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What Is Green ?

By Scott Cullen, RCA #348

Introduction respects a subjective label. Since Con- structure is basic physical and organiza- 9e term is increas- sulting Arborists work in a range of con- tional structures needed for the operation ingly common in arboriculture and urban texts and with designers and managers of a or enterprise, or the services discussions and practice. Arbor- having varied perspectives, it is essential and facilities necessary for an ists and urban foresters may, not surpris- for Consulting Arborists to identify the to function.” ingly, understand the term in narrow ref- meaning of green infrastructure that is erence to publicly owned street and applicable to a particular discussion or 9us, the first distinction can be made trees. 9e term is found in the arboricul- arboricultural consulting assignment. between physical or “hard” infrastruc- ture and literature without ture and organizational, institutional defin ition (see, e.g., Dwyer and Childs 9is article is not a technical tutorial on or “soft” infrastructure. 9e distinction 2003, .cPherson 2007) as if the concept conserving, designing, or main- between computer hardware and soft- is widely and uniformly understood. To taining green infrastructure. It is not ware is a useful analogy. the contrary, many treatments of green about enumerating the real or perceived infrastructure begin like these: benefits of green infrastructure. Rather, refers to physical it is intended to describe the general con- assets, networks, structures or systems • “Green infrastructure means different cept and related concepts and to distin- and this is reflected in many definitions, things to different people depending guish categories of green infrastructure for example: on the context in which it is used. For found in the literature and practice. 9is example, some people refer to trees in article identifies four distinct categories • “...‘hard’ infrastructure refers to the urban areas as green infrastructure of green infrastructure, with variations large physical networks necessary for because of the ‘green’ benefits they among them: the functioning of a modern industrial provide, while others use green nation...” (Wikipedia 2012) . infrastructure to refer to engineered • Conserved green space. • “infrastructure: the human improve- structures (such treatment facilities • control measures. ments, such as , , and water or green roofs) that are designed to be • 9e . and sewer lines to natural settings, that environmentally friendly” (Benedict • Green and permit a , state, or region to func- and McMahon 2002, p. 5). practices. tion” (SAF 2008). • “...some believe that the phrase • “infrastructure: the links, [green infrastructure] has undergone Before describing these categories in communications networks, sys- ‘definition creep’ and often means more detail, it is necessary to establish tems, plants and other facilities different things to different people” some concepts and terms. essential for the efficient functioning of (Gross 2009). a country and its economy. In corporate • “ ‘Green infrastructure’ is a relatively What is Infrastructure? terms, the essential physical assets nec- new and flexible term, and it has been With the basic assumption that green essary to run a business, e.g., the cable used differently in different contexts” infrastructure is a form or subset of infra- laid by a pay-TV company” (FT 2012). (US EPA 2013b). structure, let’s start by understanding • “Bridges, roads, and [as exam- what infrastructure is. Literally it is the ples]—what we know as hard infrastruc- A review of the literature confirms that foundation or framework of things, the ture—are easy to grasp as the backbone the meaning of green infrastructure var- structure below (from the Latin infra ). of the city... the hard underpinnings ies widely by context and is in many According to Wikipedia (2012): “Infra- that make work” (Iovine 2010 ).

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What Is Green Infrastructure? continued

It is important to note that, in green system, and the cultural structure of curriculum, teaching, testing jargon, hardscape (see, e.g., attitudes” .(Niskanen 1991). and credentialing. A system is CTLA 2000, pp. 77-78; Costello and • “ is something else composed of both the hard infrastructure Jones 2003, p. 3; ISA 2013) refers to altogether. Immaterial, expansively of , medical buildings and nurs- the non-plant or structural components informational, and slippery...with none ing homes and soft infrastructure such as of a . Similarly, the so-called of the beams, soaring trusses, and administration, clinical professions and built environment (see, e.g., Roberts hulking pipes we associate with the health insurance. et al 2006, Johnston and Percival 2012) hard underpinnings that make cities refers to human constructed environ - work” (Iovine 2010). People as infrastructure. It is also obvi- ments and improvements. 9e built ous that people—fire fighters, offi- environment, however, is more broadly While this hard-physical vs. soft-imma- cers and teachers to name a few exam- defined than hardscape and may include terial distinction may seem basic and ples—are essential to the creation and the entire built landscape. Younger et al hard to blur, even it varies in practice. operation of our hard and soft infrastruc- (2008) , for example, note that “Distinct For example: “9e idea of soft infrastruc- ture. 9e question arises of whether those from the , the built ture is to use techniques from and people are infrastructure. 9ey might be environment is comprised of manmade ecology to improve resiliency...Among described as personal infrastructure , components of people’s surround - but some economists consider all ings, from small-scale settings (e.g., people working or available to work offices, , hospitals, shop- in an economy or society as personal ping malls, and ) to large- infrastructure or (see, scale settings (e.g., neighborhoods, e.g., Torrisi 2009) . It might seem log - communities, and cities), as well as ical to categorize people as human roads, , green spaces, and infrastructure , but that label has connecting transit systems.” 9is been used to collectively describe the might suggest that natural environ - hard, soft and personal infrastruc - ments or plants in the built envi- ture dedicated to caring for people: ronment are “softscape.” Whether “..., health service, care for natural, naturalized, planted or con- Figure 1. Networked green infrastructure. (US EPA 2013a) the elderly and disabled” (Benedict structed, however, they are hard or and MacMahon 2002, p.6). physical in nature. If treated as infra- the techniques it proposed were restoring structure, then as physical assets they and enlarging , creating reefs Other characteristics of infrastruc- are components of the hard or physical and archipelagoes of artificial islands and ture. Two other infrastructure char- infrastructure. seeding oyster beds” (Anon. 2012). 9is acteristics will distinguish some of the use obviously describes constructed or meanings or uses of green infrastructure. Soft infrastructure , by contrast, refers to enhanced physical forms but character- and organizational structures izes them as “soft,” apparently to contrast Infrastructure is often described as net- or systems. 9e distinction is reflected in them to architectural forms like flood works or components of physically other definitions, for example: gates, or . interconnected networks. The obvi- ous examples are highways, railroads • “ ‘soft’ infrastructure refers to all the Combined hard and soft infrastruc- and various utility networks. Many institutions which are required to main- ture. Much of our infrastructure is obvi- other components of infrastructure are, tain the economic, health, and cultural ously composed of both hard and soft however, physically discrete. Examples and social standards of a country, such elements. A legal system is composed of include courthouses, hospitals, police as the financial system, the education both hard infrastructure like government stations and schools. Networked green system, the health care system, the sys- offices, courthouses, police stations and infrastructure is described as composed tem of government, and enforce- correctional facilities and the soft infra- of “hubs and links” (e.g., Benedict and ment, as well as emergency services” structure of government and . An MacMahon 2002, pp.7-8) or “cores and (Wikipedia 2012). educational system is composed of both corridors” (e.g., Firehock 2010) . Green- • “the three basic institutions—the req- the hard infrastructure of educational ways, trails or other corridors can con- uisite soft infrastructure—of a mar- offices, and buildings nect green spaces, that would otherwise ket economy are the legal system, the and research facilities and the soft infra- be isolated, into a network.

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Scale describes spatial size or distribu- McMahon 2002, p. 8; acteristics sup- tion. Gross (2009) , for example, notes personal communica - Green Infrastructure the alloca- “When using the term ‘green infrastruc- tion, Mike Galvin, is often abbreviated tion of financial ture’... managers may be refer- RCA #432) . to the ring to anything from a street-side rain as GI. That usage is planning, acquisi- garden to a statewide conservation While it might be avoided in this article tion, conservation, network.” A site scale, street-side interesting and tidy because of potential management and is not likely to be physically to credit an original maintenance of connected to a network. source, the important confusion with Gray green infrastruc- point is that the term Infrastructure. ture, and this is a Origin of Green Infrastructure green infrastructure key motivation for 9e term green infrastructure is often came into use in the applying the label. traced to the early 1990s but it is not clear early 1990s to characterize particular 9e characteristic of physical connectiv- when it was first used or by whom. Sec- classes of assets or resources. ity in networks is essential in some green ondary sources are conflicting and not infrastructure contexts and immaterial clearly verifiable. Gross (2009) suggests Why Green Infrastructure? in others. that the term was “Coined by...McMa- 9e next question is why the term emerged. hon...in a May, 1999 report of the Presi- Green infrastructure was used to depart In the 20 odd years since the term dent’s Council on Sustainable Develop- from the traditional concept of green emerged, it has been applied to different ment...” Firehock (2010) a cknowledges spaces, greenways and urban forests in at things in different ways and it is as much McMahon’s significant contributions but least three ways. Benedict and McMahon an element of branding and marketing as suggests that “9e term itself was first (2002, p. 7) describe them well: it is of physical characteristics. coined in in 1994 in a report to the governor on land conservation strate - • Necessity. “Whereas green space is The Infrastructure Color Palette gies…” In that primary source (MacKay often viewed as something that is nice Color is an intuitively descriptive way to and Reed 1994, p.3) MacKay states “Just to have, the term green infrastructure distinguish some types of infrastructure. as we carefully plan the infrastructure implies something that we must have. our communities need to support the Protecting and restoring our nation’s Green infrastructure. Green is obvi- people who live there—the roads, water natural life support system is a neces- ously descriptive of vegetation or vege- and —so must we begin to plan sity, not an amenity.” tated and varied types of green and manage Florida’s green infrastruc - • . “Whereas green space infrastructure are described in the fol- ture” and alludes to a green infrastructure is often viewed as self-sustaining, the lowing section. Once in use, the term mission of the Florida Greenways Project term green infrastructure implies some- green infrastructure was quickly com- which was undertaken in 1991. 9ere is thing that must be actively maintained pared and contrasted to gray infrastruc- no documentation, however, of a 1991 and at times restored.” Many sources ture. Both are infrastructure but they are usage of “green infrastructure” (personal note that green infrastructure must be materially different. communication, Florida Office of Green - planned for and managed. ways and Trails staff). In the same period, • Connectivity. “Whereas green space is Gray infrastructure. Gray is descriptive Rowntree et al (1994) also used the term often thought of as isolated , rec- of materials in the built envi- in an urban forest context: “Vegetation reation sites or natural areas, the term ronment such as concrete, steel and stone. is part of the region’s infrastructure, green infrastructure emphasizes inter- Gray (also called “general”) infrastructure woven into a complex network of power connected systems…” includes networked systems like highways, lines, roads, aqueducts, and sewers...green roads, sidewalks, utility lines, sanitary and infrastructure…” No source is cited and Necessity is the essential characteristic storm sewers and potable water lines, and co-authors McPherson and Nowak (per - of infrastructure that applies to all green discrete structures like buildings or - sonal communications) suggest that the infrastructure. 9e need to manage for walls (see, e.g., Benedict and McMahon term was already sufficiently established sustainability applies to all green infra- 2002, p. 7; Costello and Jones 2003, p. 3; in the vernacular that citation was not structure but the level of management Sustainable Cities Institute 2010). necessary. 9e term was reportedly in required varies from intensive in the use by the State of during this urban built environment to minimal in Blue infrastructure. Blue is descrip- same early 1990s period (Benedict and wildland green spaces. 9ese two char- tive of water. , lakes, and

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streams, for instance, are traditionally larly, water re-use jargon distinguishes to the combined structure, position, shown on maps in blue. 9e term blue brown or black (containing high levels connectivity and types of green spaces infrastructure is sometimes used to dis- of organic such as fecal matter and which together enable delivery of mul- tinguish environments and systems asso- urine), gray (other domestic waste) and tiple benefits as goods and services” ciated with water. white (fresh) water (Ecoshift 2012) , but (Forest Research 2010). blue infrastructure might handle any of • Natural environments. Some uses of those . 9ere are variations even in such broad blue infrastructure refer to ecosystems, definitions, principally whether green habitats or dominated by What Is Green Infrastructure? infrastructure includes both natural water. 9ey may be described broadly With that foundation laid, we can more and built or only natural elements. Fire- as “aquatic” whether they are freshwa- meaningfully answer the question: What hock (2010) suggests that this “confu- ter, brackish or marine habitats. McCall is green infrastructure? sion” started in 2007 when the US-EPA (2012) , for example, notes “Each region labeled built engineered structures for of our State—from the forested moun- Green infrastructure—a broad con- stormwater management as green infra- tains in the West to the coastal plains cept. Some definitions of green infra- structure. 9is neglects the fact that in the East—is home to unique por- structure are broad and all-encompass- natural appearing green spaces such as tions of...blue infrastructure.” Some ing. For example: parks are often designed and built. uses focus on coastal or “nearshore” environments (see, e.g., Garman et al • “Green infrastructure can be consid- An or library search on “green 2008, Edwards et al 2013) and others ered a conceptual framework for under- infrastructure,” however, is as likely to describe inland (see, standing the ‘valuable services nature find a narrow and specific definition e.g., SBPC 2011) . provides the human environment.’ At as a broad one. 9e searcher might be • Built environments. Man made envi- the national or regional level, intercon- given the impression that such a specific ronmental features like artificial reefs nected networks of park systems and definition is the only, best or preferred (see, e.g., Harris 2009, SIT 2011, Anon. wildlife corridors preserve ecological definition, especially if the source seems 2012) can easily be characterized as blue function and create a balance between authoritative. 9e more specific defini- infrastructure. built and natural environments. At the tions are sometimes described as “imple- • Built infrastructure. Some uses of blue urban level, parks and urban forestry mentation strategies” or “practices” of the infrastructure refer to the components are central to reducing energy usage broader green infrastructure concepts. of the constructed infrastructure dedi- costs and creating clean, temperate air. 9is article identified four distinct cat- cated to water including both potable Lastly, green roofs, walls, and other egories of green infrastructure with vari- and storm and sanitary techniques within or on buildings bring ations. 9ese categories may be clearly sewer systems (see, e.g., SBPC 2011) . a range of benefits, including reduced bounded or may overlap. Some uses may focus on water reuse energy consumption and dramatically (see, e.g., Bargmann et al 2011) . 9ese decreased stormwater runoff. At all Green infrastructure—conserved constructed systems might otherwise be scales, green infrastructure provides green space. 9is category was probably considered gray infrastructure. real ecological, economic, and social the first usage, as noted in the preced- benefits” (ASLA 2011). ing origins section. It came out of and To complicate the color palette, con- • “Green infrastructure is defined by a continues to be used in conservation and structed roof-top stormwater manage- range of natural and built systems that planning. It is sometimes asso- ment might all be described as blue can occur at the regional, community, ciated with “smart growth” and “anti- infrastructure, but purely mechanical and site scales” (NOAA 2009) . sprawl” efforts. It is the least specific of detention systems are called “blue roofs” • “Green infrastructure...may be defined the categories and may incorporate goals while systems that incorporate grow - as the system of land, natural resources, and objectives from the more specific ing plant media are called “green roofs” and natural habitats that collectively ones. Some examples are: (NYC-DEP 2012a) . Green roofs, how- comprise a community’s underlying ever, frequently appear in catalogues of ecosystem” (Sustainable Cities Insti- • “Green infrastructure is the term green infrastructure. In the context of cli- tute 2010). applied to undeveloped lands with high mate adaptation, “white roofs” use high • “Although there is no commonly value for their environmental and open reflectivity to reduce thermal energy accepted or authoritative definition in space functions. Green infrastructure absorption (Foster et al 2011) . Simi- the UK, ‘green infrastructure’ refers most commonly refers to forest sys-

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tems...[but] green infrastructure con- Control Measure (SCM), (see NRC terms interchangeably) produce a range cepts are still applicable to grasslands or 2009, pp. 145) or an element of Water of economic and social benefits in con- mixed shrub ” (Outen 2009). Sensitive (WSUD, Mel- with managing storm water” • “...green infrastructure is defined as an bourne Water 2013) . (Wise et al 2010) . interconnected network of green space • “Low impact development is an [emphasis in the original] ... Green Much of the emphasis is on so called “site- approach to , or rede- infrastructure is ‘smart’ conservation... scale” green infrastructure including bio- velopment, that works with nature to because it looks at conservation val- swales, green roofs and rain gardens, but manage stormwater as close to its source ues and actions in concert with land parks, urban forests and other green spaces as possible... Recently, this term has development...Other conservation may be included under this umbrella. come to be used interchangeably with approaches typically are undertaken the term ‘site-scale green infrastructure in isolation from—or even in oppo- • “Green Infrastructure: Systems that practices’” (NOAA 2009). sition to—development. 9is mono- mimic natural processes in order to • “LID is an approach to land develop- graph introduces green infrastructure infiltrate, evaporate, and/or reuse ment...that works with nature to man- as a strategic approach…” (Benedict stormwater. Green infrastructure uses age stormwater as close to its source as and McMahon 2002, p. 5). soils, topography, and vegetation in possible... LID can be applied to new • [We define] “...green infrastructure as a way that minimizes the impacts of development, , or as ret- the interconnected network of open anthropogenic disturbance and main- rofits to existing development... Green spaces and natural areas, such as green- tains the pre-development hydrology infrastructure can be used at a wide ways, wetlands, parks, forest preserves and of urban environ- range of landscape scales...to support and native plant vegetation, that pro- ments” (SUNY-ESF 2102). the principles of LID” (US EPA 2013b, vide wildlife , natural , • “Green infrastructure uses vegetation, see also US EPA 2000). recreational opportunities and help to soils, and natural processes to man- sustain our Nation’s cities...” (U.S. Con- age water and create healthier urban While some language is obviously bor- ference of Mayors 2006) . environments. At the scale of a city or rowed across sources, LID is variably • “Just as we plan networks of roads, we county, green infrastructure refers to applied to green infrastructure scales. can plan networks of open spaces and the patchwork of natural areas that pro- LID is variously considered - natural resources that connect com- vides habitat, flood protection, cleaner able with green infrastructure or a green munities and regions. 9is is our green air, and cleaner water. At the scale of a infrastructure practice or implementa- infrastructure.” (The Conservation neighborhood or site, green infrastruc- tion. Or, conversely, it may be consid- Fund 2013) . ture refers to stormwater management ered that green infrastructure is an LID • “Green infrastructure is the network of systems that mimic nature by soaking practice or implementation. When LID open space, airsheds, watersheds, wood- up and storing water” (US EPA 2012). is limited to stormwater management (as lands, wildlife habitat, parks, and other • “...green infrastructure—including in these examples), then it seems most natural areas that provides many vital , green roofs, and subsurface accurate to say that green infrastructure services that sustain life and enrich the detention systems—to control storm- practices are one LID implementation (PCSD 1999, p. 64) . water from impervious spaces such as strategy and that some gray infrastruc- roofs and sidewalks ...can reduce more ture practices such as Green infrastructure—stormwater CSOs [ overflows] at are another LID implementation strat- management. Many sources describe less cost than second-tier ‘grey’ infra- egy. While most often found applied to green infrastructure in the specific con- structure” (NYC-DEP 2012b) . stormwater management, LID is easily text of managing stormwater (that is, • “Green infrastructure is an approach to associated conceptually with conserva- the water generated by rain or snowmelt wet weather management that is cost- tion and planning (preceding) and green on ‘impervious surfaces’ (such as roads, effective, sustainable, and environmen- building (following) categories of green sidewalks, parking lots, and buildings) or tally friendly” (Latham 2012) . infrastructure. wet weather. Green infrastructure, in this context, is contrasted to the gray infra- A closely related concept is low impact Green infrastructure—the urban for- structure of stormwater or combined development (LID) . Some examples are: est. Arborists and urban foresters increas- sewer pipes and water treatment plants. ingly describe and manage urban forests (SUNY-ESF 2102) Green infrastructure, • “Green Infrastructure and Low Impact as green infrastructure. 9e usage is fre- in this context, is a type of Stormwater Development practices (we use these quently found in the literature (see, e.g.,

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Dwyer and Childs 2003, McPherson structure than an objective that can uti- Acknowledgements 2007, Schwab 2009) . Consulting Arbor- lize any of the more distinct categories I am grateful to Cynthia Radford and ists are generally familiar with this cat- (see e.g., Foster et al 2011, University of Jim Wood of the Florida Office of Gre- egory, so elaboration is beyond the scope Melbourne 2013) . enways and Trails; Dr. Greg McPherson of t his article, which is intended to put and Dr. Dave Nowak of the U.S. For- this category in the broader green infra- Conclusion est Service; Prof. Susan Day and Tom structure context. Green infrastructure is a term with many Martin of Virginia Tech; Mike Galvin, meanings and is not confined to urban for- RCA #432, Gordon Mann, RCA #480 It is interesting to note the attention ests. Many authoritative sources give spe- and Bailey Hudson for helping me to given to so called “tree-infrastructure cific definitions that vary from or exclude trace the history of the term green infra- conflicts” (see e. g., McPherson and Peper others. 9is article explores various mean- structure. Katie Rose Levin of Duke 1995, Coder 1998, Coste llo and Jones, ings and applications of green infrastruc- University and Odile Pouliquen-Young 2003) . If we effectively treat trees and ture and underlying and related concepts of Curtin University pointed me to a urban forests as green infrastructure to i dentify four distinct categories of green comprehensive sources I had missed. Joe then we will talk about complementing infrastructure. 9is article brushes the sur- McNeil, RCA #299, and two anonymous and integrating gray and green infra - face of some current sources and is not reviewers provided useful comments. structure rather than about conflicts. exhaustive. 9e meanings are evolving and proliferating constantly. Scott Cullen, RCA #348, has been Green infrastructure—“green build- involved in various aspects of arboriculture ing.” G reen building is a widely dis- If an arboricultural consulting assign- since 1971 and is a full time consultant in cussed concept. According to Wikipe- ment involves green infrastructure, a the metropolitan area. He is a dia (2013) “green building practices aim Consulting Arborist must identify the licensed real estate broker, has a masters to reduce the environmental impact of specific meaning that applies and should degree in and often buildings…” Consulting Arborists may independently consult current sources. works at the professional interface among be familiar with the U.S. Green Building Among the things to confirm are: land use planning, development, arbori - Council’s LEED (Leadership in Energy culture and urban forestry. and Environmental Design) program • Is the green infrastructure hard (phys- (USGBC 2013) and the related Sustain - ical, such as trees) or soft (organiza- Literature Cited able Sites Initiative (SSI 2013) . tional, such as a tree inventory)? Anon. 2012. Protecting NYC: “Soft infrastructure” as storm surge defense alternatives. Homeland Security • What is the green infrastructure (e.g., News Wire, November 20. http://www.homeland - When green building incorporates green trees, parks, greenways, rain gardens)? securitynewswire.com/dr20121119-soft-infrastruc- ture-as-storm-surge-defense-alternatives (accessed infrastructure practices such as bioswales • Is the green infrastructure the objective December 29, 2012). or green roofs the green infrastructure (e.g., an urban forest for all its benefits) ASLA (American Society of Landscape Architects). 2011. Professional Practice - Green Infrastructure. label is properly applied. When gray or a practice to achieve another primary http://www.asla.org/ContentDetail.aspx?id=24076 infrastructure incorporates “green” or objective (e.g., a bioswale to manage (accessed January 22, 2013). environmentally desirable features that storm water)? Bargmann, Julie, Eden Brukman and Will Kirksey. 2011. Blue Infrastructure: 9e Living Systems of do not include living plants, however, • What is the scale of the green infra- Water Reuse. ASLA Annual Meeting Presentation. green infrastructure is a misnomer. A structure (e.g., one or more site scale Benedict, Mark A. and Edward T. McMahon. 2002. new station, for example, is bioswales or a statewide trails network)? Green Infrastructure: Smart Conservation for the 21 st Century (Sprawl Watch Clearinghouse Mono- obviously infrastructure. If it is con - • Does the green infrastructure comple- graph Series). Sprawl Watch Clearinghouse, Wash- structed largely of locally sourced, ment or conflict with gray infrastruc- ington, D.C. 32 pp. Coder, Kim D. 1998. Tree Roots and Infrastructure recycled, natural materials, is energy ture in the project area? Damage. Extension Publication FOR 98-008. efficient and obtains its energy from • In the specific context, does the green http://warnell.forestry.uga.edu/service/library/for98- 008/for98-008.pdf (accessed January 6, 2013). “alternative” sources, it may qualify as a infrastructure have an alternative or Costello, Laurance R. and Katherine S. Jones. 2003. green building but is not properly green confusing label (e.g., blue infrastruc- Reducing Infrastructure Damage by Tree Roots: A Compendium of Strategies. WC-ISA, Cohasset, CA. infrastructure. ture, softscape, soft infrastructure)? 119pp. CTLA (Council of Tree and Landscape Appraisers). While found less frequently in the liter - As with any arboricultural consulting 2000. Guide for Plant Appraisal, 9 th Edition. Inter- national Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, IL. ature there is discussion of green infra- assignment, preparation, research and 143pp. structure for climate adaptation. 9is is communication with the client or other Dwyer, John F. and Gina M. Childs. 2003. Sprawl less a category or type of green infra- stakeholders are essential . and the management of urban green infrastructure.

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Pages 166-169 in Proceedings of the 2003 National McCall, Catherine. 2010. Merging blue and green Schwab, James C. (Ed.). 2009. Planning the Urban For- Urban Forest Conference. American Forests, Wash- infrastructure in Maryland. Coastal Services 13(5):7 est, PAS Report Number 555. American Planning ington, DC. (September/October). http://www.csc.noaa.gov/mag - Association, , IL. 154pp. azine/2010/05/issue.pdf ( accessed January 11, 2013). Ecoshift. 2012. . http://www. SBPC (South Burlington [VT] Planning Commis - ecoshift.ca/Grey-Water-Recycling.html (accessed MacKay, Buddy and Nathaniel P. Reed. 1994. Creating sion). 2011. Draft Comprehensive Plan: Blue Infra- January 18, 2013). a Statewide Greenways System: Florida Greenways structure. www.southburlingtonvt.govoffice2.com Edwards, P.E.T., A. E. Sutton-Griera and G. E. Coyle. Commission Report to the Governor. Florida Green - (accessed January 2, 2013). 2013. 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