Biomonitoring of Betwa River of M.P. Objective: This project is aimed to assess the water quality of entire stretch of river Betwa in by Biological Water Quality Criteria [BWQC] which used for evaluating water quality based on identification of macro invertebrate families. Total twelve sampling sites were selected for monitoring to cover entire stretch of river Betwa in Madhya Pradesh. Identification of macro zoobenthos as a bio-indicator used as a tool to obtain information on certain aspects of the river biosphere. The entire river Betwa stretch was divided into three zones i.e. (a) Zone I- region (04 sampling points) (b) Zone II- to Ganjbasoda (04 sampling points) (c) Zone III – (near Bina) to Orchcha (04 sampling points) Monitoring of biological parameters like identification of macro invertebrate and physico-chemical component was carried out. Samples were collected as per CPCB protocol and analyzed by Standard Method of Water and Waste Water [APHA]. Biological Water Quality Criteria [BWQC] used for evaluating water quality based on identification of macro invertebrate families and awarding a specific diversity score and saprobic score designate the quality of river water from class A to E [from least to severe pollution respectively].

Observation of presence of macro zoobenthos in two years (2017-19) study depicted as below: Year 2017-2018 S.N Sites Name 1st Q 2nd Q 3rdQ 4thQ Activities near Sampling Locations Water quality degrade due to mixing of 1. At D/S Mandideep C B D C sewage nallah Near road bridge Nayapura, Due to Idol immersion water quality 2. C C D C Mandideep degrade Human influences (Religious activities) Near Satlapur ind. Growth 3. C B C C & Due to Anthropogenic activities (cattle Centre Mandideep wadding) 4. Near road bridge, Bhojpur C B B B Human influences (Religious activities) Due to Idol immersion water quality Near Road Bridge 5. C C B * degrade. * sampling not done due to Pagneshwar, drought Near railway road bridge, Due to Idol immersion water quality 6. C C C C Vidisha degrade Due to Anthropogenic activities (cattle 7. Near intake point, Vidisha C B B C wadding) Near road bridge, Ganj Due to Anthropogenic activities (cattle 8. C B B B Basoda wadding) Due to anthropogenic activities, vehicle 9. Near road bridge, Kurwai C B C B washing Near Bina Refinery(Mahoota), Stop Dam constructed by BORL, 10. B B B B Bina Agriculture activities Due to Idol immersion water quality 11. Near road bridge, Orchha B B C C degrade Behind Bundelkhand Resort, 12. B B C B Human influences (Religious activities Orchha

As per BWQC the entire river stretch water reveals with class B to C as per BIS 2296 [1982] in most of the sampling points during year 2017-18.

Year 2018-2019

S.N Sites Name 1st Q 2nd Q 3rdQ 4thQ Activities near Sampling Locations Water quality degrade due to mixing of 1. At D/S Mandideep C D C C sewage nallah Near road bridge Nayapura, Due to Idol immersion water quality 2. C D C B Mandideep degrade Human influences (Religious activities) Near Satlapur ind. Growth 3. B C B B & Due to Anthropogenic activities (cattle Centre Mandideep wadding) 4. Near Road Bridge, Bhojpur B C B C Human influences (Religious activities) Near road bridge Pagneshwar, Due to Idol immersion water quality 5. B C B B Raisen degrade. Near railway road bridge, Due to Idol immersion water quality 6. B C C B Vidisha degrade Due to Anthropogenic activities (cattle 7. Near intake point, Vidisha C C C B wadding) Due to Anthropogenic activities (cattle 8. Near road bridge, B C C * wadding) * monitoring Scheduled Due to anthropogenic activities, vehicle 9. Near road bridge, Kurwai B B C * washing * monitoring Scheduled 10. Near Bina refinery(Mahoota), B B B * Stop Dam constructed by BORL, Bina Agriculture activities * monitoring Scheduled Due to Idol immersion water quality 11. Near road bridge, Orchha B C C * degrade * monitoring Scheduled Behind Bundelkhand Resort, Human influences (Religious activities) 12. B B C * Orchha * monitoring Scheduled

As per BWQC the entire river stretch water reveals with class B to C as per BIS 2296 [1982] in most of the sampling points during year 2018-19.

Summary:

Overall Biomonitoring of Betwa river stretch water reveals with class B to C as per BIS 2296 [1982] in most of the sampling points during year 2017-18 to 2018-19.