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From Pesticide Addiction to Ecological Integrated Pest Management From Pesticide Addiction To Ecological Integrated Pest Management Felix Wäckers ([email protected]) Crop Protection A Negative spiral Kills pests More pests Kills beneficials Pest resistance Even More Pesticides 1962 55 years later 2017: Empty Spring Agri Environment Schemes Agriculture Environment Focus on conservation Perceived Conflict Farmers chose ecologically least valuable options Agri Environment Schemes Agriculture Environment Focus on ecosystem services €320 billion/year €90 billion/year (Constanza 1997) “Clean Fields” The impact of flowers on biocontrol efficacy 30 Control 1 (N=6) 25 Control 2 (N=5) Nectar 1 (N=6) 20 Nectar 2 (N=6) 15 10 5 average number parasitized caterpillars parasitized number average 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 age wasp [days] Winkler et al., (2006) Flower feeding by biocontrol organisms Type Plant- Arthropod examples can be found within: Type of plant Reference feeding food utilised stage Life-history adult Neuroptera: Chrysopidae (green lacewings) nectar, pollen (Stelzl 1991) omnivory Diptera: Syrphidae (hoverflies) nectar, pollen (Hickman et al. 1995) Cecidomyiidae (gall midges) nectar (Opit 1997) Tachinidea (parasitoid flies) nectar (Gilbert and Jervis 1998) Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, nectar (Jervis 1998) a.o. (parasitoid wasps) nectar (Lewis 1998) Vespidae (social wasps) nectar, fruit (Cuautle and Rico Formicidae (ants) nectar (Beattie 1985) Coleoptera: Meloidae (blister beetles) nectar, pollen juvenile Heteroptera: Pentatomidae (stink bugs) plant-juice Temporal adult Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, nectar (Jervis 1998) omnivory a.o. (host feeding parasitoids) (Wackers 2003) Coleoptera: Cicindelidae (tiger beetles) seeds (Zerm and Adis 2001) juvenile Araneae: Araneidae (orb web spiders) pollen (Smith and Mommsen 1984) Permanent adult & Acari:Mesostigmat Phytoseiidae nectar (van Rijn and Tanigoshi 1999a) omnivory juvenile (predatory mites) pollen (van Rijn and Tanigoshi 1999b) Heteroptera: Pentatomidae (stink bugs) plant juice (Ruberson et al. 1986) Miridae (mirid bugs) plant juice (Gillespie and McGregor 2000) Geocorinae (big-eyed bugs) plant juice Eubanks & Styrsky, this vol. Anthocoridae (flower bugs) pollen Eubanks & Styrsky, this vol. Neuroptera: Chrysopa, Hemerobiidae nectar, pollen (Stelzl 1991) (brown lacewings) (McEwen et al. 1993) Thysanoptera: Aeolothripidae, Phlaeothripidae leaves, pollen (Kirk 1997) Coccinellidae (ladybirds) nectar (Pemberton and Vandenberg Coleoptera: Carabidae (ground beetles) pollen 1993) seeds (Cottrell and Yeargan 1998) (Goldschmidt and Toft 1997) Targeted Flower Margins (Wäckers and van Rijn, 2012) Select plants that optimize biological pest control Choice Longevity (AFLI) Floral Hoverfly Hoverfly Lacewing References parasitoids family species Nectar Parasitoids E. balteatus E. balteatus C. carnea (species) depth Apiaceae Ammi majus 0 + + + - Geneau et al., unpubl. (Microplitis mediator) Apiaceae Coriandrum sativum 0 + + +/- Vattala et al., 2006 (Microtonus hyperodae) Apiaceae Daucus carota 0 +/- + ++ + Winkler et al., 2009 (Cotesia glomerata) Apiaceae Foeniculum vulgare 0 + + + Winkler et al., 2009 (Cotesia glomerata) Apiaceae Heracleum spondylium 0 +/- + +/- Winkler et al., 2009 (Cotesia glomerata) Apiaceae Pastinaca sativa 0 + + ++ +/- Foster & Ruessink, 1984 (Meteorus rubens) Polygonaceae Fagopyrum esculentum 0 + + + + Winkler et al., 2009 (Cotesia glomerata) Boraginaceae Borago officinalis 0 - + ++ - Nilsson et al., unpubl. (Trybliographa rapae) Ranunculaceae Ranunculus acris 0 + + - Kehrli & Bacher, 2008 (Minotetrastichus frontalis) Caryophyllaceae Gypsophila elegans 1 +/- + ++ Asteraceae Matricaria chamomilla 1 +/- + + - Nilsson et al., unpubl. (Trybliographa rapae) Asteraceae Achillea millefolium 1 +/- + +/- - Wäckers 2004 (Cotesia glomerata) Asteraceae L Cichorium intybus 1 - - + Asteraceae Chrysanthemum segetum 2 +/- + + Asteraceae Anthemis tinctoria 2 - +/- +/- Asteraceae Leucanthemum vulgare 2 +/- + - Wäckers 2004 (Cotesia glomerata) Asteraceae Tanacetum vulgare 2 - - +/- Asteraceae Calendula officinalis 3 - - Rahat et al., 2005 (Trissolcus basalis) Asteraceae Centaurea cyanus (+EFN) 3 +/- + ++ +/- Winkler et al., 2009 (Cotesia glomerata) Asteraceae Helianthus annuus (+EFN) 3 + + Asteraceae Cosmos bipinnatus 4 - - +/- + Rahat et al., 2005 (Trissolcus basalis) Malvaceae Malva sylvestris 4 - - - Boraginaceae Phacelia tanacetifolia 4 +/- +/- +/- - Irvin et al., 2007 (Gonatocerus spp.) Fabaceae Medicago sativa 4 - - - Kehrli & Bacher, 2008 (Minotetrastichus frontalis) Fabaceae Vicia sativa (+EFN) 4 - + ++ Geneau et al., unpubl. (Microplitis mediator) Fabaceae Lotus corniculatus 4 - - Taking it to the Farmer FAB (Functional Agrobiodiversity) Large scale biodiversity project in the Hoekse Waard -working15 years with running conventional growers. Addition- ofOrganized annual and by perennialFarmers field margins to existing- 500 landscape km of targeted features flower (polders, margins dikes, creeks,- canal90% borders). reduction in insecticides used Optimizing Ecosystem Services in Terms of Agronomy and Conservation (ECOSTAC.CO.UK) Growing Wild Beneficial insects in field margins 300 June - Sept 2010 Insects observed in flowering field margin Insects observed in grassy margin 250 200 150 100 Mean insects observed Mean 50 0 Hoverflies Bumble bees Parasitoid w asps Ladybirds Beneficial insect group 250 June-Sept 2011 Insects observed in flowering field margin Insects observed in grassy field margin 200 150 100 Mean insects observed Mean 50 0 Hoverflies Bumble bees Parasitoid w asps Ladybirds Beneficial insect group Aphids in peas 0.8 70 Aphid % distribution 0.7 % parasitism 60 0.6 50 0.5 40 0.4 30 0.3 % parasitism % 20 0.2 Proportionalaphiddistribution 0.1 10 0 0 08.06 15.06 22.06 29.06 06.07 08.06 15.06 22.06 29.06 06.07 08.06 15.06 22.06 29.06 06.07 CF1 - CF2 - CF3 Sample site and date The positive spiral More biodiversity More beneficials Fewer pests Fewer pesticides Yield impact? wheat (yield in tonnes/ha) 10 9 8 7 6 5 +12% 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 peas (yield in tonnes/ha) 7 6 5 4 +26% 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 Biocontrol in Greenhouses: a success story 5/23/2019 Biodiversity and Profitability There is no conflict between - Biodiversity and Food Production; - Yield and Environment; - Yield and Consumer Health They can go Hand in Hand [email protected] Thanks.
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