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Evaluating an Ipv4 and Ipv6 Network

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Evaluating an Ipv4 and Ipv6 Network Evaluating an IPv4 and IPv6 Network GILBERT LIDHOLM and MARCUS NETTERBERG KTH Information and Communication Technology Degree project in Communication Systems First level, 15.0 HEC Stockholm, Sweden KTH Royal Institute of Technology Evaluating an IPv4 and IPv6 Network Gilbert Lidholm & Marcus Netterberg 2012-09-08 Bachelor’s thesis Examiner & supervisor: Professor Gerald Q. Maguire Jr. Abstract This thesis is the result of the bachelor’s thesis project “Evaluating an IPv4 and IPv6 network”. The IPv6 protocol was created with the main purpose of solving the problem of the depletion of IP- addresses that IPv4 is currently facing. This thesis gives an introduction to the differences between IPv4 and IPv6 and when one should use one protocol rather than the other. It describes the services that we will use in order to evaluate what kinds of problems IPv4 may experience and if these problems can be solved by using IPv6. We also show how to set up a network with both protocols for each service that we examine. We will subsequently evaluate the performance of these two protocols for each of these services. We found that there were no significant differences in the performance of any of the applications that we tested with both IPv4 and IPv6. Due to the depletion of IPv4 addresses and the continuing rapid growth of the Internet, this thesis describes a very current and a relevant issue for computer networks today. Abstrakt Denna avhandling är resultatet utav högskoleingenjörsexamensarbetet ”Utvärdera ett IPv4- och IPv6 nätverk”. IPv6-protokollet skapades huvudsakligen för att lösa bristen på IP adresser som IPv4 står inför. Avhandlingen ger en introduktion till skillnaden mellan IPv4 och IPv6 och när det skulle vara mer lämpligt att använda det ena protokoll framför den andra. Den beskriver de tjänster som vi kommer att använda och utvärdera vilka typer av problem som IPv4 kan erfara och om dessa problem kan lösas med hjälp av IPv6. Vi förklarar också hur man sätter upp ett nätverk med de två protokollen för varje tjänst som vi utvärderar. Vi kommer sedermera utvärdera prestandan för båda protokollen för dessa tjänster. Vi kom fram till att det inte var några signifikanta skillnader i prestanda för någon av de applikationer som vi testade med både IPv4 och IPv6. På grund av utarmningen av IPv4-adresser och den snabba tillväxten av internet, så beskriver denna avhandling ett väldigt aktuellt och relevant problem i datornätverk idag. i The intended audience This thesis is mainly written for people with average to advanced knowledge in computer networking that wishes to gain an insight in the difference between IPv4 and IPv6 in the aspect of structure, performance and implementation. There are a lot to be learned as a novice but many parts will be hard to follow. ii Acknowledgments We would like to extend our sincere thanks and appreciation to our supervisor and examiner Professor Gerald Q. Maguire Jr. for providing us with this topic and his extensive feedback throughout the entire course of this thesis. Furthermore our thanks go out to our families and friends, both at KTH and at home, for all the support. These three years could never have been completed without you. iii Table of contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................................... i Abstrakt .................................................................................................................................................... i The intended audience ............................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................................. iii List of figures ....................................................................................................................................... viii List of tables ........................................................................................................................................... ix List of acronyms and abbreviations ......................................................................................................... x 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 2. IPv6 compared to IPv4 .................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Address space ............................................................................................................................ 3 2.2 Address notation ...................................................................................................................... 3 2.3 Simpler header ........................................................................................................................... 3 2.4 Version ...................................................................................................................................... 4 2.5 Traffic class ............................................................................................................................... 4 2.6 Flow Label ................................................................................................................................. 4 2.7 Payload length ........................................................................................................................... 4 2.8 Next header................................................................................................................................ 4 2.9 Hop limit.................................................................................................................................... 4 2.10 Source and destination ............................................................................................................. 5 2.11 Extension headers .................................................................................................................... 5 2.11.1 Fragmentation header ....................................................................................................... 5 2.11.2 Hop-by-Hop Options header ............................................................................................ 6 2.11.3 Routing header.................................................................................................................. 6 2.11.4 Destination Options header .............................................................................................. 6 2.12 Multicast, unicast, and anycast ................................................................................................ 6 2.12.1 Multicast ........................................................................................................................... 6 2.12.2 Unicast .............................................................................................................................. 7 2.12.3 Anycast ............................................................................................................................. 7 2.13 ICMPv6 ................................................................................................................................... 7 2.13.1 Neighbor Discovery .......................................................................................................... 7 2.13.2 Router discovery ............................................................................................................... 8 2.13.3 Duplicate Address Detection ............................................................................................ 9 2.13.4 Autoconfiguration............................................................................................................. 9 2.14 IPv6 and DNS ........................................................................................................................ 10 2.15 Avoiding NATs ..................................................................................................................... 10 iv 2.16 IPv6 Security ......................................................................................................................... 11 2.16.1 IPsec ............................................................................................................................... 12 3. Routing protocols and IPv6 ........................................................................................................... 15 3.1 RIPng ....................................................................................................................................... 15 3.2 OSPFv3 ................................................................................................................................... 15 3.3 Integrated IS-IS ....................................................................................................................... 16 3.4 BGP-4 ...................................................................................................................................... 16 3.5 MPLS ...................................................................................................................................... 16 4. Upper layer protocols .................................................................................................................... 17 5. Transition......................................................................................................................................
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