Les Deux Langages De La Modernité Jean Starobinski Entre Litté­Rature Et Science Les Deux Langages De La Modernité Aldo Trucchio

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Les Deux Langages De La Modernité Jean Starobinski Entre Litté­Rature Et Science Les Deux Langages De La Modernité Aldo Trucchio Aldo Trucchio Les deux langages de la modernité Jean Starobinski entre litté rature et science Les deux langages de la modernité Aldo Trucchio L’Institut des humanités en médecine (CHUV-Faculté de biologie et de médecine/Université de Lausanne) édite BHMS, Bibliothèque d’Histoire de la Médecine et de la Santé. BHMS comprend trois collections : - Bibliothèque d’histoire de la médecine et de la santé - Sources en perspective - Hors-série BHMS publie des travaux, essais et documents relatifs à l’histoire de la médecine et des sciences de la vie, de l’Antiquité à l’époque contemporaine. BHMS entend ainsi encourager un dialogue interdisciplinaire et transversal entre sciences humaines, médecine et sciences du vivant. Ses publications, expertisées par des spécialistes, s’adressent aussi bien aux chercheuses et chercheurs, universitaires et pro- fessionnel·le·s concerné·e·s, qu’à un public élargi, soucieux d’ali- menter sa réflexion sur les questions les plus actuelles à partir d’études et de documents historiques. L’étape de la prépresse de cette publication a été soutenue par le Fonds national suisse de la recherche scientifique. Aldo Trucchio Les deux langages de la modernité Jean Starobinski entre littérature et science Direction Vincent Barras Responsable éditoriale Alba Brizzi Relectrice Isabelle Sbrissa Graphisme Eva Rittmeyer Mise en page Claire Goodyear Coordination fabrication Alain Berset Diffusion promotion Médecine & Hygiène / Georg Crédits images Le système artériel, d’après Roberg, 1745. Fonds iconographique Nicolas Bouvier, bibliothèque publique et uni- versitaire de Genève, Genève. Libre de droit Fonds Bouvier ISBN papier 978-2-940527-17-5 ISSN 1424-5388 ISBN PDF 978-2-940527-18-2 DOI 10.37400/BHMS.27175 Cet ouvrage est publié sous la licence Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution – Pas d’Utilisation Commerciale – Pas de Modification). © 2021 Éditions BHMS Éditions BHMS c/o CHUV Institut des humanités en médecine Av. de Provence 82 CH-1006 Lausanne T. +41 21 314 70 50 [email protected] www.chuv.ch/bhms Table des matières Remerciements 9 Introduction 10 Première partie La double formation 19 La catastrophe et la Résistance 19 L’absence 38 Médecine et philosophie 55 Médecine et histoire 78 Psychiatrie et psychanalyse 101 Questions de méthode 115 Seconde partie Une généalogie du présent 127 Les deux langages 127 Les écritures du moi 136 La sémantique historique 148 Le corps au XIXe siècle 157 La modernité comme névrose 175 La présence 192 Conclusion Le langage de Starobinski 205 Bibliographie 215 Index nominum 233 Remerciements Mon travail de recherche n’aurait pas été possible sans la confiance et la générosité de Jean Starobinski, qui m’a autorisé à accéder à l’ensemble de ses documents privés conservés aux Archives littéraires suisses à Berne, à partir de février 2012, et a répondu à mes questions lors de nos rencontres et surtout d’une correspondance qui a duré plusieurs années. Mon étude est née dans le cadre d’un projet financé par le Fonds national suisse de la recherche scientifique, qui a également reçu le soutien de la Fondation Ernst et Lucie Schmidheiny ; il en est issu une thèse de doctorat ès lettres soutenue au sein du Département de langue et de littérature françaises modernes de l’Université de Genève qui a obtenu le Prix Hélène et Victor Barbour de critique littéraire 2017. Mes vifs remerciements vont tout d’abord à mes directeurs de thèse : Carmelo Colangelo, qui m’a offert la possibilité rare et précieuse de me lancer dans un second doctorat, et qui m’a tou- jours soutenu et conseillé avec son esprit aiguisé et une franche amitié ; et Juan Rigoli, qui m’a appris à interroger les ombres et les incertitudes qui se cèlent au sein d’une œuvre claire et rigou- reuse comme celle de Jean Starobinski. Ils s’adressent aussi à Stéphanie Cudré-Mauroux, qui m’a guidé patiemment à travers l’immense Fonds Jean Starobinski. Je tiens à remercier les ami(e)s et collègues qui ont lu mes textes sur Starobinski et avec lesquels j’ai eu l’opportunité de discuter de son œuvre : Philippe Borgeaud, Didier Contadini, Nathalie Garbely, Francesco Massa, Pierre-Olivier Méthot, Anne-France Morand, Sara Petrella, Martin Rueff, Emiliano Sfara, Frédéric Tinguely, Fernando Vidal. Ce livre n’aurait pas vu le jour sans le soutien, les conseils et les encouragements de Vincent Barras, auquel va ma gratitude la plus sincère. Introduction C’est dans le cadre d’une recherche menée au Département de langue et littérature françaises modernes de Genève que j’ai exploré, à partir de novembre 2011, la vaste production de Jean Starobinski : ses livres et articles, ses carnets de notes et textes inédits, ses projets et sa correspondance. Le critique et historien genevois m’a également autorisé à consulter l’in- tégralité de ses archives personnelles, conservées depuis 2003 aux Archives littéraires de la Bibliothèque nationale suisse à Berne. Durant ces années, j’ai eu des échanges réguliers avec Starobinski ainsi qu’avec nombre de ses ami(e)s, élèves et col- lègues. Malgré cette immersion dans son œuvre et cette inti- mité, finalement, avec son monde, je me suis efforcé de mettre la réflexion de Starobinski à bonne distance critique. En mars 2020, un an après son décès, j’étais à Montréal pour travailler à une étude sur les relations entre la littérature et les sciences de l’homme. Je me suis alors demandé de quelle manière l’auteur de brillants essais sur le langage médical aurait parlé des profonds changements que nous étions en train de vivre. Comment celui qui avait tant réfléchi sur la question lit- téraire et philosophique de l’« existence masquée » 1 aurait inter- prété le fait que le port d’un masque, non plus métaphorique mais bien réel, était devenu un signe de bonne éducation et de respect d’autrui ? À ce moment-là, j’avais déjà publié une dizaine d’articles et participé à l’organisation de deux journées d’étude autour de son œuvre. Mais je réalisais que mon but n’était plus seulement de faire connaître aux spécialistes les textes inédits et ceux moins lus de Starobinski, ou d’interpréter ses études en mettant en lumière leur caractère philosophique, mais plutôt 1 Cf. Lettre de Jean Starobinski à Marcel Raymond, 25 décembre 1953, Bibliothèque de Genève (dorénavant BGE). Introduction 11 de montrer, à travers sa pensée, que le langage et la rhétorique adoptés par le discours scientifique moderne doivent être pris en compte dans leur rapport dialectique aux mythes politiques et à certaines images récurrentes dans la littérature et l’art occidentaux. Cette étude s’adresse donc non seulement à ceux qui s’in- téressent à l’œuvre de Jean Starobinski ou, plus généralement, à la critique littéraire et à l’histoire de la médecine, mais éga- lement aux médecins et scientifiques qui souhaitent raisonner sur cette « science appliquée » 2. La réflexion de Starobinski nous permet en effet d’envisager une histoire, transdiscipli- naire et complexe, des mots et des images adoptés dans la des- cription de diverses pathologies, de leur capacité à traverser les époques et les champs du savoir, du discours artistique et littéraire vers l’écriture scientifique etvice versa. Au travers de l’analyse de l’œuvre de Starobinski, j’ai en outre cherché à pro- poser une manière d’enquêter sur la réalité qui traverse la lit- térature, l’art et la politique, ainsi qu’une histoire des sciences qui ne se contente pas de répertorier ses erreurs et progrès, mais s’approcherait plutôt d’une histoire sémantique qui tienne pleinement compte des métaphores qui s’ignorent qui la parsèment, c’est-à-dire des images qui ont tendance à « s’imposer comme un fait d’expérience » dans le champ scientifique 3. Jean Starobinski s’est distingué comme l’un des prota- gonistes de la culture européenne pendant plus de cinquante ans malgré sa volonté de rester dans une position marginale par rapport aux querelles méthodologiques, son refus d’appar- tenir à une école de pensée, sa fidélité à Genève et à son tra- vail nocturne, qu’il a poursuivi, tout au long de sa vie, dans le même appartement où il était né, à deux pas du bâtiment des Bastions, qui abrite la Faculté des lettres de l’Université de Genève. Entre les années 1940 et 1950, il a mené des études de littérature classique et de médecine dans cette institution. De son propre aveu, la théorie puis la pratique de la médecine ont constitué une initiation à la pensée scientifique et lui ont appris 2 Starobinski 1963a, 6. 3 Starobinski 1960, 70. 12 Les deux langages de la modernité la nécessité de vérifier continuellement la théorie par l’expé- rience 4. Sa connaissance directe de l’efficacité et des progrès de la médecine, avec une attention particulière à la pharmaco- thérapie psychiatrique, lui a permis d’éviter la rhétorique antis- cientifique qui se manifeste parfois dans les domaines les plus divers des sciences humaines, mais aussi d’interroger les limites éthiques et épistémologiques de la science moderne. De nombreuses études ont été consacrées à l’œuvre de Starobinski depuis le milieu des années 1980 ; la plupart d’entre elles concernent ses travaux de critique littéraire. L’attention accordée à la relation à la fois complémentaire et concurren- tielle entre l’art, la littérature, la philosophie et la science, a certes été reconnue comme un trait spécifique de sa pensée, mais aucune interprétation de son œuvre n’a encore été propo- sée sur la base de cette constatation. Il existe quelques essais qui vont dans ce sens et qui, de ce fait, ont constitué le point de départ de mon étude 5.
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