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Folia Botanica Extremadurensis, Vol. 5 (2011)

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Folia Botanica Extremadurensis, Vol. 5 (2011) Volumen 5 Abril 2011 FOLIA BOTANICA EXTREMADURENSIS FOLIA BOTANICA Coordinación: Francisco Mª Vázquez Secretaría: José Blanco Equipo de redacción y edición: José Luis López, María Gutiérrez, David García, María José Guerra, José Blanco y Francisco Márquez Revisión de textos: José Blanco, David García, María Gutiérrez, José Luis Pérez- Chiscano, Carlos Pinto-Gomes, Francisco M. Vázquez. Ilustración de portada: Flor de Gagea extremadurensis M.Gutiérrez & F.M.Vázquez FOLIA BOTANICA EXTREMADURENSIS Vol. 5 Abril 2011 Coordinación: Francisco Mª Vázquez Secretaría: José Blanco Equipo de redacción y edición: José Luis López, María Gutiérrez, David García, Maria José Guerra, José Blanco y Francisco Márquez Revisión de textos: Jose Blanco, David García, María Gutiérrez, José Luis Pérez-Chiscano, Carlos Pinto-Gomes, Francisco Mª. Vázquez Ilustración de portada: Flor de Gagea extremadurensis M.Gutiérrez & F.M.Vázquez Edita: Vicepresidencia Segunda y Consejería de Economía, Comercio e Innovación. ISSN: 1887-6587 Deposito legal: BA-178-07 Diseño: Grupo HABITAT. Imprime: Imprenta MORENO. Montijo (Badajoz, España). Grupo HABITAT. Centro de Investigación La Orden-Valdesequera. Apartado de correos 22 (P.O. Box. 22) 06080 BADAJOZ (España). Dirección General de Ciencia y Tecnología. Vicepresidencia Segunda y Consejería de Economía, Comercio e Innovación. Junta de Extremadura. Estudios La sección ―Estudios‖ se destina a recoger todas las iniciativas de tipo botánico, relacionadas con el área de Extremadura o zonas limítrofes en las que se aporten trabajos originales, que faciliten síntesis más o menos extensas sobre temas de interés para el mejor conocimiento botánico de su flora en sentido amplio. Además, es una inicitiva que intenta facilitar y animar la publicación de textos botánicos que permitan ampliar el conocimiento actual que existe sobre la flora del sudoeste de la Península Ibérica y en especial de la Comunidad de Extremadura. Los estudios que se presentan en este volumen son: 1. Aproximación al conocimiento de la flora neófita en la cuenca del Guadiana Internacional a su paso por Extremadura (España) Alentejo (Portugal). ……….. ……………………………………. por: Ana Bejarano, María Gutiérrez & Francisco María Vázquez. 2. Sobre la germinación de Narcissus cavanillesii A. Barra & G. López …….…….......... ................................................................................... por: David García & Francisco Márquez. 3. Relaciones entre pequeños dípteros y flores de Aristolochia paucinervis Pomel y Aristolochia pistolochia L. (Aristolochiaceae) en Extremadura (España) ………… …………………………………………..………………………………….….. por: Dr. José Luís Pérez-Chiscano. 4. Estudio de distribución y caracterización del hábitat del taxon amenazado Centaurea amblensis subsp. tentudaica (Rivas Goday) Rivas-Martínez. …………… ………………………………… por: Francisco Márquez, David García & Francisco María Vázquez. 5. Gagea extremadurensis sp. nov. (Liliaceae) nueva especie del SW de la Península Ibérica. ………………..…………. por: María Gutiérrez & Francisco María Vázquez. Aproximación al conocimiento de la flora neófita en la cuenca del Guadiana Internacional a su paso por Extremadura (España) Alentejo (Portugal) Ana Bejarano Macías, María Gutiérrez Esteban y Francisco María Vázquez Pardo Grupo HABITAT. Sección de Producción Forestal y Biodiversidad. Centro de Investigación La Orden-Valdesequera. Consejería de Economía, Comercio e Innovación. Apartado 22. C.P. 06080. Badajoz (España). Email: [email protected] Resumen: El estudio de la flora neófita en el tramo internacional de la cuenca extremeña del Guadiana ha deparado la presencia de al menos 374 taxones vegetales, de los que 232 son especies Ornamentales, 59 Cultivadas y 83 Espontáneas y naturalizadas. Un análisis de esta flora pone de manifiesto que buena parte de los elementos florísticos pertenecen a familias representadas en el territorio, y que un porcentaje reducido, aunque importante se pueden considerar como especies invasoras, hasta un número de 50, principalmente de las familias Poaceae, Solanaceae, y Fabaceae. Por último se pone de manifiesto que la introducción, el asentamiento y naturalización de algunas de estas especies se debe en muchas ocasiones a la presencia de entornos transformados previamente por el hombre, lo que facilita la dispersión de muchas especies sean neófitas o autóctonas. Bejarano, A.; Gutiérrez, M. & Vázquez, F. M. 2011. Aproximación al conocimiento de la flora neófita en la cuenca del Guadiana Internacional a su paso por Extremadura (España) Alentejo (Portugal). Folia Bot. Extremadurensis 5: 5-20. Palabras clave: Extremadura, Invasoras, Vegetación, Guadiana, Conservación, Ornamental, Cultivadas, Foráneas, Análisis, Naturalizadas. Summary: The alien plants study from International Guadiana Basin in Extremadura-Alentejo region shows the presence of 374 taxa, which 232 of them are Ornamental plants, 59 Cultivates and 83 Naturalized. The analysis of the results shows a high number of species related to the wild and typical families from Extremadura. Furthermore a reduce number within these plants (50) are considered such as invasive species in the Guadiana basin habitats which mainly belong to Poaceae, Solanaceae and Fabaceae families. Finally is possible to notice the connection between the human transformed habitat and the presence of invasive species independently of their origin (wild or neophyte). Bejarano, A.; Gutiérrez, M. & Vázquez, F. M. 2011. Approximated study of the neophyte flora from International basin of the Guadiana river in Extremadura (Spain) Alentejo (Portugal). Folia Bot. Extremadurensis 5: 5-20. Key words: Extremadura, Invasive species, Vegetation, Guadiana, Conservation, Ornamental, Cultivated, Aliens, Analysis, Naturalized. Folia Botanica Extremadurensis Vol. 5 Introducción Los vegetales vasculares de un territorio los podemos agrupar en dos grandes unidades: la flora autóctona o flora nativa de ese lugar y la flora neófita, foránea o alóctona que es la flora perteneciente a un área fitogeográfica diferente (Sanz-Elorza, 2001). Por otro lado, la introducción de especies exóticas es la primera o segunda causa de pérdida de biodiversidad de un territorio, y supone un gran impacto dentro de los ecosistemas. Dentro de las especies exóticas presentes en el territorio español se ha llegado a analizar que un 58,45 % corresponden a especies vegetales (Capdevilla & al., 2006). La presencia de esta flora neófita en nuestro territorio se debe a diversos factores. Por un lado están los diferentes mecanismos naturales de diseminación de las especies vegetales como zoocoria, anemocoria o hidrocoria. Por otro lado un factor muy influyente es la acción del hombre. Desde antiguo el ser humano ha transformado el medio, lo que favorece el establecimiento de especies alóctonas, y ha ayudado a la diseminación de las especies de una forma voluntaria o involuntaria (Sanz-Elorza, 2001; Heywood & Brunel, 2009). Las especies introducidas intencionadamente por el ser humano se deben a motivos ornamentales, para jardines, o para el cultivo en agricultura de una forma controlada, pero en ocasiones estas especies han escapado al control y han colonizado el medio natural (Heywood & Brunel, 2009; Guix & al., 2001). Esta flora naturalizada con poder colonizador supone un riesgo para la flora autóctona ya que compite con ella por los recursos naturales, además de tener grandes consecuencias ecológicas y económicas, principalmente en los sectores agropecuarios (Guix & al., 2001; Del Monte & Zaragoza, 2004; Heywood & Brunel, 2009). Entre los impactos causados por las especies exóticas, podemos citar: la reducción de la cantidad de luz, agua, nutrientes y espacio disponible para especies nativas, alteran patrones hidrológicos, propiedades del suelo, introducen patógenos, etc. (Sanz-Elorza & al., 2004) El análisis de las especies alóctonas que aquí se presentan pertenecen a la Cuenca Internacional del Guadiana a su paso por Extremadura. Heywood (1989) determinó que en España existe un 15% de especies introducidas, otros autores sostienen que se trata de un 10% (Williamson & Fitter; 1996, Capdevilla & al., 2006). La situación crítica de algunos cauces, la enormes transformaciones por las actividades agrícolas, las obras de embalses, y el impacto que originan las actividades de ocio sobre los medios lacustres precisan de un estudio continuado, y especialmente de la flora y su equilibrio en beneficio de la estabilidad de los hábitats. Apoyándonos en estos principios y bajo la supervisión de la Dirección General del Medio Natural, se ha establecido un estudio de la flora alóctona que se aparece en el tramo internacional de la Cuenca del Guadiana a su paso por Extremadura-Alentejo. Este trabajo además de acercarnos a analizar e inventariar las especies exóticas de flora presentes en la cuenca de Guadiana Internacional Badajoz-Portugal, pretende servir como medida de prevención, ya que una de las medidas de prevención es la creación de listas públicas y accesibles, que sirvan de instrumento de prevención y estudio (Capdevilla & al., 2006). Metodología y área de estudio Este trabajo se centra en el análisis de la flora neófita de la Cuenca Internacional del Guadiana a su paso por Extremadura. Este área es conocida como ―La Raya‖ y comprende territorio tanto portugués, concretamente las provincias del Alto y Baixo Alentejo, como español, concretamente la provincia de Badajoz; incluyendo un total de 24 municipios (Figura 1). Los datos analizados en este estudio pertenecen a una base de datos creada para el catálogo florístico
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