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Canister Use in the American Civil War: Recreating Spread Patterns of Canister Shot from a U.S

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Canister Use in the American Civil War: Recreating Spread Patterns of Canister Shot from a U.S 1 Canister use in the American Civil War: Recreating spread patterns of canister shot from a U.S. Model 1857 Light 12-pounder Gun by William Baehr 16,219 words Battlefield and Conflict Archaeology MLitt Dr Tony Pollard University of Glasgow, School of Humanities, Archaeology Subject Area This dissertation is submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MLitt in Archaeology at the University of Glasgow Figure 1. Firing the Napoleon during the experiment (author photo). 2 This work is dedicated to the men who served the guns and to those who still do. 3 Table of Contents Page Table of Illustrations 4 Abstract 7 Acknowledgements 8 Introduction 9 Part I—Experimental Archaeology 11 Chapter 1—Overview 11 Chapter 2—Other experiments using gunpowder artillery 17 Chapter 3—The need for this experiment 22 Part II—The Hardware 27 Chapter 4—The Model 1857 Light 12-pounder Gun 27 Chapter 5—The canister round and its employment 34 Chapter 6—The hardware used in this experiment 39 Part III—The Experiment 46 Chapter 7—Conducting the experiment 46 Chapter 8—The Data 52 Chapter 9—Conclusions 94 Appendix A 98 Appendix B 100 Bibliography 101 4 Table of Illustrations Figure Page Figure 1. Firing the Napoleon during the experiment. 1 Figure 2. Variables of canister shot spread. 11 Figure 3. Table of fire for the Napoleon. 12 Figure 4. A map of canister recovered from Wilson's Creek. 23 Figure 5. A composite map of the Pea Ridge Battlefield. 25 Figure 6. A Federal battery of Napoleons near Chancellorsville, VA. 27 Figure 7. A Napoleon hitched to its limber on a wharf. 30 Figure 8. Napoleons emplaced inside defensive works around Atlanta, GA. 31 Figure 9. Battery I's Napoleon at the Reenactment of the Battle of Shiloh, TN 38 Figure 10. The weight marking on Battery I's Napoleon. 39 Figure 11. The canister rounds ordered from Paulson Brothers Ordnance. 40 Figure 12. Canister shot number 11 partially reassembled after modification. 40 Figure 13. Completed cartridge bags and cut blanks. 41 Figure 14. Balls from canister shot number 12 after having the numbers applied. 42 Figure 15. Canister shot being painted in red and fluorescent orange. 42 Figure 16. A stake flag marking a gouge in a felled branch. 43 Figure 17. Map of the site used with distances overlaid. 43 Figure 18. The 91 metre cardboard fence. 45 Figure 19. The position of the muzzle of the gun is recorded by GPS. 46 Figure 20. Filing the excess wool from the cartridge bag. 47 Figure 21. Field walkers step off from the firing point following shot number 1. 48 Figure 22. A selection of 27 canister balls recovered through field walking. 51 Figure 23. Canister balls found at Glorieta Battlefield, NM. 51 Figure 24. A close-up view of some canister balls showing some minor faceting. 51 Figure 25. A close-up of canister balls showing impact damage. 52 5 Figure Page Figure 26. Canister lids. 52 Figure 27. Canister lids. 52 Figure 28. A selection of baseplates. 53 Figure 29. A close-up of a baseplate showing dimpling. 53 Figure 30. Sections of canister side. 53 Figure 31. Sections of canister side. 53 Figure 32. Close up of canister side recovered from this experiment. 53 Figure 33. Canister side recovered from Glorieta Battlefield, NM. 53 Figure 34. Sabot sections recovered after the experiment. 54 Figure 35. Whole or nearly whole sabots recovered after the experiment. 54 Figure 36. Spread pattern recorded from Shot 1. 57 Figure 37. Spread pattern recorded from Shot 2. 59 Figure 38. Spread pattern recorded from Shot 3. 61 Figure 39. Spread pattern recorded from Shot 4. 63 Figure 40. Spread pattern recorded from Shot 5. 65 Figure 41. Spread pattern recorded from Shot 6. 67 Figure 42. Spread pattern recorded from Shot 7. 69 Figure 43. Spread pattern recorded from Shot 8. 71 Figure 44. Spread pattern recorded from Shot 9. 73 Figure 45. Spread pattern recorded from Shot 10. 75 Figure 46. Spread pattern recorded from Shot 11. 77 Figure 47. Spread pattern recorded from Shot 12. 79 Figure 48. Spread pattern recorded from Shot 13. 81 Figure 49. Spread pattern recorded from Shot 14 and Shot X. 83 Figure 50. Spread pattern recorded from Shot 15. 85 Figure 51. Spread pattern recorded from Shot 16. 87 6 Figure Page Figure 52. Spread pattern recorded from Shot 17. 89 Figure 53. Spread pattern recorded from Shots 5, 6, 7, 8, 12 and 13. 91 Figure 54. The centre of the 91 metre fence with the results of shots 1, 14 and X. 94 Figure 55. The breech lifting off the elevating screw during firing. 95 Figure 56. The forest at the south end of the field. 96 Figure 57. The cannoneers firing the gun. 97 Figure 58. An impact mark on a tree separating the two fields. 98 Figure 59. A cutaway diagram of a Napoleon. 100 7 Abstract This paper chronicles an archaeological experiment. Seventeen canister rounds were fired from an original U.S. Model 1857 Light 12-pounder Gun (Napoleon) with the barrel at various known elevations and over various known terrain types on a pre-determined range. The canister rounds were constructed to be as close as possible to the original, and gunpowder used conformed closely to contemporary powder in amounts and explosive force. It was supposed that the shot would form an irregular ellipse; however the size and shape of the ellipses were unknown. The range was then surveyed and the shot recovered and recorded using standard archaeological techniques. AutoCAD was used to convert the shot pattern data into a database of visual patterns. This paper also includes a brief background into experimental archaeology, as well as historical descriptions of the weapon, ammunition and basic tactics in use by artillerists of the American Civil War. 8 Acknowledgements This experiment could not have happened without the help of literally dozens of people, and it is only right that they should be recognized and officially thanked for their assistance and encouragement. First I’d like to thank my family, who helped the most: my wife Tanya Baehr and my parents Randel and Patricia. Without them and their support, this project would have been impossible. I’d like to thank the men of Battery I, 1st United States Artillery, the reenacting group who provided the cannon: James Coughlin, Bill Dalin, Tim Eastman, Barry Grimm, Jason Grimm, and Carl Persson. I’d like to thank the volunteers who helped me search: Lori Allen, Reth Allen, Steve Allen, Richard Black, Nate Corley, Rob Glenn, Jack Grothe, Maggie Grothe, Skip Korte, Carl Lockwood, Joe Lockwood, Sheila Lockwood, Bob Payton, Anita Quick, Gary Quick, Jason Ratermann, and Dr Steve Dassovitch and his family. I’d like to thank Dr Doug Scott, Matt Switlik, Dr Tony Pollard, and Dr Iain Banks for their insightful advice, assistance and instruction. I’d like to thank Roger Horrom and Dan Forth of the Midwest Coin Shooters for conducting a metal detector survey in temperatures greater than 38° C. I’d like to thank Marty Aubuchon for his surveying assistance and for crawling around in poison ivy for a day. Finally, I’d like to thank Dwayne Mueller; his mother Mrs Mueller; and his, wife Kristina, for allowing me to use their property to conduct the shoot. They were gracious and helpful throughout the entire process, and for that I am eternally grateful. 9 Introduction Frederick the Great believed, “Artillery adds dignity, to what would otherwise be an ugly brawl.” The phrase “Ultima Ratio Regum” (In English: “The final argument of kings”) was inscribed on the cannons of King Louis XIV of France. General William T. Sherman said, “A battery of field artillery is worth a thousand muskets.” Napoleon declared, “With artillery, war is made” (Military-Quotes.com 2009). With the strong advocacy of such military giants, the importance of artillery to warfare in the age of muskets can hardly be doubted. In an era before machineguns, artillery ruled the battlefield. It was capable of traditional long-range battering, as well as close-in anti-personnel work. From the days of Gustavus Adolphus through the Charge of the Light Brigade, smoothbore guns hurled round solid shot directly at large targets their gunners could see. Against infantry, guns fired bags or cases of sub-calibre shot, turning the cannons into large shotguns. Any indirect fire was provided by mortars and, from the 18th century on, howitzers. Mortars and howitzers fired shells and spherical case in parabolic arcs, but, like the guns of the time, never beyond their line of sight (Gibbon 1863; Mauncy 1949). By the time of the American Civil War, change was afoot. In 1860, Robert Parrott patented a rifled cast-iron cannon that would bear his name. At the same time, the US Army Ordnance Department was developing a wrought-iron rifle, which was accepted into service in 1861 (Ripley 1984). These rifles and others like them fired elongated bolts accurately over previously unheard of distances. While the Model 1841 6-pounder gun had a maximum range of 1,523 yards, the Model 1861 3-inch Ordnance Rifle could fire 4,180 yards at 16° elevation, almost three times the distance (Gibbon 1863). The rifles performed poorly in the anti-personnel role (Nosworthy 2003: 449-450). The rifling tended to create wide dispersal patterns that made typical close-range anti- personnel ammunition ineffective. To fill that need, inventors like Dr Richard Gatling, 10 Wilson Agar, Dr Josephus Requa and William Billinghurst designed the precursors of the modern machinegun (Henig and Niderost 2007: 104-108; Niepert 2001).
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