A SIDERURGIA BRASILEIRA E MUNDIAL: O Desenvolvimento Desigual Recente

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A SIDERURGIA BRASILEIRA E MUNDIAL: O Desenvolvimento Desigual Recente Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia Humana Antonio Toledo Poso A SIDERURGIA BRASILEIRA E MUNDIAL: o desenvolvimento desigual recente (Versão Corrigida) São Paulo 2015 Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia Humana Antonio Toledo Poso A SIDERURGIA BRASILEIRA E MUNDIAL: o desenvolvimento desigual recente (Versão Corrigida) Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia Humana do Departamento de Geografia da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo para obtenção do título de Doutor, sob orientação do Prof. Dr. Armen Mamigonian São Paulo 2015 Para Antonio Poso Sierra e Aurélia Toledo Poso, em suas bodas de ouro Resumo Essa pesquisa visa verificar o papel da siderurgia brasileira na atual divisão internacional do trabalho. Para tal, buscamos compreender a configuração atual do setor siderúrgico após a reestruturação ocorrida durante as décadas de 1990 e 2000, marcada por privatizações, concentração do capital e deslocamento geográfico da produção global. Investigamos ainda o circuito espacial da siderurgia brasileira, desde a extração de matérias primas ao produto final. Nesse sentido, examinamos a inserção internacional das empresas nacionais nessa nova conjuntura, assim como suas consequências para a formação socioespacial brasileira. Podendo-se visualizar dois cenários possíveis: a internacionalização das empresas brasileiras revelando uma inserção ativa na divisão internacional do trabalho ou a desnacionalização dos circuitos espaciais brasileiros revelando uma inserção passiva. Palavras chaves Formação Socioespacial, Siderurgia, Circuito Espacial, Reestruturação e Inserção internacional. Abstract This research aims to determine the role of the Brazilian steel industry in the current international division of labor. For that purpose, we seek to understand the current configuration of the steel sector after the reestructuring ocurred in the decades of 1990 and 2000, marked by privatization, concentration of capital and geographic relocation of the global production. Also, the spatial circuit of the Brazilian steel industry was investigated from extraction of raw materials to the final product. Accordingly,we examine the international integration of the national enterprises in this new environment as well as its consequences for the Brazilian socio- spatial. It´s possible to visualize two scenarios: the internationalization of Brazilian companies revealing an active insertion in the international division of labor or the denationalization of Brazilian space circuits revelaing a passive insertion. Key words Formation Socio Spatial, Industry Steel, Spatial Circuit, Reestructuring and Training International. Agradecimentos Muitas pessoas ajudaram para realização dessa pesquisa. Nesse processo, a colaboração de alguns foi inestimável. Em primeiro lugar agradeço ao professor Armen Mamigonian, pelo privilégio do seu convívio desde as aulas de graduação nos anos de 1990, por sua sabedoria, generosidade e compromisso com o Brasil e, ainda, por ter sido decisivo em minha formação e visão de mundo. Aos professores (as) do Departamento de Geografia da Universidade de São Paulo pela minha formação e, em especial, aos geógrafos André Roberto Martim, Francisco Capuano Scarlato e Monica Arroyo por terem sido importantes em momentos decisivos. Agradeço também à professora Marta Luedeman. Ao professor Germano Mendes de Paula, pela atenção e disponibilidade. Aos geógrafos Fabio Betioli Contel e Flavia Grimm por serem grandes amigos e pela imprescindível colaboração. A Ana Elisa Rodrigues Rodrigues Pereira, Anna Carolina Corrêa, Matheus de Almeida Prado Sampaio, Victor Zuliani Iamonti pelo importante apoio e, em especial, a Cristina Porini, pela ajuda desde a realização da dissertação de Mestrado. Aos amigos de infância do conjunto habitacional IAPI no tradicional bairro do Cambuci em São Paulo. Aos colegas professores e estudantes do colégio Pueri Domus, em especial meu amigo Eduardo Torres Gomes. Aos meus ex-alunos da Universidade Bandeirante de São Paulo. A todos os geógrafos desse país, em especial, Alexandre Tambelli, Alex José Perrone, Amadeu Cardoso Júnior, Aline Santos, Andrea Panizza, Branca Majid, Breno Viotto Pedrosa, Carlos Virgilio Borges, Caio Nascimento Uehbe, Cíntia Nigro, Cristina Luciana do Carmo, Daniel Huertas, Doraci Zanfolin, Dulce Tobias, Edílson Adão, Eduardo Campos, Eduardo Grimaldi, Elias Khalil Jabbour, Elvis Baggio de Oliveira, Emilio Azevedo, Evandro Andaku, Fernando Sampaio, Gilberto Rodrigues, Isa de Oliveira Rocha, José Messias Bastos, Jonatas Mendonça, Kauê Lopes dos Santos, Laís Uehbe, Lucas Emerique, Lucas Ferreira, Lucia Lirborio, Lucia Oliveira, Marcelo Felix, Maria Alice Oliva, Marcio Antonio Melhado Bezerra, Marcio Castelan, Marcos Milanesi, Marina Regitz Montenegro, Marlon Medeiros, Mônica Nilson, Orlando Silva, Paula Borin, Paul Clivillan Firmino, Pedro Mezgravis, Pierre Costa, Priscila Lee, Renata Monken Gomes Siqueira, Renato Emerson dos Santos, Ricardo Assumpção, Ricardo Duarte Rocha, Rubens de Toledo Júnior, Josselito Batista de Jesus, Sérgio de Moraes Paulo, Silvia Madeira, Silvia Lopes, Sinval Santos, Soraia Ramos, Vanir Belo e Virna David. À minha irmã Mônica Toledo Poso e ao meu cunhado Marcelo Gregnanin por serem tão importantes em minha trajetória e pelo constante carinho e incentivo. À minha sobrinha e afilhada Bárbara Poso Gregnanin, por sua coragem e doçura. Aos afilhados Francesco Gallucci D’Amico e Maria Clara Barion Navarro. Aos meus avós maternos – José Toledo Carneira e Dirce Alves Toledo –, paternos –Pedro Poso Ruiz e Maria Encarnação Sierra – e ao meu tio José Toledo. Por fim, aos meus pais, Antonio Poso Sierra e Aurélia Toledo Poso, pela incansável e pacienciosa colaboração, cabendo aqui o reconhecimento de que foram imprescindíveis nessa empreitada. Minha pessoal felicitação pelos cinqüenta anos de matrimônio. A todos, meus sinceros agradecimentos. Sumário Introdução.........................................................................................................................1 CAPÍTULO 1 O CENÁRIO MUNDIAL DA SIDERURGIA E SUA INTERNACIONALIZAÇÃO Introdução Dados da siderurgia mundial............................................................................................5 1.1. A evolução recente da siderurgia mundial...............................................................14 1.2. A regionalização da siderurgia mundial: o Estado Nacional como foco de analise......................................................................................................................21 1.3. A Ásia e a liderança da China..................................................................................26 1.3.1 Japão e sua estagnação doméstica..................................................................28 1.3.2. Coréia do Sul: complexo industrial e esforço exportador.................................33 1.3.3. Índia: expansão e planejamento.......................................................................41 1.3.4. China: liderança e reestruturação....................................................................56 1.4. A União Européia e a crise de sua produção siderúrgica........................................64 1.5. Parques siderúrgicos em ascensão: Turquia, Ucrânia e Rússia..............................77 1.6. Estados Unidos: desnacionalização e presença restrita ao NAFTA........................85 1.7. América Latina: produção concentrada e inserção passiva.....................................93 CAPÍTULO 2 AS DUALIDADES E A EVOLUÇÃO DO PARQUE SIDERÚRGICO NACIONAL Introdução Interpretações sobre o desenvolvimento nacional........................................................102 2.1. A gênese da siderurgia brasileira: da origem à Revolução de 1930......................112 2.2. A conquista da siderurgia integrada e a evolução do parque siderúrgico brasileiro.................................................................................................................115 2.3. A crise e reestruturação do parque siderúrgico nacional a partir nos anos de 1990 e 2000............................................................................................................................124 2.3.1. As privatizações no setor siderúrgico brasileiro..............................................126 2.3.2. A concentração do capital no setor siderúrgico brasileiro...............................129 2.4. Quadro recente da siderurgia nacional: a inserção passiva...................................131 CAPÍTULO 3 OS PRINCIPAIS INSUMOS DO CIRCUITO ESPACIAL DA PRODUÇÃO SIDERÚRGICA BRASILEIRA Introdução O conceito circuito espacial..........................................................................................138 3.1. Caracterização geral da mineração no Brasil........................................................140 3.2. Minério de ferro: auto-suficiência e investimentos cruzados.................................145 3.3. Carvão mineral: dependência externa...................................................................158 3.4. Outros minérios: estanho, manganês, níquel e zinco............................................162 3.5. Outros elementos: ferro-gusa e sucata..................................................................170 CAPÍTULO 4 A INTERNACIONALIZAÇÃO RECENTE DOS CIRCUITOS ESPACIAIS DA SIDERURGIA BRASILEIRA Introdução Distribuição recente da produção
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