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Response of Euryops Pectinatus L. Plants to Different Types of Fertilizers and Growth Retardants

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Response of Euryops Pectinatus L. Plants to Different Types of Fertilizers and Growth Retardants Middle East Journal of Applied Volume : 08 | Issue :02 |April-June| 2018 Sciences Pages: 492-507 ISSN 2077-4613 Response of Euryops pectinatus L. Plants to Different Types of Fertilizers and Growth Retardants 1Ashour H.A., 1Heider S. M. and 2Abdel Wahab M. Mahmoud 1Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. 2Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. Received: 26 Feb. 2018 / Accepted: 30 April 2018/ Publication date: 14 May 2018 ABSTRACT This research was carried out at the experimental nursery of the Ornamental Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, during two successive seasons of 2016 and 2017. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of two different types of fertilizers, growth retardants and their interaction on vegetative growth, flowering, chemical constituents and anatomical structure of Euryops pectinatus plants. The plants were fertilized with either conventional NPK fertilizer or with Osmocote as slow release fertilizer, in addition to unfertilized plants were used as a control. Simultaneously the plants were foliar sprayed monthly with either paclobutrazol (PAC) 50 and 100 ppm or Cycocel (CCC) 1000 and 1500 ppm, in addition to the control plants sprayed with tap water. The results showed that fertilization treatments significantly increased most vegetative growth parameters (plant height, number of branches/plant, stem diameter, plant width, show value, fresh and dry weights of shoots, root length as well as fresh and dry weights of roots), flowering characteristics (flowers number/plant, flowers diameter and flowers fresh and dry weights) as well as chemical constituents including the contents of total chlorophylls, total carbohydrates, N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, total indoles and total phenols compared to unfertilized control plants. It was clear that, slow release fertilizer was significantly superior to conventional NPK fertilizer. In most cases, spraying plants with growth retardants treatments PAC or CCC significantly reduced some morphological traits but caused significant increase in number of branches/plant, stem diameter, plant width and show value as compared to control plants. Spraying with two concentrations of PAC or CCC significantly increased the contents of total chlorophylls, total carbohydrates, N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn and total phenols while reduced total indoles content as compared to control. Key words: Euryops pectinatus, NPK, slow release fertilizer, paclobutrazol, cycocel. Introduction Euryops pectinatus L. is a species of flowering plants belongs to the family of Asteraceae, native to South Africa. It is a vigorous evergreen shrub and commonly known as golden daisy bush. The plant grows to1 m tall and wide, the leaves are 4-10 cm long, pinnate, narrow, divided, hairy, soft and grey- green in color. The flowers are attractive, reaching 5 cm in diameter, yellow, daisy-like composite flowers and the flowering season generally runs from early summer through to autumn and into winter in mild areas. The plant widely used as ornamental plant, especially in urban areas owing to its bright yellow flower, perpetual flowering regime and fern-like leaves. It grows best in full sun and well- drained soils. It must be grown in a protected place, away from frost-prone areas. There is a cultivar called Euryops pectinatus 'Viridis' (Green Golden Shrub Daisy) that looks the same but the leaves are a dark green in color. (Odenwald, and Turner, 2006). The suitable fertilization is one of the pivotal factors affecting the growth and flowering plants cultivated in pots (Kozik et al., 2004). Using a commercial soluble fertilizers is a conventional practices used in the production of ornamental plants. Although, this practice are relatively easy by providing the plants with adequate amounts of needed nutrients to ensure their growth, however, it is considered prodigal and cause nutrients losses by leaching with low nutrients use efficiency. Recently, with the high cost of fertilizers, using effective alternative tools to enhance the nutrients use efficiency and reduce nutrient losses are strongly needed (Krug et al., 2014). Slow-release fertilizers are described as Corresponding Author: Ashour, H. A., Ornamental Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. E-mail: [email protected] 492 Middle East J. Appl. Sci., 8(2): 492-507, 2018 ISSN 2077-4613 materials that slowly release nutrients over an extended period of time. These fertilizers represent an excellent alternative to use of fast-acting fertilizers as they are safer to handle, reduce labor cost, enhance nutrients use efficiency, avoid the injury of high salt level in the potting media and minimize leaching of nutrients, moreover they offers valuable, cheaper and simple way to supply nutrients particularly for the nurseries with the low technology (Shaviv, 2001 and Oliet et al., 2004). Also, at high rates of application, the fertilizer burn is not a problem with these fertilizers (Yuan-liang et al., 2009). It has been reported that application of slow-release fertilizers has a better impact on improving growth and flowering traits of different ornamental plants including Coreopsis grandiflora (Kozik et al., 2004), Clematis cultivars (Bosiacki, 2008), Dendranthema grandiflora (Yahya et al., 1999; Zhu et al., 2009; Kaplan et al., 2013 and Asrar et al. 2014) and Lavandula angustifolia (Matysiak, and Nogowska, 2016). Other advantages of these fertilizers are increasing the contents of chlorophyll and causing a higher uptake of N, P or K nutrients by plants (Abou-Taleb and Hassan 1995; Song et al., 2011 and Oliet et al., 2004). In addition such fertilizers have been reported to lower leaching of nutrients as compared to those soluble fertilizers (Andiru, 2010). Furthermore, it has been found that, slow - release NPK fertilizer was more effective on enhancing vegetative growth parameters, increasing the contents of total chlorophylls, total carbohydrates, N, P and K percentage in leaves when compared to conventional NPK fertilizer (Hussein (2009). Growth retardants (GRs) are synthetic chemicals substances used as effective practice for controlling plant height and produce aesthetic compact pot plants (Chany, 2005). GRs used to inhibit cell division and cell elongation in the tissues of shoot and regulate plant height without obvious phytotoxicity effects (Pgrsa, 2007). Examples of such GRs are paclobutrazol and cycocel that are widely used in controlling growth of ornamental plants. Paclobutrazol (PAC) acts by blocking the enzyme entkaurene oxidase that converts ent-kaurene to ent-kaurenoic acid in the gibberellins biosynthetic pathway (Rademacher, 2000). PAC application at concentration ranged from 10-500 ppm has been reported on reducing plant growth of various ornamental plants expressed as plant height and fresh and dry weight of plant organs, increasing number of branches, stem diameter and show value (Ghatas 2016, Sharaf-Eldien et al., 2017), increasing the flower parameters (Singh and Bist, 2003; Rathore et al. 2011and Asgarian et al., 2013), increasing the contents of pigments and total carbohydrates (El-Quesni et al., 2007), as well as increasing N, P and K% in pant organs (Youssef et al. 2013 ). Moreover, resent studies have been reported that foliar application of PAC at 20 - 60 ppm increased cytokinins, salicylic acid and total phenols, while decreased gibberellins and auxins contents (Ghatas 2016 and Abd El-Aal and Mohamed, 2017). Cycocel (CCC) is one of the synthetic chemical utilized to retard plant growth either by retarding translocation of gibberellins or by enhancing their degradation (Biswas et al., 2018). It is also used on ornamental plants in order to produce compact foliage and flowering potted plants, promote the green color of the foliage, sturdy flower stem and enhance plant resistance environmental stresses. CCC effect on plants can differ according to its concentration, application method, species and growing season (Taiz and Zeiger, 2006). Foliar application of CCC at concentration ranged from 250-1000 ppm decreased plant height, increased the fresh and dry weight of leaves and increased the number of branches, leaves and inflorescences of Pelargonium zonale (Ibrahim and Hassanian, 2001). The concentration of 4000 ppm increased stem diameter, number of branches and number of leave and resulted in maximum flower diameter, shelf-life and flowers number of Dahlia variabilis (Khan and Tewari. 2003). The concentration of 500-1500 ppm CCC reduced plant height, fresh and dry weight of plant organs compared to control. (Bhat et al., 2011 and Gholampour et al., 2015). On Tagetes erecta, CCC foliar sprayed at 1000-2000 ppm reduced plant height and the higher number of branches, leaves, spread and flower yield were scored with CCC at 2000 ppm (Khan et al., 2012). on Tabernaemontana coronaria, foliar application of CCC at 1000-2000 ppm, decreased plant height and leaf area, while caused increase in number of branches, number leaves / plant, number of flowers/plant, flowers fresh and dry weights of leaves, show value and chemical constituents such as total chlorophylls, total carbohydrates, and leaf N, P, K, in addition to increase in cytokinins content and reduction in content the contents of gibberellins and auxins (Youssef et al., 2013). Similar findings have been obtained on Chrysanthemum frutescens by foliar spraying of CCC at 1000-3000 ppm (Ghatas, 2016). Although, the
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