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Tesis Doctoral TESIS DOCTORAL Soberanías enredadas: una perspectiva reticular, constructural y agéntica hacia los relatos soberanistas vasco y catalán contemporáneos en Twitter Doctorando: Jordi Morales i Gras Director: Eduardo Apodaka Programa de doctorado: Modelos y Áreas de Investigación en Ciencias Sociales Departamento de Sociología II 2017 (cc)2017 JORDI MORALES i GRAS (cc by-nc-nd 4.0) ÍNDICE 0. PRESENTACIÓN DE LA TESIS ............................................................................................. 3 0.1. NOTACIONES EPISTEMOLÓGICAS COTIDIANAS .............................................................................. 3 0.2. ESTRUCTURA POR CAPÍTULOS .................................................................................................. 12 0.3 AGRADECIMIENTOS ................................................................................................................ 16 1. LAS REDES SOCIALES COMO OBJETO Y MÉTODO DE ESTUDIO .......................................... 21 1.1. REDES SOCIALES, VIRTUALIDAD Y REDES SOCIALES VIRTUALES ........................................................ 21 1.2. EL ANÁLISIS DE REDES SOCIALES EN PERSPECTIVA HISTÓRICA ........................................................ 30 1.2.1. Del Análisis de Redes Sociales a la Ciencia de Redes ................................................ 36 1.2.2. El Análisis de Redes Sociales y la Sociología Relacional: la perspectiva de Harrison White .................................................................................................................................. 50 1.3. EL ANÁLISIS DE REDES SOCIALES Y EL RETO DIGITAL .................................................................... 65 2. ENREDAR LA IDENTIDAD ................................................................................................ 73 2.1. LA IDENTIDAD (NACIONAL) Y LA PROFECÍA MODERNISTA .............................................................. 73 2.2. ¿ADIÓS A LA IDENTIDAD? ....................................................................................................... 78 2.3. IDENTIFICACIONES E IDENTIFICANTES ........................................................................................ 89 2.3.1. Orígenes y tensiones iniciales del Paradigma de la Identidad Social ....................... 90 2.3.2. Cognición y comportamiento en el Paradigma de la Identidad Social ..................... 97 2.3.3. Críticas hacia el Paradigma de la Identidad Social ................................................. 108 2.4. ENREDOS Y COGNICIÓN: LAS IDENTIFICACIONES COMO LAZOS NARRATIVOS ................................... 114 3. ENREDAR ESTRUCTURA Y AGENCIA .............................................................................. 119 3.1. LA PERSISTENCIA DEL PROBLEMA DE LA ESTRUCTURA Y LA AGENCIA EN SOCIOLOGÍA ....................... 119 3.2. SOBRE LAS SOCIOLOGÍAS CLÁSICAS DE LA ESTRUCTURA Y LA AGENCIA ........................................... 122 3.3. AGENCIA Y ESTRUCTURA EN LAS SOCIOLOGÍAS CONTEMPORÁNEAS .............................................. 132 3.3.1. Las teorías contemporáneas de la (re)producción social (Elias, Bourdieu y Giddens) .......................................................................................................................................... 134 3.3.2. Las teorías contemporáneas de la producción social (Coleman, Berger, Luckmann y Latour) .............................................................................................................................. 141 3.3.3. Agencia y estructura más allá de la tesis de la construcción social (Bhaskar y Archer) .......................................................................................................................................... 151 3.4 AGENCIA Y ESTRUCTURA EN PERSPECTIVA ENREDADA: HACIA EL ANÁLISIS “CONSTRUCTURAL” ........... 157 1 4. PLANTEAMIENTO EMPÍRICO ......................................................................................... 167 4.1. DISEÑO DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN ............................................................................................... 167 4.1.1. La construcción del dato ......................................................................................... 172 4.1.2. Descripción de los datos ......................................................................................... 175 4.1.3. Técnicas exploratorias ............................................................................................ 182 5. EXPOSICIÓN DE RESULTADOS ....................................................................................... 201 5.1. LA RED COMUNICATIVA EN LA MOVILIZACIÓN VASCA DEL 2014 .................................................. 201 5.1.1. Cohesión ................................................................................................................. 201 5.1.2. Mediación ............................................................................................................... 206 5.1.3. Balance estructural ................................................................................................. 209 5.1.4. Pruebas de Homofilia Lingüística ........................................................................... 212 5.1.5. Detección comunitaria ............................................................................................ 213 5.2. LA RED COMUNICATIVA EN LA MOVILIZACIÓN CATALANA DEL 2014 ............................................. 223 5.2.1. Cohesión ................................................................................................................. 223 5.2.2. Mediación ............................................................................................................... 228 5.2.3. Balance estructural ................................................................................................. 230 5.2.4. Pruebas de Homofilia Lingüística ........................................................................... 233 5.2.5. Detección comunitaria ............................................................................................ 234 5.3. LA RED COMUNICATIVA EN LA MOVILIZACIÓN CATALANA DEL 2015 ............................................. 253 5.3.1. Cohesión ................................................................................................................. 254 5.3.2. Mediación ............................................................................................................... 258 5.3.3. Balance estructural ................................................................................................. 260 5.3.4. Pruebas de Homofilia.............................................................................................. 263 5.3.5. Detección comunitaria ............................................................................................ 263 6. DISCUSIÓN: INTERPRETACIÓN CONSTRUCTURAL DE LOS RESULTADOS .......................... 285 6.1. COHESIÓN ......................................................................................................................... 290 6.2. MEDIACIÓN ....................................................................................................................... 295 6.3. BALANCE (CON)STRUCTURAL ................................................................................................ 299 6.4. PRUEBAS DE HOMOFILIA ...................................................................................................... 303 6.5. DESCUBRIMIENTO/INVENCIÓN COMUNITARIA ......................................................................... 308 7. ENREDOS Y DESENREDOS: A MODO DE CONCLUSIÓN.................................................... 317 8. BIBLIOGRAFÍA .............................................................................................................. 335 2 0. PRESENTACIÓN DE LA TESIS 0.1. Notaciones epistemológicas cotidianas Los actuales son tiempos de auge de las denominadas redes sociales virtuales. La interacción sin copresencia que Benedict Anderson presentó como característica de la modernidad (1983) ha alcanzado hoy en Internet cotas de desarrollo totalmente insospechables hace pocos años. Esta investigación nace de la oportunidad analítica que proporcionan los entornos digitales para la comprensión de fenómenos sociales que, en gran medida, sobrepasan dichos entornos. Se han estudiado tres movilizaciones soberanistas—una de matriz vasca, y dos catalanas—a partir del análisis de las conversaciones generadas en Twitter alrededor de las mismas. Las movilizaciones soberanistas aquí estudiadas han tenido lugar intensivamente en Twitter, pero también lo han hecho en las calles, en casas particulares, en centros educativos o en espacios de trabajo. La presente investigación constituye, entre otras cosas, un ejemplo de cómo puede la Sociología sacar partido del paradigma de los datos masivos (i.e. Big Data) para acercarse a nuevas y viejas cuestiones que son centrales en la disciplina, así como para la Ciencia Social—que nombro deliberadamente en singular—en su conjunto. Antes de entrar en materia me gustaría—ya que la introducción de una Tesis Doctoral es un espacio que se presta a ello—hacer algunas notaciones epistemológicas cotidianas. Es decir, quiero describir desde mi estricta subjetividad cuales han sido las condiciones de producción del conocimiento en esta investigación, y cuál ha sido el proceso personal que me ha llevado hacia la misma. Un primer elemento a destacar es que esta es una investigación inductiva llevada
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