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Our Women Are Free : Gender and Ethnicity in the Hindukush / Wynne Maggi
Our Women Are Free Our Women Are Free Gender and Ethnicity in the Hindukush Wynne Maggi Ann Arbor Copyright ᭧ by the University of Michigan 2001 All rights reserved Published in the United States of America by The University of Michigan Press Manufactured in the United States of America ࠗϱ Printed on acid-free paper 2004 2003 2002 2001 4 3 2 1 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher. A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Maggi, Wynne, 1966– Our women are free : gender and ethnicity in the Hindukush / Wynne Maggi. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 0-472-09783-0 (cloth : alk. paper) — isbn 0-472-06783-4 (paper : alk. paper) 1. Women, Kalash. 2. Gender identity—Hindu Kush Mountains Region (Afghanistan and Pakistan) 3. Ethnicity—Hindu Kush Mountains Region (Afghanistan and Pakistan) I. Title. ds380.k34 m34 2002 305.42Ј09581—dc21 2001041477 For Lilizar and the children of Rumbur, And for Ariel and Emma. May you live meaningful lives. With inspiration from Priscilla Beal and Saras Gula Aya Contents List of Illustrations ix List of Tables xi Pronunciation Guide xiii Acknowledgments xix Introduction: A Women’s March 1 Chapter 1. Getting There 11 Chapter 2. The Invisible Landscape 44 Chapter 3. Women’s Work 73 Chapter 4. Fashion 94 Chapter 5. The Kalasha Bashali 117 Chapter 6. -
Identifying Local Actors of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in the Kalasha Valleys of Pakistan T ⁎ Alam Zeba,B, , Andreas Hamanna, Glen W
Forest Policy and Economics 104 (2019) 56–64 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Forest Policy and Economics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/forpol Identifying local actors of deforestation and forest degradation in the Kalasha valleys of Pakistan T ⁎ Alam Zeba,b, , Andreas Hamanna, Glen W. Armstronga, Dante Acuna-Castellanosa a Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 751 General Services Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H1, Canada b Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal Dir (Upper), Pakistan ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Prevention of forest loss is a high priority in Pakistan, where catastrophic flooding in 1992 and 2010 has been Deforestation linked to deforestation. Under the United Nation's REDD+ program, new incentive schemes are developed to Forest degradation encourage forest protection and reforestation, while implementing social safeguards for forest-dependent in- Pakistan digenous groups. The objective of this study is to support Pakistan's REDD+ readiness activities that affect the Chitral Kalasha, a unique indigenous people that are nominated for enhanced protection of the UNESCO Intangible REDD+ Cultural Heritage list. We aim to identify actors and power structures that have caused deforestation in the past, Indigenous people Kalasha and recommend policy improvements that protect forests as well as the Kalasha's culture and traditional live- Remote sensing lihoods. A remote-sensing based historical analysis showed that government actors have significant power to Logging ban influence land use practices in the region, although their policy instruments may not have had the intended effects. A logging ban in 1993 could not stop forest loss and instead caused a shift to illegal selective cutting of the same magnitude. -
Socio-Cultural Life of the Kalasha People of Chitral: a Study of Their Festivals
Socio-Cultural Life of the Kalasha People of Chitral: A Study of their Festivals Muhammad Kashif Ali Muhammad Iqbal Chawla The paper seeks to examine the cultural life of the Kalasha people and their festivals. It particularly focuses on Joshi, Rat Nat & Uchaw, Pul and Winter Solstice: the Chawmos festivals points out their role in the lives of the Kalasha tribe. Primarily, the study is based on documentary evidences recorded in secondary sources and combined with the data collected by the current researcher during various field visits and ethnographic surveys to the Kalashdesh (Kalasha valleys of Bumburet, Rumbur and Birir). The study probes the meanings of festivities and their cultural significance among the Kalasha tribe. Kalasha; the sole pagan tribe of Pakistan and indigenous people, live in remote north-western part of Pakistan in Chitral district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The Kalasha people belong to Indo-Aryan stock and they speak the Kalasha language (it is also called Kalasha-mun and Kalashwar); a language of Dardic group. The total population of Kalasha tribe is approximately four thousand. The Kalasha are strongly attached to their culture and religion. However, during 1970’s and 1980’s the Kalasha people and the valleys observed drastic changes like: means of communication, tourism, religious conversion, demographic, values, burial practice, and change in social institutions like bashali1 and budalak2. The Kalasha community of Chitral is considered the most festive community of Pakistan as the Kalasha dastoor rotates around the festivals, throughout the year. Primarily, the Kalasha celebrate two types of religious festivals; one type is of purely religious festivals with rituals only, while the other type is mixture of religious and cultural ceremonies; a combination of rituals, singing & dancing. -
Languages of Chitral. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 5
SOCIOLINGUISTIC SURVEY OF NORTHERN PAKISTAN VOLUME 5 LANGUAGES OF CHITRAL Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan Volume 1 Languages of Kohistan Volume 2 Languages of Northern Areas Volume 3 Hindko and Gujari Volume 4 Pashto, Waneci, Ormuri Volume 5 Languages of Chitral Series Editor Clare F. O’Leary, Ph.D. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan Volume 5 Languages of Chitral Kendall D. Decker National Institute of Summer Institute Pakistani Studies of Quaid-i-Azam University Linguistics Copyright © 1992 NIPS and SIL Published by National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan and Summer Institute of Linguistics, West Eurasia Office Horsleys Green, High Wycombe, BUCKS HP14 3XL United Kingdom First published 1992 Reprinted 2004 ISBN 969-8023-15-1 Price, this volume: Rs.300/- Price, 5-volume set: Rs.1500/- To obtain copies of these volumes within Pakistan, contact: National Institute of Pakistan Studies Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Phone: 92-51-2230791 Fax: 92-51-2230960 To obtain copies of these volumes outside of Pakistan, contact: International Academic Bookstore 7500 West Camp Wisdom Road Dallas, TX 75236, USA Phone: 1-972-708-7404 Fax: 1-972-708-7363 Internet: http://www.sil.org Email: [email protected] REFORMATTING FOR REPRINT BY R. CANDLIN. CONTENTS Preface.............................................................................................................. ix Maps................................................................................................................ -
Global Environmental Change 59 (2019) 102004
Global Environmental Change 59 (2019) 102004 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Global Environmental Change journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/gloenvcha Forest conversion by the indigenous Kalasha of Pakistan: A household level analysis of socioeconomic drivers T ⁎ Alam Zeba,b, , Glen W. Armstronga, Andreas Hamanna a Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 751 General, Services Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2H1 b Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal Dir (Upper), Pakistan ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Indigenous groups in many parts of the world are often forest dependent societies, and thereby may also play a Forest conversion disproportionate role in protecting and managing threatened forest resources. Taking the Kalasha indigenous Cropland expansion group of Pakistan as a test case, this study contributes a socio-economic analysis at the household level aimed at Social drivers understanding factors that influence forest clearing decisions. The findings of the study may help to develop Economic drivers general policies that facilitate sustainable resource for indigenous and other marginalized forest-dependent Logit-tobit models communities. The analysis was based on a contrast of 74 households at the forest margin that cleared nearby Indigenous Kalasha Pakistan forested land versus 49 households that did not clear. Survey results indicated that the prime motivation for conversion of forests was expansion for cropland (77%), livestock grazing (18%), and orchards (5%). We found that families with more members and fewer physical assets were more likely to clear forested land for agri- cultural expansion. Families with more members employed off-farm, and members of Joint Forest Management Committees were less likely to be involved in forest clearing. -
Case Studies on Local Indigenous Adaptation Practices in Mountain Areas of Pakistan
Case Studies on Local Indigenous Adaptation Practices in Mountain Areas of Pakistan Rural Support Programmes Network (RSPN), and International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) IMPRINT © Rural Support Programmes Network Disclaimer The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the Rural Support Programmes Network (RSPN), International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), and the European Union Authors Hamid Sarfraz and Dr. Shahid Ahmad 269-E, Street 13-B, E-11/4, Islamabad, Pakistan Tel. +92 (51) 2222469 | Cell +92 (333) 5590803, +92 (345) 2004111 [email protected] | www.devconsult.pk | Skype/Twitter hsarfraz Place and date of publication Islamabad; May 22, 2016 Contents 1. Introduction 1 1.1. The project 2 1.2. Study methodology 3 2. Climate Change Adaptation: Community Perception in High Mountains of Bagrote Valley, Gilgit 5 2.1. The context 5 2.2. Community perceptions on sectoral impacts and local adaptations 7 2.2.1. Water management 7 2.2.2. Land use and agricultural management 8 2.2.3. Livestock and rangelands management 10 2.2.4. Forest management 12 2.2.5. Wildlife management 13 2.2.6. Livelihood options 14 2.3. Local perceptions of local adaptations – case study of Bagrote Valley 15 2.3.1. The context 15 2.3.2. Local perceptions of local adaptations 16 3. Mountain Irrigation – Indigenous and Local Adaptations in Irrigation Management 19 3.1. The context 19 3.1.1. Sources of water and water delivery channels 19 3.1.2. Local water rights and allocation rules 20 3.1.3. -
(Chitral) Pakistan Muhammad Kashif Ali 1 Muhammad Iqbal Chawla 2 Ghulam Shabbir 3
Pakistan Social Sciences Review P-ISSN 2664-0422 March 2020, Vol. 4, No. I [988-1000] O-ISSN 2664-0430 RESEARCH PAPER Cultural Heritage and Extremism in Pakistan: Re-focusing on the Kalasha of (Chitral) Pakistan Muhammad Kashif Ali 1 Muhammad Iqbal Chawla 2 Ghulam Shabbir 3 1. Lecturer, Department of History & Pakistan Studies, University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan 2. Former Dean Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan 3. Lecturer, Department of History & Pakistan Studies, University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan PAPER INFO ABSTRACT Received: This study attempts to explore, investigate and analyse causes February 27, 2020 and consequences of the pliability of the cultural heritage of Accepted: Pakistan which is showing the signs of disappearing on the eve March 15, 2020 of extremism in Pakistan particularly of the Kalasha by focusing Online: on the Kalasha people. The Kalasha were raided by the Muslims March 30, 2020 inthe 14th century. The demarcation of Durand Line (Pak-Afghan Keywords: border) in 1893 became their lifeline when they fell to the British Cultural, Indian government while their tribe fellows at the other side of Tourism, the Pak-Afghan border in Afghanistan were forcefully converted Extremism, as a whole in 1896. Somehow, the Kalasha of Pakistan were Governance leading their life according to their dastoor (culture & religion) Issues and then military coup of 1977 brought ill-fate for them under Kalasha Tribe, pseudo Islamization of military ruler Gen. Zia-ul-Haq. The Minorities, Talibanization/extremism suppressed the Kalasha indigenous Pagan Tribe, tribe. The event of 9/11 devastatingly hit the tribe for their faith Talibanization and their strategic location. -
Indigent and Indignant Representations Of
Enclaved knowledge: Indigent and indignant representations of environmental management and development among the Kalasha of Pakistan Peter Parkes University of Kent, Department of Anthropology, United Kingdom 1999 Keywords: environment, cultural anthropology, enclavement, feudalism, development, non-government organisations, natural resources, agriculture, trees, forests, women, human rights, tourism, Islam, Chitral, Kalasha, Pakistan. Introduction: 'No More NGOs!' The main problem that we are facing right now is those actions taken above our heads, without asking the people: for example, when well-wishing foreigners create their own NGOs for the 'protection' of our people and our valleys... These outsiders just involve a few people [in their projects], so the rest of the people stay away. They just say: "There is an NGO at work, so why should we do anything for nothing?" Or when political groups [i.e. factions] are involved in a project, they say: "We don't belong to that party, so why should we do it?" So the unity is gone... in this way, the people stop working together. (Saifullah Jan n.d) Saifullah Jan is an indigenous activist and spokesman for four thousand non- Muslim Kalasha ('Kalash Kafirs') inhabiting three mountain valleys in the Chitral District of northern Pakistan.1 His above cited words opened a polemical speech to regional specialists attending a session on Developmental and Environmental Issues at the Third International Hindu Kush Cultural Conference, held at Chitral in August 1995. After criticizing several projects for needlessly interfering with Kalasha religious culture, Saifullah Jan targeted a range of related 'well-wishing' programmes aimed at local education in the Kalasha language on topical issues of hygiene, local medicine, indigenous tradition, and environmental understanding.