Expansile Duraplasty and Obex Exploration Compared with Bone
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Auditory and Vestibular Systems Objective • to Learn the Functional
Auditory and Vestibular Systems Objective • To learn the functional organization of the auditory and vestibular systems • To understand how one can use changes in auditory function following injury to localize the site of a lesion • To begin to learn the vestibular pathways, as a prelude to studying motor pathways controlling balance in a later lab. Ch 7 Key Figs: 7-1; 7-2; 7-4; 7-5 Clinical Case #2 Hearing loss and dizziness; CC4-1 Self evaluation • Be able to identify all structures listed in key terms and describe briefly their principal functions • Use neuroanatomy on the web to test your understanding ************************************************************************************** List of media F-5 Vestibular efferent connections The first order neurons of the vestibular system are bipolar cells whose cell bodies are located in the vestibular ganglion in the internal ear (NTA Fig. 7-3). The distal processes of these cells contact the receptor hair cells located within the ampulae of the semicircular canals and the utricle and saccule. The central processes of the bipolar cells constitute the vestibular portion of the vestibulocochlear (VIIIth cranial) nerve. Most of these primary vestibular afferents enter the ipsilateral brain stem inferior to the inferior cerebellar peduncle to terminate in the vestibular nuclear complex, which is located in the medulla and caudal pons. The vestibular nuclear complex (NTA Figs, 7-2, 7-3), which lies in the floor of the fourth ventricle, contains four nuclei: 1) the superior vestibular nucleus; 2) the inferior vestibular nucleus; 3) the lateral vestibular nucleus; and 4) the medial vestibular nucleus. Vestibular nuclei give rise to secondary fibers that project to the cerebellum, certain motor cranial nerve nuclei, the reticular formation, all spinal levels, and the thalamus. -
NERVOUS SYSTEM هذا الملف لالستزادة واثراء المعلومات Neuropsychiatry Block
NERVOUS SYSTEM هذا الملف لﻻستزادة واثراء المعلومات Neuropsychiatry block. قال تعالى: ) َو َل َق د َخ َل قنَا ا ِْلن َسا َن ِمن ُس ََل َل ة ِ من ِطي ن }12{ ثُ م َجعَ لنَاه ُ نُ ط َفة فِي َق َرا ر م ِكي ن }13{ ثُ م َخ َل قنَا ال ُّن ط َفة َ َع َل َقة َف َخ َل قنَا ا لعَ َل َقة َ ُم ضغَة َف َخ َل قنَا ا ل ُم ضغَة َ ِع َظا ما َف َك َس ونَا ا ل ِع َظا َم َل ح ما ثُ م أَن َشأنَاه ُ َخ ل قا آ َخ َر َفتَبَا َر َك ّللا ُ أَ ح َس ُن ا ل َخا ِل ِقي َن }14{( Resources BRS Embryology Book. Pathoma Book ( IN DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES PART ). [email protected] 1 OVERVIEW A- Central nervous system (CNS) is formed in week 3 of development, during which time the neural plate develops. The neural plate, consisting of neuroectoderm, becomes the neural tube, which gives rise to the brain and spinal cord. B- Peripheral nervous system (PNS) is derived from three sources: 1. Neural crest cells 2. Neural tube, which gives rise to all preganglionic autonomic nerves (sympathetic and parasympathetic) and all nerves (-motoneurons and -motoneurons) that innervate skeletal muscles 3. Mesoderm, which gives rise to the dura mater and to connective tissue investments of peripheral nerve fibers (endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium) DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEURAL TUBE Neurulation refers to the formation and closure of the neural tube. BMP-4 (bone morphogenetic protein), noggin (an inductor protein), chordin (an inductor protein), FGF-8 (fibroblast growth factor), and N-CAM (neural cell adhesion molecule) appear to play a role in neurulation. -
Cellular Changes in Injured Rat Spinal Cord Following Electrical Brainstem Stimulation
brain sciences Article Cellular Changes in Injured Rat Spinal Cord Following Electrical Brainstem Stimulation Walter J. Jermakowicz 1,* , Stephanie S. Sloley 2, Lia Dan 2, Alberto Vitores 2, Melissa M. Carballosa-Gautam 2 and Ian D. Hentall 2 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, 1095 NW 14th Terr, Miami, FL 33136, USA 2 Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, 1095 NW 14th Terr., Miami, FL 33136, USA; [email protected] (S.S.S.); [email protected] (L.D.); [email protected] (A.V.); [email protected] (M.M.C.-G.); [email protected] (I.D.H.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-615-818-3070 Received: 6 May 2019; Accepted: 27 May 2019; Published: 28 May 2019 Abstract: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a major cause of disability and pain, but little progress has been made in its clinical management. Low-frequency electrical stimulation (LFS) of various anti-nociceptive targets improves outcomes after SCI, including motor recovery and mechanical allodynia. However, the mechanisms of these beneficial effects are incompletely delineated and probably multiple. Our aim was to explore near-term effects of LFS in the hindbrain’s nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) on cellular proliferation in a rat SCI model. Starting 24 h after incomplete contusional SCI at C5, intermittent LFS at 8 Hz was delivered wirelessly to NRM. Controls were given inactive stimulators. At 48 h, 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was administered and, at 72 h, spinal cords were extracted and immunostained for various immune and neuroglial progenitor markers and BrdU at the level of the lesion and proximally and distally. -
Neuromodulation Shapes Interneuron Communication in the Mouse Striatum
From DEPARTMENT OF NEUROSCIENCE Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden NEUROMODULATION SHAPES INTERNEURON COMMUNICATION IN THE MOUSE STRIATUM Matthijs Constantijn Dorst Stockholm 2020 All previously published papers were reproduced with permission from the publisher. Published by Karolinska Institutet. Printed by US-AB © Matthijs Constantijn Dorst, 2020 ISBN 978-91-7831-908-4 Neuromodulation shapes interneuron communication in the mouse Striatum THESIS FOR DOCTORAL DEGREE (Ph.D.) By Matthijs Constantijn Dorst Principal Supervisor: Opponent: Professor Gilad Silberberg Professor Hagai Bergman Karolinska Institutet The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Department of Neuroscience Edmond & Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences Co-supervisor(s): Examination Board: Professor Per Uhlén Professor Per Svenningsson Karolinska Institutet Karolinska Institutet Department of Medical Biochemistry and Department of Clinical Neuroscience Biophysics Division of Neuropharmacology - movement disorders Senior lecturer Karima Chergui Karolinska Institutet Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Division of Molecular Neurophysiology Professor Klas Kullander Uppsala Universitet Department of Neuroscience Research group Formation and Function of Neuronal Circuits Included Studies The following studies are included in this thesis, and will be referenced through- out the text as such: Study 1 Garas, F.N., Shah, R.S., Kormann, E., Doig, N.M., Vinciati, F., Nakamura, K.C., Dorst, M.C., Smith, Y., Magill, P.J. and Sharott, A., 2016. Sec- retagogin expression delineates functionally-specialized populations of striatal parvalbumin-containing interneurons. Elife, 5, p.e16088. Study 2 Lindroos, R., Dorst, M.C., Du, K., Filipović, M., Keller, D., Ketzef, M., Kozlov, A.K., Kumar, A., Lindahl, M., Nair, A.G., Pérez-Fernández, J., Grillner, S., Silberberg, G., Kotaleski, J.H., 2018. Basal Ganglia Neuromodulation Over Multiple Temporal and Structural Scales—Simulations of Direct Pathway MSNs Investigate the Fast Onset of Dopaminergic Effects and Predict the Role of Kv4. -
Role of Glucocorticoids in Tuning Hindbrain Stress Integration
The Journal of Neuroscience, November 3, 2010 • 30(44):14907–14914 • 14907 Cellular/Molecular Role of Glucocorticoids in Tuning Hindbrain Stress Integration Rong Zhang ( ),1,3 Ryan Jankord,1 Jonathan N. Flak,1 Matia B. Solomon,1 David A. D’Alessio,1,2 and James P. Herman1 Departments of 1Psychiatry and 2Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237, and 3Division of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 The nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) is a critical integrative site for coordination of autonomic and endocrine stress responses. Stress-excitatory signals from the NTS are communicated by both catecholaminergic [norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E)] and non- catecholaminergic [e.g., glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)] neurons. Recent studies suggest that outputs of the NE/E and GLP-1 neurons of the NTS are selectively engaged during acute stress. This study was designed to test mechanisms of chronic stress integration in the paraventricular nucleus, focusing on the role of glucocorticoids. Our data indicate that chronic variable stress (CVS) causes downregu- lation of preproglucagon (GLP-1 precursor) mRNA in the NTS and reduction of GLP-1 innervation to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Glucocorticoids were necessary for preproglucagon (PPG) reduction in CVS animals and were sufficient to lower PPG mRNA in otherwise unstressed animals. The data are consistent with a glucocorticoid-mediated withdrawal of GLP-1 in key stress circuits. In contrast, expression of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA, the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis, was increased by stress in a glucocorticoid-independent manner. These suggest differential roles of ascending catecholamine and GLP-1 systems in chronic stress, with withdrawal of GLP-1 involved in stress adaptation and enhanced NE/E capacity responsible for facilitation of responses to novel stress experiences. -
Nonthermal and Reversible Control of Neuronal Signaling and Behavior by Midinfrared Stimulation
Nonthermal and reversible control of neuronal signaling and behavior by midinfrared stimulation Xi Liua,b,1, Zhi Qiaoc,d,1, Yuming Chaie,f,1, Zhi Zhug,1, Kaijie Wuc, Wenliang Jih, Daguang Lie,f, Yujie Xiaoa,b, Lanqun Maoh, Chao Changc,d,2, Quan Wene,f,2, Bo Songg,2, and Yousheng Shui,2 aState Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; bIDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; cKey Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China; dInnovation Laboratory of Terahertz Biophysics, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing 100071, China; eHefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale Center for Integrative Imaging, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; fKey Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230027, China; gSchool of Optical-Electrical Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; hBeijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; and iDepartment of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Translational Brain Research, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China Edited by Lily Yeh Jan, University of California, San Francisco, CA, and approved January 17, 2021 (received for review August 5, 2020) Various neuromodulation approaches have been employed to spiking activity in rodent somatosensory cortex (7) and nonhu- alter neuronal spiking activity and thus regulate brain functions man primate visual cortex in vivo (8). -
Probing Forebrain to Hindbrain Circuit Functions in Xenopus
Received: 15 November 2016 | Accepted: 16 November 2016 DOI 10.1002/dvg.22999 REVIEW Probing forebrain to hindbrain circuit functions in Xenopus Darcy B. Kelley1 | Taffeta M. Elliott2 | Ben J. Evans3 | Ian C. Hall4 | Elizabeth C. Leininger5 | Heather J. Rhodes6 | Ayako Yamaguchi7 | Erik Zornik8 1Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York Abstract 10027 The vertebrate hindbrain includes neural circuits that govern essential functions including breath- 2Department of Psychology, New Mexico ing, blood pressure and heart rate. Hindbrain circuits also participate in generating rhythmic motor Tech, Socorro, New Mexico 87801 patterns for vocalization. In most tetrapods, sound production is powered by expiration and the 3 Department of Biology, McMaster circuitry underlying vocalization and respiration must be linked. Perception and arousal are also University, Hamilton, Ontario, Ontario linked; acoustic features of social communication sounds—for example, a baby’scry—can drive L8S4K1, Canada autonomic responses. The close links between autonomic functions that are essential for life and 4Department of Biology, Benedictine University, Lisle, Illinois vocal expression have been a major in vivo experimental challenge. Xenopus provides an opportu- 5Department of Biology, St. Mary’s College, nity to address this challenge using an ex vivo preparation: an isolated brain that generates vocal St. Mary’s City, Maryland 29686 and breathing patterns. The isolated brain allows identification and manipulation of hindbrain vocal 6Department of Biology, Denison University, circuits as well as their activation by forebrain circuits that receive sensory input, initiate motor Granville, Ohio 43023 patterns and control arousal. Advances in imaging technologies, coupled to the production of Xen- 7 Department of Biology, University of Utah, opus lines expressing genetically encoded calcium sensors, provide powerful tools for imaging Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 neuronal patterns in the entire fictively behaving brain, a goal of the BRAIN Initiative. -
Sample Requirements for TSE Testing and Confirmation – EURL Guidance
Sample requirements for TSE testing and confirmation – EURL guidance. BACKGROUND The first stage of all the current TSE diagnostic or screening tests involves the sampling of the central nervous system at the level of the brainstem, and the subsequent examination of the sampled tissue for the presence of disease- specific PrP using immunochemical methods. As new, atypical, forms of disease have been identified in cattle (H-BSE and L-BSE) and sheep (atypical scrapie) it is becoming apparent that the cerebellum is also a key area for robust confirmation and classification of these variants. PrP has proved to be the most consistent marker for all known forms of TSE, being present in the CNS of all recognised clinically suspect TSE cases, and it has been shown experimentally that demonstrable accumulations of PrP arise in the CNS (and in a more variable way the lymphoreticular system) in advance of any clinical disease. It is thus a useful marker in pre-clinical animals, as well as in those presenting with overt disease. The brain consists of multiple interrelated but anatomically and functionally distinct areas, and disease related PrP accumulation shows distinct anatomically-specific trophisms which result in clear-cut patterns of PrP accumulation (Fig 1). These patterns are specific both in end-stage disease, and through the pathogenesis of each form of TSE. Fig 1 anatomically-specific tropisms which result in clear-cut patterns of PrP accumulation Sampling Guidance Document v2 September 2013 Page 1 of 11 TSE EURL Reviewed: January 2018 SPECIFIC SAMPLING REQUIREMENTS (to fulfil the current statutory requirements as laid down in Annex X to regulation (EC) No 999/20001) These guidelines are based on the approaches recommended in the OIE manual chapters for BSE and scrapie http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/2.04.06_BSE.pdf http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/2.07.13_SCRAPIE.pdf The minimum sampling requirement for any animal from either source population is the brainstem (at the level of the obex). -
Neuroanatomy
Outline Protection Peripheral Nervous System Overview of Brain Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain Neuroanatomy W. Jeffrey Wilson Fall 2012 \Without education we are in a horrible and deadly danger of taking educated people seriously." { Gilbert Keith Chesterton [LATEX in use { a Microsoft- & PowerPoint-free presentation] Outline Protection Peripheral Nervous System Overview of Brain Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain Protection Peripheral Nervous System Overview of Brain Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain Outline Protection Peripheral Nervous System Overview of Brain Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain Blood-Brain Barrier Outline Protection Peripheral Nervous System Overview of Brain Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain Peripheral Nervous System • Somatic N.S.: skeletal muscles, skin, joints • Autonomic N.S.: internal organs, glands • Sympathetic N.S.: rapid expenditure of energy • Parasympathetic N.S.: restoration of energy Outline Protection Peripheral Nervous System Overview of Brain Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain Spinal Cord Outline Protection Peripheral Nervous System Overview of Brain Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain Brain | Ventricles Outline Protection Peripheral Nervous System Overview of Brain Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain Brain Midline Outline Protection Peripheral Nervous System Overview of Brain Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain Brain Midline Outline Protection Peripheral Nervous System Overview of Brain Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain Hindbrain Myelencephalon & Metencephalon Outline Protection Peripheral Nervous System Overview of Brain Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain Reticular -
Acute Respiratory Arrest Following Partial Suboccipital Cranio- Plasty for Cerebellar Ptosis from Chiari Malformation Decom- Pression
Neurosurg Focus 25 (6):E12, 2008 Acute respiratory arrest following partial suboccipital cranio- plasty for cerebellar ptosis from Chiari malformation decom- pression Report of 2 cases XIAO DI, M.D., PH.D.,1 MARK G. LUCIANO , M.D., PH.D.,1 AN D ED WAR D C. BE NZ el , M.D.2 1Section of Pediatric and Congenital Neurosurgery, and 2Center for Spine Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio Cerebellar ptosis is a rare complication following Chiari malformation decompression, and generally is the re- sult of a very large suboccipital craniectomy. This can lead to the descent of the cerebellum through the craniectomy defect, which in turn may result in cerebellar herniation through the surgical defect as well as the reestablishment of contact between the cerebellar tonsils and the brainstem. In addition, dorsal adherence of the herniated cerebellum to the dura mater or dural patch and an associated obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid flow at the cervicomedullary junc- tion may ensue. Such a result is not desirable, in that it reproduces or mimics the pathoanatomical relationships that existed prior to the surgical decompression. (DOI: 10.3171/FOC.2008.25.12.E12) KE Y WOR D S • cerebellar ptosis • Chiari malformation • respiratory arrest ARTIAL suboccipital cranioplasty is effective in Both were reintubated and monitored in an intensive care treating cerebellar ptosis. We report respiratory ar- unit. One was extubated within 24 hours and discharged rest following partial suboccipital cranioplasty for home 1 week postoperatively. Extubation failed twice in Pcerebellar ptosis secondary to CM decompression in 2 the other, and a prolonged mechanical ventilation, with patients. -
How Is the Brain Organized?
p CHAPTER 2 How Is the Brain Organized? An Overview of Brain Structure The Functional Organization Brain Terminology of the Brain The Brain’s Surface Features Principle 1: The Sequence of Brain Processing The Brain’s Internal Features Is “In Integrate Out” Microscopic Inspection: Cells and Fibers Principle 2: Sensory and Motor Divisions Exist Focus on Disorders: Meningitis and Throughout the Nervous System Encephalitis Principle 3: The Brain’s Circuits Are Crossed Focus on Disorders: Stroke Principle 4: The Brain Is Both Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Principle 5: The Nervous System Works A Closer Look at Neuroanatomy Through Excitation and Inhibition The Cranial Nervous System Principle 6: The Central Nervous System Has The Spinal Nervous System Multiple Levels of Function The Internal Nervous System Principle 7: Brain Systems Are Organized Both Focus on Disorders: Magendie, Bell, and Bell’s Hierarchically and in Parallel Palsy Principle 8: Functions in the Brain Are Both Localized and Distributed A. Klehr / Stone Images Micrograph: Carolina Biological Supply Co. / Phototake 36 I p hen buying a new car, people first inspect the In many ways, examining a brain for the first time is outside carefully, admiring the flawless finish similar to looking under the hood of a car. We have a vague W and perhaps even kicking the tires. Then they sense of what the brain does but no sense of how the parts open the hood and examine the engine, the part of the car that we see accomplish these tasks. We may not even be responsible for most of its behavior—and misbehavior. able to identify many of the parts. -
Modulation of Hindbrain and Spinal Locomotor Circuits by Interoceptive Mechanosensory Neurons Mingyue Wu
Modulation of hindbrain and spinal locomotor circuits by interoceptive mechanosensory neurons Mingyue Wu To cite this version: Mingyue Wu. Modulation of hindbrain and spinal locomotor circuits by interoceptive mechanosen- sory neurons. Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]. Sorbonne Université, 2020. English. NNT : 2020SORUS121. tel-03242875 HAL Id: tel-03242875 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03242875 Submitted on 31 May 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Sorbonne Université École doctorale Cerveau-Cognition-Comportement (ED 158) Institut du Cerveau (ICM) Laboratoire Signalisation Sensorielle Spinale Modulation of hindbrain and spinal locomotor circuits by spinal interoceptive mechanosensory neurons Par Ming-Yue Wu Thèse de doctorat de Sciences de la vie, spécialité Neurosciences Dirigée par Dr. Claire Wyart Présentée et soutenue publiquement le 29/06/2020 Devant un jury composé de : Dr. Sandrine Bertrand Chargée de Recherche Rapportrice Dr. Réjean Dubuc Professeur Rapporteur Dr. Pascal Legendre Directeur de Recherche Examinateur Dr. Volker Bormuth Maître de conférences Examinateur Dr. Julien Bouvier Chargé de Recherche Examinateur Dr. Claire Wyart Directrice de Recherche Directrice de thèse -I dedicate this thesis to all my mentors that supervised me and trained me to do good science.