorder to have the y.'omen who had to work and couldn't The company ha$ also filed $250,OOOsuits Since then, they have been fighting a grievance arbitrated, management must fight back. After the contract was signed, against both local,S. It seems unlikely that lilone. More than 400 have still not re- sign the grievance form. The plant man- they began to pick on the strongest union they can win any 6f these. fact~ry' au~hority turned to work in ,the and 225 ager claims he has no to do so. members too. There is speculation ,that if the strike have been unableto find. other jobs.There During the two years the contract was.in The workers put up with this. They is not settled soon, the company willclose has been no pUblicity in the localor outside force, only two grievances actually came to down the plant and move out ofBlue Ridge, 1 had no alternative, under the contract, press. 'Their union' - 'the lllternational arbitration. and they hoped to negotiate 1f better one and many of the women think this is prob­ Ladies Garment Workers' Union (lLGWU) .The women say they knew the contract in 1967. ably the best thing that canhappen. But al­ - has given no financial or moralsupport. was weak, but they accepted it in the hope though they have learned they can manage They claim they cannot legally do so, be- that when it expired they would be in a THE WALK-OUT without the plant, thE;ly are stilldetermined cause the contract is still in force. good, bargaining position to demand a The breaking point came when manage­ to try to win. During this period, the company claims stronger one. ment violated the seniority clause by "The reason I'm still fighting is, Ihope to have lost an average of $15,000 a day. But the company had no intention of co-, bringing in an inexperienced worker to that our kids never ha'(e to work there ­ But neither side will give in - because operating with them, or even of allowing operate a new machine. "We knewthere'Q or anybody, as far as that goes. I'dlike to ,th~n the fight is really about more the the union to exist. Only minutes after he be no end to the dirty tricks they'd pull think that something I do now wouldbetter fate of one factory and a few hundred signed the first contract, the area manager , if we put up with this," one woman said. that place for other people that have tc workers in a small mountain town. The. told the union committee that he would work there, in years to come," says Mrs. wheth~ All 300 union members and 150 people question .:is co'mpanies are to break the union before the agreement ex- who had never joinedwalked out. The com­ Davis. be allowed,- to come into Appalachian pired. pany promptly labelled it a wildcat strike. " Why, the colored people in any part of commllnities tq exploit c4eap l~bor and Working conditions at Levi had always Looking back, Mrs. Davis says she the country have ~ore rights and are low tax rates. -And ;the answers' found been bad. "I reckon they found outthatthey treated better than we were at Levi. And aff~Ct relatio~s thinks the company was deliberatelytrying here may lalior' 'in sim- . could make people mad, and they'd work to provoke a walkout: that's all we ask - to be treated as well Bar toW/lS and factories thrOUg!lOUt the harder to' let off steam,II one woman "They was bound and determined to as the colored people. I don't have any­ mountains. said. "So they tried to keep us madall the break the union, and that's the only reason thing )against them; I believe in them time." they pulled the caper that they did and getting their rights. And that's all we're HISTORY OF THE STRIKE After the contract was signed conditions we came out on strike. They wanted asking for, to be treated fair." struggl~ The seeds ot' the were planted became even worse. us to come out on a wildcat strike, and (All the workers at the Blue Ridge plant seven years ago, when Levi Strauss and Some of the harassment was also de­ if we had of known it then we could have are white - it is in a virtually all-white Company (the firm which makes levis) signed to keep the workers from earning sued them for breaking the contract. But county. This is one of the counties in the first moved i~to Blue Ridge. They had more than the minimum wage. First, an we didn't know. They hadeverybody work­ hill country of the South which flew the their pick of workers because few jobs "average" production level was set by ed up in such a state of mind that you· Union flag throughout the CiviI War). for women are available in the region. timing the fastest workers" In order to couldn't think straight." A settlement' of the strike would not During the last seven years, the com­ . earn more than the minimum wage, a The strike has becom~ a fight to the be expensive, since the strikers are not pany has sifted through 3,800 employees worker had to beat this production level finish. According to the women, the com­ asking for more money - just for better to select the 560 highly skilled workers five times a week. If she failed to top pany boasted it would starve or freeze working conditions. Why, then, does Levi - including about 500 women - who production even once, she forfeited the them out - but the workers have set up an refuse to negotiate? were on the job when the strike began ­ increase, although she might have turned around- the - clock picket from a small One woman suggested the answer when August 10. out 150 per cent each of the four pre­ trailer, a few hundt"ed yards from the ' she discussed city officials' attitudes. The job shortage also meant that work­ ceding days. factory gate, that showsno'signofflagging. , 'The mayor of Blue Ridge is against us ers had to put up with bad working con­ Management usually saw to it that no­ Many women who thought they needed because he's manager of a hosiery mill ditions, because if they were fired there body beat production five days running. their salaries have discovered they can .down the road," she said. "He's afraid was nowhere else to work. The workers A section head would toss back work with manage without them. Thosewho can'thave if we win this s~ike that his plant will say the factory has been run like a sweat no visible mistakes, over and over, to found other jobs, or are being helped by organize." shop since it opened. be redone. A machine would mysteriously fellow workers with jobs. Some of the In a sense, Levi is a bulwark of anti­ By 1965, the women had decided they break down and need repairs. A woman women have' to travel as much as 100 unionism. If the strike is crushed, labor needed a union. Many are marriedto mem­ would be given an unfamiliar job to do on miles a day to work, but they are deter­ organizing in the mountains may be set bers of the Chemical Workers' Union, a strange machine. mined not to go back to Levi until the back for years. Workers who already have who are employed at Copperhill, Tenn., One of the best workers said she only strike is settled. contracts may stop making serious at- just across the state line. Chemicalwork­ managed to beat production eight.weeks _tempts to enforce them. But if the women ers did .the organizational leg work, and out of, 50 last year. The shop steward, win, it will provide an example for work­ emPloyees voted two-to-one to become a Mrs. Darlene Davis, has worked at her PRODUCTION SLUMPS ers through Appalachia. local of the ILGWU. job for six years. But her income for Meanwhile, the company has only man­ "In the Opinion of Management. . :' eight months of work last year was only aged to recruit 290 scabs. Most are not But the uniolL cop-tract did nothing to $1,531 - less than the minimum wage, very skilled - people who had already CONTINUED ON P. 10 improve conditions. It was drawn up by the since she worked 54 hours most weeks. been rejected when they applied for jobs ,. PAGE 10 THE MOVEMENT MAY 1967

NASHVILLE _ TEXAS SO.---­ CaN'T. FROM P. 1 CaN'T. FROM P. 1 , started smashing tables and chairs and breaking dishes~ Rev ~ Kirkpatrick, hear­ BLACKS FIGHT BACK ing of the action in the cafeteria, ap­ The riot cops again broke up the dem­ pealed to the students with a megaphone, onstration and billy-clubbed the students saying, "This movement must remain into the dorms. But this time when they within the bounds of reason~ ~ ~ We do tried to enter, they were forced to with­ not support the destruction of State proper­ draw at gun point by the students inside. ty. We do support students when they After that the cops were content to just dump s lop on the floor because we support cordon off the area. their just demand for decent food, but we The incidents just described came out do not support the destruction of State of more than just the arrest of the one property." black student at the University Dinner Club. They began when Stokley Carmichael GIRLS BOYCOTT CURFEW was invited to speak at Vanderbilt, a The girIs decided they would boycott white college in Nashville. The Tennessee the dormitories until 11 p.m. in protest State Legislature passed a resolution against the curfew. Being 15 minutes late demanding that Vanderbilt withdraw its results in automatic expulsion. They set invitation to Carmichael. The students at Vanderbilt protested that resolution on the ~, up a record player in the street and brought out sandwiches and soft drinks. A street grounds of"academic freedom". They won dance was held until 1L the battle and the invitation was not The result was clear. As Rev, Kirk­ withdrawn.' SNCC WORKERS, Ernest Stephens, George Ware, and Simmuel SChutz, were Charged with "inciting patrick said, "We have overcome the to riot" upon entering town, fear of the white man's puppets, the Uncle VIGILANTES Tom TSU administration. We have brought Then the Nashville newspapers began The Banner, claim that black people just struggle for betterment". And just to about unity among the sisters and brothers rapping about Carmichael and how he organizing for control of their communi­ prove it, they send a bus through a student on TSU campus, which is something the would cause a riot if he came. One news­ ties and their lives means that there will demonstration to set everything into white man h5ls always tried to prevent. paper, The Banner, even called for vigi­ be a riot which will prolong the "negro's motion•• We have let the white man's adminis­ lante groups to be formed to handle the •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• I ••••••••••••••••••••••• •" tration know that they are our servants "nigras". For two weeks the Banner rap­ and not our masters." ped on impending riots in their editorials. During those two weeks before the LONELY STRUGGLE-_ LEADERS ARRESTED Vanderbilt talk on Saturday afternoon SDS At midnight, Houston police, together April 8, Carmichael and other SNCC CaN'T. FROM P. 9 with FBI and Harris County deputies, field secretaries began an organizing ANTI-DRAFT raided the YMCA and arrested two of drive on the two black campuses -­ the movement's leaders, Rev. Kirkpat­ Fisk and Tennessee state. The SNCC/ DEMO rick and Franklin Alexander. Alexander workers were refused access to meeting DON'T BUY LEVI'SI first went into hiding, but gave himself halls at both campuses. They held meeting We call on interested persons and or­ SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF. -- The up voluntarily when he heard of Kirk­ and workshops at people's homes and out ganizations. to: Northern California Region, of Students patrick's arrest. Bail was set at $25,000 on the fields at the campuses. Finally, - stop buying levis for a Democratic Society will be picket­ for each man. Among the charges was that without official permission, meetings were -form local boycott committees. Pub- ing the S.F. Draft Board on . The "the defendents met unlawfully and did permitted inside the TennesseeState gym. licize this by demonstrations, leaf­ draft board is at 100 McAllister Street. therea f t e r seriously and pub Iically lets, mailings, etc. and pressure your The picket will begin at 3:00 and con­ threaten to kill any police officer who local stores to stO? carrying Levi pro­ tinue till 5:00. might undertake to arrest any demon­ ISSUES ducts til the strike is settled The demonstration is being held on _ strators." The SNCC workers talked about who - money is urgently neededboth to sus­ the opening day of Congressionalhearings When the news of the arrests hit the controlled' black colleges, the fact that tai!! ~e.,:workers and he~pcarry.onthe_.-. on the draft. An SDS leaflet says. that campus after midnight a meeting was over fifty percent of the department heads boycott. Make cheques out to the the' hear~ngs will be part' ~f o'a~ ad­ held to decide strategy. The girls, locked at Fisk were white, the fact that the Committee for the Blue Ridge Strik­ ministration program to divert and con­ in their dorms, broke down the doors faculty at State did not receive tenure ers and mail them to the committee's fuse issues." and left to join the meeting. and thus could be fired at any time, and office at 610 West 116th Street, #53, The leaflet goes on to say that the The following day an open letter from the fact that neither college would allow New York, N.Y. 10027 draft must be opposed not only because the Administration to the students was any cours't:! on Afro-American history. - keep in touch. Let us know what is of the immoral war in Vietnam, but circulated, saying in part, "The student Then the discussions centered on the being done in your area and send in . also because the government uses the organizations, including Friends ofSNCC, restrictive dorm rUles, the throughfare your address so we can mail bulletins draft to carry out its aggressive foreign should appoint three representatives to that passed down the center of campus and action memos to you policy. That policy needs a standing army, confer with the very top echelons of the and the girl that was runover by a truck but "the American people see no reason University concerning the student de­ recently. The Committee for the Blue Ridge Strikers to voluntarily support this foreign policy mands. Friends of SNCC will be included 610 West 116th Street, #53 and must be coerced•. :~ as a student organization if it turns in a STUDENT CONTROL New York, N.Y. 10027 Furthermore, the government uses the list of its leaders to Dean Jones..." The speech at Vanderbi~t was to con­ draft to stifle dissent. Students at the The students, who were occupying the clude this organizing drive. At the begin­ This story is reprinted from the South­ University of Michigan in Ann Arbor main auditorium for an all-day meeting, ning of the speech Carmichael talkedabout ern Patriot, published monthly by the were punished for Sitting in at a draft instead decided to invite the Admin­ The Banner editorials and read one of Southern Conference Educational Fund. board ~n protest of the Vietnam war and istration to come there and present its the worst calling for Vigilantes. He talked Subscriptions to the Patriot are $3; they the draft by being reclassified I-A delin­ position to the assembled student body. about how colleges were instruments of may be ordered from: quent which,made them immediately liable A delegation of 200 students from the social control and not education. He talked SCEF for induction. University of Houston marched to the about the need for black students and 3210 W. Broadway During the S.F. demonstration there may auditorium to express their support. white students to tak~ power in their coll­ Louisville, Ky. 40211 be some form of a civil disobedience. TSU President Pierce, "visably eges and to begin to direct their own ed­ • Advertisement .. shaken", appeared and reread the Ad­ ucation. ministration letter. Asked if he would do The speech got a standing ovation from anything to get Rev. Kirkpatrick and "Persistently challenging, " both the black and white students. Some Nat Hentoff Franklin Alexander released, he replied, blacks were surprised that the white, "No." mostly southern, students received Car­ it ATROCITY LITERATURE HAS fIowever, homPetics, like "peace re­ michael with such enthusiasm. That en­ BECOME A SURROGATE FOR search," are no substitute for the thusiasm also gave them hope, for it BLOCK COURTHOUSE PORNOGRAPHY among members of politicizations of opposition. Serious At that point the students walked out was also these same white students that the American peaCe movement set. doubts must surround the efficacy of and started marching down Wheeler Street, roundly boo'ed Senator Storm Thurman Internally divided over matters of atroc1ty~poniographyin reaching the when he came to speak. As the march passed the north side of interpretation and approach, as well larger public. The question arises as One thing is clear about the Nashville the University of Houston campus, 20 as just generally frustrated, the anti­ to Whether such doting on torture police cars with six cops in each car rebellion. The cops and the newspapers war activitists have retreated from and terror do not mistake the sym­ pulled up beside the line. A squad car set - up the whole confrontation. They foreign policy issues, leaving a burn­ bols of American arrogance and the pulled in front of the marchers and wanted a riot and they made sure they ing concern with napalm, bombings, signs .of 'brutalization for the deeper stopped them. Two policemen got out, got one. On Saturday night before any and immolations. syndrome of dehwnanization, the one armed with a shotgun, the other incidents had occured, the "riot squad" Instead of public rhetoric to expose union of technos and thanatos that with a submachine gun, grabbed Lee was formed up at a farmers' market a the Administration and attraet a pervades the present eta, quarter of a mile from Fisk. The press, Otis Johnson and pushed hi m in a patrol broad foHowing, much of the move­ There is mounting evidence to sug­ car. radio, and television were there too. ment has become fixated on moraliz­ gest that both peace-niks ~md the The demonstrators moved to the Harris ing condemnation of the rain of fire polity in general have become jaded County Courthouse and sat down, block­ American planes drop daily on Viet­ by constant exposure to the "brutali­ ing the entrance. At 7, it was announced VIETNAM AND NASHVILLE namese villages. Moral outrage has' zation of violence." Though their re­ that President Pierce would drop all The parallel between the action of the provided morale for the movement, actions take different forms, the basic charges against the three arrested men. white power structure of Nashville and a hook to beat the horse of U,S. in­ psychic undertone remains much the The student remained in front of the that of the Johnson Administration's in volvement, and the kicks of catharsis, same, •• courthouse all night. response to the April 15tH Mobilization From the current issue The next morning, Pierce dropped the Against the War in Vietnam is instructive. charges and the demonstrators returned Johnson claims that the anti - war move­ to the campus. Later they learned that ment is actually prolonging the war, and THE ACTIVIST the D,'\ had filed the charges again and just to prove it he escaltes the bombing ref~sed to release Kirkpatrick, Alexander of Hanoi - Haiphong several days after 27Y2 West College, .$2 a year (3 issues) and Johnson from jatl. However the bond the mobilization. The city fathers of Oberlin, Obio 44074 Samples on request was reduced from $25,000 to $1,000 each. Nashville and their newspapers, especially " .. MAY 1967 THE MOVEMENT PAGE 11 RADICAL THEATER ••• WHO DOES IT SPEAK TO?

By Ellen Elizabeth Estrin nizes her boy and claims him for decent and Michael B. Folsom burial, she would admit that she was associated with the"enemy." The soldiers The last issue of WE MOVEMENT say, •'Look athim. Youknowhim?" Mother reported the activities of the JOIN (Jobs Courage shakes her head. "What?," say Or Income Now) theater project in the soldiers, "Lift him up. Throw him on Chicago. This theater is made up of the, garbage dump. He has no one that community people involved in organizing' knows him." . group welfare rights, jobs, and other is..­ You cannot escape war. If you join it, sues. They improvise skits, based on like the son, you get killed. If you oppose the everyday experience of the poor. These it, as the mother's mute daughtE)r does short "dramas" are simple in plot and by trying to warn a town which is about language; the "actors" are organizers to be attacked, you get killed. And if you and community people with little or no go along with it like Mother Courage, experience on the stage. you lose everything meaningful to you. The JOIN theater is political, not only The mother sings: because the skits deal with political and The war takes hold and will not quit. social problems, but also because the But though it last three generations theater itself is a political tool. This We shall get nothing out of it. is "radical theater" because it immedi­ Starvation, filth and cold enslave us. ately serves the organization of radical The army robs us of our pay. politics. It is amateur theater, cre,ited But: for the moment without pretentions to art, Christians' awakelThe winter's gonel sophistication, or permanence. It is what The snows depart, the dead sleep on. used to be called"agitprop" (agitation . And thbugh you may not long sur:vive and propaganda) theater. Get out of bed and look alivel '. Brecht presents us with an intolerable MIME TROUPE situation (which in many ways is our own Another kind of "radical theater" is intolerable situation), and he offers it so Ronnie Davis' San Francisco Mime Troup. clearly stated and complete that we have The Mime Troupe -- the world's largest all the equipment for understanding how permanent floating radical theater project and why it is intolerable. Brecht does in California -- has a professional com­ not tell us how to change the situation, mitment to the craft of theater as well (that is our job) but insists we mustl as to the politiCs of revolt. The Mime Mother Courage is a play for those Troupe often adopts the tactics of political people who most need it, and who are organizers. It takes its theater into parks, least likely to see it. The fact that into the streets, and to political rallies. Brecht is not shown in the parks, b:.lt Its repertory of full-length dramatic rather in a th~ater for a middle class 'pieces, like the JOIN project, are often audience, severly hampers his purpose. simple, popular, and impromptu in style-­ Brecht can teach people a hell of lot though more ambitious. The Troupe's about the disastrous limitations of their "Civil Rights in a Cracker-Barrel" and world and their everyday actions because "Vaudville Show'" use the conventions his art makes tfiem understandable. of old-time mass entertainment to talk and act out radical politics. When the OTHER RADICAL THEATRE Troupe tackles an established drama, like In conclusion, there are other kinds Moliere's Tartuffe orSartre's Condemned of radical thearer which are not so per­ of Altoona, it shamelessly cuts, revised, CAROL CAMPBELL as "Mother Courage", Evann Walker

"'~1i~~ ~~~~ C=~IC=~~~ 1 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~Ic=~~~jl JJ~~~ BEYOND THE POWER STRUCTURE The March issue of WE MOVEMENT reported on Chicago's new Union of Organizers cannot support themselves. This is the way and the' School Qf Community Organization it has established to train new organizers. that members of Chicago's community or­ sea is currently recruiting"students" for the first organizer training session beginning ganizations and the staff of SCO support July 1st. themselves. Some people have found that The Center for Radical Research (CRR) of SCO has been set up to involve University friendly professors or older radicals who students and professors in the slow process of building independent radical organizations are now in business can provide goodpart­ of poor people in Chicago. More importantly, CRR will begin to develop an efficient time jobs. Others work one or two days a information 'and intelligence network that the Movement here in Chicago so desperately week for day-labor agency. SCO has a staff needs. member currently arranging part-time Movement activists know about the "power structure," "slumlords," "rotten welfare," work. We feel that we must begin to support WIld "police brutality." And we know the names of people who are spokesmen for the com­ ourselves, for we cannot depend on sym­ plex of institutions we attack -"The Daley Machine," "Johnson's War," etc. But we do pathetic liberals to provide all the re­ not yet know enough specifics about how these institutions really work. It is hoped that sources for the moveme"nt we are trying CRR will begin to translate what we generally refer to as "The Power Structure" into a to build. Here in Chicago organizers are concrete body of knowledge that can constantly develop and contribute to a larger and attempting to become financially self­ more effective Movement that attacks that "Power Structure." sustaining. It seems to be working•. We need people to join with us in FOUR INITIAL TASKS munitY union of the many that the Union of laying the groundwork for bUilding and sustaining a growing Movement. We need CRR has set forth four initial tasks: Organizers hopes to establish in the next (1) To develop an information manual few years. people to do research, work for the tion, and the summer seminar and re­ covering the institutions that community summer as volunteers with existing or­ search program of the Center for Radical organizations attack.andthe many specific SELF SUPPORT ganizations, and come to work as full­ Research are available from either WE problems organizers encounter daily. The Participants in the researchprogram or time organizers for at least 15 months. MOVEMENT, 449 14th St., San Fran­ manual, which will constantly grow andbe the organizer training program will be Brochures on both the training program cisco, or from sea, 3100W. Warren Ave" improved, willbe ofgreat aidto organizers helped in finding part-time jobs if they of the School of Community Organiza- Chicago, Illinois,..' in their work. (2) To create a dIspatching service for all Movement groups in the city that can distribute news on organiz­ ing efforts, information on the Movement in other places, andreport on the research' being conducted by CRR. Out of this serv­ ice is planned the establishment of a IiIAnT. POSTERS! citywide Movement newspaper by the fall. (3) The production of research papers on M~jlC=~jlM C~E ~UEVARA the most oppressive and obnoxious city Xand agencies and departments that community groups dealwith. Thesepapers willinclude $1.00 EACH. studies of the Welfare, Police and Urban Renewal Departments, as wellas all agen­ des and institutionsthat attemptto coiltrol Chicago's "restless ghetto you t h:' ONLY 75¢ (4) CRR will also initiate specificresearch "to Movement projects to be used by individual com­ munity organizations to help them make '"b'C'ibe~ their organizing efforts more effective. Such projects will include title searches ('just who owns such and such a block") and power studies of specific wards.

A FREE UNIVERSITY (22 X 28 inches) CRR is attempting to recruit 200 univer­ sity students for its program, beginning .SPECIAL BULK RATES June 13, and ending August 25. Participants will spend. a lot of their time helping the four tasks listed above become a reality. They will also participate in a sort of Free UniverSity - to be a student you ON THE must be doing research. Everyone par­ ticipating in the research program will take .three "courses" or "seminars" a week. The courses, with a "class" size of 10-15, will run from 3 to 10 weeks, each ATLANTA meeting once a week. Free housingwillbe guaranteed for all those who apply before May 15th. The courses and teachers include: His­ REBELLION tory of the Civil Rights Movement: Draft· Counseling (Alice Lynd, author of a new book on the subject): American History from the Bottom Up (Jessie Lemish, re­ 16 PAGES OF cently refused tenure at the University of PHOTOS AND ANAL YSIS Chicago): Power in America (foddGitlin): OF A SOUTHERN "'"LIBERAL" Organizing the University (Gre~gCalvert): History of Radical Movements (Staughton CITY. 35c Lynd): The War in Vietnam: Negro History: Organizing the Poor: Radicalism andMod­ ern Theology: Contemporary Women in _~SUBSCRIBE America: Class in America (Richie Roth- (1_2' TO THE MOVEMENT!' stein), etc. . NAME BLACK STUDENTS The School recently sent a staffmember ADDRESS on a tour ofSouthern Negro Colleges to re­ cruit 50Blackcollege students to work with CITY STATE ZIP existing community organizations t his summe"r. Volunteers willreceive a ten-day Please send me: orientation session in an effort to train' Next 12 issues of THE MOVEMENT ($2) them in Welfare Union organizing. The posters expressed intent of this summer volunteer project is to help organizations of the poor Che Guevara posters develop a city wide offensive in order to ATLANTA REBELLION booklets seek havoc this summer with Chicago's - oppressive Welfare Department. I enclose $------check if sea is also looking for 15 Blacks who ~ want to be among the first 30people trained \-= Movement as organizers during the first session of Xi------subscriber the School (July 1st). These people should ...... - -=-.._------,..., expect to stay in the city for at least 15 MAIL TO THE MOVEMENT 449 14th STREET months as members of the first new com- SEND ONE TO A -FRIENDI , SAN FRNtISCO, CALIF. 94103 f -'., l . ~. '. ..