Canad. M. A. J. 896 MEN AND BooKs May 15, 1957, vol. 76

16. Faraday Society, London: Nature and structure of collagen. Papers presented for a discussion edited by J. T. Randall, assisted by Sylvia Fitton Jackson, Butterworth & Co., Ltd., London, 1953. 17. PERSsoN, B. H.: Acta Soc. med. upsalien. (supp. 2), - I 1953. 18. ASBOE-HANsEN, G., ed.: Connective tissues in health and disease, Ejnar Munksgaards Forlag, Copen- SOME MEDICAL HIGHLIGHTS hagen, 1954. 19. WATSON, E. M. AND PEARCE, R. H.: Am. J. Clin. Path., 19: 442, 1949. OF EARLY SAINT JOHN* 20. DURAN-REYNOLDs, F., BUNTING, H. AND VAN WAG- ENEN, G.: Ann. New York Acad. Sc., 52: 1006, 1950. A. D. GIBBON, M.D., Saint John, N.B. 21. HAM, T. H. AND CURTIS, F. C.: Medicine, 17: 413, 1938. 22. RAGAN, C., GROKOEST, A. W. AND BOOTs, R. H.: Anz. J. Med., 7: 741, 1949. I THOUGHT I should speak about some of the 23. WOLBACH, S. B. AND BEssEY, 0. A.: Physiol. Rev., 22: 233, 1942. early hospitals and some of the early doctors and 24. MEYER, K.: Ann. Neu, York Acad. Sc., 52: 987, 1950. druggists of Saint John. Some of the earliest men 25. ANGEVINE, D. M., MIELKE, J. E. AND LALICH, J. J.: Abstract, Program Am. Rheum. Assoc., 1956. were, of course, Loyalists, and it is appropriate 26. KELLGREN, J. H.: Nature, London, 168: 493, 1951. to speak on them on this eve of Loyalist Day. 27. BIEN, E. J. AND ZIFF, M.: Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. d Med., 78: 327, 1951. I am most interested in the human side of these 28. MOVAT, H. Z. AND MORE, R. H.: Anm. J. Path., 32: 614, 1956. people that shows in glimpses of their history, 29. EHRICH., W. E.: Am. Heart J., 43: 121, 1952. their efforts to make a living, their jockeying for 30. MOVAT, H. Z. AND MORE, R. H.: Morphologic Evidence for the Hypersensitive Pathogenesis of Collagen position, their successes and their failures, the, Disease and its Experimental counterpart, In: First greatness of some and the of Canadian Conference on Research on Rheumatic mediocrity others. Diseases, , Ont., March 4, 1955, Canadian All these things tend to make these people live Arthritis and Rheumatism Society, Toronto, 1955, p. 65. again to me. 31. SOKOLOFF, L., MCCLUSKRY, R. T. A ND BUNIM, J. J.: A.M.A. Arch. Path., 55: 475, 1953. We know of 30 or more doctors who practised 32. KELLY, H. G.: Report of Annual Meeting and Pro- in Saint John in its first half century. I intend ceedings of Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of , Ottawa, Sept. 28, 29, 1951, to mention a few of those who seem to me of p. 7. 33. GREENSPAN, E. M.: A.M.A. Arch. Int. Med., 93: 863, most interest. 1954. 1. Dr. Samuel Moore.-His name will go down 34. RANTZ, L. A., RANDALL, E. AND RANTZ, H. H.: Am. J. Med., 5: 3, 1948. to posterity associated with the first post-mortem 35. ROSE, H. M. et al.: Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med., 68: 1, 1948. examination in Saint John and the first trial for 36. LEPOW, H. et al.: Am. J. Med., 7: 310, 1949. murder in Saint John. In the fall of 1784, John 37. HARGRAVES, M. M., RICHMOND, H. AND MORTON, R.: Proc. Staff Meet. Mayo Clin., 23: 25, 1948. Mosley, one of the grantees of Parr Town, a 38. OGRYZLO, M. A.: L.E. (Lupus Erythematosus) Cell Reaction and its Morphology and Speciflcity, In: coloured man who lived on east St. James Street, First Canadian Conference on Research in Rheu- was killed by a blow from a pitch-fork at the matic Diseases, Toronto, Ont., March 4, 1955, Canadian Arthritis and Rheumatism Society, To- hands of his wife, Nancy. Dr. Samuel Moore ronto, 1955, p. 47. was called upon by the Hon. George Leonard to 39. MAcLAGAN, T. J.: Rheumatism, its nature, its path- ology and its successful treatment, Pickering & Co., make a postmortem on the head of Mosley. This London, 1881. 40. BENDITT, E. P. et al.: Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. 6 Med., was done and the doctor reported on October 6, 75: 782, 1950. 1784, as follows: "Sir: Agreeable to your request, 41. SEIFTER, J., BAEDER, D. H. AND BEGANY, A. J.: Ibid., 72: 277, 1949. I examined the black man's head. I am perfectly 42. EHRICH, W. E., SEIFTER, J. AND HUDYMA, G. H.: Fed. Proc., 10: 354, 1951. satisfied he was murdered. After examining 43. WjiIITE, A. AND DOUGI-TERTY, T. F.: Ann. New York where the fork perforated the temporal bone of Acad. Sc., 46: 859, 1946. 44. SELYE, H.: J. Olin. Endocrinol., 6: 117, 1946. the skull, I sawed off the arch of the head and 45. HENCH, P. S. et al.: Proc. Staff Meet. Mayo Olin., found the ventricles of the brain everywhere 24: 277, 1949. impacted with the matter. The symptoms before death were also very obvious. All the jury were spectators. Your servant, Saml Moore." The aftermath of this is also of interest. On February 3, 1785, at the trial of Nancy Mosley, the jury brought in a verdict of manslaughter. The following day she was placed at the bar. 1917-1957 She prayed the benefit of clergy, which being granted, she was sentenced to be branded in The hardness and the eager stint of war, open court with the letter "M" in the. brawn of The unit's pride, brave comrades bright and true, the thumb, and discharged. All, all, are gone in years remote and far. 2. Dr. William Paine did not stay too long Then came our sons, to Freedom's altar new; in Saint John, but his education and his impact Drew from our faith and mother's firm resolve; on the people are noteworthy. Dr. Paine, who Did not return. Lads, we shall carry on. was born in Worcester, Mass., was educated at Dear God, our times are hard! How can we solve Harvard and later obtained an honorary M.D. Aught, when pride and greed rule hearts? Each dark from Marischal College, Aberdeen, and in 1782 dawn Brings threats of total war. The Crown of Thorns *Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Saint John Medi- Pierces the Saviour's brow and mankind scorns. cal Society, held in Saint John on May 17, 1956, on the evening preceding Loyalist Day, celebrated annually in J. E. GIMBY, M.D. Saint John on May 18. Canad. M. A. J. AND May 15, 1957, vol. 76 MEN BOOKS 897 was made a Licentiate of the Royal College of head of Celebration Street, at the corner of Stan- Physicians of London. On returning to New York, ley Street (it is still standing, but is boarded he was appointed Physician to the Army by over). Sir Guy Carleton. After the Revolutionary War, 4. Dr. Adino Paddock.-His name was a house- he was granted the Island of Le Tete in Passa- hold word in early Saint John. He was son of maquoddy Bay and he was quite happy there, Mayor Adino Paddock of Boston (who before but his wife couldn't content herself, saying the Revolutionary War planted the Paddock that the children couldn't be properly educated. Elms on Tremont Street). During the War, Dr. In 1785 they came to Saint John, and in that Paddock was a surgeon in the King's American year he was elected to the Provincial Legislature. Dragoons. Dr. Adino Paddock's practice was On December 13, 1785, Dr. Paine and others among the first families in Saint John. At his presented a memorial to the Governor in Council death in 1817, the Hon. William Hazen owed praying that a charter of incorporation might be him a medical bill of £144. Dr. Paddock's heirs granted for institution of a Provincial Academy settled this bill by accepting a block of land in of Arts and Sciences. This was the initial step the city containing five acres and three roods, in the movement that led to what is now the known long after as Paddock's Field. It proved University of . Upon the repeal a nugget such as does not often fall to anyone in of the Banishment Act in 1787, Dr. Paine re- the settlement of an old account. It is now Pad- turned to Worcester, Mass. (Several other Loyal- dock Street. Dr. Thomas Paddock and Dr. John ists including some doctors also returned to Paddock were sons and they practised here for the .) many years. The Paddock line carried on here 3. Dr. John Calef.-The career of this outstand- until very recently-the last was M. V. Paddock, ing man has been the subject of several mono- whom many of you remember; he was govern- graphs. Before the Revolutionary War he lived ment analyst and ran Paddock's Drug Store at Ipswich, Mass. He had been a ship's surgeon (corner of Coburg and Peters Streets). on the Albany at the siege of Louisburg, and he 5. Dr. Nathan Smith.-He was a physician in was also present at and wrote the only account New York before the War, and through the War of the siege of Penobscot. At the close of the war, he was surgeon in the 1st Battalion Delancey's he was sent by the Penobscot Loyalists to Eng- Brigade; at its close he settled in Saint John. land to represent them in the boundary dispute. In addition to his practice in Saint John, he He was proclaimed a traitor by the U.S., with a had an Apothecary Shop (New Brunswick's price on his head. While he was in England, his first drug store). When he left New York, he wife managed to get herself and her children determined to take everything not nailed down. and all their portable possessions moved to Saint He brought with him to Saint John the massive John, and he later joined them here. front door with its iron knocker attached, and He was appointed surgeon to the the stout window shutters. IHe fitted these into garrison, and did some practice besides. It is of his new home on the south side of St. James interest to note that he took up his duties right Street. There they stood until the Great Fire of away, his wife having salvaged his medicine 1877, and even then his grandson, William 0. cabinet, surgical instruments, books and his big Stewart, sifting among the ashes a few days mortar and pestle. knocker, The Calef House was in Lower Cove, and as later, found the old door and slightly there was no road to connect it with the rest of blistered but unharmed. He took it with him the city, Dr. Calef visited his patients on Fort and put it on his ice house in Hampton. Later Howe either by clambering along the beach or the Rev. J. W. G. Stewart, a great grandson, in a hired rowboat; sometimes in winter there took the knocker and installed it on the front was no other way than wading in chest-high door of his home in Philadelphia. The door snowdrifts. He wore a blue military coat with finally burned with the house in December large brass buttons with the initials "G. H." 1930. Dr. Nathan Smith died in 1818, but was He was assisted at Fort Howe by Dr. David followed by his son, Dr. William H. Smith, who Brown, who had the title of Hospital Mate. in turn was followed by Dr. William 0. Smith. Dr. Calef later moved to St. Andrews and died This business finally became the A. Chip. Smith there in 1812. firm, a drug store until the past few years. During those days the Fort Howe Barracks An advertisement of the things that were sold overlooked what was until recently the North by Dr. Nathan Smith in his drug store in 1795 End Police Station. There was a block house li3ts some items with intriguing names including much more to the east on the heights, and this Godfrey's Cordial, Turbington Balsam, Jesuit was where criminals were kept. Public execu- British Oil. tions were carried out on Gallows Hill-just to Drops, Daffey's Elixer, the west of where Holy Trinity Church now In a later generation the A. Chip. Smith Drug stands. There was also an Officers' Mess on what Store advertised a much more local product. It is now Paradise Row. I believe some of the thick was bottled mineral spring water called foundations are still there. There was also a "Mahpu" which came from Upham, N.B. ("Mah- stone Military Lodge situated at what is now the pu" is Upham, spelled backwards). Canad. M. A. J. 898 MEN AND BOOKS May 15, 1957, vol. 76

6. Dr. Robert Bayard was from another of the In 1846 an attempt was made to promote a old New York families who came to Saint John. General Hospital, to be called the Loyalist Mem- He practised on Germain Street, starting in 1823. orial Hospital (this would have antedated the His son, Dr. William Bayard, was the founder General Public Hospital by many years), but of the General Public Hospital. the project had to be given up in the face of 7. Dr. William Livingston came from Scotland active public opposition. in 1830. He opened the Apothecary Hall under In connection with the building of the General the Courier office, adjoining Market Square. Public Hospital itself, I know many of you have 8. Dr. Samuel Hamilton opened a drug shop read the excellent history prepared in connection in the Coffee House (Market Square) in 1823. with the School of Nursing. It's all told there This was a popular meeting place and club in better than I can tell it. However, there's one those days (where the Bank of now point that they didn't bring out, and that I rather stands). like. What was being done with the Fairweather There were many others, all prominent: Dr. property before the General Public Hospital John Boyd, Sr., Dr. Alexander Boyle, Dr. Thomas took it over? Actually it was used for many years Walker and Dr. Henry Cook. All came from (probably without charge) by a man called Scotland and started practices (and sometimes Mickey Huff (his real name was Michael O'Sul- drug stores too) in the era from 1820 to 1830. livan) and he used it as a grazing ground for 9. Dr. Ambrose Sharman was one of earliest his goats. Tradition has it that he wept copiously Loyalist doctors in Saint John, and he too had when told he would have to remove his goats a civilian practice as well as attendance to the so they could build a hospital. Others kept goats Garrison. Among the accounts kept by James on the hills below Carleton Street. White as Indian Agent on the Saint John River The use of the Poor House as a hospital is also are the following items: interesting. Actually there were three of them. "Pd. Dr. Sharman inoculating self and family The first Poor House was an abandoned wind £C9.0.0."1 grist mill on the site of the present Admiral "Pd. Dr. Sharman for medicine and attendance Beatty Hotel-this burned in 1819. Then a new to Pierre Thomas and four other sick Indians one was erected on the southwestern corner of £5.16.8." Carmarthen Street and King Street East-at the site of the present postage-stamp rink. This EARLY HOSPITALS lasted until the present Municipal Home was It has often been said that before 1865, when built in the early 1840's at East Saint John. This the General Public Hospital was opened, the Municipal Home was operating as a Fever Hos- Poor House was the only refuge of the sick and pital at the time of the great typhus epidemic disabled labourer or mechanic, and this is quite here from 1846 to 1848. The Home was crowded true. with many of the Irish immigrants who were However, there were hospitals in Saint John victims of the disease. The Quarantine Station for specific purposes prior to that date. We know and Marine Hospital Pest House on Partridge there was some type of hospital for caring for Island, where Dr. George Harding and his the soldiers on Fort Howe from 1777 to 1820. brother, Dr. William Harding, worked so stren- In 1790 there was another Military Hospital on uously, were also filled to capacity. Over 600 Leinster Street, and from 1820 onwards for died on Partridge Island or on ships off shore many years, there was a Military Hospital at the during this epidemic. The Celtic Cross on Part- Barrack Green. ridge Island was erected to the memory of those The Marine Hospital for the care of merchant from Ireland who died at this time. Dr. James seamen was started in 1822 and was in continu- Patrick Collins, a 23-year-old medical man, who ous existence from then until 1899. (The last rowed out to the Island to try to help his Marine Hospital, built in 1884 on the site of the countrymen, caught the disease and died within old one, was sold to the Home for Incurables in a few days. 1899 and is now known as the Turnbull Home.) Saint John had a second epidemic of Asiatic There was also an' Immigrant Hospital down cholera in 1854, and it was much more severe on the Marsh Road in 1828. than the first (1200 died during this epidemic). When cholera struck Saint John in 1834, tak- It was during this year, and a result of this epi- ing a toll of 50 lives, a Cholera Hospital was demic, that the Sisters of Charity were founded built on the corner of Leinster and Wentworth (they held their 100th Anniversary in 1954). In Streets. After the cholera subsided in 1835, this the early part of this century they purchased same building was taken over for the care of the the old Furlong Home, which is still used as the mentally ill by the of New Brunswick. Sisters' Residence and Chapel, and in 1914 the This thus became the first Lunatic Asylum in Infirmary was built; its name was changed to British , and was used until the St. Joseph's Hospital in 1932. present Provincial Hospital was started in 1848. The first Salvation Army Evangeline Hospital A report of the Committee of 1835 makes note in Saint John was started on November 1, 1900, of the great problem of finding suitable nurses in the building now used as the Salvation Army for this type of patient. Men's Hostel at 36 St. James Street. This build- Canad. M. A. J. MEDICO-LEGAL 899 May 15, 1957, vol. 76 ing was formerly the Seamen's Mission. The R. D. McArthur, who conducted Medical Hall Evangeline Hospital continued here until the on Charlotte Street, was a pioneer in the soda spring of 1916, when it moved to its present fountain business, and all stood aghast when location on Princess Street. The Salvation Army he installed a $150 soda fountain. In 1878 the building on St. James Street was leased to the telephone was just being introduced and a year Dominion Government in World War I and for later came the incandescent electric bulb. a time in World War II for use as a Military These were the days of wooden shutters for the Hospital (the St. James Street Military Hospital). windows, put on at night and taken off in the I don't think many people know to what ex- morning. tent the County Alms House (or Municipal In 1884 the New Brunswick Pharmaceutical Home) was used as a hospital. For example, for Society was founded. The charter group was many years the whole third floor of the building composed of 40 members, three of whom were was known as the maternity floor. Even as late doctors: Dr. William Christie, Dr. H. McLean as 1867 (after the General Public Hospital was and Dr. W. T. Erith. I was most interested to built) a report states: "It generally contains learn that Dr. McLean had a drug store at the about 200 inmates, most of whom are aged men corner of Main and Holly Streets, and on his and women who have survived their usefulness, death in 1895 the business was taken over by their friends and their prosperity. Many unfor- Dr. Mayes Case. Four years later Dr. Case was tunate females also find their way to this in- burned out in the Indiatown fire (1899); he did stitution, and the births within its walls are not reopen his drug business, but continued in considerably in excess of the deaths." medical practice. In bringing this paper to a Dentist and Anxsthesia.-In the Advertiser of close, it is a pleasure ta salute this veteran of January 23, 1847, the following seemed to me of over 60 years in the medical field, who is still interest: "Dr. Fiske, Dental Surgeon of this city, practising and with us here tonight. has procured the "Letheon", a vapour adminis- tered to produce insensibility during dental and surgical operations, and he will make use of it in all operations upon the mouth where it will apply. He will also direct in its use for other surgeons for surgical operations when desired." MEDICO-LEGAL The notice goes on to relate details of an opera- tion performed for removing a tumour from a FALSE CERTIFICATION-AGAIN patient's arm by Dr. Peters of Carleton in the presence of Dr. Fiske and other gentlemen, and said to be very satisfactory. T. L. FISHER, M.D.,* To close this paper, I would like to make some Ottawa brief reference to a few early druggists in Saint John. As we have noted before, many early IN MAY 1956 two doctors sought assistance be- doctors also had their own drug stores. This con- cause they were faced with a legal action by a tinued all down through the 19th century. Dr. patient who was claiming false imprisonment in P. Robertson Inches in 1862 conducted a drug a Provincial Mental Hospital. store at 80 Prince William Street, later moving In his letter requesting help one doctor said to Main that he had known and treated the patient for Street and selling out to R. E. Coupe some years; that the patient's wife had been before entering medical practice on Germain complaining of the patient's sadistic behaviour; Street. that the R.C.M.P. had investigated and were of Jas. I. Fellows had a drug store here in 1862, the opinion that the patient's behaviour was and was the originator of Fellows Compound abnormal. In spite of the fact that the doctor Syrup. He later moved to England and became himself had not seen the patient "for some time", the Honourable Jas. I. Fellows. he completed papers for committal to a mental Dr. Henry Cook and his brother John con- institution, papers in which he stated he had ducted a drug store on King Street, moving in examined the patient within seven days. 1835 to Germain Street, between King and The other doctor said that in September 1955 Church. A young lad named Tilley started to the patient's wife had called him to the home work there, and later (1853) this Mr. Tilley con- because the patient was treating her "very ducted his own drug store at 35 King Street. roughly. I talked with the patient and he ad- He later gave up the drug business and went mitted having the urge to act in this manner." into politics and became Sir Leonard Tilley, In April 1956 the wife came to the doctor's office was Governor of New Brunswick, one of the to complain that the patient was worse and that Fathers of Confederation, and Finance Minister he was beating her. She had with her the form of Canada. signed by the first doctor and asked the second In the 1860's drug clerks had to work pretty to complete another form. Though he had not hard making up pills, spreading plasters and tinctures. Alcohol was making $2.40 per gallon *Secretary-Treasurer, Canadian Medical Protective As- and a barrel didn't last very long. sociation.