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1 December 2016 — Volume 09, Issue 04 www.medical-neurosciences.de 22 Editorial CNSNewsletter December 2016 3 FOCUS 3 Near-death Experiences First Breath, Final Bow 4 How Do You Know You Are Really Dead? As biomedical researchers, most of our work has the ulti- 5 In this world, nothing can be said to be certain... mate goal of promoting and enhancing health and longevity. 5 The Genetic Life after Life But look beyond our own field and it’s astounding how much of what we all (and we mean everyone) do revolves, almost 6 Little Einsteins-In-The-Making: Brain Development in Newborns obsessively, around two fixed moments: birth and death. 7 Load Me up, Scotty! – Will We Live Forever In Silico? Day-to-day, though, we rarely pause to think of what these 8 Memento Mori*: How Our Mind Handles the Inevitable End actually mean – to us and to society as a whole. We might ponder it occasionally, but in this issue, our team decided to 9 Ten Fingers, Ten Toes, One Heart… and Then What? dive right into this complex and controversial topic. 10 Neuronal Fate: A Story of How Neurons Grow up As a species, we’re never fully content with what we have. In our quest for improvement, we not only push the limits 10 Beyond the Grave: Finding True Immortality of our lifespans, but also what we’re capable of doing while 11 Cotard Syndrome – When People Think They are… Dead! we’re alive. In the not-so-distant future, in fact, many of us may have abilities that can now only be described as super- 12 How Different Cultures View Early Life and Death human (see page 13). The result? The line between life and 13 The “Right To Die With Dignity” death becomes more blurred than ever (see page 7). But it’s not just our eagerness to live better and longer 13 Total Recall 2.0 that is striking. As you’ll read in this issue, we have a preoc- 14 Brain-gnacy: How Giving Birth Changes Your Brain cupation for controlling death that, in some cases, can be unnerving (see page 14). A tad ironic considering we can’t 15 Heads or Tails: The Surgical Gamble of Transplanting a Human Brain even seem to agree on the exact moment that life ends (see 16 Zombies! pages 4 and 5). All the uncertainty isn’t helped by the fact 17 Conference Report: World Health Summit that some diseases are so bizarre that they make us ques- tion the very meaning of what it is to be alive (page 9), or 17 Responding to the Devil’s chaplain indeed, dead (page 11). 18 MedNeuros on the Loose: PhD Retreat 2016 Surprise, surprise: (neuro)scientists are drawn to ambi- guity. With 19 unique authors contributing articles, the en- 19 What Do We Get From Obtaining a PhD? thusiasm for this issue has surpassed even our extremely 20 PI's are people, just like me! popular Sports issue (June 2016). More than ever, this is a feat we can all be proud of, especially considering how busy 20 Thoughts About Digital Networking we’ve all been – see pages 17 to 20 for a peek at all the con- ferences and meetings recently organized and attended by MedNeuro students. 21 Brain in Press & Open Positions Finally, we’re inaugurating a new section of the newslet- ter that we believe is extremely relevant to all young sci- 22 Employability Section entists. Focusing on employability, this recurring section is produced in cooperation with the Erasmus+ program Neurasmus. To read what we have in store for the first in- 26 Obituary stallment, see page 22. Enjoy reading the final issue of the year, we'll be back again 27 Whazz Up? in 2017! 27 News in Brief 27 Imprint Ahmed Khalil and Constance Holman Editors-in-Chief Contest Like what you see? Interested in contributing? We are al- Deadline for submission for the next ways looking for new authors and submission on anything issue is January 23rd, 2017. related to the topic of neuroscience. Send us an article, some beautiful shots from your microscope, poems, short This issue’s joint winners are Eileen stories, critiques, reviews – anything! The best contribu- Schormann and Bettina Schmerl, tion will be rewarded with the book So You Want to be a who wrote wonderful pieces on the Scientist? by Philip A. Schwartzkroin. newborn brain (page 6) and the un- dead (page 16) respectively. Congratu- Come on and write like there’s no tomorrow! Send lations, and thank you very much for your contribution to [email protected] to win. your articles! 2016 International Graduate Program Medical Neurosciences FOCUS 3 Near-death Experiences A More-or-less Neuroscientific Journey Beyond the Light Every now and then, people who have experienced life- stimulated, capable of propagating electrical signals. It is threatening situations report the sensation of a bright light believed that the reduction of inhibition in the brain due to at the end of a tunnel. This personal anoxia leads to acute hyperactivity. experience, accompanied by sensa- This is plausible when we consider tions including warmth, peace, so- that a change of a few millimoles in called out-of-body experiences and extracellular potassium levels can vivid hallucinations are grouped turn stable neural populations into under the term near-death experi- an epileptogenic mess [4]. ence (NDE). But are NDEs merely a spiritual experience or the outcome Esoterical Misunderstandings of a brain being on the edge of an Ethical and technical difficulties abyss? make it challenging to observe brain activity during medical emer- Esoterics versus Neuroscientists gencies in humans, meaning actual The transcendental explanatory physiological data acquired during model uses reports in which people NDEs is sparse. This incompleteness experience the phenomenological leaves more room for misunder- features of NDEs described above standing past findings. as proof of rather esoteric phenom- Esoterics have argued that a ena such as the existence of an af- brain near to death is too unstable terlife or God. More worryingly, al- to produce hallucinations. The logi- beit with poor evidence, they claim cal problem here is that if the brain that human consciousness is creat- is too unstable to support halluci- ed independently from the body or nations, how is it possible that it is brain processes. Because each per- stable enough to ‘remember’ mys- son integrates their near-death ex- tical experiences? For a scientist, it perience into their own pre-existing is crystal clear: If the brain is dead, lives and belief systems, it is easy then surely, so is memory. For eso- for esoterics to pick those religious terics, I wonder whether this is the stories in order to underline their point where their theory of mind- arguments. brain-dualism steps in. So, does this In contrast, the opposition mean that if memory is intact while searches for physiological and psy- Light at the end of the tunnel, the brain is dead, then memory is chological explanations. For neuro- Sandro Kharazashvili, Flickr, http://bit.ly/2eslf8U not formed by brain activity? scientists, the fact that many com- And coming back to the sup- ponents of the NDE are very similar posed afterlife: If an afterlife existed to experiences associated with pathology, neurological con- for everybody, how come only a fraction of cardiac arrest ditions and direct forms of brain stimulation is a strong in- patients had the chance to catch a glimpse? I will let you dication that such experiences have an underlying neural think about this. basis. There is no component of the NDE that is unique to being ‘near-death’. Spiritual Scientists Due to the lack of possibilities to measure the appear- To conclude, I want to put aside our scientific urge to explain ance of God, we will focus on the neuroscientific point of everything logically and dig out our well-hidden spiritual view and will also provide arguments against the mind- side. We can’t argue against one aspect of NDE: Most people brain-dualism theory. going through it experience some- thing that a near-death experiencer Let’s Talk About Science NO COMPONENT OF NDE IS UNIQUE once described as: “I remember hav- Although an NDE can be triggered TO BEING ‘NEAR-DEATH’ ing this sense of love like I’ve never by various medical situations, such experienced it before.” as coma, cerebral infarction, car- Obviously, these people encoun- diac arrest and many more, systematic studies have been ter themselves at the end of their existence, look back and restricted to cardiac arrest patients, where 1 in 5 survi- realize that they have no way of correcting their mistakes. vors reports an NDE [1]. These studies suggest that NDEs Receiving this gift of a second chance must have a notice- are merely hallucinations – the final visions produced by a able impact on their life thereafter. Thus, I suppose that massively disinhibited and dying brain. Disinhibition and working on our own karma the very first chance we get is seizure-like activity, in fact, can be triggered by many psy- worth it. chological and neurological factors, including epilepsy, drug use and trauma [2]. [1] Greyson, Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry, 2003. Moreover, a dying brain doesn’t necessarily mean that [2] Blackmore, J. R. Soc. Med., 1996. the brain becomes silent. Jimo Borjigin and colleagues com- [3] Borjigin et. al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2013. pared brain activities of rats in wakefulness, under anes- [4] Haglund and Schwartzkroin, J. Neurophysiol., 1990. thesia and after cardiac arrest [3]. Interestingly, all animals showed synchronous gamma waves in the first 30 seconds Anahita Poshtiban after cardiac arrest.
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