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Transcending Barriers: Race, Mobility, and Transportation Planning in Postwar Atlanta, 1944-1975

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Transcending Barriers: Race, Mobility, and Transportation Planning in Postwar Atlanta, 1944-1975 Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University History Dissertations Department of History 5-11-2015 Transcending Barriers: Race, Mobility, and Transportation Planning in Postwar Atlanta, 1944-1975 John E. Williams Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_diss Recommended Citation Williams, John E., "Transcending Barriers: Race, Mobility, and Transportation Planning in Postwar Atlanta, 1944-1975." Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2015. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_diss/45 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TRANSCENDING BARRIERS: RACE, MOBILITY, AND TRANSPORTATION PLANNING IN POSTWAR ATLANTA, 1944-1975 by JOHN ELPHONSO WILLIAMS, JR. Under the Direction of Clifford M. Kuhn, Ph.D. ABSTRACT In response to the economic upsurges of World War II, leaders in Atlanta embarked on a planning mission to accommodate the increased demands of city living. From the onset of postwar planning with the Lochner Report in 1944, to the groundbreaking for the construction of the MARTA rapid rail lines in 1975, this project explores the contours of race and mobility through the lenses of transportation planning. It examines the city’s planning entities and dissects the plans produced by these authorities, underscoring the lack of African American participation in the planning process. As planning authorities operated in segregation, this research connects the lack of African American participation in transportation planning with limited participation in planning for other areas including housing and urban renewal. This project’s framework is constructed with a two-fold function of mobility: first, in the physical sense of movement about the expanding metropolitan landscape; secondly, and more essential, in the social sense, showcasing a process of uplift for the African American community in Atlanta. This research illustrates an upward trajectory for African Americans over the three-decade timeline. From being denied equal access and full political rights in a segregated society, to the election of Georgia’s first black state senator of the 20th century and Atlanta’s first black mayor, this research vocalizes the struggles of Atlanta’s African American citizens in the fight for civil rights and full participation from the aspect of transportation planning. Using the city’s historic black newspapers filled with primary accounts of the period, this project tracks the discourse of the diverse African American community from the leadership and business elite to the working-class citizens participating in public hearings. From little to no participation in highway planning and construction through historic African American sections in the early phases, to positions of demand in the creation of the rapid transit system in the latter phases, this research shows the evolution of African American participation and influence in shaping planning processes in postwar Atlanta. INDEX WORDS: Lochner Report, Up Ahead Plan, NOW – For Tomorrow, Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority, Urban Renewal, African American Participation, Negro Housing, Segregation, Interstate Highways, Auburn Avenue, Rapid Transit, Metropolitan Planning Commission, Black Politics TRANSCENDING BARRIERS: RACE, MOBILITY, AND TRANSPORTATION PLANNING IN POSTWAR ATLANTA, 1944-1975 by JOHN ELPHONSO WILLIAMS, JR. A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University 2015 Copyright by John Elphonso Williams, Jr. 2015 TRANSCENDING BARRIERS: RACE, MOBILITY, AND TRANSPORTATION PLANNING IN POSTWAR ATLANTA, 1944-1975 by JOHN ELPHONSO WILLIAMS, JR. Committee Chair: Clifford Kuhn Committee: Timothy Crimmins Katherine Hankins Electronic Version Approved: Office of Graduate Studies College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University May 2015 iv DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to the ancestors, the countless persons of African descent who under barriers of racial oppression were rendered voiceless and powerless, yet they persevered. I also dedicate this dissertation to my great-grandfather Mr. Charlie “B.U.” Daniels, who at 89 years old continues to motivate, inspire, and favor me; and in memory of my great-grandmother, Mrs. Tyra Lee Daniels – her spirit, wisdom, humor, patience, protection, inspiration, tenacity, unconditional love, and strength continues to uplift and guide me in all that I do. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and above all, I thank God for his favor in ordering my steps and placing me on this path. I know that he is able to do exceedingly, abundantly above all that I can ask or think – and for that and all other things, I am beyond grateful. I am thankful for the people and place at which I came into existence. Arriving at this point in my formal education was destined by the Most High and assisted by the people placed in my path. Many thanks to Georgia State University Athletics – Student Athlete Development, the Planning Atlanta Project, the Department of Geosciences, and the Dan E. Sweat Dissertation Fellowship through the Andrew Young School of Policy Studies for providing financial support for the completion of my Ph.D. My Advisor, Cliff Kuhn, provided support, inspiration, a wealth of knowledge, and valuable insight. When I entered the program, every single person I encountered guided me his way. Even when I talk about my research in the community, the first question that most people ask, “Do you know Cliff?” Following my response, they all reply, “You’re in good hands!” I am so grateful that he took interest in my scholarship from the very beginning and guided me through this program. It’s very intimidating, yet rewarding to encounter your advisor in his office and then in majority of your source materials. I know that I am well prepared and capable because of his support. Tim Crimmins also served as a primary advisor. His wealth of knowledge, experience, and innovative style proved most valuable in this Ph.D. process and he opened my eyes to city histories and historic preservation. Dr. Crimmins led me to the topic of this dissertation and provided valuable insight throughout. In the American Historiography class during my first semester, Larry Youngs made me realize that urban history is where I wanted to be. vii His knowledge and guidance provided the foundation by which I maneuvered my way through the program. To Katherine Hankins, my advisor in the Department of Geosciences, I can’t even begin to explain how your support has enriched my path. Entering the master’s program in geography has enlightened my path and provided me with options I never even dreamed. Your guidance has literally kept me sane over the past year and provided a critical link to my dissertation. You are a true contemporary scholar and your knowledge is impeccable. Your strength and tenacity keeps all of us in geography motivated. I thank you. I would also like to recognize Dr. Kate Wilson, Dr. Jeffrey Trask, Dr. Wendy Venet, Dr. Denis Gainty, Dr. H. Robert Baker, and Robin Jackson for the impact of your teaching, advising, and administrative role in the Department of History at Georgia State University. Somewhere along the path, you contributed to my completion of this program. I would like to thank my fellow graduate students who have created a supportive community of scholars: Lauren MacIvor Thompson, Zac Peterson, Christy Garrison-Harrison, Kenja McCray, Sara Patenaude, Sally Stanhope, Brandi Simpson- Miller, Kevin Davis, Cheryl Nye, and many others. To my Geosciences Family: Sarah Boos Beddington, Amber Boll, Tara Franklin Mitchell, Darryl Haddock, Wonhee Jang, Haley Richards, Alyssa Combs, Dillon Schaffer, and others – thank you for keeping me going in the final days. Special thanks to the staff members of the Atlanta History Center, Auburn Avenue Research Library, Robert Woodruff Library at the Atlanta University Center, Georgia State University Special Collections, and Mr. Thomas Hills for his Oral History Collections. viii I am forever grateful to Ms. Taquasha Freeman, Mrs. Julia Brunson, and Dr. Daniel Wims for all that you have done. You met me at the very beginning of my college career, and your unapologetic and blatant favor and support along the way has played a major role in my success. Many thanks to Dr. David Jackson, Dr. Michael Thomas, Dr. James Ammons, Dr. Ivy Mitchell, Dean Henry Kirby, Ms. Taquasha Freeman, and Mrs. Danielle Kennedy-Lamar for the letters of support that helped me get into Ph.D. programs many years ago. I owe a tremendous amount of gratitude to my professors of history at Florida A&M University: Dr. David Jackson, Dr. Titus Brown, Dr. Kyle Eidahl, Dr. E. Murrell Dawson, and Mr. Gary Goodwin, who sent me down this road. I also give special thanks to my family in my undergraduate college, the former College of Engineering Sciences, Technology, & Agriculture (CESTA) at Florida A&M University: Dr. Daniel Wims, Ms. Taquasha Freeman, Mr. Damon Miller, Dr. Alfredo B. Lorenzo, Dr. Michael Thomas, Ms. Donna Simmons, Mrs. Gilda Phills, Dr. Charles Magee, Dr. Oghenkome Onokpise, and Dr. Makola Abdullah. My foundation in CESTA prepared me for all that graduate studies entailed. I’m so glad I’m from FAMU! Special thanks to Social Sciences Division at Atlanta Metropolitan College for providing me with my first teaching experience in history, and providing work space for my first year in the Ph.D. program. Extra special gratitude goes to the African American Studies, Africana Women’s Studies, & History (AWH) Department at Clark Atlanta University. In your presence, I am at home and I enjoy each day. I am grateful to Dr. Stephanie Evans for providing that great opportunity and also encouraging me in the Ph.D. process. I am grateful to Mrs. Claudia Combs and Mrs. Christy Garrison-Harrison for the daily advice, encouragement, and positive energy.
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