Cisco RV130/RV130W Administration Guide
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Final Report
Augment Spoofer Project to Improve Remediation Efforts (ASPIRE) Final Report Dr. Kimberly Claffy and Dr. Matthew Luckie September 21, 2020 Table of Contents A Executive Summary 2 B Problem: Long-standing vulnerability that threatens U.S. critical infrastructure 3 C Technical Approach 3 D Development Deliverables 6 D.1 Extend visibility capabilities to infrastructure behindNATs............. 6 D.2 SupportforAS-levelopt-innotificationsystem . ............ 7 D.3 Automated monthly reports to regional operator mailing lists............ 7 D.4 Maintainspooferoperations . ...... 8 E Analysis of Remediation Efforts 10 E.1 Impactofprivatenotificationsonremediation . ............ 10 E.2 Impact of public (“name-and-shame”) notifications . ............. 10 F Technology Transition and Commercialization 12 F.1 Commercializationopportunities . ......... 12 F.2 Expansiontoothermeasurementplatforms . ......... 12 G Overcoming misaligned incentives to deploy SAV 12 G.1 Impactofexogenousinterventions . ........ 13 G.2 Liability,insurance,andindustrystandards . ............. 13 G.3 Regulatingtransparency . ..... 14 G.4 Regulatinggovernmentprocurement . ........ 14 G.5 Stickydefaults: vendorSAVresponsibility . ............ 15 H Deliverables 17 A Executive Summary 1. Performer: University of California, San Diego (UCSD) & University of Waikato, NZ 2. Award: DHS S&T contract 140D7018C0010. 3. Period of Performance: 1 Sept 2018 - 19 Sept 2020. Despite source IP address spoofing being a known vulnerability – arguably the greatest archi- tectural vulnerability in the TCP/IP protocol suite as designed – for close to 30 years, and despite many efforts to shed light on the problem, spoofing remains a viable attack method for redirection, amplification, and anonymity. While some application-layer patches can mitigate these attacks, attackers continuously search for new vectors. To defeat DDoS attacks requires operators to en- sure their networks filter packets with spoofed source IP addresses, a best current practice (BCP) known as source address validation (SAV). -
Firewalls and Vpns
Firewalls and VPNs Raj Jain Washington University in Saint Louis Saint Louis, MO 63130 [email protected] Audio/Video recordings of this lecture are available at: http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse571-17/ Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse571-17/ ©2017 Raj Jain 23-1 Overview 1. What is a Firewall? 2. Types of Firewalls 3. Proxy Servers 4. Firewall Location and Configuration 5. Virtual Private Networks These slides are based on Lawrie Brown’s slides supplied with William Stalling’s th book “Cryptography and Network Security: Principles and Practice,” 7 Ed, 2017. Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse571-17/ ©2017 Raj Jain 23-2 What is a Firewall? Interconnects networks with differing trust Only authorized traffic is allowed Auditing and controlling access Can implement alarms for abnormal behavior Provides network address translation (NAT) and usage monitoring Implements VPNs Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse571-17/ ©2017 Raj Jain 23-3 Firewall Limitations Cannot protect from attacks bypassing it E.g., sneaker net, utility modems, trusted organisations, trusted services (e.g., SSL/SSH) Cannot protect against internal threats E.g., disgruntled or colluding employees Cannot protect against access via Wireless LAN If improperly secured against external use, e.g., personal hot spots Cannot protect against malware imported via laptops, PDAs, and storage infected outside Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse571-17/ ©2017 Raj Jain 23-4 Firewalls – Packet Filters Examine each IP packet (no context) and permit or deny according to rules Washington University in St. -
Anti Spoofing
Anti-Spoofing What is Spoofing? In simple terms, A technique used to gain unauthorized access to computers, whereby the intruder sends messages to a computer with an IP address indicating that the message is coming from a trusted host. Types Of Spoofing Attacks IP Address ARP DNS Spoofing Spoofing Spoofing IP Address Spoofing Attacks • IP address spoofing is one of the most frequently used spoofing attack methods. • An attacker sends IP packets from a false (or “spoofed”) source address in order to disguise itself. ARP Spoofing Attacks • ARP is short for Address Resolution Protocol, a protocol that is used to resolve IP addresses to MAC (Media Access Control) addresses for transmitting data. • In this attack, a malicious party sends spoofed ARP messages across a local area network in order to link the attacker’s MAC address with the IP address of a legitimate member of the network. • ARP spoofing only works on local area networks that use the Address Resolution Protocol. DNS Server Spoofing Attacks • The Domain Name System (DNS) is a system that associates domain names with IP addresses. • In a DNS server spoofing attack, a malicious party modifies the DNS server in order to reroute a specific domain name to a different IP address. • In such cases, the new IP address will be for a server that is actually controlled by the attacker and contains files infected with malware. • DNS server spoofing attacks are often used to spread computer worms and viruses. Anti-Spoofing Antispoofing is a technique for identifying and dropping packets that have a false source address. -
Cases of IP Address Spoofing and Web Spoofing —
3-3 StudiesonCountermeasuresforThwarting SpoofingAttacks—CasesofIPAddress SpoofingandWebSpoofing— MIYAMOTO Daisuke, HAZEYAMA Hiroaki, and KADOBAYASHI Youki This article intends to give case studies for of thwarting spoofing attack. Spoofing is widely used when attackers attempt to increase the success rate of their cybercrimes. In the context of Denial of Service (DoS) attacks, IP address spoofing is employed to camouflage the attackers’ location. In the context of social engineering, Web spoofing is used to persuade victims into giv- ing away personal information. A Web spoofing attacker creates a convincing but false copy of the legitimate enterprises’ web sites. The forged websites are also known as phishing sites. Our research group developed the algorithms, systems, and practices, all of which analyze cybercrimes that employ spoofing techniques. In order to thwart DoS attacks, we show the deployment scenario for IP traceback systems. IP traceback aims to locate attack source, regardless of the spoofed source IP addresses. Unfortunately, IP traceback requires that its sys- tems are widely deployed across the Internet. We argue the practical deployment scenario within Internets of China, Japan, and South Korea. We also develop a detection method for phishing sites. Currently, one of the most important research agenda to counter phishing is improving the accuracy for detecting phishing sites. Our approach, named HumanBoost, aims at improving the detection accuracy by utilizing Web users’ past trust decisions. Based on our subject experiments, we analyze the average detection accuracy of both HumanBoost and CANTINA. Keywords IP spoofing, Web spoofing, Internet emulation, IP traceback, Machine learning 1 Introduction measures. IP traceback aims to locate attack sources, regardless of the spoofed source IP DoS attacks exhaust the resources of addresses. -
Towards Remediating Ddos Attacks
Towards Remediating DDoS Attacks Arturs Lavrenovs NATO CCDCOE, Tallinn, Estonia [email protected] DOI: 10.34190/IWS.21.046 Abstract: The Internet infrastructure has been struggling with distributed denialofservice (DDoS) attacks for more than two decades. This paper reviews aspects of current remediation strategies for reflected amplified DDoS attacks and identifies elements that are insufficiently researched which might be hindering remediation efforts. It identifies additional actors who should be playing a role in these efforts and reviews their incentives and motivation. The issue has long been whether it is possible to remediate abused protocols faster than the protocols get deprecated while devices using them remain functional until the end of their life. It now appears that it is. The Memcache protocol attack capacity was only 319 Mbps in May 2020 but it was 1.7 Tbps only two years previously. Thus it can be considered fully remediated. The paper examines why this was a successful remediation effort and whether it could be applied to other commonly abused protocols by using the reflector capacity measurement methodology. In contrast, the longterm abused DNS protocol has not seen a significant drop in capacity, which is lingering around 27.5 Tbps. Keywords: DDoS attacks, DDoS attack capacity, DDoS attack remediation, reflectors, amplifiers 1. Introduction The first DDoS network attack was two decades ago and was soon followed by reflected amplified DDoS attacks that have been plaguing the Internet ever since. Although the number of reflectors observed by scanning projects has been steadily decreasing, the attack capacity is evergrowing and is setting new records. -
Proposed Methods of IP Spoofing Detection & Prevention
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN: 2319-7064 Proposed Methods of IP Spoofing Detection & Prevention Sharmin Rashid1, Subhra Prosun Paul2 1, 2World University of Bangladesh, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, Bangladesh Abstract: In computer networking, the term IP address spoofing or IP spoofing refers to the creation of Internet Protocol (IP) packets with a forged source IP address, called spoofing, with the purpose of concealing the identity of the sender or impersonating another computing system. On January 22, 1995, in an article entitled, ―New form of attack on computers linked to Internet is uncovered, John Markoff of the New York Times reported on the TCP/IP protocol suite's security weakness known as IP spoofing. The IP spoofing security weakness was published by S. M. Bellovin (1989). However, not much attention has been paid to the security weaknesses of the TCP/IP protocol by the general public. This is changing as more people and companies are connecting to the Internet to conduct business. This paper is on ― “Proposed methods of IP Spoofing Detection & Prevention”. This paper contains an overview of IP address and IP Spoofing and its background. It also shortly discusses various types of IP Spoofing, how they attack on communication system. This paper also describes some methods to detection and prevention methods of IP spoofing and also describes impacts on communication system by IP Spoofing. We think that our proposed methods will be very helpful to detect and stop IP spoofing and give a secured communication system. Keywords: IP address, IP Spoofing, TCP/IP, Compression, Cryptography 1. -
Lecture 16: TCP/IP Vulnerabilities and Dos Attacks: IP Spoofing, SYN Flooding, and the Shrew Dos Attack
Lecture 16: TCP/IP Vulnerabilities and DoS Attacks: IP Spoofing, SYN Flooding, and The Shrew DoS Attack Lecture Notes on “Computer and Network Security” by Avi Kak ([email protected]) March 16, 2021 5:43pm ©2021 Avinash Kak, Purdue University Goals: • To review the IP and TCP packet headers • Controlling TCP Traffic Congestion and the Shrew DoS Attack • The TCP SYN Flood Attack for Denial of Service • IP Source Address Spoofing Attacks • BCP 38 for Thwarting IP Address Spoofing for DoS Attacks • Python and Perl Scripts for Mounting DoS Attacks with IP Address Spoofing and SYN Flooding • Troubleshooting Networks with the Netstat Utility CONTENTS Section Title Page 16.1 TCP and IP 3 16.2 The TCP/IP Protocol Stack 5 16.3 The Network Layer (also known as the Internet 14 Layer or the IP Layer) 16.4 TCP, The Transport Layer Protocol for Reliable 25 Communications 16.5 TCP versus IP 34 16.6 How TCP Breaks Up a Byte Stream That 36 Needs to be Sent to a Receiver 16.7 The TCP State Transition Diagram 38 16.8 A Demonstration of the 3-Way Handshake 44 16.9 Splitting the Handshake for Establishing 52 a TCP Connection 16.10 TCP Timers 58 16.11 TCP Congestion Control and the Shrew DoS Attack 60 16.12 SYN Flooding 68 16.13 IP Source Address Spoofing for SYN Flood 71 DoS Attacks 16.14 Thwarting IP Source Address Spoofing With BCP 38 84 16.15 Demonstrating DoS through IP Address Spoofing and 89 SYN Flooding When The Attacking and The Attacked Hosts Are in The Same LAN 16.16 Using the Netstat Utility for Troubleshooting 103 Networks 16.17 Homework Problems 113 Computer and Network Security by Avi Kak Lecture 16 Back to TOC 16.1 TCP and IP • We now live in a world in which the acronyms TCP and IP are almost as familiar as some other computer-related words like bits, bytes, megabytes, etc. -
Study of Packet Level UDP Performance of NAT44, NAT64 and Ipv6 Using Iperf in the Context of Ipv6 Migration
Study of packet level UDP performance of NAT44, NAT64 and IPv6 using iperf in the context of IPv6 migration Vitruvius John D. Barayuga William Emmanuel S. Yu Institute of Computing Studies Department of Information Systems and Computer Science Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College Ateneo de Manila Univeristy Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur, Philippines Quezon City [email protected] [email protected] Abstract— The Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) The initial design specification did not take into account the allocated the last of the available /8's of the IPv4 address space to need for the protocol to handle video-on-demand services, or the Regional Internet Registries (RIR's) on February 2011. It other types of large scale data, also with the advent of mobile could not be denied that IPv6 is the Internet of the next communications, set top boxes that have internet access taking generation, however its utilization and implementation in a wide presence in the home, each device requires an IP address, each scale had brought hesitation to the users since it will take time device requires an IP address. and there are concerns that need to be explored in the future. However, the need for a new technology is not paramount; Hence, this paper will lead the way for the acceptance of Internet the current 30-year-old technology has been modified to Protocol version 6 (IPv6) migration in the Philippines using a coincide with new ideas and ways of working. For a similar Network Address Translation (NAT) that there is an sustainable network to be developed and evolve over the next apparent means to be taken into consideration and NAT IPv6 to IPv4 (NAT64) can be a good choice for computer networks with few years a seamless migration over to IPv6 needs to be made. -
A Survey of Defence Mechanisms Against IP Spoofing
UGC Approved Journal IARJSET ISSN (Online) 2393-8021 ISSN (Print) 2394-1588 International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology ISO 3297:2007 Certified Vol. 4, Issue 7, July 2017 A Survey of Defence Mechanisms against IP Spoofing Sarita Sahni1, Pankaj Jagtap2 M. Tech Student, SCSIT, DAVV, Indore, India1 Lecturer, SCSIT, DAVV, Indore, India2 Abstract: IP address spoofing is a serious threat to the legitimate use of the Internet. Many Preventive mechanisms are thwarted by the ability of attackers to forge or spoof the source addresses in IP packets. Attackers can evade detection and put a substantial burden on the destination network for policing attack packets. In this paper a study of methods for detection of IP address spoofing is undertaken. It compares various host based methods such as IPSec, the OS Fingerprinting, TCP probing, SYN Cookies and IP puzzles with router based methods such as ingress and egress filtering, Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF), Router based Filtering (RBF), Spoofing Prevention Method (SPM), Distributed Packet Filtering (DPF), Inter Domain Packet Filtering (IDPF), SAVE, BASE, Hop Count Filtering (HCF), Pi and StackPi on the bases of their performances and effectiveness. Keywords: Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF); Router Based Filtering (RBF); Spoofing Prevention Method (SPM); Distributed Packet Filtering (DPF); Inter Domain Packet Filtering (IDPF); Path Identification; Stack Path Identification. INTRODUCTION The Internet Protocol or IP is used for sending and receiving data over the Internet and computers that are connected to a network. Each packet has header that contain some field like fragmentation, sequence number field, flag including source and destination address. The source address is normally the address that the packet was sent from. -
Fortios™ Handbook - Ipv6
IPv6 FortiOS™ Handbook - IPv6 5.6.3 FORTINET DOCUMENT LIBRARY http://docs.fortinet.com FORTINET VIDEO GUIDE http://video.fortinet.com FORTINET BLOG https://blog.fortinet.com CUSTOMER SERVICE & SUPPORT https://support.fortinet.com http://cookbook.fortinet.com/how-to-work-with-fortinet-support/ FORTIGATE COOKBOOK http://cookbook.fortinet.com FORTINET TRAINING SERVICES http://www.fortinet.com/training FORTIGUARD CENTER http://www.fortiguard.com FORTICAST http://forticast.fortinet.com END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT http://www.fortinet.com/doc/legal/EULA.pdf FORTINET PRIVACY POLICY https://www.fortinet.com/corporate/about-us/privacy.html FEEDBACK Email: [email protected] Wednesday, January 24, 2018 FortiOS™ Handbook - IPv6 01-560-112805-20180124 TABLE OF CONTENTS Change Log 5 Introduction 6 IPv6 packet structure 7 Jumbograms and jumbo payloads 7 Fragmentation and reassembly 7 Benefits of IPv6 7 What's new for IPv6 in FortiOS 5.6 8 IPv6 (5.6.3) 8 IPv6 RADIUS support (402437, 439773) 8 Added support for IPv6 Fortisandbox (424290) (447153) 8 IPv6 captive portal support (435435) 8 FortiGate can reply to an anycast probe from the interface’s unicast address (308872) 8 Secure Neighbor Discovery (355946) 8 Add multicast-PMTU to allow FGT to send ICMPv6 Too Big Message (373396) 10 IPv6 Features 11 IPv6 policies 11 IPv6 policy routing 12 IPv6 security policies 13 IPv6 explicit web proxy 14 VIP64 15 IPv6 Network Address Translation 20 NAT64 and DNS64 (DNS proxy) 20 NAT66 23 NAT64 and NAT66 session failover 25 NAT46 25 ICMPv6 26 ICMPv6 Types and Codes -
Ipv6 on HP E- SERIES WIRELESS NETWORKING DEVICES
IPv6 ON HP E- SERIES WIRELESS NETWORKING DEVICES A Project Presented to the faculty of the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering California State University, Sacramento Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Electrical and Electronics Engineering by Vaishnavi Venkataramanan SPRING 2013 © 2013 Vaishnavi Venkataramanan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii IPv6 ON HP E- SERIES WIRELESS NETWORKING DEVICES A Project by Vaishnavi Venkataramanan Approved by: __________________________________, Committee Chair Dr. Suresh Vadhva __________________________________, Second Reader Mehul Pandya ____________________________ Date iii Student: Vaishnavi Venkataramanan I certify that this student has met the requirements for format contained in the University format manual, and that this project is suitable for shelving in the Library and credit is to be awarded for the project. __________________________, Graduate Coordinator ___________________ Dr. Preetham Kumar Date Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering iv Abstract of IPv6 ON HP E-SERIES WIRELESS NETWORKING DEVICES by Vaishnavi Venkataramanan World today is incomplete without being able to be connected to the internet enabling people from different parts of the world to connect with one and another. This is all made possible with the growing networking technology especially to mention the wireless technology where internet is at one’s service no matter where one is present across the globe anywhere. Wireless networking enables easy and faster access to the internet wirelessly and proving greater amount of security and flexibility of roaming. Earlier it was just one computer in one house, but presently every home has at least 3 computers. The increasing use of computers is very high. -
Efficient Ipv6 Neighbor Discovery in Wireless Environment
Dragos Neagoe & Antonios Pateas Efficient IPv6 Neighbor Discovery in Wireless Environment Master’s Thesis Efficient IPv6 Neighbor Discovery in Wireless Environment Dragos Neagoe Antonios Pateas Series of Master’s theses Department of Electrical and Information Technology LU/LTH-EIT 2016-550 http://www.eit.lth.se Department of Electrical and Information Technology, Faculty of Engineering, LTH, Lund University, 2016. “main” — 2016/11/20 — 14:43 — page 1 — #1 Efficient IPv6 Neighbor Discovery in Wireless Environment Dragoş Neagoe & Antonios Pateas [email protected] & [email protected] Department of Electrical and Information Technology Lund University Advisors: Jens A Andersson (EIT LTH) Stefan Höst (EIT LTH) Samita Chakrabarti (Ericsson AB, San Jose) Jaume Rius I Riu (Ericsson AB, Stockholm) Examiner: Maria Kihl (EIT LTH) November 20, 2016 “main” — 2016/11/20 — 14:43 — page 2 — #2 Printed in Sweden E-huset, Lund, 2016 “main” — 2016/11/20 — 14:43 — page i — #3 Abstract As the address space of IPv4 is being depleted with the development of IoT (Inter- net Of Things), there is an increasing need for permanent transition to the IPv6 protocol as soon as possible. Nowadays, many 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) Networks have implemented or will implement IPv6 in the near future for Internet access. These networks will also use NDP (Neighbor Discovery Pro- tocol), which is the IPv6 tailored version of ARP (Address Resolution Protocol). The protocol is responsible for address auto-configuration, maintaining lists of all neighbors connected to a network, verifying if they are still reachable, managing prefixes and duplicate address detection. The protocol is defined in RFC 4861 and although it works fine for wired connected devices, it has been proven highly inefficient in terms of battery lifetime saving, when wireless networks came to the market and its use increased tremendously.