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Genealogy and Nomenclature APPENDIX GENEALOGY AND NOMENCLATURE The family tree of the Julio-Claudian dynasty is far too complex to diagram in full on a single page. Many of its members had multiple marriages, with offspring by several spouses, and many marriages took place for dynastic purposes between cousins of the family's two main branches. The following charts demonstrate the immediate relationships of each of the women whose images have been discussed at any length in the preceding chapters; where lines of descent intersect, but space does not allow a full elaboration, I have given cross references to other charts that will supply more complete information. Children who died in infancy have been omitted from the tables except for those that figured prominently in dynastic pro­ paganda before their deaths, as for example Germanicus II, one of the twin sons of Drusus II and Livilla I, and Claudia Augusta, the daughter of the emperor Nero. Roman nomenclature can be both confusing and repetitive. In the interests of space and clarity, I have usually referred to all historical figures in the text by the best known abbreviations of their names, or familiar nicknames: so, for example, the emperor whose actual name was Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus but is far better known by his childhood nickname "Caligula" has been called "Caligula" or "Gaius 'Caligula"' in the text. In the genealogical tables, persons with the same name but of different generations will be identified by Roman numerals: Agrippina I, and Agrippina II, and Drusus I and Drusus II, e.g., while siblings with the same name will be differentiated in the standard Roman manner by the designations "major" and "minor:" for example, Antonia Major and Antonia Minor. The follow­ ing is a list of the forms of the names that will be used for the major figures dis­ cussed here, and of their full names and identities: Agrippa: Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, b. 64 or 63 B.C., d. 12 B.C. General and prominent political figure during the principate of Augustus, husband of Julia I, father of Vipsania Agrippina, Gaius Caesar, Lucius Caesar, Agrippa Postumus, Julia II and Agrippina I. Agrippa Postumus: Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa Postumus, b. 12 B.C., d. A.D. 16, son of Agrippa and Julia I. Agrippina I: Vipsania Agrippina, b. ca. 14 B.C., d. A.D. 33, daughter of Agrippa and Julia I, wife of Germanicus, mother of Nero I, Drusus III, Caligula, Agrippina 11, Drusilla I, Livilla II, and 3 other children, 2 of whom died in infancy and one in early childhood. Agrippina II: Julia Agrippina, b. A.D. 15, d. A.D. 59, daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina I, wife of Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and later of the emperor Claudius, mother of the emperor Nero. Antonia Major: Antonia Major, b. 39 B.C., d. ?, daughter of Antony and Octavia Minor, wife of Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, mother of Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, Domitia, and Domitia Lepida. Antonia Minor: Antonia Minor, b. 36 B.C., d. A.D. 37, daughter of Antony and Octavia Minor, wife of Drusus I, mother of Germanicus, the emperor Claudius, and Livilla I. Antony: Marcus Antonius, b. ca. 83 B.C., d. 30 B.C., triumvir and rival for power of Octavian, husband of Fulvia and father by her of Marcus Antonius and Iullus GENEALOGY AND NOMENCLATURE 321 Antonius; later husband of Octavia Minor, and father by her of Antonia Major and Antonia Minor; and finally married (although the marriage was not acknowl­ edged by Roman law) to Cleopatra VII of Egypt, father by her of Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene, and Ptolemy Philadelphus. Augustus: Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus Augustus, b. 63 B.C., d. A.D. 14, emperor 31 B.C.-A.D. 14, known as Octavian prior to 27 B.C., son of G. Octavius and Atia, adopted son of Gaius Julius Caesar, father of Julia I. Britannicus: Tiberius Claudius Britannicus, b. A.D. 41, d. A.D. 55, son of the em­ peror Claudius and Messalina, brother of Claudia Antonia and Claudia Octavia, adopted brother of the emperor Nero. Caligula: GaiusJulius Caesar Germanicus, A.D. 12-41, emperor 37-41, son ofGer­ manicus and Agrippina I, brother of Nero I, Drusus III, Agrippina II, Drusilla I and Livilla II, father of Drusilla II. Claudia Antonia: Claudia Antonia, b. A.D. 27, d. A.D. 66, daughter of the emperor Claudius and Aelia Paetina. Claudia Augusta: b. A.D. 63, d. four months later in A.D. 63, daughter of the emperor Nero and Poppaea. Claudia Octavia: Claudia Octavia, b. A.D. 40 or 42, d. A.D. 62, daughter of the emperor Claudius and Messalina. Claudius, Emperor: Ti. Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, b. 10 B.C., d. A.D. 54, son of Drusus I and Antonia Minor, father of Claudia Antonia, Claudia Octavia, and Britannicus. Drusilla I: Julia Drusilla, b. ca. A.D. 16 (date and order of birth uncertain), d. A.D. 38, first or second daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina I, sister of Caligula. Drusilla II: Julia Drusilla, b. A.D. 39, d. A.D. 41, daughter of Caligula and of Milonia Caesonia. Drusus I, often called Drusus Major: Nero Claudius Drusus, b. 38 B.C., d. 9 B.C., son of Ti. Claudius Nero and Livia Drusilla, husband of Antonia Minor, father of Germanicus, the emperor Claudius, and Livilla I. Drusus II, often called Drusus Minor: Drusus Julius Caesar, b. 13 B.C., d. A.D. 23, son of the emperor Tiberius and Vipsania Agrippina, husband of Livilla I, father of Tiberius Gemellus, Germanicus II and Julia III. Drusus III: Drusus Julius Caesar, b. A.D. 7, d. A.D. 33, son of Germanicus and Agrippina I, older brother of Caligula. Gaius Caesar: Gaius Caesar, b. 20 B.C., d. A.D. 4, son of Agrippa and Julia I, adopted son of Augustus. Germanicus: born Nero Claudius Germanicus, later adopted by Tiberius as German­ icus Julius Caesar, b. 15 B.C., d. A.D. 19, son of Drusus I and Antonia Minor, husband of Agrippina I, father of Nero I, Drusus III, Caligula, Agrippina II, Drusilla I, and Livilla II. Germanicus II: Germanicus Julius Caesar, b. A.D. 19, d. A.D. 23, son of Drusus II and Livilla II, twin brother of Tiberius Gemellus. Julia I: Julia, b. 39 B.C., d. A.D. 14, daughter of Augustus and Scribonia, wife of Marcellus, then of Agrippa, and finally of Tiberius, mother of Gaius Caesar, Lucius Caesar, Agrippa Postumus, Julia II and Agrippina I. Julia II: Julia, b. 19 or 18 B.C., d. A.D. 28, daughter of Agrippa and Julia I. Julia III: Julia, b. A.D. 3 or 4, d. A.D. 43, daughter of Drusus II and Livilla I. Livia: Livia Drusilla, known from A.D. 14 onward as Julia Augusta, b. 58 B.C., d. A.D. 29, daughter of M. Livius Drusus Claudianus and Alfidia, wife first of Tiberius Claudius Nero and later of Augustus, mother by her first husband of Drusus I and of the emperor Tiberius. .
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