Summary of the Major Brain Structures Brain Stem Forebrain

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Summary of the Major Brain Structures Brain Stem Forebrain Hindbrain Midbrain Cerebral Cortex Limbic System A region at the base of the brain that The middle and smallest brain The wrinkled outer potion of the A group of forebrain structures that contains several structures that region, involved with processing forebrain, which contains the most form a border around the brainstem regulate basic life functions. auditory and visual sensory sophisticated brain centers. and are involved in emotion, information. motivation, learning and memory. Figure 2.13 Figure 2.13 Figure 2.15 (left), page 66 (right) Figure 2.18 Figure 2.16 Figure 2.17 10/1/18 Summary of the Major Brain Structures Brain stem Forebrain Hindbrain Midbrain Cerebral Cortex Limbic System • Medulla: A hindbrain structure • Substantia nigra: An area of • Corpus Callosum: A thick band • Hippocampus: A curved that controls vital life functions the midbrain that is involved in of axons that connects the two forebrain structure that is part such as breathing and motor control and contains a cerebral hemispheres and acts of the limbic system and is circulation. large concentration of as a communication link involved in learning and • Pons: A hindbrain structure dopamine-producing neurons. between them. forming new memories. that connects the medulla to • Temporal Lobe: An area on • Thalamus: A forebrain the two sides of the each side of the cerebral structure that processes cerebellum; helps coordinate cortex near the temples, that is sensory information for all and integrate movements on the primary receiving area for senses except smell, relaying each side of the body. auditory information. that information to the cerebral • Cerebellum: A large, two-sided o Wernicke’s Area cortex. hindbrain structure at the back • Occipital lobe: An area at the • Hypothalamus: A peanut-sized of the brain; responsible for back of each cerebral forebrain structure that is part muscle coordination and hemisphere that is the primary of the limbic system that maintaining posture and receiving area for visual regulates behaviors related to equilibrium. information. survival, such as eating, • Reticular formation: A network • Parietal lobe : An area on each drinking, and sexual activity. of nerve fibers located in the hemisphere of the cerebral • Amygdala: An almond-shaped center of the medulla that cortex located above the cluster of neurons in the helps regulate attention, temporal lobe that processes brain’s temporal lobe, involved arousal, and sleep; also called somatic sensations. in memory and emotional the reticular activating system. o Somatosensory cortex responses, especially fear. • Frontal lobe : The largest lobe of each cerebral hemisphere; processes voluntary muscle movements and is involved in thinking, planning, and emotional control. o Broca’s Area o Primary Motor Cortex o Prefrontal Cortex 10/1/18 .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

From Human Emotions to Robot Emotions
1 American Association for Artificial Intelligence – Spring Symposium 3/2004, Stanford University – Keynote Lecture. From Human Emotions to Robot Emotions Jean-Marc Fellous The Salk Institute for Neurobiological Studies 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, la Jolla, CA 92037 [email protected] Abstract1 open a new window on the neural bases of emotions that may offer new ways of thinking about implementing robot- The main difficulties that researchers face in understanding emotions. emotions are difficulties only because of the narrow- mindedness of our views on emotions. We are not able to Why are emotions so difficult to study? free ourselves from the notion that emotions are necessarily human emotions. I will argue that if animals have A difficulty in studying human emotions is that here are emotions, then so can robots. Studies in neuroscience have significant individual differences, based on experiential as shown that animal models, though having limitations, have well as genetic factors (Rolls, 1998; Ortony, 2002; significantly contributed to our understanding of the Davidson, 2003a, b; Ortony et al., 2004). My fear at the functional and mechanistic aspects of emotions. I will sight of a bear may be very different from the fear suggest that one of the main functions of emotions is to experienced by a park-ranger who has a better sense for achieve the multi-level communication of simplified but high impact information. The way this function is achieved bear-danger and knows how to react. My fear might also be in the brain depends on the species, and on the specific different from that of another individual who has had about emotion considered.
[Show full text]
What Can Be Learned from White Matter Alterations in Antisocial Girls Willeke M
Menks WM, Raschle NM. J Neurol Neuromedicine (2017) 2(7): 16-20 Neuromedicine www.jneurology.com www.jneurology.com Journal of Neurology & Neuromedicine Mini Review Open Access What can be learned from white matter alterations in antisocial girls Willeke M. Menks1, Christina Stadler1 and Nora M. Raschle1 1Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Basel, Psychiatric University Hospital Basel, Switzerland. Article Info ABSTRACT Article Notes Antisocial behavior in youths constitutes a major public health problem Received: June 17, 2017 worldwide. Conduct disorder is a severe variant of antisocial behavior with higher Accepted: July 31, 2017 prevalence rates for boys (12%) as opposed to girls (7%). A better understanding *Correspondence: of the underlying neurobiological mechanisms of conduct disorder is warranted Dr. Willeke Menks, PhD to improve identification, diagnosis, or treatment. Functional and structural Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (KJPK), neuroimaging studies have indicated several key brain regions within the limbic Psychiatric University Clinics Basel (UPK) system and prefrontal cortex that are altered in youths with conduct disorder. Schanzenstrasse 13, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland Examining the structural connectivity, i.e. white matter fiber tracts connecting Tel. +41 61 265 89 76 these brain areas, may further inform about the underlying neural mechanisms. Fax +41 61 265 89 61 Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a non-invasive technique that can evaluate the © 2017 Menks WM & Raschle NM. This article is distributed white matter integrity of fiber tracts throughout the brain. To date, DTI studies have under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 found several white matter tracts that are altered in youths with conduct disorder.
[Show full text]
Andrew Rosen the Architecture of the Nervous System: • Central Nervous
Andrew Rosen The Architecture of the Nervous System: Central Nervous System (CNS) – Includes the brain and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – All nerves elsewhere and are connected to the CNS via the spinal cord o Composed of the Somatic Nervous System (SNS), which has the efferent nerves that control the skeletal muscles and afferent nerves that carry information from the sense organs to CNS o Also composed of the Autonomous Nervous System (ANS), which has the efferent nerves that regulate the glands and smooth muscles of internal organs and vessels as well as afferent nerves that bring the CNS information about the internal systems . Divided into the sympathetic branch “Revs” body up for an action . Also divided into parasympathetic branch Restores the body’s internal activities to normal after an action Brain is in cerebrospinal fluid that acts as a shock absorber Anatomy of the Brain: Spinal cord that goes into brain forms the brain stem Medulla is at the bottom of the brain stem o Controls breathing, blood circulation, and maintains balance Pons is above the medulla o Controls attentiveness and governs sleep/dreaming Behind the brain stem is the cerebellum o Controls balance, coordination, and spatial reasoning The midbrain and thalamus are on top of the pons o Relay information to the forebrains o Midbrain regulates experience of pain and moods The forebrain is on top of all of these o Outer part of the forebrain is the cerebral cortex . High surface area . Deepest groove is the longitudinal fissure that splits the left cerebral hemisphere from the right .
[Show full text]
Cellular Changes in Injured Rat Spinal Cord Following Electrical Brainstem Stimulation
brain sciences Article Cellular Changes in Injured Rat Spinal Cord Following Electrical Brainstem Stimulation Walter J. Jermakowicz 1,* , Stephanie S. Sloley 2, Lia Dan 2, Alberto Vitores 2, Melissa M. Carballosa-Gautam 2 and Ian D. Hentall 2 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, 1095 NW 14th Terr, Miami, FL 33136, USA 2 Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, 1095 NW 14th Terr., Miami, FL 33136, USA; [email protected] (S.S.S.); [email protected] (L.D.); [email protected] (A.V.); [email protected] (M.M.C.-G.); [email protected] (I.D.H.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-615-818-3070 Received: 6 May 2019; Accepted: 27 May 2019; Published: 28 May 2019 Abstract: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a major cause of disability and pain, but little progress has been made in its clinical management. Low-frequency electrical stimulation (LFS) of various anti-nociceptive targets improves outcomes after SCI, including motor recovery and mechanical allodynia. However, the mechanisms of these beneficial effects are incompletely delineated and probably multiple. Our aim was to explore near-term effects of LFS in the hindbrain’s nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) on cellular proliferation in a rat SCI model. Starting 24 h after incomplete contusional SCI at C5, intermittent LFS at 8 Hz was delivered wirelessly to NRM. Controls were given inactive stimulators. At 48 h, 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was administered and, at 72 h, spinal cords were extracted and immunostained for various immune and neuroglial progenitor markers and BrdU at the level of the lesion and proximally and distally.
[Show full text]
Lecture 12 Notes
Somatic regions Limbic regions These functionally distinct regions continue rostrally into the ‘tweenbrain. Fig 11-4 Courtesy of MIT Press. Used with permission. Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its Origins: In the Development and in Evolution of Behavior and the Mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN: 9780262026734. 1 Chapter 11, questions about the somatic regions: 4) There are motor neurons located in the midbrain. What movements do those motor neurons control? (These direct outputs of the midbrain are not a subject of much discussion in the chapter.) 5) At the base of the midbrain (ventral side) one finds a fiber bundle that shows great differences in relative size in different species. Give examples. What are the fibers called and where do they originate? 8) A decussating group of axons called the brachium conjunctivum also varies greatly in size in different species. It is largest in species with the largest neocortex but does not come from the neocortex. From which structure does it come? Where does it terminate? (Try to guess before you look it up.) 2 Motor neurons of the midbrain that control somatic muscles: the oculomotor nuclei of cranial nerves III and IV. At this level, the oculomotor nucleus of nerve III is present. Fibers from retina to Superior Colliculus Brachium of Inferior Colliculus (auditory pathway to thalamus, also to SC) Oculomotor nucleus Spinothalamic tract (somatosensory; some fibers terminate in SC) Medial lemniscus Cerebral peduncle: contains Red corticospinal + corticopontine fibers, + cortex to hindbrain fibers nucleus (n. ruber) Tectospinal tract Rubrospinal tract Courtesy of MIT Press. Used with permission. Schneider, G.
[Show full text]
White Matter Tracts - Brain A143 (1)
WHITE MATTER TRACTS - BRAIN A143 (1) White Matter Tracts Last updated: August 8, 2020 CORTICOSPINAL TRACT .......................................................................................................................... 1 ANATOMY .............................................................................................................................................. 1 FUNCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 1 UNCINATE FASCICULUS ........................................................................................................................... 1 ANATOMY .............................................................................................................................................. 1 DTI PROTOCOL ...................................................................................................................................... 4 FUNCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 4 DEVELOPMENT ....................................................................................................................................... 4 CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE ........................................................................................................................ 4 ARTICLES ..............................................................................................................................................
[Show full text]
Neuromodulation Shapes Interneuron Communication in the Mouse Striatum
From DEPARTMENT OF NEUROSCIENCE Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden NEUROMODULATION SHAPES INTERNEURON COMMUNICATION IN THE MOUSE STRIATUM Matthijs Constantijn Dorst Stockholm 2020 All previously published papers were reproduced with permission from the publisher. Published by Karolinska Institutet. Printed by US-AB © Matthijs Constantijn Dorst, 2020 ISBN 978-91-7831-908-4 Neuromodulation shapes interneuron communication in the mouse Striatum THESIS FOR DOCTORAL DEGREE (Ph.D.) By Matthijs Constantijn Dorst Principal Supervisor: Opponent: Professor Gilad Silberberg Professor Hagai Bergman Karolinska Institutet The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Department of Neuroscience Edmond & Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences Co-supervisor(s): Examination Board: Professor Per Uhlén Professor Per Svenningsson Karolinska Institutet Karolinska Institutet Department of Medical Biochemistry and Department of Clinical Neuroscience Biophysics Division of Neuropharmacology - movement disorders Senior lecturer Karima Chergui Karolinska Institutet Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Division of Molecular Neurophysiology Professor Klas Kullander Uppsala Universitet Department of Neuroscience Research group Formation and Function of Neuronal Circuits Included Studies The following studies are included in this thesis, and will be referenced through- out the text as such: Study 1 Garas, F.N., Shah, R.S., Kormann, E., Doig, N.M., Vinciati, F., Nakamura, K.C., Dorst, M.C., Smith, Y., Magill, P.J. and Sharott, A., 2016. Sec- retagogin expression delineates functionally-specialized populations of striatal parvalbumin-containing interneurons. Elife, 5, p.e16088. Study 2 Lindroos, R., Dorst, M.C., Du, K., Filipović, M., Keller, D., Ketzef, M., Kozlov, A.K., Kumar, A., Lindahl, M., Nair, A.G., Pérez-Fernández, J., Grillner, S., Silberberg, G., Kotaleski, J.H., 2018. Basal Ganglia Neuromodulation Over Multiple Temporal and Structural Scales—Simulations of Direct Pathway MSNs Investigate the Fast Onset of Dopaminergic Effects and Predict the Role of Kv4.
[Show full text]
Remember the Limbic System?: Aftermr the First Generalized Anatomy Seizure Oc- and Pathology Curred
508 THUERL AJNR: 24, March 2003 508 THUERL AJNR: 24, March 2003 FIG 1. Initial MR images obtained 1 day afterF theIG 1. first Initial generalized MR images seizure obtained oc- 1 day Remember the Limbic System?: afterMR the first generalized Anatomy seizure oc- and Pathology curred. A, Axialcurred.fluid-attenuated inversion recov- ery imageA, Axial (9000/110fluid-attenuated [TR/TE]; inversion inversion recov- time,ery 2261 image ms) shows (9000/110 a slightly [TR/TE]; elevated inversion signaltime, intensity 2261 of ms) both shows hippocampal a slightly forma- elevated Review of Structures Involved in Emotiontionssignal (black intensity arrows)andamygdala( of both hippocampalwhite forma-and Memory Formation arrowstions). (black arrows)andamygdala(white B,arrows Coronal). conventional T2-weighted turbo spin-echoB, Coronal image conventional (4462/120/3 T2-weighted [TR/ Jane Ball,BS; David Sawyer,BS; Adam Blanchard,MD; KrystleTE/NEX]) Barhaghi,MDturbo shows spin-echo no signal image intensity (4462/120/3 abnor- [TR/; Enrique Palacios,MD; Jeremy Nguyen,MD. mality.TE/NEX]) shows no signal intensity abnor- Tulane University School of Medicinemality. Department of Radiology Introduction Structural Review Limbic Encephalitis Klüver-Bucy Syndrome Rather than a single, deﬁned structure within the brain, the Klüver-Bucy Syndrome (KBS) is a clinical diagnosis limbic system is a collection of interrelated structures characterized by visual agnosia, hyperorality, involved in learning, memory, emotional responses, hypersexuality, placidity, abnormal dietary changes, homeostasis and primitive drives. Different reference hypermetamorphosis, dementia, and amnesia. Limbic sources include and exclude structures within the limbic encephalitis is the most common cause of KBS, and KBS system. Some structures share formations or groupings has been associated with other neurological disorders and have additional functions beyond their roles in the including traumatic brain injury, anoxia-ischemic limbic system.
[Show full text]
Role of Glucocorticoids in Tuning Hindbrain Stress Integration
The Journal of Neuroscience, November 3, 2010 • 30(44):14907–14914 • 14907 Cellular/Molecular Role of Glucocorticoids in Tuning Hindbrain Stress Integration Rong Zhang ( ),1,3 Ryan Jankord,1 Jonathan N. Flak,1 Matia B. Solomon,1 David A. D’Alessio,1,2 and James P. Herman1 Departments of 1Psychiatry and 2Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237, and 3Division of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 The nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) is a critical integrative site for coordination of autonomic and endocrine stress responses. Stress-excitatory signals from the NTS are communicated by both catecholaminergic [norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E)] and non- catecholaminergic [e.g., glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)] neurons. Recent studies suggest that outputs of the NE/E and GLP-1 neurons of the NTS are selectively engaged during acute stress. This study was designed to test mechanisms of chronic stress integration in the paraventricular nucleus, focusing on the role of glucocorticoids. Our data indicate that chronic variable stress (CVS) causes downregu- lation of preproglucagon (GLP-1 precursor) mRNA in the NTS and reduction of GLP-1 innervation to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Glucocorticoids were necessary for preproglucagon (PPG) reduction in CVS animals and were sufficient to lower PPG mRNA in otherwise unstressed animals. The data are consistent with a glucocorticoid-mediated withdrawal of GLP-1 in key stress circuits. In contrast, expression of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA, the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis, was increased by stress in a glucocorticoid-independent manner. These suggest differential roles of ascending catecholamine and GLP-1 systems in chronic stress, with withdrawal of GLP-1 involved in stress adaptation and enhanced NE/E capacity responsible for facilitation of responses to novel stress experiences.
[Show full text]
BIPN100 F15 Human Physiol I Lecture 7: Autonomic Nervous System & Limbic System P
BIPN100 F15 Human Physiol I Lecture 7: Autonomic Nervous System & Limbic System p. 1 Terms you should understand: autonomic nervous system, sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system, ganglion (ganglia), preganglionic neuron, postganglionic neuron, vagus nerve, cholinergic, nicotinic receptor, muscarinic receptor, adrenergic, epinephrine (Epi), norepinephrine (NorEpi), α-adrenergic receptor, ß-adrenergic receptor, agonist, d-tubocurarine, α- Bungarotoxin, atropine, adrenal medulla, limbic system, solitary nucleus, vagus nerve, hypothalamus (lateral and ventromedial), aphagia, hyperphagia, amygdala, cingulate gyrus, frontal cortex. I. The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic) supply most of the nervous control for the involuntary ("vegetative" or “visceral”) functions of the body. They are a second efferent system (in addition to "voluntary" motor output from brain and spinal cord), sending signals that modulate activity of glands or muscles, usually smooth muscles. A. These two systems work together to produce homeostasis; e.g., the balance between the two systems keeps blood pressure, body temperature, and acid-base balance constant. B. Both branches of the autonomic nervous system consist of a two-neuron chain between the central nervous system and the periphery. The somata of the pre-ganglionic neurons in both branches of the autonomic nervous system lie within the brain or the spinal cord. Autonomic nervous system Somatic motor Sympathetic Parasympathetic Central nervous system Sympathetic Fig. 7.1 Peripheral chain nervous ganglion system Parasympathetic (near spinal gangion cord) (near taraget) Target Skeletal Smooth and cardiac muscle; glands muscle C. Preganglionic neurons (somata inside the CNS) synapse with postganglionic neurons (somata outside the CNS). 1. Sympathetic postganglionic cell bodies are in ganglia near the CNS.
[Show full text]
Nonthermal and Reversible Control of Neuronal Signaling and Behavior by Midinfrared Stimulation
Nonthermal and reversible control of neuronal signaling and behavior by midinfrared stimulation Xi Liua,b,1, Zhi Qiaoc,d,1, Yuming Chaie,f,1, Zhi Zhug,1, Kaijie Wuc, Wenliang Jih, Daguang Lie,f, Yujie Xiaoa,b, Lanqun Maoh, Chao Changc,d,2, Quan Wene,f,2, Bo Songg,2, and Yousheng Shui,2 aState Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; bIDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; cKey Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China; dInnovation Laboratory of Terahertz Biophysics, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing 100071, China; eHefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale Center for Integrative Imaging, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; fKey Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230027, China; gSchool of Optical-Electrical Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; hBeijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; and iDepartment of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Translational Brain Research, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China Edited by Lily Yeh Jan, University of California, San Francisco, CA, and approved January 17, 2021 (received for review August 5, 2020) Various neuromodulation approaches have been employed to spiking activity in rodent somatosensory cortex (7) and nonhu- alter neuronal spiking activity and thus regulate brain functions man primate visual cortex in vivo (8).
[Show full text]
Probing Forebrain to Hindbrain Circuit Functions in Xenopus
Received: 15 November 2016 | Accepted: 16 November 2016 DOI 10.1002/dvg.22999 REVIEW Probing forebrain to hindbrain circuit functions in Xenopus Darcy B. Kelley1 | Taffeta M. Elliott2 | Ben J. Evans3 | Ian C. Hall4 | Elizabeth C. Leininger5 | Heather J. Rhodes6 | Ayako Yamaguchi7 | Erik Zornik8 1Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York Abstract 10027 The vertebrate hindbrain includes neural circuits that govern essential functions including breath- 2Department of Psychology, New Mexico ing, blood pressure and heart rate. Hindbrain circuits also participate in generating rhythmic motor Tech, Socorro, New Mexico 87801 patterns for vocalization. In most tetrapods, sound production is powered by expiration and the 3 Department of Biology, McMaster circuitry underlying vocalization and respiration must be linked. Perception and arousal are also University, Hamilton, Ontario, Ontario linked; acoustic features of social communication sounds—for example, a baby’scry—can drive L8S4K1, Canada autonomic responses. The close links between autonomic functions that are essential for life and 4Department of Biology, Benedictine University, Lisle, Illinois vocal expression have been a major in vivo experimental challenge. Xenopus provides an opportu- 5Department of Biology, St. Mary’s College, nity to address this challenge using an ex vivo preparation: an isolated brain that generates vocal St. Mary’s City, Maryland 29686 and breathing patterns. The isolated brain allows identification and manipulation of hindbrain vocal 6Department of Biology, Denison University, circuits as well as their activation by forebrain circuits that receive sensory input, initiate motor Granville, Ohio 43023 patterns and control arousal. Advances in imaging technologies, coupled to the production of Xen- 7 Department of Biology, University of Utah, opus lines expressing genetically encoded calcium sensors, provide powerful tools for imaging Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 neuronal patterns in the entire fictively behaving brain, a goal of the BRAIN Initiative.
[Show full text]