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Os Fortes E Fracos No Processo Internacionalização De Empresas

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Os Fortes E Fracos No Processo Internacionalização De Empresas em Gestão e Internacionalização de Empresas Laços fortes e fracos no processo de internacionalização de empresas Susana da Silva Fernandes Orientador: Prof. Doutor Vítor Lélio da Silva Braga 1 2 Dedicatória Aos meus pais, Elisabeth Fernandes e Mário Fernandes, ao Michael Choi 3 Agradecimentos À Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão pela oportunidade de evoluir no meu percurso académico. Ao meu orientador, professor doutor Vítor Braga, pela ajuda e pelo aconselhamento no desenvolvimento deste trabalho. Às empresas que gentilmente aceitaram fazer parte deste estudo e partilharam os seus conhecimentos. À minha família, avós, tios, tias, primas e primos por todo o apoio e colaboração prestados e por me terem auxiliado na procura de empresas para a realização das entrevistas. Um agradecimento especial à minha madrinha por me ter acompanhado e auxiliado em várias etapas deste percurso e da minha vida. Ao meu namorado Michael por estar sempre ao meu lado em todos os momentos, por todo o apoio, ajuda, carinho e força para continuar. Aos meus Pais, Elisabeth e Mário, um agradecimento especial por sempre terem acreditado em mim, por estarem ao meu lado em todas as fases deste projeto, por me apoiarem em todas as circunstâncias, por tudo o que me proporcionaram e ensinaram, por serem o meu modelo de coragem, persistência, dedicação e emprenho, pela paciência demonstrada e por estarem presentes em todos os momentos da minha vida. Dedico-lhes este trabalho! A todos, Muito obrigada. 4 5 Resumo Várias empresas internacionalizam-se independentemente de possuírem os recursos/condições e as informações necessárias para o fazerem. A atual investigação tem como principal objetivo relacionar os laços fortes e fracos com os processos de internacionalização empresariais mais fáceis, rápidos e eficazes. Esta dissertação é constituída por dois artigos. O primeiro artigo tem como finalidade mapear e analisar a produção científica existente na área dos laços fortes e fracos e nas redes sociais, de modo a identificar os autores, as publicações e as fontes mais citadas nesta área de investigação. Foi utilizada a base de dados Web of Science (WoS), definindo-se um período de análise entre junho de 1989 (data de publicação do primeiro artigo) e dezembro de 2019, resultando em 424 artigos científicos. Através destes artigos foi possível delimitar os vários conceitos inerentes ao estudo (laços fortes, os laços fracos e as redes sociais) e, permitiu também, conhecer a produção científica existente na área, quais os principais autores e as principais redes de co citações. Desta análise resultaram 3 clusters: Cluster 1: Capital Social e a partilha/transferência de conhecimento nas redes; Cluster 2: Redes sociais e os laços fracos e Cluster 3: Embeddedness. Foi também possível identificar as principais revistas/fontes em que os artigos são publicados e os respetivos clusters resultantes dessas fontes: Cluster 1: Redes, laços fortes e fracos e empreendedorismo; Cluster 2: Capital social e a transferência de conhecimento, Cluster 3: Redes Sociais e Cluster 4: Criatividade e os laços nas redes; assim como os principais autores mais citados e co-citados. Realizou-se também uma análise lexical das palavras-chave mais frequentemente referidas nos artigos incluídos na amostra. O segundo artigo deste trabalho teve como objetivo perceber quais os contributos dos laços fracos e fortes e das redes no processo de internacionalização das empresas, distinguindo as suas funções nas diferentes fases da internacionalização. Neste artigo a revisão da literatura deu suporte à questão/ objetivo principal da investigação permitindo, simultaneamente, delimitar o conceito/ definição dos laços, as medidas e determinantes da força dos laços e às barreiras e aos facilitadores da internacionalização. Foi utilizada uma metodologia de investigação qualitativa tendo sido recolhidos dados de dez empresas com algum elemento de internacionalização (na sua maioria a exportação), tratando-se maioritariamente de PMEs. Os dados foram recolhidos através de entrevistas, tendo estas sido realizadas aos sócios gerentes ou a administradores das empresas. Os principais resultados mostram que, no primeiro estudo, a pesquisa na área dos laços fortes e fracos e das redes sociais está a ganhar cada vez mais relevância, verificando-se um aumento significativo das 6 publicações na área. Relativamente ao segundo artigo, os resultados mostram que os laços fortes são associados ao acesso a informações úteis e variadas; os laços fracos potenciam a inovação e facilitam a entrada nos mercados externos; as redes são vistas como potenciadoras e facilitadoras da internacionalização; os principais motivos de internacionalização apontados foram o acesso a mercados de maior dimensão e, consequentemente, o aumento do volume de vendas. Palavras-chave: análise bibliométrica, laços fortes, laços fracos, processo de internacionalização, redes sociais 7 Abstract Several companies started their internationalisation process without possessing the required resources amd information to do so. The main goal of this investigation is to relate strong and weak ties with an easyer, quicker and more efficient internationalisation process of the companies. This research is comprised by two articles. The first article has the goal of mapping and analysing the existing scientific production on strong and weak links, as well as on social networks, by identifying the most frequently cited authors, publications and sources in this field. ISI Web of Science (WoS) was the chosen database to analyse the sample content of 424 scientific articles, from June 1989 (date of publication of the first article) to December 2019. Through these articles, it was possible to delimit several concepts related to this study, such as, strong and weak ties and social networks. It also allowed for the awareness of the existing scientific production in this field, as well as the main authors and co citation networks. Three clusters resulted from this analysis: Cluster 1: Social Capital and knowledge network transfer, Cluster 2: Social networks and weak ties, and Cluster 3: Embeddedness. Other than that, it was also possible to identify the main scientific journals/sources in which the articles were published and the clusters that have resulted from that: Cluster 1: Networks, strong and weak ties and entrepreunership; Cluster 2: Social Capital and knowledge transfer; Cluster 3: Social network, and Cluster 4: creativity and network ties; as well as the most cited and co cited authors. Furthermore, a lexical analysis of the most frequently used key-words on the referred articles was conducted. The second article aims to understand the contributes of weak and strong links on the internationalisation process of firms, differentiating their functions in each step. In this article the literature review has supported the main goal of the investigation, simultaneously allowing to define the concept/definition of ties, measurements and variables of tie strenght and barriers to internationalisation enablers. Additionally, a qualitative methodology research including ten firms, mainly SMEs, that hold a certain degree of internationalisation (mainly exportation) was conducted. Data was collected through interviews held with managing partners or directors. The main results show that, in the first study, research in the area of strong and weak ties and social networks is gaining more and more relevance, with a significant increase in publications in the area. Regarding the second article, the results show that strong ties are associated with access to useful and varied information; weak ties 8 enhance innovation and facilitate entry into foreign markets; networks are seen as enhancers and facilitators of internationalization; the main reasons pointed for the internationalization were the access to larger markets and, consequently, the increase in sales volume. Key-words: Bibliometric analysis, strong ties, weak ties, internationalisation process, social networks 9 Índice Dedicatória ......................................................... 3 Agradecimentos ...................................................... 4 Resumo .............................................................. 6 Abstract ............................................................ 8 Parte I ............................................................ 13 Introdução ........................................................ 14 Importância do problema de investigação ......................... 14 Objetivos e questões de investigação ............................ 15 Metodologia de Investigação e Estrutura ......................... 16 Referências bibliográficas ...................................... 18 Parte II ........................................................... 19 Capítulo 1 ....................................................... 20 Estudo 1. Análise bibliométrica: um contributo para compreender os conceitos de laços fortes, laços fracos e redes sociais ......... 20 Introdução ........................................................ 21 Enquadramento teórico ............................................. 22 Redes sociais e laços fortes e fracos ........................... 22 Metodologia ....................................................... 26 Seleção dos artigos ............................................. 26 Surgimento e evolução dos conceitos de laços fortes, laços fracos e redes sociais ................................................... 27 Redes de evolução e co citações ................................
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